Ethernet over SDH

Ethernet Over SDH (EoS or EoSDH) or Ethernet over SONET refers to a set of
protocols which allow Ethernet traffic to be carried over synchronous digital
hierarchy networks in an efficient and flexible way. The same functions are available
using SONET (a predominantly North American standard).
Ethernet frames which are to be sent on the SDH link are sent through an
"encapsulation" block (typically Generic Framing Procedure or GFP) to create a
synchronous stream of data from the asynchronous Ethernet packets. The
synchronous stream of encapsulated data is then passed through a mapping block
which typically uses virtual concatenation (VCAT) to route the stream of bits over one
or more SDH paths. As this is byte interleaved, it provides a better level of security
compared to other mechanisms for Ethernet transport.
After traversing SDH paths, the traffic is processed in the reverse fashion: virtual
concatenation path processing to recreate the original synchronous byte stream,
followed by decapsulation to converting the synchronous data stream to an
asynchronous stream of Ethernet frames.
The SDH paths may be VC-4, VC-3, VC-12 or VC-11 paths. Up to 64 VC-11 or VC12 paths can be concatenated together to form a single larger virtually concatenated
group. Up to 256 VC-3 or VC-4 paths can be concatenated together to form a single
larger virtually concatenated group. The paths within a group are referred to as
"members". A virtually concatenated group is typically referred to by the notation
<pathType>-<X>v, where <pathType> is VC-4, VC-3, VC-12 or VC-11 and X is the
number of members in the group.

A 10-Mbit/s Ethernet link is often transported over a VC-12-5v which allows

the full bandwidth to be carried for all packet sizes.
A 100-Mbit/s Ethernet link is often transported over a VC-3-2v which allows
the full bandwidth to be carried when smaller packets are used (< 250 bytes)
and Ethernet flow control restricts the rate of traffic for larger packets. But
does only give ca.97Mbit/s, not full 100Mb.
A 1000-Mbit/s (or 1 GigE) Ethernet link is often transported over a VC-3-21v
or a VC-4-7v which allows the full bandwidth to be carried for all packets.

The bandwidths possible are shown in the table below:

Container
(SONET)

Container (SDH)

Type

Payload Capacity
(Mbit/s)

VC-11-Xv

VT-1.5-Xv SPE

Low Order

X x 1.600 (X = 1 to 64)

VC-12-Xv

VT-2-Xv SPE

Low Order

X x 2.176 (X = 1 to 64)

VC-3-Xv

Low Order X x 48.384 (X = 1 to 256)

VC-3-Xv

STS-1-Xv SPE

High Order X x 48.384 (X = 1 to 256)

VC-4-Xv

STS-3c-Xv SPE

High Order X x 149.76 (X = 1 to 256)

EoS also drops the "idle" packets of the Ethernet frame before encapsulating the
Ethernet frame to GFP, which is recreated at the other end during decapsulation
process. Hence this provide a better throughput compared to native Ethernet transport.
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An additional protocol, called link capacity adjustment scheme (LCAS), allows the
two endpoints of the SDH paths to negotiate which paths are working and can carry
traffic versus which paths should not be used to carry traffic.
Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme or LCAS is a method to dynamically increase or
decrease the bandwidth of virtual concatenated containers. The LCAS protocol is
specified in ITU-T G.7042.
It allows on-demand increase or decrease of the bandwidth of the virtual concatenated
group in a hitless manner. This brings bandwidth-on-demand capability for data
clients like Ethernet when mapped into TDM containers.
LCAS is also able to temporarily remove failed members from the virtual
concatenation group. A failed member will automatically cause a decrease of the
bandwidth and after repair the bandwidth will increase again in a hitless fashion.
Together with diverse routing this provides survivability of data traffic without
requiring excess protection bandwidth allocation

Multiprotocol Label Switching (disingkat menjadi MPLS) adalah teknologi

penyampaian paket pada jaringan backbone berkecepatan tinggi. Asas kerjanya
menggabungkan beberapa kelebihan dari sistem komunikasi circuit-switched dan
packet-switched yang melahirkan teknologi yang lebih baik dari keduanya.
Sebelumnya, paket-paket diteruskan dengan protokol routing seperti OSPF, IS-IS,
BGP, atau EGP. Protokol routing berada pada lapisan network (ketiga) dalam sistem
OSI, sedangkan MPLS berada di antara lapisan kedua dan ketiga.
Prinsip kerja MPLS ialah menggabungkan kecepatan switching pada layer 2 dengan
kemampuan routing dan skalabilitas pada layer 3. Cara kerjanya adalah dengan
menyelipkan label di antara header layer 2 dan layer 3 pada paket yang diteruskan.
Label dihasilkan oleh Label-Switching Router dimana bertindak sebagai penghubung
jaringan MPLS dengan jaringan luar. Label berisi informasi tujuan node selanjutnya
kemana paket harus dikirim. Kemudian paket diteruskan ke node berikutnya, di node
ini label paket akan dilepas dan diberi label yang baru yang berisi tujuan berikutnya.
Paket-paket diteruskan dalam path yang disebut LSP (Label Switching Path).
Komponen MPLS :
Label Switched Path (LSP): Merupakan jalur yang melalui satu atau
serangkaian LSR dimana paket diteruskan oleh label swapping dari satu
MPLS node ke MPLS node yang lain.
Label Switching Router: MPLS node yang mampu meneruskan paket-paket
layer-3
MPLS Edge Node atau Label Edge Router (LER): MPLS node yang
menghubungkan sebuah MPLS domain dengan node yang berada diluar
MPLS domain
MPLS Egress Node: MPLS node yang mengatur trafik saat meninggalkan
MPLS domain

MPLS ingress Node: MPLS node yang mengatur trafik saat akan memasuki
MPLS domain
MPLS label: merupakan label yang ditempatkan sebagai MPLS header
MPLS node: node yang menjalankan MPLS. MPLS node ini sebagai control
protokol yang akan meneruskan paket berdasarkan label.

MSP(Multiplex Section Protection) is a per span protection.

A service line is protected using another line, called a protection line. If an error occurs, the
protection mechanism should switch over to the protection line. There are two main protection
schemes for the multiplex section:
1+1 : Traffic is simultaneously transmitted over working and protecting lines (or cards if it is
for hiT i.e. MSP bridge). The incoming traffic is select from the line that delivers signal in best
condition (specifically switch fabric selector is responsible for making the selection in a HiT).
o Switching type: unidirectional or bi-directional
o Operation type: revertive or non-revertive
1:N : A 1:N multiplex section protection system consists of N traffic-carrying multiplex
sections that are to be protected by an additional multiplex section. In this scheme only one of
the working sections can be protect at a time. The additional multiplex section can be used to
carry low-priority traffic (unprotected) when it is not used as a protection section for the rest N
working sections.
o 1:N with N<=14 for STM-1/4/16 and N<=7 for STM-16/64
o Switching type: bi-directional
o Operation type: revertive
1:1 : This is a special case of 1:N protection scheme. In case of a failure on the working
path, traffic is switched to protecting path.
o Switching type: bi-directional
o Operation type: revertive
SubNetwork Connection Protection. is a per path protection.
SNCP is a network protection mechanism for SDH networks providing path protection (endto-end protection). The data signal is transmitted in a ring structure via two different paths and
can be implemented in line or ring structures. The changeover criteria are specified
individually when configuring a network element. A protection protocol is not required. The
switchover to protection path occurs in the non-revertive mode, i.e. if traffic was switched to
the protection path due to a transmission fault, there is no automatic switch-back to the
original path once the fault is rectified, but only if there is a fault on the new path (the one
labeled as protecting and currently services traffic).
SNCP is a 1+1 protection scheme (one working and one protection transport entity). Input
traffic is broadcasted in two routes (one being the normal working route and the second one
being the protection route).
Assume a failure free state for a path from a node B to a node A. Node B bridges the signal
destined to A from other nodes on the ring, both on working and protecting routes. At node A,
signals from these two routes are continuously monitored for path layer defects and the better
quality signal is selected.
Now consider a failure state where fiber between node A and node B is cut. The selector
switches traffic on the standby route when the active route between node A and node B is
failed.
In order to prevent any unnecessary or spurious protection switching in the presence of bit
errors on both paths, a switch will typically occur when the quality of the alternate path

exceeds that of the current working path by some threshold (e.g., an order of magnitude
better BER). Consecutively, any case of failure drops in SNCPs decision mechanism.