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  • Basic Physics Ultrasound

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    drmamoon
    187 vizualizări68 pagini
    Ultrasound uses high frequency sound waves to produce images of the inside of the body. Pioneers in ultrasound technology discovered the piezoelectric effect which causes crystals to produce sound waves when electric signals are applied. Modern ultrasound uses transducers which both produce ultrasound pulses and receive the echoes to build images, allowing physicians to see internal tissues and structures. The quality of ultrasound images depends on factors like the transducer frequency, with higher frequencies providing better resolution but poorer penetration into the body. Ultrasound provides valuable non-invasive imaging for examining tissues, muscles, nerves and other anatomical features.

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    All the physics behind the ultrasound.

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    Ultrasound uses high frequency sound waves to produce images of the inside of the body. Pioneers in ultrasound technology discovered the piezoelectric effect which causes crystals to produce sound waves when electric signals are applied. Modern ultrasound uses transducers which both produce ultrasound pulses and receive the echoes to build images, allowing physicians to see internal tissues and structures. The quality of ultrasound images depends on factors like the transducer frequency, with higher frequencies providing better resolution but poorer penetration into the body. Ultrasound provides valuable non-invasive imaging for examining tissues, muscles, nerves and other anatomical features.

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    187 vizualizări68 pagini

    Basic Physics Ultrasound

    Încărcat de

    drmamoon
    Ultrasound uses high frequency sound waves to produce images of the inside of the body. Pioneers in ultrasound technology discovered the piezoelectric effect which causes crystals to produce sound waves when electric signals are applied. Modern ultrasound uses transducers which both produce ultrasound pulses and receive the echoes to build images, allowing physicians to see internal tissues and structures. The quality of ultrasound images depends on factors like the transducer frequency, with higher frequencies providing better resolution but poorer penetration into the body. Ultrasound provides valuable non-invasive imaging for examining tissues, muscles, nerves and other anatomical features.

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    din 68

    Basics of Ultra sound

    Dalian 2013

    Basic Physics of Ultrasound

    History

    Pioneers
    Piezoelectric effect 1890 Pierre and
    Jacques Curie
    Dussik an Australian neurologist first used
    Ultrasound for diagnostic imaging

    bats hunt at night using echolocation to help guide them

    whales

    THE BASICS
    What is ultra sound
    How is ultra sound produced
    What are transducers
    Properties of transducers
    Imaging with ultrasound

    definition
    Sound frequencies
    greater than 20,000 cycles per second
    produce Ultrasound

    megahertz in medicine
    Ultra sound frequencies of 2500000 cycles
    per second or greater are used in medical
    imaging
    Amplitude

    crystals and sound


    The Piezoelectric and
    Reverse piezoelectric effect
    are fundamental to application of
    ultrasound

    Pressure electric effect

    The crystal converts electrical signals to sound


    waves

    Reverse pressure electric effect

    The crystal also converts sound into


    electrical signals

    characteristics
    Ultrasound waves are produced
    in pulses

    Pulse transmission and reception


    is repeated several times a second

    A transducer sends off ultrasound waves


    1% of the time and
    receives 99% of the time.

    When incident on a surface tend to


    Reflect
    Transmit
    Get absorbed (attenuated)
    Get scattered
    Get refracted

    reflection
    refraction
    Scattered
    echoes
    Incident

    Absorption

    The reflection depends on the difference in


    Acoustic impedance of two adjacent tissues
    Greater the mismatch in Acoustic
    impedance, greater is the reflection

    Major impedance mismatch exist at


    a soft tissue-air interface
    To overcome
    Use sufficient coupling agents = Gel

    Attenuation
    Damping effect

    Attenuation depends on
    Tissue
    Bone > Air > Muscle > Fat > Blood > Water

    Distance travelled
    Frequency of the probe

    Higher the frequency


    greater the damping and lesser the
    penetration

    Overcome attenuation

    Adjusting gain
    Time gain compensation

    The CRT screen is divided


    into pixels

    Electrical pulses are


    represented by dots

    Ultrasound beam from probe

    Hyper echoic
    white dots
    (bones, needle,stones)

    Hypo echoic dark dots


    (Fluid, blood,L.A)

    Weaker reflections

    grey dots

    Tissues, solid organs

    USG appearance
    Epidermis
    Loose connective tissue and
    subcutaneous fat
    Muscle interface
    Muscle fibres
    Bone

    SCM

    MS

    Brachial plexus
    roots
    AS

    Cervical Roots
    Monofascicular appearance
    Dark Hypoechoic

    Peripheral Nerves
    Honeycomb appearance
    Median nerve
    forearm

    Hyperechoic

    Nerve
    Short Axis

    Long
    Axis

    Median.N
    Median.N

    Factors affecting image quality

    Frequency of probe
    Type of probe
    Resolution
    Gain
    Machine capability

    FREQUENCY
    Frequency

    Penetration

    Frequency

    Penetration

    Depth vs frequency
    40

    30

    20

    10

    Cm
    3MHz
    5MHz
    7MHz
    10MHz
    1
    0
    10
    20
    30
    40
    0

    3MHz

    5MHz

    7MHz

    10MHz

    12MHz

    7MHz

    Frequency vs Penetration
    12 MHz
    Good resolution
    Poor penetration

    3 MHz
    Good penetration
    Poor resolution

    Linear array

    Curved array

    Linear vs curved probe


    Infraclavicular brachial plexus

    9-12 MHz linear

    5-8 MHz Curved

    Can see adjacent land marks such as greater


    trochanter and Ischial tuberosity for sciatic

    Resolution

    Axial
    Lateral
    Spatial
    Temporal
    Contrast

    Axial resolution

    High frequency

    Low
    Textfrequency

    Lateral resolution
    High frequency

    Low frequency

    Focal
    zone

    Gain

    Power of hearing Ultrasound


    adjusting gain improves receiving signal

    Overgain

    Undergain

    Balanced gain

    Color doppler
    There is an apparent change in the returning
    echoes due to the relative motion between
    the sound source and the receiver.

    Artefact
    Perceived distortion, error or addition caused by
    the instrument of observation

    Acoustic enhancement

    Reverberation

    Re

    Needle
    reverberation

    Needle
    reverberation

    Mirror artefact

    brachial plexus
    SA

    1st rib

    Probe gel skin contact

    Brachial plexus

    SA
    Inadequate gel

    1st rib
    1st rib

    Nerve and Tendons

    Nerve and Tendons

    FDP
    FDS

    Median nerve

    Anisotropy

    Sciatic nerve

    Sciatic nerve

    Thank you

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