hTRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION AND ITS GRAPHIC

A. Definition of Trigonometry
The term comes from two words , namely "trigonos" and "metron". Trigonos means
triangle and metron meaning measure.
Trigonometry means one unit of mathematics that describes the triangle measures
includes the amount of corners, the amount of sides, angles, and trigonometric functions.
Radian
A long time ago, people often used radian as the unit of degree.

In a radiant system, 1 radian is the angle of the magnitude of angle whose arc length
in front of the angle is equal to the radius of the circle.
^
r
PQ
POQ=
Radiant
=
r = 1 radiant
r
The angle of one full rotation is 360 .
2 r
=
360 =
2 radians,
r
Then 180 = radians.
o

x=

Thus we can conclude that

x.
rad
180

or

x rad=x .

180 o

B. Trigonometric function
Function that mapped the set of angle xo to the set of real number sin xo is called sinus
o

function. Denoted as f : x sin x

o
o
Or it can be written as f (x )=sin x

or f ( x )=sin x , x radiant .

Function that mapped the set of angle xo to the set of real number cos xo is called
o
o
cosines function. Denoted as f : x cos x .
o
o
Or it can be written as f (x )=cos x or f ( x )=cos x , xradiant

Function that mapped the set of angle xo to the set of real number tan xo is called
o
o
tangent function. Denoted as f : x tan x .
o
o
Or it can be written as f (x )=tan x or f ( x )=tan x , xradiant

C. Deriving Trigonometric Function

Deriving sinus, cosines, and tangent of 45o
Consider a right isosceles triangle ACB, both legs have the same length.
If you know one leg (a), you know both legs and you can use the Pythagorean
Theorem to find the hypotenuse c.
C

So these are the proportions of the sides of a 45-45-90 triangle

In other words, the ratio of the hypotenuse to either leg is

2 : 1. In terms of trigonometry,
Sin (45o) = sin (A)
=

BC
AB

1
2

1
2
2

Thus, it has been proven that

Sin 45o =

We can also prove the value of cosines 45o.

Cos (45o)= cos (A)

=

AC
AB

1
2

1
2
2

Cos 45o =

So, it can be concluded that

Thus tan 45o =

sin 45
o
cos 45

1
2
2
1
2
2

=1

Deriving sinus, cosines, and tangent of 30o and 60o

From an equilateral triangle and by using Pythagoras theorem, we can get sine, cosine,
tangent, cosec, sec, cot of 30o and 60o.

Sin 60 o = 3
Sin 30 o = 3

Cos 60 o =
Cos 30 o = 3

Tan 60 o = 3
Tan 30 o = 1/3 3

Cosec 60 o = 2/3
Cosec 30 o = 2
a. Sinus Function
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Deriving use unit circle
30 odirection
= 2/3 3
We draw the unit circle, the circle of radius one. We use a positiveSec
reference
counter-clockwise.

Sec 60 o = 2

Cot 60 o = 1/3 3

Cot 30 o = 3

a. Sinus Function
By making radius r = OP = 1, then:
PQ
sin =
=PQ
r
PQ=0 when
=90.

=0,

and larger if

larger until maximum PQ = 1 when

Then PQ decrease until PQ=0 when

negative and minimum PQ=-1 when

=180 o. After that, PQ became

=270 o, and then increase until PQ=0 when

=360 . After that , the event will repeat and the next previous happen when

=720 o. The event repeat again and so on. A cycle event is called periodic. Then we
conclude :
Sin 0o = 0, sin 90 o = 1, sin 180 o = 0, sin 270 o = -1, sin 360 o = 0.
b. Cosines function
From the picture above , we obtain :

OQ = 1 when = 0 and OQ will decrease when increase, and the minimum OQ is

0 when = /2. And then OQ increase but the value is negative and OQ is -1 when
= .

c. Tangent Function

Tan value will be 0 if = 0

tan =

sin
cos

0
1

0
It will be heading towards + if = 90o because at that time also PQ + and tan (-)
will lead to - . So tan value between - to + .
The value of tan = 1 when = 45o because at that time PQ = OQ
We can generalize it into :

D. Periodicity of Trigonometric Function

A function f is called periodic function if there are number nonzero p the element of
domain f such that f (x+p) = f(x) for every x element of domain f. Smallest Positive number
p which caused f(x+p)= f(x) for every x element of domain f is called periodic function f.
Periodic of Sinus and Cosines function is 360.
Sin (+k.360) =sin , k {integers}
Cos (+k.360) =cos , k {integers}
Periodic tangent function is 180.
Tan (+k.180) =tan , k {integers}

in generalization :

periodic function f : x sin ax is

360
|a|

for a 0

periodic function f : x cos ax is

360
|a|

periodic function f : x tan ax is

180 o
|a|

for a 0

for a 0

The proof of sinus periodic :

f : x sin ax0
f(x) = sin ax0
sin ax0 = sin (ax + k. 360)0

we know that

= sin a(

x+

k .360

for k {...., -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ....}

a

For a > 0, periodic of f : x sin ax is

0

ax is

360
|a|

and for a < 0, periodic of f : x sin

360 o
0
a . Therefore, periodic of f : x sin ax for a 0 is

360 o
|a|

Example :
Determine periodic in the function below :
a. F:x
b. F:x
c. F:x

sin x
sin 2x
cos 3x

Answer :
a. Sin ( x +k.360 )= sin x for k { integers }, then periodic of F:x
( the smallest positive value of k.360 )
b. F:x

sin 2x

F (x) = sin 2x
= sin (2x + k.360)

sin x is 360

= sin 2(x+k.180 )
Then, the periode of the function is 180.
c. F: x
cos 3x
F(x) = cos 3x
= cos (3x+k.360)
= cos 3(x+k.120)
Then, the periode of the function is 120
E. Maximum and minimum value
Consider figure below

Sin a0 =

y
r

Cos a0 =

x
r

Y maximum value is r and y minimum is r ( consider point A and C ). Therefore,

maximum value of sin a is

r
r

r
= 1 and minimum value of sin a is r
0

= - 1. The

Maximum and minimum value is reached for a = 90 + k. 360 and a = 270 + k.360 with
k is integers.
X maximum value is r and x minimum value is r ( consider point B and D ).

Therefore, maximum value of cos a0 is

r
r

r
r

= 1 and minimum value of cos a0 is

= - 1. The Maximum and minimum value is reached for a = k. 360 and a = 180

+ k.360 with k is integers.

By considering explanation above, then we can conclude that -1 cos a 1 and 1
sin a 1 for a element R.

F. Graphic of Trigonometric Function

i. Graph function f(
1) Sinus Function
y = sin x, for 0o x 360o
1. Sketching sinus function graph by using table
To sketch the graph, we can use the table of function value.
First, we make the table function value f:x sin x for values of x such that value
of x can be determined.
xo
0
30
45

Sin x0
0

60

90
120

135

150
180
210
225

0
-
-

240

270
300

-1
-

315

330
360

-
0

Then, graph the points (0,0), (30, ), (45,

Cartesius graph.

2 ),...........,(360,0) at the

2. Sketching graph of sinus function by using unit circle

The steps are :
1) Make the specials angle, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 135, 150, 180, 210, 225, 240,
270, 300, 315, 330 and 360 in the circle. It can put the angles position
easier in the x-axis.

2) From the figure above, it can be made points projection of radius corner
which connect with special angles, make horizontal line parallel with xaxis.

3) put the values of special angles at the interval 0 x 360 in the x-axis.
Then make vertical lines parallel y-axis.

4) by determining intersection points between the lines in the previous steps,

then it can be made smooth curve, it can be obtained sinus function
graphic at the interval [0, 2]

2) Cosines Function
To construct a cosine function graph using the unit circle, do the following steps :
1. Draw a circle with radius 1.
2. Draw the diameter of the circle that forms an angle of 30 , 45 , 60 , 120 ,
135 , and 150 to the x-axis.
3. Draw a horizontal line through the point of intersection between the diameter
of the circle you have created. The horizontal lines, from top to bottom, has
position 1, 1/2 3, 1/2 2, 1/2, and 0.. Thus, these lines can then be used as a
guide in painting cosine graph.
4. By using a horizontal guide lines that have been painted in step (2), plot the
points that fulfill the function y = f (x) = cos x.
5. Connect the dots have been plotted with a smooth curve.

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 Second way : By Cartesian diagram

Make a graph of y = cos x with 0 o < x < 360 o
1. Make a table of the value of y and x
2. Plot the points in the Cartesian diagram
3. Connecting the plots become a curve.

Xo
Y

0
1

30
3

60

90
0

120
-

150
- 3

180
-1

210
- 3

240
-

270
0

300

330

36

0
1

If considered, graphs cosine function has a shape similar to the graph of the function sine.
Why is that? Note that, cos x = sin (90 - x). Whereas sin (90 - x) = sin - (x - 90 ) = -

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sin (x - 90 ). Thus obtained, cos x = - sin (x - 90 ). Therefore, the graph of the function
is the result of a shift cosine function graph-sin x to the right as far as 90 or / 2.
3) Tangent Function
y = tan x, for 0o x 360o
1. Sketching sinus function graph by using table
To sketch the graph, we can use the table of function value.
First, we make the table function value f:x tan x for values of x such that value
of x can be determined.

Then, graph the points (0,0), (45,1 ), (135, -1),...........,(360,0) at the Cartesius
graph.

2. Sketching graph of sinus function by using unit circle

The steps are :
Make the specials angle, 30o, 45 o, 60 o, 90 o, 120 o, 135 o, 150 o, 180 o, 210 o, 225 o,
240 o, 270 o, 300 o, 315 o, 330 o and 360 o in the circle. It can put the angles position
easier in the x-axis. Then lengthen until the radius intersects y-axis.

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5) From the figure above, it can be made points projection of radius corner
which connect with special angles, make horizontal line parallel with xaxis.
6) By determining intersection points between the lines in the previous steps,
then it can be made smooth curve, it can be obtained tangent function
graphic at the interval [0, 2]

4) Cosecant Function
y = cosec x, for 0o x 360o

x
0
30
45
60
90
120
135
150

Cosec x

2
1,41
1,15
1
1,15
1,41
2
13

180
210
225
240
270
300
315
330
360

-2
-1,41
-1,15
-1
-1,15
-1,41
-2

5) Secant Function
Make a graph of y = sec x with 0o < x < 360 o
1. Make a table of the value of y and x
2. Plot the points in the Cartesian diagram
3. Connecting the plots become a curve.

Xo
Y

0
1

30
2/33

60
2

90
-

120
-2

150
-2/33

180
-1

14

210
-2/33

240
-2

270
-

300
2

330

36

2/33

0
1

6) Cotangent Function
y = cotan x, for 0o x 360o

ii. Graph function kF ( ) with R k, k 0, or k 1

If F ( ) is multiplied by any real number k (k 1, or k 0) then the graph of the

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function F k ( ) can be obtained from the graph F ( ) by increasing y

coordinates of each point on the graph F ( ) with k times.
So if the only changes seen in the graph of the function k F ( ) of the graph of the
function F ( ) is:
1) If k> 1, the graph F ( ) increases dilated (enlarged) on the x-axis k times.
2) If 0 <k <1, the graph F ( ) shrink (reduced) k times the x-axis.
3) If - 1 <k <0, the graph F ( ) rotates 180 to the x axis and reduced k times.
4) If k <- 1, the graph F ( ) rotates 180 to the x axis and enlarged k times.

Example 1.

x, y y 2 sin x dengan

domain x 2 x 2

Draw a graph of the function

The graph of the function is done by drawing first a few points that lie on the graph of
the function.
X
Y

-2

23
1

1
2

12
1

0
1
2

1
2

1
2

2
3

1
2

2
1
2

Here k = 2, so k> 1 when compared with the graph of y = sin x then the graph of y = 2 sin
x, the x-axis increases, being a point y can be obtained by multiplying by 2.

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Example 2

x, y y

1
2

cos x dengan domain x 2 x 2

Draw chart

In this example k =

.
1
2

, so 0 <k <1. Compare the graph of y = cos x and y = cos xn

seen here that the graph of y = cos x shrink or minimized times the x-axis.

17

Example 3
Make a graph of function
18

 x , y y

1
2

tan x dengan domain x 32 x 32 , x 12

In the picture below, k

1
= - 2 , - 1 <k <0 can be seen that the graph of y = -

1
2

tan x is in the opposite

direction on the x-axis with the graph of y = tan x or rotates 180 to the x axis. As for
the reduced form times the x-axis.

19

20

Example 4

x, y y 2 cos x dengan

domain x 2 x 2

Make a graph of the function

In this example k = - 2 so k <-1. It can be seen that the graph of y = - 2 cos x is in the
opposite direction to the x-axis with the graph of y = cos x or rotates 180 to the x axis.
As for the shape of the graph over 2 times the x-axis.

2,5

2,0

y = -2 cos x

1,5
1,0
0,5

y = cos x

0,0

1
2

-1,0
-0,5
-1,5

1
2

-2,0
-2,5

iii. Graph function F (m ), m real numbers m 0 or m 1

F If the angle is multiplied by any real number m, trigonometric functions here
denoted by F (m ).
Graph of the function F (m) can be classified into two parts:
1
1) If m <0 then the period of the function F (m ) is |m| time from the period of
F ( ).

2) If m> 0 then the period of the function F (m ) is

F ( ).

21

1
m time from the period of

Example 1

x, y y sin x dengan domain x

1
2

Make a graph function

2 x 2
.

22

23

From the figure above shows that the period of the function y = sin

2 x is 2 x 2

1
or 2 times the period of sin x. so for the function F ( 2 x) times the period of the period
2 F (x).
Example 2

x, y y sin 2 x dengan

domain x x

Make a graph of the function

Period of the function sin (-2x) is or x 2 times the period of sin x. This means that
1
2
the period of sin (- 2x) is

time function sin x. because sin (- 2x) = - sin 2x then the

graph of y = sin (- 2x) is also the graph of y = - sin 2x. Thus the graph of y = sin (- 2x) is
located opposite to the direction of the x-axis with the graph of y = sin 2x.

iv. The function F

is a graph with

Graph of the function F

as Constant Angle

can be obtained by translating (shift) at intervals

along the axis as

1) If> 0 interval on the axis is translated to the left along

2) If <0 interval on the axis is translated to the right along

Example 1

x, y y sin x dengan domain x

1
4

Make a graph of the function

94 x 74
.

24

25

1
4
y = sin x

1
4

1,0
) is the same
shape with the graph of y = sin x, but

Seen that the graph of y = sin (x +

1
4

moved located to the left

3
9
2
4

0,0

1
2

Example 2

x , y y

1
2

1
2

-1,0

3
2

cos 2( x 12 ) dengan domain x 2 x 2

y

Draw chart of function

To draw a graph of the function can be done in two ways:

a.draw a point on the graph according to the domain, then the points are connected by a
smooth curve.
b. By comparing the graph cos x.
If done in a second so we can do as a graph is a trigonometric function with form

kF [m (

12
1)

)].

means> 0 graphs can be obtained from the graph cos x by translating the

interval to the right along the x axis.

2) k = , 0 <k <1, then the graph can be obtained from the graph cos x to minimize

1
2

times the x-axis.

3) m = 2, then m> 0, then the period of the graph is

= .

26

1
2

times of the period graph cos x

y = cos x

1,5
1,0

0,5

3
2

0,0

1
2

-0,5

1
2

3
2

-1,0
-1,5
y

v. Graph function F ( ) = g (a) + f ( ), g (a) = Constant Function.

If f ( ) is a trigonometric function of angle , g (a) refers to the constant
functions are the domain of g and f equal, then to draw the function F ( ) = g (a) +
27

f ( ) is calculated by summing the coordinates of each point of both graphics of

the corresponding domain.
Example 1

x, y y 2 sin x dengan
Draw a chart of function

domain x 2 x 2
.

28

 y = 2 + sin x

y = sin x

29

3,0
2,0

1,0

3
2

0,0

1
2

-1,0

1
2
y

30

3
2

REFERENCES

http://ceritabersama-tati.blogspot.com/2012/06/grafik-fungsi-trigonometri.html
http://www.scribd.com/doc/45279202/GRAFIK-FUNGSI-TRIGONOMETRI
http://yos3prens.wordpress.com/2013/02/26/melukis-grafik-fungsi-cosinus/
http://guru-indonesia.net/admin/file/f_11423_ARTIKELMENGGAMBAR

GRAFIKFUNGSITRIGONOMETRI.pdf
http://id.scribd.com/doc/45279202/GRAFIK-FUNGSI-TRIGONOMETRI
http://www.regentsprep.org/Regents/math/algtrig/ATT7/othergraphs.htm
Prayitno, Budhi. 1997. Matematika untuk SMU jilid 2A. Jakarta: Erlangga

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