Introduction to 46300 Wind Turbine Technology

No. 1 student question

How to pass ?
Mandatory in class test on the last lecture 3th December
+
3 reports (1 WT aerodynamics+1 Electrical +1 Structural)

Lecturers:
Assoc. Prof. Martin O.L.Hansen
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering/ Fluid Mechanics
Build. 403 room 224
Aerodynamics and structural mechanics
Assoc. Prof. Arne Heide+Nenad Mijatovic
DTU Electrical Engineering
Generators, converters and electromagnetic components

Rough characterization of Wind Turbine

Number of blades 1,2,3,4,.

Rotational speed rotor 10-30 RPM
Constrained by noise R70 m/s

generator speed variable or fixed 1000-1500 RPM

Rated power 500kW to 8MW
Upwind or downwind rotor
Control: pitch (collective or individual) or stall
fixed or variabel speed
(generator type)

H/D 1

Courtesy: Siemens Wind Turbine

Courtesy: Siemens Wind Turbine

P/R2

0.89

1.00

1.25

0.96

1.25

1.3

Rule of thumb for danish site (based on statistics)

1000 kWh/m2/year
Another rule of thumb: PR2 [kW]

Example: A 400kW WT, D=40 m, A=1256 m2

yields 1.26 GWh/year corresponding appr. to 250
households
A 3 MW WT thus produces appr. 9 GWh corresponding
to appr. 1800 houses
A yearly consumption of 5000 kWh assumed

Why wind power !

Pros
Fossil fuel free energy CO2
Clean
Self suppliant
free of fluctuating fuel prices
Creates jobs
Good in remote areas
Cheap energy
Works excelent with hydro
Desalination
Good business
Other

Cons
Only when wind/intermittent
Difficult to store energy
Noise
Uggly in landscape
Might disturb migrating birds
Other

Power in the wind

Vo

m=AL= AVo t

L= Vo t
Ekin= mVo2= AVo3 t
P= Ekin/t= = AVo3

Power~AVo

Example: (BONUS 2MW at Middelgrunden)

R=38 m
=1.225 kg/m3
Vo=10 m/s
Massflow:

m
2

= VoR = 55571 kg / s !!!

m=
t

P(Vo=10m/s)=1.2MW

P
Cp = 1
= 0.43
3
2 AVo

Wind turbine designed for 20 years

corresponding to appr. 120.000 hours.

A car runs appr. 300.000 km at an average

speed of 70 km/hours corresponding to
4000 hours.

Robust design is therefore needed.

Key economic figures

Cost of wind turbine 1200 Euro/kW
Erection (danish site) appr. 30% of price
Grid connection, roads, transportation, foundation etc.
Maintenance cost appr. 1.5-2% per year (based on
statistics for many danish sites).
With these numbers you can very roughly estimate a
price on a site in DK

EWEA reports can be downloaded from the internet for those

interested in wind energy economics

From EWEA report: Economics of Wind Energy, 2009

From EWEA report: Economics of Wind Energy, 2009

From EWEA report: Economics of Wind Energy, 2009

Yearly income ?
The way it used to be. Fixed tariff

Free market, fluctuating income

Now the price depend on the free market and
varies in Scandinavia with the amount of
water available in Norway/Sweden (Nord
Pool) 10 Norske re=1.3 Euro cent
Plus some possible green certificates
green certificates or Renewable Energy Certificates RECs is
tradable commodity. Typically one certificate is issued after a
production of 1000 kWh. The price depends on the demand
for the certificates that can politically determined.
E.g. California dictates 33% renewable electricity in 2020

From EWEA report: Economics of Wind Energy, 2009

Oil price 59$/barrel

Oil price 120$/barrel

Wind Energy may be even more competitive if the benefit of being self supplied and
no risk from possible increase in fuel price is capitalized and/or a tax on emitting CO2
is increased

How to have more wind power installeddifferent strategies

Inspired by the book:

Wind Energy comes of age, Wiley
by Paul Gipe

Source: Wind Energy comes of age, Wiley

by Paul Gipe

Source: Wind Energy comes of age, Wiley

by Paul Gipe
Curiosum: Ronald Reagan US president 1981-1989

Source: Wind Energy comes of age, Wiley

by Paul Gipe

Status: Where are we now

GWEC reports can be downloaded
www.gwec.net

Exponentional growth