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ExtendedMoment
End-Plate
Connections
Extended End-Plate
Moment Connections
Design Guide for Extended End-Plate Moment Connections
Thomas M. Murray, PhD, RE.
Montague-Betts Professor of Structural Steel Design
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Blacksburg, Virginia
A M E R I C A N
I N S T I T U T E
OF
S T E E L
C O N S T R U C T I O N
Copyright 1990
by
American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. I N T R O D U C T I O N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 Overview of Design Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3 Brief Literature O v e r v i e w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1
2
2
7
7
8
11
14
BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
APPENDIX AASD NOMENCLATURE,
DESIGN AIDS AND QUICK REFERENCE
EXAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A.1 ASD Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A.2 ASD Design Aids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A.3 ASD Quick Reference Examples . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
31
32
34
PREFACE
This booklet was prepared under the direction of the Committee on Research of the American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. as part of a series of publications on special
topics related to fabricated structural steel. Its purpose is to
serve as a supplemental reference to the AISC Manual of
Steel Construction to assist practicing engineers engaged in
building design.
The design guidelines suggested by the authors that are outside the scope of the AISC Specifications or Code do not
represent an official position of the Institute and are not intended to exclude other design methods and procedures. It
is recognized that the design of structures is within the scope
of expertise of a competent licensed structural engineer, architect or other licensed professional for the application of
principles to a particular structure.
The sponsorship of this publication by the American Iron
The information presented in this publication has been prepared in accordance with recognized engineering principles and is for general information only. While it is believed to be accurate, this information should
not be used or relied upon for any specific application without competent professional examination and verification of its accuracy, suitability, and applicability by a licensed professional engineer, designer or architect. The publication of the material contained herein is not intended as a representation or warranty on
the part of the American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. or the American Iron and Steel Institute, or
of any other person named herein, that this information is suitable for any general or particular use or of
freedom infringement of any patent or patents. Anyone making use of this information assumes all liability
arising from such use.
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
mon because of advancements in design methods and fabrication techniques, both of which have resulted in decreased
costs. A typical moment end-plate connection is composed
of a steel plate welded to the end of a beam section with
attachment to an adjacent member using rows of fully tensioned high-strength bolts. The connection may be between
two beams (splice plate connection) or between a beam and
a column. End-plate moment connections are classified as
either flush or extended with or without stiffeners and further classified depending on the number of bolts at the tension flange. A flush connection is detailed such that the endplate does not appreciably extend beyond the beam flanges
and all bolts are located between the beam flanges. An
extended end-plate is one which extends beyond the tension
flange a sufficient distance to allow the location of bolts other
than between the beam flanges. Extended end-plates may
be used with or without a stiffener between the end-plate
and the beam flange in the plane of the beam web. Flush
end-plate connections are typically used in frames subject
to light lateral loadings or near inflection points of gable
frames. Extended end-plates are used for beam-to-column
moment connections. Only extended end-plates are considered in this design guide.
Four extended end-plate configurations are shown in Fig.
1.1. The four-bolt unstiffened configuration shown in Fig.
1.1(a) is probably the most commonly used in multi-story
frame construction. An allowable stress design (ASD) procedure for this connection is found in the 8th and 9th editions, American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) Manual of Steel Construction (1980, 1989a) and a load and
resistance factor design (LRFD) procedure is found in the
AISC Load and Resistance Factor Design Manual of Steel
Construction (1986a). Assuming the full beam moment
capacity is to be resisted, A325 bolts and a maximum bolt
diameter of 1 in. (maximum practical size because of tightening considerations), this connection is limited because of
bolt capacity to use with less than one-half of the available
beam sections. The connection strength can be increased by
adding a stiffener, Fig. 1.1(b), or increasing the number of
bolts per row to four, Fig. 1.1(c). Formal design procedures
are not available for the former, and the latter requires a wide
column flange. The stiffened A325 eight-bolt connection
shown in Fig. 1.1(d) is capable of developing the full moment
capacity of most of the available beam sections even if bolt
diameter is limited to 1 in. Design procedures for this con-
2
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the beam flange through the column flange and fillet. If the
stress at this critical section exceeds the yield stress of the
column material, a column web stiffener is required opposite the beam tension and compression flanges.
For the case of end-plate moment connections, the width
of the stress pattern at the critical section may be considerably wider due to the insertion of the end plate into the load
path. Hendrick and Murray (1983) conducted a number of
column compression region tests using both stiffened and
unstiffened end plates and concluded that the slope of the
stress path through the end plate can be taken as 1:1 and that
in the column as 3:1. This recommendation is also found in
Hendrick and Murray (1984) and in the AISC LRFD manual (1986a). Hendrick's recommendations, except for the 3:1
slope, are also found in AISC Engineering for Steel Construction (1984), where 2:1 is used.
Newlin and Chen (1971) recommend that an interaction
equation be used to check combined web yielding strength
and web buckling. Possibly anticipating resistance to such
form, they also provided a simple check for web buckling.
This latter provision was adopted by AISC in their 1978 specification revision.
Kennedy et al. (1981) have presented a method for calculation of prying forces as a function of plate "thickness" relative to applied load. They identified three types of end-plate
behavior. The first type is characterized by the absence of
plastic hinges in the end plate. These end-plates are said to
be "thick." Under low loading conditions all end plates fall
into this category. The upper limit of this behavior occurs
at a load which causes flexural yielding in the end-plate at
the beam flange. Once this load is exceeded, a plastic hinge
is formed at the flange and the end-plate is said to be of
"intermediate" thickness. As the load is increased, a second plastic hinge forms at the bolt lines. At this load, the
Mann and Morris (1979) present complete design procedures for the column side of end-plate connections. The
recommendations are based primarily on the work of Packer
and Morris (1977). However, only the case when the column flange is much less stiff than the end plate is considered. Three possible failure modes were found to exist. If
the flange is very stiff, there are no prying forces and the
failure occurs when the bolts rupture. The second failure
mode occurs when the column flange is less stiff, which
results in a combination of bolt fracture and flange yielding
near the column web. The third failure mode is characterized by yield lines forming and causing double curvature in
the flange plate. Provisions to estimate the column flange
capacity for each of the failure modes are provided. If the
first failure mode governs, the total bolt force is equal to
the applied flange force. For the second failure mode, prying forces are accounted for by limiting bolt capacity to 80%
of tensile capacity. Mann and Morris do not provide methods
to estimate prying forces if the third failure mode governs.
Granstrom (1980) extended tee-hanger results to include
column flanges. The procedure to determine the required column flange thickness is the same as that used for tee-hanger
3
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Chapter 2
RECOMMENDED DESIGN PROCEDURES
2.1 BASIS OF DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS
tension bolt pitch or by switching from a two row configuration, Figs, 1.1(a), (b) or (c), to a four row configuration,
Fig. 1.1(d). Alternately, column flange washer plates (loose
plates with holes, placed on the column flange opposite the
end-plate and connected with the end-plate connection tension bolts) may be used. This approach is widely used in
Europe (Mann and Morris, 1979; Zoetemeijer, 1981; Moore
and Sims, 1986) and has been studied in the United States
(Curtis, 1985), but final design recommendations have not
been formulated at this writing.
4. Failure of bolt, or slip of bolt in slip critical connections, due to shear at the interface between the end
Chapter 3
UNSTIFFENED, EXTENDED END-PLATE CONNECTION DESIGN
3.1 THE FOUR-BOLT CONFIGURATION
DESIGN PROCEDURES AND EXAMPLES
The term
was originally defined and values tabulated
in the AISC ASD manual. The same values were printed in
the AISC LRFD manual. However, to account for the differences in weak axis bending strength between the AISC ASD
and LRFD specifications, the original values of must be
increased by (0.90/0.75) = 1.20 for use in LRFD. Further,
the values printed in both manuals are for cases where the
end-plate and beam material have the same yield strengths,
which is generally not the case except for A36 steel. Values
of
for various combinations of beam and end-plate
material are found in Tables A.2 and A.3 for ASD use and
in Tables B.2 and B.3 for LRFD use. Tables A.2 and B.2
are for A325 bolts and Tables A.3 and B.3 are for A490 bolts.
Values of
for hot-rolled beam sections are found in
Table A.4.
in ASD
(3.1a)
in LRFD
(3.1b)
or
with
unfactored beam flange force, kips
factored beam flange force, kips
a constant depending on the plate material yield
stress, the bolt material and the design method
(ASD or LRFD)
beam flange width, in.
effective end-plate width, in. (not more than
1 in.)
2
area of beam tension flange, in.
2
web area, clear of flanges, in.
effective pitch, in.
, is then determined
in ASD
with
column flange thickness, in.
required column flange thickness, in.
(3.2a)
or
in LRFD
(3.2b)
with
in ASD
the allowable bending stress for the end-plate material (0.75 times the specified yield stress), ksi
specified yield stress of the end-plate material, ksi
in LRFD
(3.5b)
with
(3.5a)
or
(3.3a)
or
in LRFD (3.3b)
and
or
3.1b with
1.0;
with
factored beam flange force equal to times the
beam flange force when the flange force is due to
live and dead loads only, or by when the flange
force is due to live and dead loads in conjunction
with wind force, kips
specified yield stress of column material, ksi
column web thickness, in.
beam flange thickness, in.
distance from outer face of flange to web toe of
column fillet, in.
end-plate thickness, in.
leg size of fillet weld or reinforcement weld, in.
1.0
with
the column section
If the selected criterion is not satisfied, standard colstiffeners can be used to increase the flexural strength of
the column flanges.
4. To prevent column web shear yielding within the connection, column web reinforcement is required if
in ASD (3.6a)
or
in LRFD (3.6b)
with
(3.4a)
or
in LRFD
distance, in.
(3.4b)
with
column web depth clear of fillets, in.
0.90
If inequality 3.4 is not satisfied, column web stiffeners
are required at the beam compression flange.
3. To prevent column flange yielding in the tension region
of the connection, the following must be satisfied assuming A36 material even if the column material yield stress
is higher:
W14x159
is
End-Plate Selection
The tension force per bolt, B, is then
1-in. long
Bolt Selection
Use
A325-SC bolts
fully tightened, 4 at the tension beam flange and 2 at
the compression beam flange.
Determine
Use
fillet weld both sides of beam web from inside
face of beam flange to centerline of inside bolt holes plus
two bolt diameters.
The applied shear (40 kips) is to be resisted by weld
Determine
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Use -in. fillet weld (minimum size for -in thick plate)
both sides of beam web below tension bolt region.
D. Check column side limit states and design stiffeners if necessary, A36 steel.
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50 ksi:
Minimum weld is
To simplify detailing, use
let weld both sides.
Check shear stress in stiffener base metal.
fil-
Stiffener Selection
Use 2PL x4x0'-7 with
fillet welds all around.
iv. Check column web yielding using inequality 3.6a,
50 ksi:
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is
is then
Required end-plate width is 1 + 5 + 1 = 8 in. Effective end-plate width must be less than beam flange width
plus 1 in.
Bolt Selection
Determine
Use
A325-SC bolts
fully tightened, 4 at the tension beam flange and 2 at
the compression beam flange.
Determine
Check bolt bearing on end-plate (note column flange thickness is larger and, conservatively, only the compression side
bolts are considered).
End-Plate Selection
Use
fillet welds at beam tension flange and minimum
weld size at beam compression flange. From the AISC LRFD
Specification minimum weld size is in.
12
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Use
fillet weld both sides of beam web from inside
face of beam flange to centerline of inside bolt holes plus
two bolt diameters.
The factored shear (52 kips) is to be resisted by weld
between mid-depth of the beam and the inside face of the
compression flange or between the inner row of tension bolts
plus two bolt diameters and the inside face of compression
flange, whichever is minimum. By inspection the former governs for this example.
Use -in. fillet weld (minimum size for -in. thick plate)
both sides of beam web below tension bolt region.
D. Check column side limit states and design stiffeners if necessary, A36 steel
i. Check column web yielding using Inequality 3.3b:
Thus, the stiffener will be designed for
Therefore, stiffeners are not required opposite the beam tension and compression flanges to prevent column web
yielding.
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Minimum weld is
To simplify detailing, use
fillet weld both sides.
Check shear force in stiffener base metal using AISC specification Equation J5-3 (length along flange governs).
From Table A.1, try 1-in. diameter bolts (allowable capacity is 34.6 kips). Assuming A325-SC bolts, the single shear
capacity from Table A.1 is 13.7 kips. The number of bolts
required to resist the applied shear is then
Stiffener Selection
Use 2PL x4x0'-7 with
fillet welds.
Bolt Selection
Use 12 1-in. diameter
is
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Use
Determine
Use
fillet weld (minimum size for
thick plate)
both sides of beam web below tension bolt region.
D. Check column side limit states and design stiffeners if necessary, A36 steel
i. Check column web yielding using inequality 3.3a:
Check bolt bearing on end-plate (note column flange thickness is larger and, conservatively, only the compression side
bolts are considered).
Therefore, stiffeners are not required opposite the beam tension and compression flanges to prevent column web yielding.
End-Plate Selection
the column web is equivalent to the beam flange and the column flange is equivalent to the end-plate. Since test data is
not available, it is recommended that the effective column
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Use
fillet welds both sides of stiffener. (Full penetration groove welds are not practical at this location.)
Stiffener Selection
Use 2PL x 7 x 0'-7
with
fillet welds.
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Chapter 4
STIFFENED, EXTENDED END-PLATE CONNECTION DESIGN
4.1 DESIGN PROCEDURES
The following ASD design recommendations for the
extended, four-bolt, stiffened, beam-to-column, end-plate
connection shown in Fig. 4.1 are based on the works of Murray and Kukreti (1988), "End-Plate Moment Connections
Their Use and Misuse," Hendrick and Murray (1984), "Column Web Compression Strength at End-Plate Connections,"
and Curtis and Murray (1989), "Column Flange Strength at
Moment End-Plate Connections." The basic procedures for
end-plate and bolt design are also found in the 9th ed. AISC
ASD Manual of Steel Construction.
Murray and Kukreti (1988) present two methods for determining end-plate thickness and bolt diameter. Both methods
are limited to use for A36 end-plate steel and A325 bolts
and both include bolt prying action effects. The first method
is a series of equations developed from regression analyses
of data generated by the finite element method. The finite
element model included both second order geometry effects
and inelastic plate and bolt material properties. With this
method, the required end-plate thickness is the larger of
and
determined from (see Fig. 4.1 for definition of
terms):
in ASD
(4.1a)
in ASD
(4.2a)
in LRFD
(4.1b)
in LRFD
(4.2b)
with
= minimum bolt tension as given in AISC specifications and reproduced here for A325 bolts in Tables A.1
and B.1. Equation 4.3a includes a factor of safety of 2.0.
Equation 4.3b does not include a resistance factor, thus the
specified minimum tensile strength of the bolt material must
be used to determine the required bolt diameter.
In the application of Equations 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3, a preliminary bolt diameter is selected assuming that 6.8 of the 8 tension bolts are effective. This ratio must often be decreased
or
17
(4.4a)
in LRFD
(4.4b)
or
with
force per bolt based on six effective bolts
and
an effective pitch. From the generated designs
it was determined that
in ASD
(4.5a)
in LRFD
(4.5b)
or
(4.6a)
in LRFD
(4.6b)
or
with
in ASD
(4.7a)
(4.8)
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EXAMPLE 4.1. Using the ASD procedures, design a beamto-column end-plate connection for a moment of 700 ft-kips
and a shear force of 90 kips. The beam is a W33x118 and
the column is a W14x311. All material is A36 steel. Bolts
are A325. E70XX electrodes will be used for all welding.
Use Equation 4.6a to determine end-plate thickness and
End-Plate Selection
Bolt Selection
Use
diameter
Use
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Thus,
diameter A325-SC bolts are satisfactory. Since
the end-plate thickness and bolt diameter are the same as
in Example 4.1, the number of bolts required to resist the
shear force is the same and bolt bearing is adequate. Hence,
the final design using the regression based Equations 4.1a,
4.2a and 4.3a is identical to that obtained using the split-tee
analogy method, Equation 4.6a. Column side limit states are
checked in Example 4.3.
Therefore, stiffeners are not required opposite the beam tension and compression flanges to prevent column web
yielding.
ii. Check column web buckling using inequality 3.4a, A36
steel:
Check adequacy of
4.3a.
The ultimate bolt force must be less than the tensile strength
of the bolt which is twice the allowable capacity given in
Table A.1, that is
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EXAMPLE 4.4. Using the LRFD procedures, design a beamto-column end-plate connection for a factored moment of
1050 ft-kips, an unfactored shear force of 90 kips and a factored shear force of 135 kips. The beam is a W33x118 and
the column is a W14x311. All material is A36 steel. Bolts
are A325. E70XX electrodes will be used for all welding.
Use Equation 4.6b to determine end-plate thickness and
assume only 6 bolts are effective.
is
Bolt Selection
Use
diameter
A325-SC bolts fully tightened,
8 at beam tension flange
and 2 at beam compression
flange.
21
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gage g = 6 in.
pitch
pitch between bolt rows
stiffener thickness
end-plate width = 12 in.
effective end-plate width
Note that all of the specified limitations for the simplified
method are satisfied.
Determine effective pitch from Equation 4.5b.
Use
fillet weld (minimum size for 1-in. thick plate)
both sides of beam web below tension bolt region.
EXAMPLE 4.5. For the conditions of Example 4.4, determine required end-plate thicknesses and bolt diameter using
Equations 4.1b, 4.2b and 4.3b. LRFD procedures apply.
Check bolt bearing on end-plate (note column flange thickness is larger and conservatively only the compression side
bolts are considered).
End-Plate Selection
Determine the required end-plate thickness from the stiffness criterion, Equation 4.1b.
22
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Check adequacy of
4.3b.
The ultimate bolt force must be less than the tensile strength
of the bolt which is the design tension capacity given in Table
B.1, that is
Thus,
diameter A325-SC bolts are satisfactory. Since
the end-plate thickness and bolt diameter are the same as
in Example 4.4, the number of bolts required to resist the
shear force is the same and bolt bearing is adequate. Hence,
the final design using the regression based Equations 4.1b,
4.2b and 4.3b is identical to that obtained using the split-tee
analogy method, Equation 4.6b. Column side limit states are
Therefore, stiffeners are not required opposite the beam tension and compression flanges to prevent column web
yielding.
23
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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27
2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved.
This publication or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publisher.
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Auburn University, Auburn, AL, June 10-11, 1984, Vol. I,
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Krishnamurthy, N. (1979a), "Experimental Validation of EndPlate Connection Design," Report submitted to the American Institute of Steel Construction, April 1979.
Krishnamurthy, N. (1979b), "Experimental Investigation of
Bolted Stiffened Tee Studs," Research Report CE-MBMA
1902-2, Dept, of Civil Engineering, Vanderbilt University,
Nashville, TN, May 1979.
28
2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved.
This publication or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publisher.
Lim, E. B. (1982), "Effect of Prying on Bolted HSS EndPlate Connections," B.A. Sc. Thesis, Department of Civil
Engineering, University of Toronto, 1982.
Stiffened Moment End-Plates," Engineering Journal, American Institute of Steel Construction, Volume 25, No. 2, 2nd
Quarter, 1988, pp. 45-52.
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at Leeds, England, in 1968.
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Research, 6, 1986, pp. 95-122.
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Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, May 1971.
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No. 8, London, Aug. 1978, pp. 217-223.
29
2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved.
This publication or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publisher.
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30
Appendix A
ASD NOMENCLATURE, DESIGN AIDS,
AND QUICK REFERENCE EXAMPLES
A.1 ASD NOMENCLATURE
planar area of column connection, in.2
area of beam tension flange, in. 2
gross area of plate, in.2
2
column stiffener area, in.
2
area of beam web, in.
beam or column flange width, in.
effective end-plate width, in. (not more than
+ 1 in.)
effective column flange length, in.
unfactored tension force per bolt, kip s
allowable tension load in bolt, kips
ultimate bolt force including prying action effects,
kips
vertical spacing between rows of tension bolts, in.
a constant depending on the plate material yield
stress, the bolt material and the design method
31
2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved.
This publication or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publisher.
Diameter (in.)
Tension (kips)
26.5
34.6
43.7
54.0
65.3
77.7
5.4
7.7
10.5
13.7
17.4
21.5
26.0
30.9
6.4
9.3
12.6
16.5
20.9
25.8
31.2
37.1
9.2
13.3
18.0
23.6
29.8
36.8
44.5
53.0
28
39
51
56
71
85
32.5
42.4
53.7
66.3
80.2
95.4
13.2
17.3
21.9
27.0
32.7
38.9
12.4
16.8
22.0
27.8
34.4
41.6
49.5
13.5
19
19.4
103
b) A490 Bolts
Diameter (in.)
Tension (kips)
16.6
6.7
8.6
23.9
9.7
12.3
17.7
24.1
31.4
39.8
24
35
49
64
80
49.1
102
59.4
121
70.7
148
Table A.2.
ASD Values of
for A325 Bolts
Table A.3.
ASD Values of
for A490 Bolts
32
2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved.
This publication or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publisher.
Table A.4.
Values of
Section
Section
W36 x 359
x328
x300
x280
x260
x245
x230
x256
x 232
x210
x194
x182
x170
x160
x150
x135
0.899
0.903
0.887
0.882
0.850
0.835
0.818
0.648
0.644
0.588
0.587
0.579
0.573
0.554
0.530
0.463
W33x354
x318
x291
x 263
x 241
x 221
x 201
x169
x152
x141
x130
x118
0.925
0.926
0.913
0.909
0.853
0.829
0.807
0.667
0.612
0.583
0.541
0.492
W30 x 235
x211
x191
x173
x148
x132
x124
x116
x108
x 99
0.961
0.905
0.887
0.861
0.672
0.606
0.590
0.558
0.516
0.476
Section
W27x217
x194
x178
x161
x146
x129
x114
x102
x 94
x 84
1.003
0.986
0.909
0.902
0.885
0.710
0.646
0.635
0.597
0.545
W24 x 176
x162
x146
x131
x117
x104
x103
x 94
x 84
x 76
x 68
x 62
x 55
1.021
0.994
0.959
0.904
0.877
0.848
0.711
0.683
0.655
0.616
0.560
0.428
0.397
W21 x 166
x147
x132
x122
x111
x101
x 93
x 83
x 73
x 68
x 62
x 57
x 50
x 44
1.140
1.011
1.002
1.003
0.994
0.995
0.683
0.686
0.683
0.667
0.641
0.532
0.465
0.423
Section
W18x143
x130
x119
x106
x 97
x 86
x 76
x 71
x 65
x 60
x 55
x 50
x 46
x 40
x 35
1.204
1.186
1.082
1.059
1.076
1.056
1.048
0.741
0.751
0.751
0.722
0.714
0.604
0.595
0.504
W16x100
x 89
x 77
x 67
x 57
x 50
x 45
x 40
x 36
x 31
x 26
1.170
1.152
1.146
1.149
0.789
0.781
0.768
0.772
0.679
0.589
0.506
W14x120
x109
x 99
x 90
x 82
x 74
x 68
x 61
x 53
x 48
x 43
x 38
x 34
x 30
x 26
x 22
1.855
1.899
1.859
1.860
1.348
1.394
1.382
1.364
1.141
1.115
1.103
0.861
0.824
0.734
0.633
0.557
W12x87
x79
x72
x65
x58
x53
x50
x45
x 40
x35
x30
x26
x22
x19
x16
x14
1.748
1.732
1.720
1.706
1.631
1.527
1.281
1.266
1.281
0.992
0.963
0.936
0.575
0.520
0.419
0.390
W10x60
x 54
x49
x45
x39
x33
x 30
x 26
x22
x19
x17
x15
x12
1.842
1.882
1.859
1.603
1.516
1.348
1.045
1.033
0.913
0.672
0.583
0.497
0.463
W 8x35
x31
x 28
x 24
x21
x18
x15
x13
x10
1.796
1.711
1.495
1.487
1.127
1.007
0.690
0.593
0.635
W 6x25 1.580
x20
x15
1.545
1.238
x16 1.148
x12 0.890
x 9 0.911
W 5x19
x16
1.867
1.748
W 4x13
1.442
33
2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved.
This publication or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publisher.
ii. Shear,
34
2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved.
This publication or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publisher.
A. Column side
i. Check column web yielding, inequality 3.3a:
35
2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved.
This publication or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publisher.
B. Final details:
ii. Shear,
reinforcement.
36
D. Final details:
37
2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved.
This publication or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publisher.
Appendix B
LRFD NOMENCLATURE, DESIGN AIDS,
AND QUICK REFERENCE EXAMPLES
B.1 LRFD NOMENCLATURE
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
= resistance factor
39
2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved.
This publication or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publisher.
Diameter (in.)
Tension (kips)
29.8
20.7
5.22
53.0
67.1
82.8
100.2
119.3
10.2
13.4
16.9
20.9
25.2
30.0
10.8
15.5
21.1
27.6
34.9
43.1
52.1
62.0
14.4
20.7
28.1
36.8
46.5
57.4
69.5
82.7
19
28
39
51
56
71
85
66.3
83.9
103.5
125.3
149.1
37.1
7.51
40.6
103
b) A490 Bolts
Diameter (in.)
Tension (kips)
25.9
6.44
37.3
50.7
12.6
16.5
20.9
25.8
31.2
13.5
19.4
26.4
34.5
43.6
53.8
65.1
77.5
17.9
25.8
35.2
45.9
58.2
71.8
86.9
103.4
24
35
49
64
80
9.28
102
121
148
Table B.2.
LRFD Values of
for A325 Bolts
Table B.3.
LRFD Values of
for A490 Bolts
40
i. Tension:
ii. Shear,
41
2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved.
This publication or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publisher.
ii. Shear,
E. Final details:
i. Bending, Equation 4.4b:
42
2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved.
This publication or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publisher.
reinforcement.
D. Final details:
43
2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved.
This publication or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publisher.