petroleum:

1) Also known as crudoil.

2)difficulty in being mobile at room temperature
3)Def:It is a naturally occuring mix containing hydrocarbons in gaseous,liquid,s
olid state which also include naturalgas,mineral waxes etc
> Heavy oils are lesss mobile in petroleum family
> Bitumen is less mobile than heavy oils
> Residum or resid is the non distillable fraction of a petroleum
> By vaccum distillation it is possible to recover gas oils at true boiling pts(
upto565c)
> petroleum and its materials can be considered into four major fractions namely
they are :
1.saturates
2.aromatics
3.resins and
4.asphaltenes
> here these fractions names are operational and related to general characterist
ics in order to identfy specific compound types
> here there are another 2 operational terms they are:
1.carbenes & 2.carboids
> carbenes &carboids both are insoluble in benzene or toulene
> they can differ by th test in carbondisulphide in this reagent carbenes are so
uble & carboids are insoluble
> in feedstoc these are in traces & these cannot alter the characteristics of as
phaltenes
> deasphalting : removal of asphalt type(semi solid) material from petrleum when
liq.propane or liq.butane is used as an precipitant
> deasphaltening : removal of solid powdery asphaltene fraction from petroleum w
hich occrs during addition of pentane & heptane(hydrocarbons)
petroleum formation:
> protopetroleum : the product formed after initial changes in the precursors ha
ve occured in the formation of petroleum is used to termed as protopetroleum
> in this sequence kerogen is the next product & then to petroleum
> but in some instances kerogen and protopetroleum are used interchangebly
> generally petroleum composition depends upon :
1. nature of sediment
2.underground environment(tem,press &inorganic catalysts that are present in se
diment)
3.naturally occuring separation process workin on the petroleum formed
4.underground migration of liq &gases to places where they are trapped into res
ervoirs
> marine sediment : term used to describe organic biomass that collected at the
bottom of the sea and then buried by the geological action of the earth
> diagenesis : concurrent and consecutive chemical reactions which undergo colle
ctively by the buried marine deposits is defined to be as diagenesis under the i
nfluence of tem ,pressure and catalyst content
> the pools of oils & gas tha collect from the reservoirs are result of fluid mi
ggration
> the oils taken from reservoirs are subdivided into variety of fractions by chr
omatography technique
> petroleum is classified as hydrocarbon resource
> the products derived from petroleum produce hydrocarbons on heating except coa
l and oil shale of kerogen here these to produce hetroatomic compounds so it is
more app called as hydrocarbon -producin resources
> specific gravity of petroleum is about 0.75 to 1.00 by this variation we can s
ay that petrol extracting from varios reservoirs is diff by producing mix of dif
f organic molecules
> during distillation process on increasing the boiling point we can see that ar
omatic compounds are increasing their ring number
> on increasing the temperature sulphur and nitrogen,metals content increases in

amount
> compositiomn of feedstocks plays an imp role in defining chemical nature of pe
troleum constituents
> carbon content is relatively constant
> hydrogen and heteroatom contents are responsible for major diff between petrol
eum.nitrogen,sulphur,oxygen are in traces results only primarily of hydrocarbons
> if petroleum containing 9.5% of heteroatomic species may essentially contains
no hydrocarbon constituents & CONTAIN ATLEAST ONE OR MORE NITROGEN,oxygen,sulphu
r atom in molecular structures
> for seperation of asphalt,we use liq.propane and liq.butane as solvents in ref
inery and where as n-pentane and n-hexane is used as solvent in laboratory
COMPOSITION :
> SARA : saturates,aromatics,resins,asphaltenes (first method used for seperatio
n of crudeoils which has been adopted by america as a standard method for fracio
nation)
> ASTM : american society for testing and materials
> AEBP ; ATMOSPHRIC EQUILENT BOILING POINT
> most of the hetero atomic species is found in nondistiablefraction or is calle
d residum