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Upon yielding, the curvature of the plate at the yield line cross
section increases sharply and deflection increases
disproportionately.
The elastic curvature along the plate is relatively very small
and therefore it is acceptable to consider the plate parts
between the yield lines straight (flat).
The resistance at the yield lines is mp. Notice that for some
materials there is a difference in mp between positive and
negative yield line (like reinforce concrete slab).
A mechanism means there are now other positions possible for
the formation of plastic hinges (lines) and the ratio of moment
distribution just before collapse is 1:1.
5
A yield line between two plates must pass through the point of
intersection of the axes of rotation of the adjacent plate segments.
12
15
Once the general pattern of yielding and rotation has been established by applying
the rules of yield lines, the specific location and orientation of the axes of rotation
and the failure load of the plate can be analyzed by virtual work.
Its a must to investigate all possible mechanisms for any plate to confirm that the
correct solution, giving the lowest failure load, has been found.
16
Internal energy
Expended
Dissipated
Ed
(N )
(m l )
W Ed
17
tan d sin d d
18
(N )
Vertical displacement of the load(s) N on each region expressed as a fraction of unity [m]
The moment in or the moment of resistance of the plate per metre run [kNm/m]
The length of yield line or its projected length onto the axis of rotation for that region [m]
19
q( x, y)w( x, y)dxdy
plate
q S wz
plate parts
S = plate area
w = vertical displacement (gravity) at plate centre
20
Ed
mnn d ds
Ed m p d ls
ls = the length of the yield line
21
W P 1 P
1
W b w 1 a w 2 w (a b) 1 w (a b)
2
22
1
1
a b
a b
W w a b 1 w
1 w
2
3
6
6
4
1
a b
a b
W w a b 1 w
1 w
2
2
2
23
7,5 3, 75 2 9,375
2
3
5
5
3, 75 3, 75 4 9,375
2
3
1,5 3, 75 2 5, 625
2
W w 24,375
24
r 1
R
rd dr
plate
2 R
q 1
0 0
R2
W 2 q
6
r
rd dr
R
dr
rd
25
26
5 25 a 2
b
a
a 25 a 2
c
5
and
This means
1
b
1
c
1
1
5
2 2
a
5 25 a 2
2
5
5
a 25 a 2
a 5
25 a 2 5 a
1
27
a 5
a 5
25 a 2 2 2
5 a
25 a 2 5 a
1
1
1
a 5
10
Similar to 5
a
5 a
28
Ed m 25 a 2 1 4 m 20 2 a 2
For a number of different values of a results in the
following data
a
Ed
11.36 m
6.5
11.08 m
10.87 m
7.5
10.69 m
W q 20 2 a 5 2 a 5 4 10 a 2
2
2
3
2
3
80,0q
80,0q/11.36=7,07q
6.5
78,4q
6.5
78,4q/11.08=7,08q
76,6q
76,6q/10.87=7,04q
7.5
75,0q
7.5
75,0q/10.69=7,02q
30
80,0q/11.36=7,07q
6.5
78,4q/11.08=7,08q
76,6q/10.87=7,04q
7.5
75,0q/10.69=7,02q
Max loading, or
Needed minimum plastic moment capacity
Plate
thickness
t
t
Fp f y 1
2
t
t
t
t2
M p Fp 2 f y 1 f y 1
2
2 2
4
Wp
1
b t2
4
1
We b t 2
6
W kNm/m
W E
5 x 200
2 x 2 20 x
x 40
w 2
2 x 20 x
5w
W kNm/m
x 40
2 x 2 20 x
2
dw 1 2 x 20 x 4 x 20 x 40
0
2
2
dx
2 x 20
x 4.72
x 40
4.72 40
0.89 kNm/m
2
2
2 x 20 x
2 4.72 20 4.72
35
Ei m nA nB
Ei m A cos A B cos B
36
Ei m A l cos A B l cos B
Ei m A l A B lB
Therefore
38
Yield line
Area
Displacement centre
of gravity
1
w
3
1 1
b a
2 2
1 1
a b 2 a
2 2
2
w
3
1
a a
2
lx
1
w
3
ly
FE
b 2 a
EC
1
a
2
x
4w
a
2w
a
y
0
w
a
39
W qa b a w
2
3
Ed m p b 2 a 4 4 m p a
a
a
a 2 a
b 1
Ed 4 m p
w
a
2
40
1
2
qa a a w
2
3
1
2
1
qa 2 w 4 m p
w
2
3
2
mp
2
2 qa 2
3
41
2 1 2
1
m p
d
3 2 2 3
2
8 2
2
d
qa
2
2 1 2
1
2
0
3 2 3
2
4 2 4 3 0
1 3 2 1
A number of examples.
Type of plate
qa 2
mp
Square plate
0.5
24.00
0.5
14.40
1
4
13 1 0.651
1
3 0.866
2
14.14
8.00
42
1
M q a2
8
43
0.75
2.7
0.28
1
3.0
8
24
1
1 t 2
4
1.5
1
1 t 2
6
44
a/2
2
a
2
x
a
Internal work
Ed mx x a m y y a
2
Ed m
a 0 4 8m
a
45
External work
Ed qdxdy w
a 1
Ed q a 4
2 2 3
q a2
Ed
3
Equilibrium
q a2
8m
3
q a2
m
24
46
1,3 x
2,4 y
l/2
2
l
47
Ed m l s
Part 1, 2 : Ed m l 2
x
2
Part 3,4 : Ed m 1,5l
2
l
1 3
Total : Ed 2 ml
x l
48
W qdxdy w
1
Part 1, 2 : W q l x 2
2
3
l
1
l
3 l 2 lx
Total : W q
4
3
49
Equilibrium
3 l 2 lx
1 3
2 ml q
3
x l
4
3l x
ql
2
2
9
8 6 q
24
l
l 3 x
This means
m f ( x)
dm
0
dx
50
q 9 l
x 4 l x2
l 3 x
2
2
2
l
x
9
dm q
0
2
dx 24
l 3 x
24
q
0
24
l 3 x 9 l 2 8 l x 3 9 l 2 x 4 l x2 0
9l 3 8l 2 x 12lx 2 0
x 1.26l
and
x 0.595l
q 9 l 0.595l 4 l 0.595l
m
24
l 3 0.595l
2
0.0584ql
example 1: 0.042ql 2
51
1,3 x
2, y
a
52
Ed m l s
Part 1, 2 : Ed m a 2
x
Part 3: Ed m x 2 m ' b
a
a
Assume m=m '
m
Total : Ed 2 x 2 bx 2a 2
ax
53
Part 1, 2 : W q a x 2
2
3
Part 3 : W q b 2 x a
Total : W
q xa 2
2
2
3
q a
3b 2 x
6
54
m
2 x 2 bx 2a 2 qa 3b 2 x
ax
2
2
36
qa
m
6 2 x 2 b x 2a 2
u
m
v
du
dv
v
u
dm
dv 2 dx
dx
v
55
Equilibrium
2
2
2
dm qa 2 (36 4 x) 2 x b x 2a (4 x b) 36 x 2 x
2
2 2
dx
6
2
x
2
a
(36 4 x) 2 x 2 b x 2a 2 (4 x b) 36 x 2 x 2 0
solver equation
56
6 2 x 2 b x 2a 2
2
57
a
A
Ed m a
m a
m a
W q aa 2
2
3
Ed W
B
C
58
2
a
2m a m a q
3
qa
2m m
3
m
3
m 0 q
a
m
6
m 0 q
a
9m
q
m m m
a
This way we
can also
handle
orthotropic
material
behaviour
59
1.
Internal work.
2.
External work.
3.
qa 2
4.
5.
mp
60
61
a-x1
E
x1
62
a
x1
a-x1
E
63
64