Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
MICROWAVE PRINCIPLE
ZTE CORPORATION
Learning Guide
Objectives
Anti-fading technologies
Contents
1. Digital Microwave Communication Overview
2. Digital Microwave Communication Equipment
3. Digital Microwave Networking and Application
4. Microwave Propagation and Anti-fading Technologies
5. Designing Microwave Transmission Links
Transmission Methods
in Modern Communications Networks
Coaxial cable communication
MUX/DEMUX
Microwave
communication
Satellite communication
MUX/DEMUX
Microwave Communication
vs. Optical Fiber Communication
Microwave Communication
Powerful space cross ability, little land
occupied, not limited by land privatization
Small investment, short construction
period, easy maintenance
Definition of Microwave
Microwave
The plane wave has no electric field and magnetic field longitudinal
components along the propagation direction. The electric field and
magnetic field components are vertical to the propagation direction.
Therefore, it is called transverse electromagnetic wave and TEM wave for
short.
Transmission
capacity
bit/s/ch)
34/140M
2/4/6/8M
480 voice
channels
e 1990
s to now
Lat
Late
1990s
Analog microwave
communication system
1980s
1970s
1950s
Note:
Small capacity: < 10M
Medium capacity: 10M to 100M
Large capacity: > 100M
Concept of Digital
Microwave Communication
Digital microwave communication refers to the microwave communication that adopts the
digital modulation.
The baseband signal is modulated to intermediate frequency (IF) first . Then the intermediate
frequency is converted into the microwave frequency.
The baseband signal can also be modulated directly to microwave frequency, but only phase
shift keying (PSK) modulation method is applicable.
The electromagnetic field theory is the basis on which the microwave communication theory is
developed.
1.5 GHz
2.5 GHz
Regional network
3.3 GHz
Long haul
trunk network
11 GHz
2/8/34
Mbit/s
34/140/155 Mbit/s
2/8/34/140/155 Mbit/s
GHz
1
10
20
30
40 50
f0 (center frequency)
T/R spacing
Protection
spacing
T/R spacing
Channel
spacing
f1
Adjacent channel
T/R spacing
f2
fn
f1
Channel
spacing
f2
fn
f1=7442
ency
7G Frequ
Freque
f2=7470
F0 (MHz)
Range
f1 =7596
f5
f2
f 5
T/R Spac
Spaciing
Channel Spacing
(MHz)
(MHz)
primary Stat
Statiions
Fn=f0-161+28n,
74257725
7575
154
28
Fn=f0- 7+28n,
(n: 15)
7575
161
7275
196
28
7597
196
28
72507550
7400
161
3.5
71107750
Digital Microwave
Communication Modulation (1)
Digital baseband signal is the unmodulated digital signal. The baseband signal cannot
be directly transmitted over microwave radio channels and must be converted into carrier
signal for microwave transmission.
Modula
Modulattion
Service signal
transmitted
IF signal
Digital Microwave
Communication Modulation (2)
The following formula indicates a digital baseband signal being converted into a digital
frequency band signal.
+))
A*COS(Wc*t
A*COS(Wc*t+
Amplitude
Frequency
Phase
ASK: Amplitude Shift Keying. Use the digital baseband signal to change the carrier
amplitude (A). Wc and remain unchanged.
FSK: Frequency Shift Keying. Use the digital baseband signal to change the carrier
frequency (Wc). A and remain unchanged.
PSK: Phase Shift Keying. Use the digital baseband signal to change the carrier phase ().
Wc and A remain unchanged.
QAM: Quadrature Amplitude Modulation. ). Use the digital baseband signal to change the
carrier phase () and amplitude (A). Wc remains unchanged.
RFCOH
171.072 Mbit/s
15.552 Mbit/s
RFCOH
STM-1
Mbit/s
SOH
155.52
Payload
MLCM
DMY
XPIC
ATPC
WS
RSC
INI
11.84 Mbit/s 64 kbit/s 16 kbit/s 64 kbit/s 2.24 Mbit/s 864 kbit/ s144 kbit/s
RFCOH: Radio Frame Complementary Overhead
RSC: Radio Service Channel
MLCM: Multi-Level Coding Modulation
INI: N:1 switching command
DMY: Dummy
ID: Identifier
XPIC: Cross-polarization Interference Cancellation
FA: Frame Alignment
ATPC: Automatic Transmit Power Control
WS: Wayside Service
ID
FA
32 kbit/s 288 kbit/s
RFCOH is multiplexed into the STM-1 data and a block multiframe is formed. Each
multiframe has six rows and each row has 3564 bits. One multiframe is composed of
two basic frames. Each basic frame has 1776 bits. The remaining 12 bits are used for
frame alignment.
6 bits
FS
Basic frame 1
FS
Basic frame 2
6 bits
6 bits
C2
C2
C1
C1
C1
C1
C1
C1
C1
C1
Questions
What is microwave?
What are the frequently used modulation schemes? Which are the most
frequently used modulation schemes?
Contents
1. Digital Microwave Communication Overview
2. Digital Microwave Communication Equipment
3. Digital Microwave Networking and Application
4. Microwave Propagation and Anti-fading Technologies
5. Designing Microwave Transmission Links
Digital microwave
Analog microwave
MUX/DEMUX
Mode
PDH
SDH
Capacity
Large capacity
(STM-0, STM-1, 2xSTM-1)
(Discontinued)
Trunk radio
Structure
Split-mount radio
All outdoor radio
M1
M2
RF processing unit
IF cable
Installation is easy.
IF and baseband
processing unit
Antenna
integrated in the
IF cable
ODU
(Outdoor Unit )
Although the
IDU
(Indoor Unit)
capacity is smaller
Split-mount microwave
equipment
Unit Functions
Antenna: Focuses the RF signals transmitted by ODUs and increases the signal gain.
Direct Mount
antenna
(direct mount)
antenna (separate
mount)
ODU
Soft waveguide
IF cable
IF cable
ODU
IDU
IDU
IF port
IF port
Parabolic antenna
Cassegrainian antenna
Different frequency channels in same frequency band can share one antenna.
Channel
Tx
Rx
Tx
Rx
Channel
Main lobe
Tail lobe
Side lobe
Top view
Half-power angle
Main lobe
Tail lobe
The antennas at both ends that are well aligned face a little
bit upward. Though 12 dB is lost, reflection interference will
be avoided.
AGC
Voltage
detection point
VAGC
Angle
Side lobe position
Main lobe position
Wrong
Wrong
Correct
Ant
enna gain
Ante
Definition: Ratio of the input power of an isotropic antenna Pio to the input power of a parabolic
antenna Pi when the electric field at a point is the same for the isotropic antenna and the
parabolic antenna.
G=
P io
Pi
D
*
=2
Half-power ang
anglle
Usually, the given antenna specifications contain the gain in the largest radiation (main lobe)
direction, denoted by dBi. The half-power point, or the 3 dB point is the point which is deviated
from the central line of the main lobe and where the power is decreased by half. The angle
between the two half-power points is called the half-power angle.
0.5 = (65 0 ~ 70 0 )
D
Half-power angle
XdB10lgPo/Px
Attenuation degree of the receiving capability in a direction of an antenna compared with that
in the main lobe direction. An antenna protection ratio of 180 is called front-to-back ratio.
Frequency
mixing
Sideband
filtering
Local
oscillation
(Tx)
ATPC
Local
oscillation
(Rx)
Supervi
sion and
control
signal
IF
amplification
Filtering
Frequency
mixing
RF
attenuation
Power
amplification
Power
detection
RF loop
Low-noise
amplification
Bandpass
filtering
Specifications of Transmitter
Working
frequency band
Generally, trunk radios use 6, 7, and 8 GHz frequency bands. 11, 13 GHz and
higher frequency bands are used in the access layer (e.g. BTS access).
put
Out
Outp
power
The power at the output port of a transmitter. Generally, the output power is 15 to
30 dBm.
frequency stability
Transm
Transmiit
ame
Frequency Spectrum Fr
Fra
Page 35
Specifications of Receiver
Receivers work together with transmitters. The receiving frequency on the local
station is the transmitting frequency of the same channel on the opposite station.
Noise figure
Passband
To effectively suppress interference and achieve the best transmission quality, the
passband and amplitude frequency characteristics should be properly chosen. The
receiver passband characteristics depend on the IF filter.
Selectivity
Automatic control of receiver gain. With this function, input RF signals change within a
certain range and the IF signal level remains unchanges.
7442
Subband B
f0(7575M)
Subband C
Subband A
Subband B
Subband C
7498
Non-primary station
ODU specifications are related to radio frequencies.
As one ODU cannot cover an entire frequency band,
usually, a frequency band will be divided into several
subbands and each subband corresponds to one
ODU.
Different T/R spacing corresponds to different
ODUs.
Primary and non-primary stations have different
ODUs.
Primary station
Crossconnec
tion
Microwave
frame
multiplexing
Microwave
frame
demultiplexing
Line unit
O&M
interface
Power
interface
Service
channel
Supervision and control
DC/DC conversion
Modulat
ion
Demodu
lation
Tx IF
Rx IF
From/to ODU
Questions
Summary
Contents
1. Digital Microwave Communication Overview
2. Digital Microwave Communication Equipment
3. Digital Microwave Networking and Application
4. Microwave Propagation and Anti-fading Technologies
5. Designing Microwave Transmission Links
Chain network
Add/Drop
network
Hub network
Add/Drop
relay station
Relay
station
Terminal station
Pivotal station
Terminal
station
Terminal
station
Passive
Back-to-back antenna
Plane reflector
Relay station
Active
Regenerative repeater
IF repeater
RF repeater
(km)
d 2(km)
a = A co 2
a is the effective area (m2) of the flat reflector.
BTS backhaul
transmission
Microwave
application
Emergency
communications
(conventions, activities,
danger elimination,
disaster relief, etc.)
Redundancy backup
of important links
VIP customer access
Questions
What are the networking modes frequently used for digital microwave?
Contents
1. Digital Microwave Communication Overview
2. Digital Microwave Communication Equipment
3. Digital Microwave Networking and Application
4. Microwave Propagation and Anti-fading Technologies
5. Designing Microwave Transmission Links
Contents
4. Microwave Propagation and Anti-fading Technologies
Key Parameters in
Microwave Propagation (1)
Fresnel zone: The sum of the distance from P to T and the distance from P to R
complies with the formula, TP+PR-TR= n/2 (n=1,2,3, ). The elliptical region encircled
by the trail of P is called the Fresnel zone.
R
F1
P
d1
d2
Fresnel zone radius: The vertical distance from P to the TR line in the Fresnel zone. The
Key Parameters in
Microwave Propagation (2)
F1 = 17.32
d (1km) d 2 (km)
f (GHz ) d (km)
The first Fresnel zone is the region where the microwave transmission energy is the
most concentrated. The obstruction in the Fresnel zone should be as little as possible.
With the increase of the Fresnel zone serial numbers, the field strength of the receiving
point reduces as per arithmetic series.
Key Parameters in
Microwave Propagation (3)
ance
Clear
Cleara
M
h3
h1
hc
hp
h5
hs
h4
h6
d1
h2
d2
d
Along the microwave propagation trail, the obstruction from buildings, trees, and mountain
peaks is sometimes inevitable. If the height of the obstacle enters the first Fresnel zone,
additional loss might be caused. As a result, the received level is decreased and the transmission
quality is affected. Clearance is used to avoid the case described previously.
The vertical distance from the obstacle to AB line segment is called the clearance of the
obstacle on the trail. For convenience, the vertical distance hc from the obstacle to the ground
surface is used to represent the clearance. In practice, the error is not big because the line
segment AB is approximately parallel to the ground surface. If the first Fresnel zone radius of the
obstacle is F1, then hc/ F1 is the relative clearance.
The reflected wave from the ground surface is the major factor that affects the received level.
Straight line
Reflection
Straight line
Reflection
Smooth ground or water surface can reflect the part of the signal energy transmitted by the antenna to
the receiving antenna and cause interference to the main wave (direct wave).
reflected wave and main wave increases or decreases the composite wave. As a result, the transmission
becomes unstable. Therefore, when doing microwave link design, avoid reflected waves as much as
possible. If reflection is inevitable, make use of the terrain ups and downs to block the reflected waves.
Different reflection conditions of different terrains have different effects on electric wave
Type C: plain
The reflection coefficient of mountains is the smallest, and thus the mountain terrain is
most suitable for microwave transmission. The hill terrain is less suitable. When designing
circuits, try to avoid smooth plane such as water surface.
Troposphere indicates the low altitude atmosphere within 10 km from the ground.
Microwave antennas will not be higher than troposphere, so the electric wave
propagation in aerosphere can be narrowed down to that in troposphere. Main effects of
troposphere on electric wave propagation are listed below:
Absorption caused by gas resonance. This type of absorption can affect the
Absorption and scattering caused by rain, fog, and snow. This type of absorption
Contents
4. Microwave Propagation and Anti-fading Technologies
Fading
mechanism
Fading time
Received
level
Influence of
fading on signal
d
GTX
GRX
Power level
G
A0
PTX
PRX
G
M
Receiving threshold
Distance
Absorption Fading
Molecules of all substances are composed of charged particles. These particles have their
Statistic shows that absorption to the microwave frequency lower than 12 GHz is smaller
than 0.1 dB/km. Compared with free space loss, the absorption loss can be ignored.
10dB
1dB
0.1dB
0.01dB
60GHz
23GHz
12GHz
7.5GHz
1GHz
Rain Fading
For frequencies lower than 10 GHz, rain loss can be ignored. Only a few db may be
For frequencies higher than 10 GHz, repeater spacing is mainly affected by rain loss.
For example, for the 13 GHz frequency or higher, 100 mm/h rainfall causes a loss of 5
dB/km. Hence, for the 13 GHz and 15 GHz frequencies, the maximum relay distance is
about 10 km. For the 20 GHz frequency and higher, the relay distance is limited in few
kilometres due to rain loss.
High frequency bands can be used for user-level transmission. The higher the
Atmosphere refraction
considered that the electromagnetic wave is propagated along a straight line above the
earth with an equivalent earth radius of Re ,
The average measured K value is about 4/3. However, the K value of a specific
section is related to the meteorological phenomena of the section. The K value may
change within a comparatively large range. This can affect line-of-sight propagation.
Re
Microwave propagation
k = 1: No refraction
k=
4/3
1
2/3
Ground surface
2/3
1
4/3
k=
Ground surface
Down fading: fading where the composite wave level is lower than the free
space received level. Up fading: fading where the composite wave level is higher
than the free space received level.
Non-uniform atmosphere
Water surface
Ground surface
Multipath fading is caused by mutual interference between the direct wave and reflected
wave (or diffracted wave on some conditions) with different phases.
Multipath fading grows more severe when the wave passes water surface or smooth
ground surface. Therefore, when designing the route, try to avoid smooth water and
ground surface. When these terrains are inevitable, use the high and low antenna
technologies to bring the reflection point closer to one end so as to reduce the impact of
the reflected wave, or use the high and low antennas and space diversity technologies or
the antennas that are against reflected waves to overcome multipath fading.
Multi
Multi--path Fading
Frequency Selective Fading
Flat
Selective fading
Normal
Frequency (MHz)
Multi
Multi--path Fading Flat Fading
Up fading
Received level
in free space
Threshold level
(-30 dB)
1h
Signal
interruption
Scintillation Fading
When the dielectric constant of local atmosphere is different from the ambient due to the
particle clusters formed under different pressure, temperature, and humidity conditions,
scattering occurs to the electric wave. This is called scintillation fading. The amplitude and
phase of different scattered waves vary with the atmosphere. As a result, the composite field
strength at the receiving point changes randomly.
Scintillation fading is a type of fast fading which lasts a short time. The level changes little
and the main wave is barely affected. Scintillation fading will not cause communications
interruption.
Scintillation
fading
Summary
The higher the frequency is and the longer the hop distance is, the more severe the fading
is.
Fading is more severe at night than in the daylight, in summer than in winter. In the
daylight, sunshine is good for air convection. In summer, weather changes frequently.
In sunny days without wind, atmosphere is non-uniform and atmosphere subdivision easily
forms and hardly clears. Multipath transmission often occurs in such conditions.
Fading is more severe along water route than land route, because both the reflection
coefficient of water surface and the atmosphere refraction coefficient above water surface
are bigger.
Fading is more severe along plain route than mountain route, because atmosphere
subdivision often occurs over plain and the ground reflection factor of the plain is bigger.
Contents
4. Microwave Propagation and Anti-fading Technologies
crowave
4.3 Anti-fading Technologies for Digital Mi
Mic
Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System (1)
Category
Equipment level
countermeasure
System level
countermeasure
Effect
Adaptive equalization
Waveform distortion
Power reduction
Power reduction
Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System (2)
Multipath fading
Signal frequency
spectrum
Slope equalization
Frequency spectrum after
equalization
The frequency domain equalization only equalizes the amplitude frequency response
Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System (3)
T
C-n
C0
T
Cn
After
-2Ts
-Ts
Ts
-2Ts
-Ts
Ts
Anti-fading Technologies
For Digital Microwave System (4)
Under normal propagation conditions, the output power of the transmitter is always at a
lower level, for example, 10 to 15 dB lower than the normal level. When propagation
fading occurs and the receiver detects that the propagation fading is lower than the
minimum received level specified by ATPC, the RFCOH is used to let the transmitter to
raise the transmit power.
Transmitter
ATPC
Demodulator
Receiver
Receiver
Demodulator
ATPC
Transmitter
Modulator
Anti-fading Technologies
For Digital Microwave System (5)
ATPC: The output power of the transmitter automatically traces and changes with the
received level of the receiver within the control range of ATPC.
The time rate of severe propagation fading is usually small (<1%). After ATPC is
configured, the transmitter works at a power 10 to 15 dB lower than the nominal power
for over 99% of the time. In this way, adjacent channel interference and power
consumption can be reduced.
Effects of ATPC:
Reduces the interference to
adjacent systems and over-reach
interference
Reduces up fading
BER
Improves residual
Anti-fading Technologies
For Digital Microwave System (6)
-25
High level
-35
31
-45
Low level
21
-55
75
Link loss (dB)
85
102
Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System (7)
Cross-polarization interference
cancellation (XPIC)
680MHz
30MHz
340 MHz
80MHz
60MHz
V (H)
H (V)
680 MHz
30MHz
must be used.
340MHz
80MHz
1
1X
2X
3X
60MHz
7
V (H)
Horizontal polarization
H (V)
Vertical polarization
de interface
Shape of wavegui
waveguid
4X
5X 6X
7X
8X
1X
7X
2X
8X
3X'
4X
5X 6X
Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System (8)
Diversity technologies
For diversity, two or multiple transmission paths are used to transmit the same information and the
receiver output signals are selected or composed, to reduce the effect of fading.
Diversity has the following types, space diversity, frequency diversity, polarization diversity, and
angle diversity.
Space diversity and frequency diversity are more frequently used. Space diversity is economical and
has a good effect. Frequency diversity is often applied to multi-channel systems as it requires a wide
bandwidth. Usually, the system that has one standby channel is configured with frequency diversity.
f1
H
f2
Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System (9)
Frequency diversity
two or more microwave frequencies with certain frequency spacing to transmit and
receive the same information which is then selected or composed, to reduce the
influence of fading. This work mode is called frequency diversity.
Anti-fading Technologies
For Digital Microwave System (10)
Space diversity
Signals have different multipath effect over different paths and thus have different fading
characteristics. Accordingly, two or more suites of antennas at different altitude levels to
receive the signals at the same frequency which are composed or selected. This work mode is
called space diversity. If there are n pairs of antennas, it is called n-fold diversity.
Antenna distance: As per experience, the distance between the diversity antennas is 100 to
200 times the wavelength in frequently used frequency bands.
f1
Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System (11)
Rx
Tx
Dh
h1
Dh =
(nll/2)d
l: wavelength
d: path distance
h1: height of the antenna at the transmit end
2h1
Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System (12)
Apart from the anti-fading technologies introduced previously, here are two frequently
used tips:
Method I: Make use of some terrain and ground objects to block reflected waves.
Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System (13)
Protection Modes of
Digital Microwave Equipment (1)
Hybrid coupler
Protection Modes of
Digital Microwave Equipment (2)
When the fault or fading occurs in the active channel, the signal is switched to the standby
channel. The channel backup is an inter-frequency backup. This protection mode (FD) is mainly
used in the all indoor microwave equipment.
ch1
ch2
ch3
M1
M2
M1
M2
M3
M3
ch1
ch2
ch3
chP
chP
Switching
control unit
RFSOH
Switching
control unit
Protection Modes of
Digital Microwave Equipment (3)
Configuration
ction Mode
Prote
Protec
marks
Re
Rem
Application
Terminal of the network
1+0
NP
Non-protection
1+1
FD
Channel protection
1+1
SD
Intrafrequency
1+1
FD+SD
Interfrequency
N+1
FD
Interfrequency
Interfrequency
Large-capacity backbone
network
Questions
Summary
Various fading types in the microwave propagation (free space propagation fading,
atmospheric absorption fading, rain or fog scattering fading, K type fading, multipath
fading, duct type fading, and scintillation type fading)
Anti-fading technologies
Contents
1. Digital Microwave Communication Overview
2. Digital Microwave Communication Equipment
3. Digital Microwave Networking and Application
4. Microwave Propagation and Anti-fading Technologies
5. Designing Microwave Transmission Links
Contents
5. Designing Microwave Transmission Links
on Line
5.1 Basis of Designing a Microwave Transmissi
Transmissio
Transmission clearance
Requirement on a Microwave
Transmission Line
Because the microwave is a short wave and has weak ability of diffraction, the normal
Line propagation
Irradiated wave
Antenna
In the microwave transmission, the transmit power is very small, only the antenna in the
accurate direction can realize the communication. For the communication of long
distance, use the antenna of greater diameter or increase the transmit power.
3 dB
When the microwave transmission line passes the water surface or the desert
area, it is recommended that there are no obstacles within the first Fresnel zone
if K is equal to 1.
The first Fresnel zone
k = 4/3
The knife-edged obstacle blocks partial of the Fresnel zone. This also causes the
diffraction of the microwave. Influenced by the two reasons, the level at the actual
receive point must be lower than the free space level. The loss caused by the knifeedged obstacle is called additional loss.
connecting the transmit end and the receive end, that is,
the HC is equal to 0, the additional loss is equal to 6 dB.
8
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
-12
-14
-16
-18
-20
-22
-24
-26
-28
-2.5-2.0-1.5-1.0-0.5
Clearance calculation
Calculation formula for path clearance
h1d2 + h2 d1
hc =
hb hs
d
The value of clearance is
required greater than that
of the first Fresnel Zones
radius.
hc
h2
h1
d1d2
hb = 0.0785
K
hs
d1
hb
d2
To present the influence of various factors on microwave transmission, the field strength
fading factor V is introduced. The field strength fading factor V is defined as the ratio of the
combined field strength when the irradiated wave and the reflected wave arrive at the
receive point to the field strength when the irradiated wave arrives at the receive point in
the free space transmission.
E
V=
= 1+
E0
h
cos ce
F1
: Combined field strength when the irradiated wave and reflected wave
can
VdB
10
5
0
-5
-10
-20
-25
first time.
-30
0.2
-15
-35
-40
0.5
0.8
To make the clearance cost-effective and reasonable in the engineering, the height of
the antenna should be adjusted according to the following requirements.
In the case that is not greater than 0.5, that is, for the circuit that passes the area
of small ground reflection factor like the mountainous area, city, and hilly area, to
avoid over great diffraction, the height of the antenna should be adjusted according
to the following requirements:
When K = 2/3, HC 0.3F1 (for common obstacles)
HC 0 (for knife-shaped obstacles)
In the case that is greater than 0.7, that is, for the circuit that passes the area of great
ground reflection factor like the plain area and water reticulation area, to avoid over great
reflection fading, the height of the antenna should be adjusted according to the following
requirements
When K = 2/3, HC 0.3F1 (for common obstacles)
HC 0 (for knife-edged obstacles)
When K = 4/3, HC F1
When K = , HC 1.35F1 (The deep fading occurs when HC = 21/2 F1.)
If these requirements cannot be met, change the height of the antenna or the route.
We should select the area that rolls as much as possible, such as the hilly area.
We should avoid passing the water surface and the flat and wide area that is
not suitable for the transmission of the electric wave. In this way, the strong
reflection signal and the accordingly caused deep fading can be avoided.
The line should avoid crossing through or penetrating into the mountainous
area.
The line should go along with the railway, road and other areas with the
convenient transportation.
Avoid the interference from other radio services, such as the satellite
communication system, radar site, TV station, and broadcast station.
f1
f1
f1
f2
f2
f2
Over-reach
interference
Draw the cross-sectional chart of the terrain based on the data of each site.
Calculate the antenna height and transmission situation of each site. For the line
that has strong reflection, adjust the mounting height of the antenna to block
the reflected wave, or have the reflection point fall on the earth surface with
small reflection factor.
Consider the path clearance. The clearance in the plain area should not be over
great, and that in the mountainous area should not be over small.
Calculate the terrain parameters when the route and the site are already
determined.
Calculate the azimuth and the elevation angles of the antenna, distance
between sites, free space transmission loss and receive level, rain fading
index, line interruption probability, and allocated values and margin of the
line index.
When the margin of the line index is eligible, plan the equipment and
frequencies, make the approximate budget, and deliver the construction
chart.
Input
Questions
What extra factors should be taken into consideration for microwave planning?
Can you tell the procedure for designing a microwave transmission line?