Reference

Grammar
Unit 1
Theindefinite
article
a/an
We usea/an:
with nounswhen referringto an unspecified
thing;it
meansanyone.Bobhasgota caranda bike.The
carisgreen
andthebikeisblue.
with singularcountablenounswhenwe want to say
job'is.
whatsomebody/something
isor whatsomeone's
It isa cat.Maryisan engineer.
a
with the verbhove(got).I havegota motorbike.
a
in certainexpressions
when we want to show how
oftenwe do something
. I goto thegymtwicea week.
We usea:
o beforesingularcountablenounswhich beginwith
consonant
sound(aunrbn,
a house).
We usean:
o beforesingularcountablenounswhich beginwith
vowelsound(anhour,anarmy).
Wedon'tusea/an:
with uncountable
or pluralnouns.In thesecases,we
usesomeinsteadof a/an.I needsomecoffee
andsugarI
willbuysomeenvelopes.
beforean adjectiveif it is not followedby a noun.
However,
if the adjectiveis followedby a noun,we use
a if the adjective
beginswith a consonant
soundandan
if the adjective
beginswith a vowelsound.
It isa construction,
lt ishuge.lt isa hugeconstruction.
ThisisMary'shouse,
lt isimpressive.
lt isan impressive
house.

Thedefinite
article
the
We usethe:
with nounswhentalkingaboutsomething
specific.
Bob
hasgota coronda bike.Thecarisgreenandthe bikeisblue.
a
with nounsthat areunique(thesun,theEarth,
etc).
a
(theGuardian),
with namesof newspapers
cinemas(the
(the
Odeon),
theatres(theEmphe),
galleries
museumVart
Louvre),ships (the MorieCeleste),
organisations(fhe
UnitedNations).
with the namesof.rivers(theThames),
groupsof islands
(theSeycheiles),
mountainranges(theAlps),deserts(the
Sahara),
oceans(theAtlantic),
canals(thePanoma
canal),
countrieswhen they includewordssuchas States,
Kingdom,Republic(theUK, namesor nounswith of
(theHouses
ofParliament),
in geographical
termssuchas
the Antarctic/Arctic/equato4
the Notth of heland, the
North/EasUSouthMest.
(the
with the namesof musical
instruments
anddances
guitaqthesalsa).

196

r
o
r

with the namesof families(theBrownland nationalities

endingin -sh,<h or -ese(theFrench).
Othernationalities
canbe usedwith or without the (theEgyptians/Egyptians).
with titles (theQueen,
BUTnot with titles
thePresident)
includinga propername(Queen
Victorio).
with adjectivey'adverbs
in the superlative
form(thabest
filmlhaveeverseen)BUTwhen most is followedby a
noun,it doesn'ttakethe. Mostpeople
enjoygoingto the
cinema
with thewordsday,morning,afternoonandevening.
Itwaseorly
inthemorning
whentheyleft.
BUTat night,at noon,at midnight,by day/night
(thelastlceAge,theVietnam
periodVevents
with historical
war).BUT:
WorldWar I
with the wordsonly, last andfirst (usedasadjectives).
Shewastheonlyonewhodidnlcome.
with thewordsstation,cinema,theatre,library,shop,
coast, sea(side),beach, country(side),city, jungle,
worfd,ground,weather.Let'sgototha
cinema.

Wedo not usethe:

r with uncountable
andpluralnounswhentalkingabout
something in general.Plancs
area safemeonsoftronsport.
lea isaverypopular
drlnk
r with propernouns, Annworkasa librarlan,
o with the namesof sports,games,activities,days,
months,celebrations,
colours,
drinksandmeals.Wehad
dlnnerwiththeSmiths
on Frlday.
o with languages,
unlesstheyarefollowedby the word
language.BobspeakPollsh,Fronch
andEngllshfluently
BUT:ThcFrenchlanguagcis spoken
in partsof Canada.
o with the namesof countries
whichdon't includethe
word State, Kingdom or Republic.Gumany,lndla,
Australla. BUT there are some exceptions:tt'C
Nethcrlands,
the Gambla,theVatlcan.
with the namesof streets(OxfordSffeet,PennyLone).
BUT:theM6,thcA42,squares(Trafolgor
Squorel,
bridges
(London
Bridge)BUf: thc GoldenGatr.Brldgc,parks(llyde
Park),railwaystations(Euston,
KingSCross),
mountains
(MountEverest),
individualislands(Crete),lakes (tah
Baikal)andcontinents(As,aJ.
with possessive
adjectives
or the possessive
case.Ihafis
mypen.
with the namesof restaurants,
shops,banks,hotels,etc
which are namedafter the peoplewho startedthem
(Harrods,
MarloSRcstaurunt).
a
with the wordsbed, hospital,college,court, priscr.
school,universitywhen we referto the purposefu
which they exist. Ihe injuredmenhad to be takenb
hospltal,BUT:Wewentto the hospltalto visitHarry.
with the word work (= placeof work).I needto lw
wo*by 10o'clock
with the words home, mother, father, etc when r,n
talkaboutourown homey'parents.
with by + meansof transport(bus/ferry/train/car
etc).lW
travelled
toParisby taln.
pox BUT:
with the namesof illnesses.
He3got chlcken
flu/theflu,meosles/the
mumps/themumps
measles,

Grammar
Reference
Both/Neither
Both
r refersto two people,thingsor groups.lt hasa positive
meaningandis followedby a pluralverb.BothAnne
and
Lynnstudyat univercity.
Neither

o is used with singularcountablenouns. We use

a/the/this/myetc + whole + noun.Wholeis not used
with uncountable
nouns.Heatethewholecake.
Heatealt
af thecake.Hespentallof hismoneyon CDsNOT llry+

Some/Any/No

o refersto two people,thingsor groups.lt hasa negative

. Some,any and no are usedwith uncountable
nounsand
meaningand is followedby a singularverb in the
pluralcountabfe
nouns.e.g.sometea,sometomatoes,
etc.
affirmative. Nclther compositionis descrlptiveenough.
o Some and its compounds(somebody,someone,
Neitherof + plural noun phrasecan be followedby
something, somewhere)are normally used in
either a singularor pluralverb in the affirmative.
affirmative
sentences.
There
is somemilkteftin thebottle.
Nclthcroftheboysis/aregoodat school.
Someandits compounds
arealsousedin interrogative
sentenceswhen we expect a positiveanswer,for
examplewhenwe makean offer or request.Wouldyou
likesomethlngto drink?
All
Any and its compounds
(anyone,anything,etc) are
usually
used
in
interrogative
sentences.Hasanyone
a
refento morethan two people,thingsor groups.lt is
talked
to
Bob
today?
Not
any
is used in negative
plural
folfowedbya
verb.Nlofthemarewonderfuldxtors.
sentences.
There
lsnl
any
cheese
in
thefridge.Any and its
go
can
after the verb fo be.Theyareall veryunhappy
compounds
can
also
be
used
with
negativewordssuch
oboutthewholesituation.
as
without,
never,
rarely.
I
have
nwer
tatked
to onyone
afterthe auxiliary
verb,but beforethe mainverb.Trey
like
him
before.
haveall dgnedup.
Whenany and its compounds
are usedin affirmative
can be followed by day/morning/weeVyear
He hasbeen
sentences,
there
is
a
difference
in meaning.Wecango
reoding.o
bookallday,
(it
anywhereyou
/ike.
doesn't
matter
where)
Both/Allcan go a) after the verb to be,or b) after an
Anyone
(it
could
hove
done
that.
doesn't
matterwho)
auxiliaryverb but beforethe main verb, TheyareaW
No
and
its
compounds
are
used
instead
of not any in
bothexhausted,
negativesentences.
Shesaidnothlng.(= Shedidn't say
anything.)Therewas
nobodyin theroom,(- Therewasn't
Either
anybody
in the room.)
r refersto two people,thingsor groupsand is followed
Note:We usea singular
verbwith compounds
of some,
by a singularcountablenoun. Iou moy vlsitme on
anyand no. There
lsnothingwecondo,
Saturday
orMonday.
Efthcrdoyis finebyme.However,the
phrasestructureEither of + plural noun can be
followedbyeithera singular
or pluralverb.Elthcrshtrtts
flne,Elthcrof theshlrtsis/arefine,
Eachandeveryareusedwith singular
countable
nouns,We
r We canusenot .,. either(o0 insteadof neither(o0.
normallyuseeachwhenwe referto two peopleor things
,/
Eithercanhe usedat the endofa negative
sentence.
andeverywhenwe referto threeor morepeopleor things.
havenevermetHarry''lhavenevermethimclthcr.'
Shewascarryinga glassln eochhand,Evcryhouse
in thevillage
hdsd redfrontdoor.
Another
o Thepronouns
everyone,
everybody,
everythingandthe
. meansadditlonat,
adverb
everywhere
are
used
in
affirmative,
interrogative
an extraone,lt is usedwith singular
and
negative
sentences,
and
are
followed
g
countablenouns,Shal// lveyouanothcrglassofwater?
by a singular
verb,
r alsomeansdlfferent/besldesthls/these.
I honestly
don,twant
r We normallyuseeverywhenwe arethinkingof people
tobuythlsdress
youshowmeanothuone?
ln blackCan
or thingstogether,in a group,to meana//.
person
Evcry
in theroomwastalking(= all together).
Several
Wenormally
useeachwhenwe arethinkingof people
or
r is usedto referto an imprecise
numberof peopleor
thingsseparately,
oneat a time.
thingsthat is not largebut isgreaterthantwo,thaveto
ihespoketo
cadl persan
in furn(= 6ngat a time);
write*rml reports
tonlght.
o We useeveryto showhow oftensomething
happens,
Thebusleaves
cvcryhour.
None
r We useeverybut not eachwith wordsandexpressions
r Noneof refersto two or morepeople,groupsor things
such as almost, nearly, practically,and wlthout
exception.ln wintellt snows
and hasa negativemeaning.lt is usedwith nounsor
almost
cvcryday.
objectpronouns
andisfollowedbyeithera singular
or a
pfuralverb.llme ol thesingers
is/are
Amerlcan,

All/Either/Another/Seve
ral/None/VVh
oIe

Every/Each

197

Reference
Grammar
- A little/Little
A few/Few
nouns.A little
A few andfew areusedwith pluralcountable
nouns,
with
uncountable
used
andlittle are
r A few meansnot/nonybutenough.Wehovea fcw hours
to eat?
wemeetthem.Shallwegoondgetsomething
before
with
and
can
be
used
hardlyany,almostnone
means
Few
(vcry)
people
fcw
on
the
were
There
for
emphasis.
very
platrorm.
lsa llttlc tea
A littfe meansnofmuch,butenough.There
you
cupT
like
another
would
leftLittfe meanshardlyany almostnoneand can be used
is(vcry)llile bunerleft'lll
There
with very for emphasis.
goandbuysome.
a
few/fewer/fewest
a
little/less/least

A lotofllotsof - Much- Many

o
.
o
o
o

(ltallan,
Arabicl
Jopanese,
languages
(chlcken
pox,malorld,tuberculosis)
diseases
(rain,snow,mlst)
naturalphenomena
monE,furnitut*
nouns(luggage,
coflective
certainothernouns(occommodatlon,angecluck)

Too/Enough
Too
r hasa negativemeaning.lt showsthat somethingis
or wanted.lt is usedin
morethan enough,necessary
the followingpatterns:
+ to'inflnltlve.
a. too + adjective/adverb
lstoogoodtobetrue!
situation
Thewhole
b. too ... for somebody/something.
Thissklrtistoosmallforme,
+ to'infinltive.
c. too ... for somebody/somethlng
metowrlte.
lstoocompllcatedfor
ThEcomposition

Enough
and
A lot of/lotsof areusedwith bothpluralcountable
o hasa positivemeaning.
lt showsthat thereis as much
uncountablenouns. They are normally used in
or needed.lt is usedin the
is
wanted
as
of
something
Theof isomittedwhena loVlots
sentences.
affirmative
patterns:
following
people
arenot followedbya noun.WeretherealoUlotsof
+ enough+ to'infinitive
a. adjective/adverb
Yettherewerelots,
at thecinemo?
to lookafterherself.
is
old
onough
she
I
reckon
Much and many are usuallyused in negativeor
+ enough+ to-infinltlve
+
adiecttvdadverb
not
BUT
Muchisusedwith uncountable
sentences.
interrogative
(negative
meaning)
nouns.
nounsand manyis usedwith pluralcountable
lJnfortunately,
he did notdo well cnoughta passthe
oren'tmanypeoplein theroom.Didyouspendmuch
There
qam,
tlmcontheproJect?
b. enough+ noun+ to'infinitive
and
How muchand how manyareusedin questions
so donl
There!enoughtimeto handin yout proiects,
negations.
wotty,
noun-+ amount
Howmuch+ uncountable
noun"' number
Howmany+ countable
Howmuchsugardoyoutake?
HowmanycatsdoesshehaveT
nouns.lt hasa
Too much is usedwith uncountable
negativemeaningand showsthat there is moreof
work
somethingthan is wantedor needed.I couldn't
makingtoo muchnoise,
theworkmenwere
because
Weusethe presentslmPlefor:
Toomanyis usedwith pluralcountablenouns.lt has
r factsandpermanent
Ftankworksasalowyer.
states,
the samenegativemeaningas too much./t wasvery
o
Waterfnrarrat0T,
nature.
generaf
laws
of
and
truths
weretoo manypeoplethete,
There
crowded.
(with
r
usually,etc),She
always,
routines
and
habits
feW(a) llttle/
We usemany/much/some/any/mosU(a)
gors
Mondays,
on
the
market
to
usually
several/one/two,etc + of followedby the/thaUthis/
(in the future),Hlstrdin
o timetables
and programmes
these/thoseand then a noun when talkingabouta
slx
o'clocknextTuesday,
anlvcsat
ln my nelghbourhood
specificgroup,Somcof thehouses
. sporting
andnarrations.
reviews
commentaries,
(houses
in that neighbourhood).
areverycheap
scons,
and
Owen
crosns
ball,
wlns
the
Beckham
in general).
esoreverycheap(houses
But:Sonr hous

Unit2

Continuous
andPresent
Simple
Present

clty,
l$ a beautlful
r feelings
. I lovoMoscow,
andemotions

Nouns
- Uncountable
Countable
o Countablenounsarethosethat canbe counted(one
nounsarethosethat
etc),Uncountable
box,twoboxes,
cannot be counted(watetbread,etc). Uncountable
verbandarenot usedwith a/an.
nounstakea singular
nounsinclude:
of uncountable
Groups
. massnouns(appleJuice,butter,sugar)
o subjectsof study(Chemlstry,
Maths)
Hlstory,
. sports(football,
crlcket)
rugby,

198

(to be+ verb'lng):

contlnuous
Weusethepresent
of
r for actions
the moment
takingplaceat or around
up,
the
washlng
Isdolng
Mary
speaking.
o for temporary
Wean docontlngthellvlng
situations.
roomthlsweek.

Reference
Gramrnar
r for fixedarrangements
in the nearfuture,l'm golngout
withTonytonlght.
Ihecir
o for currently
situations'
anddeveloping
changing
ls becomlngmoreondmorepolluted'
o with adverbs
angeror irritation
suchasalwaysto express
at a repeatedaction.Shelsolwaysbltlnghernails'

Note:
o Theverbenjoy can be usedin continuous
tensesto
preference.
express
a specific
(generalpreference)
ployingsquosh.
Billreally
enloys
(specifi
c preference)
BIJTz
He's
enloylngthepaftyverymuch,
r The verbs look (when we refer to somebody's
hurt
emotion),
a particular
feel(experience
appearance),
tenses
and achecan be usedin simpleor continuous
in meaning.
with no difference
I feelveryhappy'= I amfeellngveryhappy.

Verbs
Stative

of Frequency
Adverbs

a stateratherthanan
verbsareverbswhichdescribe
Stative
tense.These
havea continuous
action,andsodo not usually
verbsare:
(see,hear,smell,taste,feel, look,
verbsof the senses
etc).Ihemoterialfcclsreallyhord.
appear,
seem,
sound,
(know
realise,
perception
believe,understand,
of
verbs
is.
John
wh
ere
I
know
etc).
forget,
remember,
(like,love,
r verbswhichexpress
andemotions
feelings
etc).Mary
want,
prefer,
desire,
detest,
hate,enjoy,

Theseincludealways, frequently,often, once, twice,

sometimes,never, usually,ever, hardly ever, rarely,
etc.
occasionally
are normallyplacedbeforethe
Adverbsof frequency
mainverb.Herarelywalk to workHehardlyevergoesto
theopero.
areplacedattertheverb
of frequency
However,
adverbs
verbs.Janeis oftenlateforwork.
to be andafterauxiliary
togotoCracow.
lhavealwayswanted

cnloysswimming.
(be,contain,include,belong,fit, need,
e someotherverbs
want, owe, weigh, wish, have,
own,
cost,
matter,
medwnl ftt verywell,
keep,etc)Thatshtrthebought
tenses,but
in continuous
used
be
verbs
can
these
Someof
in
meaning.
with a difference

THINK
good
IthlnkheSavery
believe)
lawyer(=
HAVE
Hehasa Porsche,
(= owh, possess
)

Wearcthlnklngaboutmoving
(= areconsidering)
house.
I am havlnga greottime.
(= amexperiencing)
Helshavlnga shower.
(= istaking)
Wearchavlnglunch.
(= areeating)

SEE
from l'm scelngthedentistot ten
I cansoothellghthouse
(= it isvisible)
o'cluk (= am meeting)
myhouse.
I soewhathemeans,
(= understand)
TASTE
The caketastesdellcious,
(= it is,hasthe flavouro0

Blllls tastlngthesoulto seeif lt

moresalt(= istesting)
needs

SMELL
Thepastasmcllsverygood.
(= hasthe aroma)

Shelssmelllngtheroses.
(= issniffing)

APPEAR
Heappeanto knowwhere
to)
seems
helgoing.(=

atthe
lna PlaY
Hels appcarlng
(=
performing)
is
Rav.

FIT
ftt himperfutly,
Theshoes
(= arethe rightsize)

a newlockonthe
Tomlsflttlng
frontdoonl= isattaching)

to/Beusedto/Getusedto
Used
We useusedto + infinitiveto referto pasthabitsor
by the
In suchcases,usedto can be replaced
stotes.
postsimplewith
in meaning.
no difference
a lot
anymore.)lsmoked
I usedto smoke
a lot.(tdont smoke
whenI wasyounger.
Note:We usepastsimpleandNOTusedto for actions
at a definitetimein the past.
whichhappened
last
night.NOT:
Janecalledme
@
form.
we usebe usedto + noun/pronoun/-ing
to loud
not
accustomed
I
am
loud
noise.
I am notusedto
(present)
noise.
to working
Leots usedto workinghard,- Heisaccustomed
(present)
hard.
to travelling
a lot.- I wosaccustomed
I wasuscdto travelling
(past)
a lot.
form.
we useget usedto + noun/pronoun/'ing
is becoming
He
gctttng
house.
his
new
usedto
Markls
(present)
house,
accustomed
to hisnew
gotusedtoit.lquickly
livedin thecounttysidebut
thadnever
(past)
toit.
I becameaccustomed
He will soonget usedto commutingby train.- He will
bytrain,(future)
tocommuting
become
occustomed

Unit3
lnfinitive
Theto-infinitiveis used:
. to express
ttain.
purpose.Heleftearlyto catchtheI o'clock
o aftercertainverbs(agree,
expect,hope,
decide,
appear,
to startbuilding
plan,promise,refuse,etc). Iheyexpect
nextMonday,

199

Reference
Grammar
. after would like, would prefer.would love, etc to
I wouldpreferto stayin
expressa specificpreference.
tonight.
. afteradjectives
(happy,
whichdescribe
feelingVemotions
(willing,
sad,glad,etc);expresswillingnesVunwillingness
efc);referto a person'scharader(clevet;
eagelreluctant,
luckyandfortunate.I wasvery
kind,etc)andthe adjectives
happytohearthatBillgotpromoted.
that referto character
we can
Note:With adjectives
. It waskindofyouto
construction
alsousean impersonal
letmeknow.
. aftertoo/enough.lt istoocoldto goout.
. to talk aboutan unexpected
event,usually
with only./
finallyarrivedat theaiiportonlyto find thatmyflighthod
beencancelled.
r with it + be + adjective/noun.
lt wasn'teasytofind
a
newjob.
. after be + firsVsecond/nexVlast
etc. Hewasthe last
personto talktomz
r afterverbsandexpressions
suchasask,learn,explain,
decide,find out, want, want to know etc,whenthey
howto
arefollowedby a questionword.Sheexplained
ute themochine,
Note: why is followedby subject+ verb, NOT an
infinitive.lwonderwhyshedidn'tcome.
o in the expressions
to tell you the truth, to be honest,
to sumup, to beginwith etc.Totellyouthetruth,ldid
itonmyown.
arelinkedby and or oDthe
Note:lf two to-infinitives
canbe omitted.twouldliketo
to of the secondinfinitive
goond seeformyself,
Theinfinitivewithout to is used:
r aftermodalverbs.Bethcanplaythepionowell,
. after the verbslet, make, see, hear, and feel. They
madehimleavetheroom.BUT:we usethe to-infinitive
form).
afterbe made,be heard,be seen,etc (passive
Hewasmadetoleavetheroom.
Note:Whensee,hearandwatch arefollowedby an
. Hesawme
{ng form,thereis no changein the passive
readlngtheletter.Iwas seenreadlngtheletter.
r afterhadbetterandwouldrather.Wehadbettergoon
foot.
. helpcanbe followedby eitherthe to-infinitiveor the
infinitive without to. Shehelpedme (to) fix thedoor
hondle,

-ingform
The-ing form is used:
a
asa noun.Joggingisgoodforyourhealth.
a
avoid,continue,
aftercertainverbs:admit,appreciate,
imagine,mind, miss.
deny,fancy,go (for activities),
quit, save,suggest,practise,consider,prevent.He
golngout.
suggested
afterlove,like,enjoy,prefer,dislike,hateto express
generafpreference.
Jomieloveslistening
to rockmusic,
(wouldlike/would
preference
prefer/
BUTfor a specific
wouldlove)we usea to-infinitive.

200

a
a

suchasbe busy,it's no use,it's (no)

afterexpressions
good,it's (not)worth, what'sthe useof, can't help,
there'sno point in, can't stand,havedifficulty(in),
havetroubfe, elc. Thereis no pointin talklngto her;she
won'tbelieveyou.
afterspend,wasteor lose(time,money,etc).Hespent
a lotof moneyredecoratinghisflat.
such
to with verbsandexpressions
afterthe preposition
aslook forwardto, be usedto, in additionto, object
to, prefer (doingsthto sthelse).Hepreferswatdlng fV
to listeningto music.
of movlnghouse.
Hewasthinking
afterotherprepositions.
afterthe verbshear,listento, notice,see,watch,and
action.IheardBilltalklng
an incomplete
feelto describe
onlyheardpartof the conversation.)
to Ann.(l
BUTwe usethe infinitivewithout to with hear,listen
the complete
to, notice,see,watch,andfeelto describe
(l heard thewholestory.)
adion.I heardBiII tellthe story.

Difference in meaning between the to-infinifrveand

-ingform
Someverbscantakeeitherthe to-infinitiveor the -ingform
in meaning.
witha change
o forget+ to-infinitive= not remember.
Heforgottopost
theletters.
forget + -ing form = not recall.l'll neverforgettmvelllng
Japan.
around
. remember+ to infinitive = not forget. Didyou
remember
to lockthedoor?
remember+ -ing form = recall.lrememberseelngAnn
otthemeeting.
mean+ to-infinitive= intendto. l'msorrylnevermeant
to hurtyourfeelings.
lf llosemyiob,l'mafraidit
mean+ -ingform = involve.
willmeanmovlngtoo smollerflat.
usedin the
regret+ to-infinitive= besorryto (normally
present
simplewithverbssuchassay,tell,inform).We
regrcttolnformyouthatyouhovefoiledyourexams.
regret+ -ing form = feelsorryabout.lregretloslng
touchwithmyoldschoolfriends.
try + to-infinitive= do one'sbest,attempt,Shetrtedto
listening.
tellyoubutyouweren't
Wy
asan experiment,
try + -ingform = do something
don'tyoutry addlngsomesalt?
in orderto do
stop+ to-infinitive= stoptemporarily
to havelunch.
somethingelse.Theystopped
Willyou
stop+ -ing form = finishdoingsomething,
ailthetime?
stopcomptalntng

- Statements
Reported
Speech
Reportedspeechis the exactmeaningof what someone
said,but not the exactwords.We do not usequotatiort
Thewordthat caneitherbeusedor omittedaftertlt
marks.
etc).
introductoryverb(sqltell,suggest,
Shesaid(that) shewouldnTleaveat l0 o'clock

Grammar
Reference
Say- Tell

. sil + no personalobject.Hemld hewasveryhungry.

. sdy + to + personalobject.Hesaldto us(that)hewas
veryhungry
. teff+ personalobject.Hetoldushewasvery
hungry.
Expressions
usedwith say,tell andask,
hello,goodmorning/afternoon
etc,something/
nothing,so,a prayer,a few words,no more,for
certain/sure,
etc
the truth, a lie,a story,a secret,a joke,the time,the
difference,
onefromanother,somebody
one'sname,
the way,somebody
somebody
so,someone's
fortune,etc
the
a question,a favour.the price,aftersomebody,
time,around,for something/somebody,
etc

Reported
Statements
o In reportedspeech,personal/posessive
pronounsand
possessive
adjectives
changeaccordingto the meaning
of the sentence.
Johnsaid,"l'mhavingmycorrepaired,'
Johnsaid(that)hcwashavinghlscarrepaired.
o We canreportsomeone's
wordseithera longtimeafter
they weresaid(out-of-datereporting)or a short time
aftertheyweresaid(up-to-datereporting),
Up-to-date reporting
Thetenses
caneitherchangeor remainthe samein reported
speech.
Directspeech;
Tlmsaid,'l stlllhavenl callcdthem."
Reportdspeech: Tlmsatd(that)he stit!hasn't/hadntcattcd
them.
Out-of-date reporting
Theintroductory
verbis in the pastsimpleand the tenses
changeasfollows:

PresentSimple-+ PastSimple
"Myfllghtleaves
ot 3 o'clock." I Hesald(that)hisflightleftat 3

+ PastContinuous
Present
Contlnuous
"lamplayingtennlsthis
afternoon.'

playing
I Hesaid(that)hewas
I tennisthatafternoon,

PresentPerfect+ PastPerfect
mytoom,"
"lhovecleoned
I Hesaid(that)hehadcleaned

PastSimple
PastSimple
or PastPerfect
'l paldtl2 forttr-vida.'

pald
I Hesald(that)hepald/hod
El2forthevldeo,

PastContinuous-+ PastContinuousor PastPerfect

Continuous
'lwasdrivingtoYork'
I Hesaidthathewasdriving/
I hadbeendrivingto York
(would)
Future(will)* Conditional
'lwilltellyoutomorrow.'

I Hesaidthathe wouldtel!me
I thenextday.

r Certainwordsand time expressions

changeaccording
to the meaning
asfollows:
--' then,immediately
now
-) that day
todaY
yesterday -) the daybefore,the previous
day
tomorrow *) the nexVfollowing
day
thisweek --+ that week
lastweek -+ the weekbefore,the previous
week
nextweek -+ the Weekafter,the followingweek
-r before
490
'-' there
here
'-' 90
come
--' take
bring
Theverbtensesremainthe samein reportedspeech
whenthe introductory
verbis in the present,
futureor
presentperfect.
Samhas(oftcn)tald,'Politicians
areallthesame."
has(oftcn)mld (that)pollticlansarcallthe
same.
'am verbtensescaneitherchangeor remainthe same
The
in reportedspeechwhen reportinga generaltruth or
lawof nature.
Theteacher
said,"Cretels an island.'
Theteocher
sdid(that)Crete
lslwasan island,

Reported
Questions
questions
Reported
are usually
introduced
with the
verbs
ask,Inquire,
wonderor theexpression
wantto
know.
Whenthedirectquestion
begins
witha question
word
(who,where,how, when,what, etc),the reported
question
question
isintroduced
withthesame
word,
ylhottlmelsll pleaseT'(diect
question)
question)
Heasked
mewhattlmelt was,(reported
(be,
Whenthe directquestion
begins
withanauxiliary
do, have),or a modalverb(can,may,etc),thenthe
question
reported
isintroduced
withif orwhether.
'Arethere
anyapples
/eftl"(directquestion)
Heasked
metflwhethcr
therewere
anyapptes
left,(reported
question)
questions,
Inreported
theverbisintheaffirmative.
The
question
mark.and
wordVexpressions
suchasplease,
pronouns
well,oh, etcareomitted,
Theverbtenses,
andtimeexpressions
change
asinstatements.
'Canyoutellmewhenfhenexttralnto Leeds
ls,pleoseT'
(direct
question)
Heasked
mewhenthenfJ//t
taln to Leeds
wa' (reported
question)

201

Reference
Grammar
Orders
Reported
we usetheintroductory
speech,
Toreportordersin reported
orderortell+ sb+ (not)to'infinltlve.
verbs
order)
'Hdlt/"(direct
order)
themto haft.(reported
Heordorcd
(directorde0
"ltopargulng!'
(reported
order)
shetoldusto ttopargulng.

Commands/Requests/
Reported
etc
Suggestions,
instructions,
etc,
suggestions,
requests,
Toreportcommands,
verb followedby a to
we use a specialintroductory
on the
depending
infinitive,-lng form or that-clause,
verb,
introductory

+ to inflnitive
my Heagreedto lendme
Yes,l'lllendyou
agree
hiscar,
car,n
nl'mwotklngon this," Heclalmedto be
*claim
worklngon
lt,
*demand
to leave
now,' Hedemanded
'lwonttoleove
then.
Wouldyoulikemeto Heofreredtohelpme,
offer
helpyou?'
*promise
l'll callyou, Hepromlsedtocallme
'l promise
to do that.
'No,lwon'tdothat,' Herefused
refuse
*threaten
Hethreatenedtoglve
orI'll
"Stoptalklng
youatrahomework' usxtrahomeworkif

to.infinitlve
metotryto
advise
'Youshouldtrytoget Headvlsed
getflt,
fit.'
'YoucanwotchTV,' Heallowedmeto
allow
watchW,
metostop
stoptalklng.' Heasked
ask
"Please
talklng,
please,
help Hebeggedmetohelp
'Please,
beg
hlm,
me."
Hecommandedthem
command T,easef,relu
tocerisef,re,
meto
encourage 'YoushouldcomewlthHeencouraged
go wlththem,
u5."
playloud Heforbade
metoplay
"Youcannot
forbid
loudmuslcatnlght,
at nlght,"
muslc
Wllyoucometothe Helnvltedmetogo to
invite
party?'
thepafty
metodrop
Heordered
order
"Dropltln
it.
*remind
meto
'Dontforyetto lock Heremlnded
lockthedoor.
thedoori"
*warn
metobe
'8ecarcfulwlthlt," Hewarned
carefulwlthlt.

202

+ -ingform
sbof
accuse

telllng
Heaccusdherof
'shetoldAnn
acrythingtoAnn,
everythlng,'
*admit(to) uYes,
lbrokethevase,' Headmlttedto
breaking/having
brokenthevase,
for 'l'msorryI am late,' Heapologlsedfor
apologise
belnglate.
*boastabouV"l'man ucellentcook Heboasted
ofbelng
dnucellentcook
of
*complain
(tome)
(to ulfeelverytired."
Hecomplalned
of feellngverytired,
sb)oflabout
*deny
car!' Hedenledstealing/
'ldidnl stealthe
havlngstolenthecan
*insist
on taking
on
'lamgolngtotake Helnslsted
meout,
youout,"
*suggest Whydon'tweeat Hesuggested
eatlng
togethertomorrow?'togaherthenextdoy.

Heuplainedthatit
wasfastertogoby
train,
nloufailed
methatI
thetest.' Heinformed
hadfalledthetest,

'ltlsfdstertogoby
traln,'

* Theverbsmarked
canalsobefolloned
withanasterisk
Heclaimedtlratu
speech.
in reported
by a that-cfause
dldn'thaveanyldea,
weus'|.fi
andrequests
commands
Note:to reportnegative
usenot + to-lnflnltive.
DirectMumsald,"Donltoudrtthesocket!'
: Mumtoldusnotto toucl,thesocket.
Reported
o ln conversation
we use a mixtureof
Whenwe trn ilmil|l
and questions.
commands
reportedspeech,we useand, as, adftg fit,
but, since,&
hc/sheaddedthat, because,
asohl, oh dear,well,etcareomittedin rcpod
Dfrect "OhlTha$o nlcesklrt'Annsaidto nz
perf*tly'

Reported:Annsaldthatlt wasa niceskirt

meperfectly,
sulted

Unit4
Perfect
Present
(heve+ Panpffiliw:l
perfect
Weusethepresent
r an actionthat happenedat an unstaedtimn
past.Theemphasis
is on the action,tte thlr:

,
or unknown.
isunimportant
occurred
twice.
Annhasbrrrnto Pottugal
dlshes,
. anactionwhichstartedinthepastand
with stativevrb F
especially
the present,

Grammar
Reference

a
a

suchas be, have,like,know, etc.lhavcknownBillfor

tenyears,
a recentlycompletedaction.I havetyp.d theletters,
personal
experiehces
or changes.Shehasputon weight.

Present
Perfect
Continuous
(have+ been+ verb
We usethe presentperfectcontinuous
'ing):
r to put emphasis
on the durationof an actionwhich
startedin the pastandcontinues
up to the present.
l/e
havcbccnpalnttngthewollsdllmornlng,
r for an actionwhichstartedin the pastand lastedfor
sometime. lt maystill be continuingor hasfinished
alreadywith the resultvisiblein the present.HeStlred
because
hehasboenworklngsince|0o'clock
ln themorning.
. to express
angel irritationor annoyance.
Hehasbccn
nadlng mynewspdper
withoutasklngme.
r for repeatedactionsin the past continuingto the
present.Hehaslostwelghtbecause
he hasbeengolngto
thegymeverydayafterwork

Note:with the verbsllve,work, teachandfeelwe canuse

the presentperfector the presentperfectcontinuous
with
no differencein meaning.Shehasllvodlhasboonllvlngin
Denver
forthelasttenyearc,

Unit5
Adjectives
go beforenounsandhave
Adjectlves
describe
nouns,
thesameformin the singular
andplural.a hugetree/
hugetees
Adjectives
canalsobe usedaloneafterthe verbsbe,
look, smell,sound,feel, taste, seem.appear,
get,stay,etc.Helshandsome.
good.
become,
lt smells
Therearetwo kindsof adjectives:
opinlonadjectives
(nterestlng,
fantastlc)
whichshowwhata person
thinks
(old,fat,
of somebody
orsomething,
andfactadjectives
short)
whichgiveusfactual
information
aboutsize,
age,
colour,origin,
material,
etc.
There
arealsocompound
adJectlves
whichareformed
with:
participles:
a) present
long-lastlngJourney
b) pastparticiples:
broken-downcar
c) cardinal
numbers
+ nouns:
athree-daytrlp
NOTc+lilee'Cqt{#
people
d) well,badly+ pastparticiple:
welblnformed

Orderof adjectives
o Opinionadjectives
go beforefactadjectives.
a beautlfulltalianglrl
o When there are two or more fact adjectivesin a
sentence,
go in the followingorder:
theyusually
size- age- shape- colour- origin- material- used
forlbeabout- noun
a small,
old,square,
Chlnesetable
e Wedo not usually
havea longlistof adjectives
beforea
singlenoun,A nounis usually
described
byone,two or
threeadjectives
at the most.

Adverbs
r Adverbs usually describeverbs, adjectives,other
adverbs
or sentences.
o An adverbcanbe one word (quickM
or a phrase(rnthe
afternoon).
Adverbscan describemanner(how),place
(where),time (when),frequency(how often),degree
(to what extent),etc.
Formation
of adverbs
a. We usuallyform an adverbby adding-ly to the
adjective.extreme-ext
remely
BUT:elderly,cowardly,frlendly,llkely,deadly,llvely,sllly,
ugly,lovely,etc are adjectives.We use the words
way/mannerto form their adverbs.
\ob hadbeenvery
frlcndlytome.Hegreeted
usln a frlcndlywaylmannu.
b. Adjectives
endingin -le dropthe e andtake-y.
simple*lmply
Adjectives
endingin consonant
+ y dropthey andtake
lucky-lucklly
-\ly.
d. Adjectives
endingin -l take -ly. actual-actually
Theadverbs
quick(ly)tight(ly),fai(ly),
loud(ly),cheap(ly),
andslow(ly)areoftenusedwithout-ly.Shespeakb,ld..
Someadverbs
havethesameformasadjectives
suchas:
hard, fast, free, high, low, deep, early, late, long,
neal straight, right, wrong. Also hourly, daily,
weekly,monthlyandyearly.
Herunsfast,(adverU/He
tsofast runneilodlectlve)
The adverbsbelow have two forms, each with a
different meaning: Theyburied the teasured..p
underground.(=
a longwaydown)
(= vsry)
Heis dnply depressed.
Theclubmembers
can usethesaunafrr. (= without
payment)
Hewas strolllngin theconldorsof the embassy
fnely. (=
withoutlimitor restriction)
Heput thecookles
toohlghfor thechlldrento rcach,(= atAo
a highlevel)
(= verymuch)
ThefllmE hlghlyrecommended.
(= not early)
She
returned
homelatclntheevenlng,
She's
madegreatprogress
latcly,(= recently)
Whlchof these
threeshlrts
doyou llkemost?(= superlative
of much)
Shewastrylngto explalnto hlm that she'smostlylnterested
lndrama,(=
mainly)
Myhouse
ls ncarwork,(= close)

203

Reference
Grammar
Theaccused
nearlycollapsed
whenheheardtheverdict.(=
almost)
Frenchprettywell.(= rather)
Shespeaks
forthepary'.F in a prettyway)
Marywasprettllydressed
(=with a lot of effort)
hardfortheexams.
Hehasbeenstudying
(= almostno one)
anyonedidwellin theexams.
Hardhy
Note:hardlyhasa negativemeaningand is often used
anyoneanynruhere
andever.
with:any,anything,
Orderof adverbs
r Adverbsusuallygo after verbsbut beforeadjectives,
andparticiples.
otheradverbs
Hewalk slowly.(manner)
(degree)
Thefilmwasabsolutely
omusing.
r Sometimes
adverbsgo beforethe mainverb,eg. the
(often,always,etc.)
adverbs
of frequency
Heoftcnplaystennisat weekends.
o When there are two or more adverbsin the same
they usuallycome in the followingorder:
sentence,
manner-place-tlme
ThelittlechildwasployinghapptlyIn the gardenall day
yesterday,
r lf thereis a verbof movement
(go,come,leave,etc)in
then the adverbs
comein the following
the sentence,
order:place- manner- time
Jahnwenttosdroolon footthlsmornlng.
. Adverbsof placeand time can go at the end of the
sentence.
me)
I'll goshopping
tomonow.(ti

Comparisons
As / Like
We uselike:
o with nouns/pronouns/-ing
formto express
similarity.
Shetredtshimilkaa sarvant,(Heisn'to servant.)
r with feef,look,smell,taste,Shelooksllkcherslster
or something
reallyis,He
We useasto saywhat somebody
workasawaiter

andSuperlatives
Comparatives
to compareone personor thing
We usethe comparative
with another.we use the superlatlveto compareone
personor thingwith morethanone personor thingof the
samegroup.Weoftenusethan aftera comparative
andthe
Helsoldcrthanne He\thooldcstperson
beforea superlative.
ln theroom,
from adjectives
of comparatives
and superlatives
Formation
andadverbs:
r with one-syllable
we add-(e)rto formthe
adjectives,
and-(e)stto formthesuperlative.
comparative
close-closer-closest
Note:for onesyllable
adjectives
endingin a vowel+ a
we doublethe consonant,
consonant,
blg-biggu - biggcst

204

o with twosyllableadjectives
endingin -ly, -y, -w, we
alsoadd-er / -est.narrcw- narrower
- narrowest
Note: for adjectivesendingin a consonant+ y, we
replacethe -y with an -i. tiny- tinler- tinlest
. with othertwo-syllable
with
adjectives
or adjectives
andsuperlatives
comparatives
morethantwo syllables,
areformedwith more/most.
intelligent
- mostintelligent
- moreintelligent
o with adverbsthat have the same form as their
we add-er/-est.hard- hardcr- hardest
adjectives,
o two-syllable
takemore/most.
or compoundadverbs
slowly- moreslowly- mostslowly
Note: clever, common, cruel, friendly, gentle,
pleasant,polite, shallow,simple,stupid,quiet can
eitherwith
form their comparatives
and superlatives
with
more/most
or
-er/-est
. lrregularforms:
good- better- best/ bad- worse- worst/
much- more- most/ little- less- least/
/
far - farther/further
- farthesVfurthest
many/lots-more-most
Typesof comparisons:
. as + adjective+ as (to showthat two peopleor things
we use
sentences
aresimilarin someway)In negative
asthotone.
not ayso ... as.Thiscarisasexpcnslvc
r less + adjective + than (expresses
the difference
betweentwo peopleor things)Theoppositeis more...
than. Annis icssrlchthanherslster
one peson or
the least+ adJective+ oflin (compares
thing to hilo or morepeopleor thingsin the same
group)The
isthe most... oflin, Shelsthelcast
opposite
ln thecompany,
hardworHngperson
much/a loVfarla little/a biUslightly+ comparative
(expresses
the degree of differencebetween two
peopleor things)Tony
issltghtlyyoungerthanBob,
(to showthat something
andcomparative
comparative
g or decreasingl
lt getscoldu andcoldcrevery
is increasin
day'
(shows
that
.,. , the + comparative
the + comparative
or that onethingdepends
two thingschangetogether,
on anotherthing),Ihc morcyoutal9thehssthE listen,
(emphasises
the difference
by far + the + superlative
betweenone personor thing and two or morepeople
or thingsin the samegroup),Lastsummerwasbyfarthc
leverhad.
bcstsummer

ples
Partici
Present/Past
ltwasa
to describe
something,
We usepreient partlclples
(How
the
meeting?
Boring.)
meetlng.
was
borlng
We usepest partlclplesto sayhow someonefelt, Wewere
bond.(Howdidwe feel?Bored.)

Reference
Grammar
Unit5

Ability/Permission

Obligation/Duty/Necessity

abilityin the present.

Hecanplayfootball.
Can:expresses
Coufd: expresses
abilityin the past.I couldworkuntillate
whenI wasyounger
to ask
Can/Could/May/Might...?:we usethe structures
permission
to do something.
Couldandmayaremorepolite
thancan.Mightisformal.
CanI goout?(informal)
(formal)
youhelpmewiththtuessay?
Could/May/Might

to do sthor that sth

duty,strongobligation
Must: Expresses
usemust when the speakerhas
is essential.
We generally
I mustpaytherenttoday.
decidedthat sth is necessary.
We usually
Have to: Expresses
strongnecessity/obligation.
otherthan the speakerhas
usehaveto when somebody
Thelawyersaidwehaveto sign
decidedthat sth is necessary.
thepapersurgently.
in questions.
meanings
Note:Mustandhaveto havedifferent
forme...?)MustI
now?(lsit necessary
DoI hatreto washthedishes
thatL..?)
woshthedishes
now?(Doyouinsist
These
duty,weakobligation.
Should/Oughtto: Expresses
to. l/eshouldbuya newcar
thanmusVhave
arelessemphatic
soon,
lo. Needloskinwriting?
Need: lt isnecessary
Note:Needcanbe usedasa modalverbor asa mainverb
(DoI
today?
with no changein meaning.Needlfinishtheessay
needto finishtheessay
today?)

Absence
of necessity
Needn'VDon'thave to/Don't need to + present
to dosth(inthepresenVfuture).
infinitive:lt isn'tnecessary
Youdonl needtohontheclothes
- I willdoit.

Unit7
Past
Simple
We usethe pastsimple:
for an actionthat occurred
at a definitetime(statedor
yesterday.
implied)in the past.Hepostedtheinvitations
for actionsthat happenedimmediatelyafter one
anotherin the oast.Shelockedthedoorandheadedfor
hercar.
o for habitsor stateswhichare now finished.Mr Smith
workedasa gardenerwhen
hewasyounger.
Note:Usedto can alsobe usedinsteadof the past
simplefor habitVrepeated
actionsin the past.

Prohibition
Mustn'UCan't: lt is forbiddento do sth; it is againstthe
rules/law;you are not allowedto do sth. Youmustn'Ucan't
smoke
in hospitols.

mptions/Ded
uctions
LogicalAssu
that sth istrue.
Must: Sure/Certain
positive
andexpresses
sentences
Must is usedin affirmative
allday,soyoumustbetired!
logicalbeliefs
. You've
beenworking
Can'Vcouldn't: Certainthat sthis nottruey'real.
Can't and couldn't are used in negationsand express
he'sat work.
IhatcanI beBill,since
negativelogicalassumptions.

Possibility
sth is
Can + present infinitive: Generalpossibility,
possible.
Not usedfor a specificsituation.For
theoretically
youcanhaveapplepieoricecreom.
dessert
Could/May/Might + present infinitive: lt is possible/
likely,perhapsUsedto show sth is possiblein a specific
oneday.
situation.Ywshouldkeepthisring,it maybevaluoble
in questions
BUTNOT
Note:we ca. uscan/could/might
may. Doyw ihi. \ thotWucan/could/mlghtworkonthis?

Past
Continuous
We usethe pastcontinuous:
for an actionwhich was in progress
when another
for
actioninterrupted
it. We usethe pastcontinuous
(thelongeraction),andthe past
the actionin progress
simplefor the actionwhich interruptedit (shorter
action).Wewereswimming
whenit started
torain.
for two or moresimultaneous
actionsin the past.Bil/
waswatchingWinthelivingroomwhileTonywas
havinga
shower.
for an actionwhichwasin progress
at a statedtime in
the past.We don'tmentionwhenthe actionstartedor
yesterday
finished.At8o'clock
I washavingdinnerwithMark
o to describe
the atmosphere,
settingetc and to give
backgroundinformationto a story. Thebirdswere
singingond the sunwas shiningas we were walking
towardsthe
cabin.
Note: When there are two oast continuousforms in a
by
with the samesubject,
we canavoidrepetition
sentence
just usingthe presentparticiple
Gingform)and leavingout
a tune.=
the verbto be.Hewasridinghisbike;hewaswhistling
Hewasridinghisbike,whistlingo tune.

205

Reference
Grammar
we usewith the past continuous
Thetime expressions
when,
as,
all
morning/evening/day/week
are:while,
etc

PastPerfect

Didn't need to/Didn't haveto + infinitive: it wasnot

necessary
to do sth.An actiondid not happenin the past
Youdidn't
because
we knewthenthat it wasnot necessary.
needtopaythebill.(lt
wasn'tnecessary
soyoudidn'tpayit.)

Possibility

We usethe past perfect(had + past participle):

for an action which happened before another past
action or before a stated time in the past. Annhad
finishedcookingby sixo'clock.
for an action which finishedin the past, and wnose
resultwas visibleat a later point in the past. Hehad
broken hislega monthagoandhe stillcouldn'twalkproperly.
for a generalsituationin the past.Everythinghadseemed
normalatfirst.

Thetime expressions
we usewith the past perfectare:
just,
aftefaheady, for;since,
tilt/until,
when,by thetime,
before,
neveretc

PastPerfect
Contin
uous
We usethe past perfectcontinuous:
to put emphasison the durationof an actionwhich
startedand finishedin the past, beforeanotheraction
or statedtime in the past,usuallywith for or since.He
had beenwalking for aboutan hour beforehe reachedhis
destination.
for an actionwhich lastedfor sometime in the pastand
whose result was visible in the past. He had been
painting and hisclotheswerecoveredin paint.

The time expressions

we use with the past perfect
howlong,before,
continuousare:for;since,
untiletc
Timeexpressions
to talk aboutthe past:
(= back in time from now) is usedwith the past
ago
simple.ldid theironingaboutan hourago.
since (= from a startingpoint in the past)is usedwith
the present perfect (simpleand continuous)./
haven'tseenBillsincehe movedto Rome
(= overa periodof time) is usedwith the present
for
perfect (simple and continuous). They'vebeen
Iistening
to CDsfor hours.
already is used in statementsand questions(to show
surprise). I hovealreadyspokento Ann.Haveyou
doneyourhomeworkaheady?
yet
is usedwith the presentperfectin questionsand
negations.Haveyou finishedyour essay
yet?t haven't
finishedcookingyet.

Absence
of necessitv
Needn't + bare perfect infinitive: it wasnot necessary
to do sth,but it wasdone.Youneedn't
haveinformed
Mr.Jones.
I hadalready
doneso.(lt wasnot necessary
but youdid it.)

206

Could/MightAtVould+ perfect infinitive: sth was

possible,
but it did not happen.Yesterdayyouweredrivinglike
(burluckilyyoudidn't)
mad!You
couldhavehadonaccident.

Criticism
ighVOughtto + perfect infinitive: it
Could/Should/M
wouldhavebeenbetterif youhad .. . Youshouldhoveasked
formyhelp(butyoudidn't).

Obligation
Must + perfectinfinitive:assumption
aboutan actionin
the past.Youmusthaveolready
finished
these
exercises.

Logical
Assumptions
MusVcan't + perfect infinitive: positive (must) and
negative(can't)logicalassumptions
about the past.
Youmusthavebrokenyourleg!YoucanThavestudiedhard.

Unit8
ThePassive
We form the passivewith the verb to be in the appropriate
tenseand the past participleof the mainverb.Onlytransitive
verbs(verbswhich take an object)can be usedin the passive.
(/ivedoesnot havea passiveform.)

Weusethe passive:
when the person or people who do the action are
unknown, unimportant or obviousfrom the context.
Bill'scar wasstolen.(We don't know who stole it.) Ihe
(lt's unimportant who is doing
officeis beingredecorated.
it.) Ihe burglarhas beenarrested,(lt's obvious that the
policearrested
him.)
when the action itself is more imoortant than the
person/peoplewho do it, as in news headlines,
newspaper articles, formal notices. advertisements,
instructions,processesetc. Ihe weddingceremonywill be
heldon October15th.
when we want to avoid taking responsibility
for an
action, or when we refer to an unpleasantevent and
we do not want to say who or what is to blame.Ien
passengers
werekilledin theaccident.
Changing from the activeto the passive:
o the object of the activesentencebecomesthe subject
in the oassivesentence

Grammar
Reference
the activeverbremains
in the sametensebut changes
into a pasiveform
the subjectof the activesentencebecomes
the agent,
and is eitherintroducedwith the prepositionby or is
omitted.
ACTIVE

Subject
Thetypist

PASSIVE Thereport

Verb

wasbeingtyped

. Object

Agent
bythe typist.

Causative
Form
we usehave+ object+ past participleto saythat we
havearrangedfor someoneto do somethingfor us.
Thepastparticiplehasa passive
meaning.
Jackie
had hcr
hahfrcd.(Shedidn'tdyeit herself.)
and negations
of the verbhaveareformed
Questions
with do/does(presentsimple)or did (pastsimple).Dtd
youhaveyourhahcutyesterday?
We alsousehavesomethingdone to talk aboutan
unpleasantexperience
that somebodyhad. Lastnight
Nellhadhiscarstolcn.(=
Hiscarwasstolen.)
We can usethe verb get insteadof have in informal
conversation,
l'mgoingto gcta newlockfitted.
Note: the word orderis veryimportant.Tonyhad his
bikerepairedandTonyhadrepairedhis bikehavevery
differentmeanings.
In the first case,Tonyarrangedfor
someoneelseto do the repairs,whereasin the second
casehecarriedout the repairshimself.

Onlytransitiveverbs(verbsthat take an object)can be

changedinto the passive,Active: Billlivesin a flat.
(intransitive
verfl no passiveform: A**is{t'td,in+f9llh
Note: some transitive verbs(have,exist,seem,fi| suit,
resemble,
lack etc')cannotbe changedinto the passive.
Royhasa BMW.NOT:
Allltll::rr,*rd$fneyr
we canusethe verbto get insteadofthe verbto be in
everydayspeechwhen we talk about things that
hppRenbyaccidentor unexpectedly.
Hegotiniuredwhen
Present
Simple
Shewashcsthe Shehasthedishes
(lnstead
lf wasplaying
squash.
ofHewaslnjured.,.)
dishes.
washed,
8y + the agent is usedto saywho orwhat carriesout
Present
Shelswashlngthe
Shelshavlngthe
an action,With + instrumenUmaterialfingredient
is
Continuous
dishes.
disheswashed,
usedto saywhat the agentused.Thecakewasmadeby
Past
Simple
Shewashcdthe Shehadthedishes
Lyn.ltwasmadewfthfteshstrawbeniesfrom
thegarden.
dishes.
washcd.
Theagentcan be omittedwhen the subjectis they,he,
PastContinuous Shewaswashlng Shewashavlngthe
people,one, etc. Somebodyhas
someone/somebody,
thedishes.
disheswashed,
woteredtheplonts.=Theplantshavebeenwatered.
The agent is not omitted when it is a specificor
FutureSimple
Shewlllwashthe Shewlllhavcthe
importantperson,or whenit isessential
dishes.
to the meaning
disheswashcd,
of the sentence
. Thefilmwasdhected
byCopfla.
Future
ShewlllbcwashlngShewlllbehavlng
With verbswhich cantake t\ilo objects,suchas bring,
Continuous
thedishes.
thedisheswashed,
tell,send,showteach,promise,
buy,sell,read,offelgive,lend,
Present
Perfect
Shehaswashed Shehashadthe
etqwe canformtwo differentpassive
sentences.
thedishes.
disheswashed.
porceltome.(aalve)
Bobgavethe
Present
Perfect
Shehasbeen
Shehasbeen
I wosgiventheporcelbyBob,(passive,
moreusual)
Continuous
washlngthe
hovlngthedishes
giventomebyBob,(passive,less
Theparcelwas
usual)
dishes.
washed.
lf in an activesentencea prepositionfollowsa verb,
PastPerfect
Shehadwashed Shehadhadthe
then in the passive
it is placedimmediately
afterthe
thedishes.
disheswashed.
verb.A beestungAnnon theleg.Annwasstungon theleg
PastPerfect
Shehadbeen
Shehadbcen
bya bee.
Continuous
washlngthe
havlngthedishes
Theverbshear,help,seeandmakearefollowedbythe
dishes,
washed.
bareinfinitivein the active,but by the to-infinitive
in
lnfinitive
Sheshouldwash She
shouldhavethe
the passive.Shenadc mecleanmyroom,lwas madcto
thedishes.
disheswoshed.
cleanmyroom.
l$worthwashlng It'sworthhavlng
-ing forrn
Let becomesbe allowedto in the passive.
Theteacher
thedishes.
thedisheswashed.
let the childrcnplay in theployground.
Thechildrenwen
allowedtoplayin theployground.
To ask questionsin the passive,we follow the same
Unit9
rulesasfor statements,
keeping
in mindthat theverbis
in the interrogative
form. Hovetheyanswered
the letter
(bythem)yetT
yetTHastheletterbeenanswered
Whenwe want to find out who or what performedan
action,the pasivequestionformisWhoAlVhat
... by?
We usethe futuresimple(will + bareinfinitive)for:
Whowashe filmdireaedby?
r decisions
madeat the momentof speaking.lt'scold.l'tt
closethewindow,

FutureSimple

207

Reference
Grammar
the future, basedon what we think'
predictions
'believe about
or imagine,using the verbs think, believe,
be sure,be afraid, etc; and
expect.etc; the expressions
the adverbsprobably, certainly, perhaps, elc' He will
probably tellYoulater.
promises,threats,warnings,requests,hopesand offers'
Witlyou helPmetidYtheroom?
actions,events,situationswhich will definitelyhappen
in the future and which we can't control' Bobwill be
thirtyyearsoldin MaY.

Begoingto
We usebegoingto:
. for plans,intentionsor ambitionsfor the future'He3
university'
whenhefinishes
goingto bea tawyer
o actionswe havealreadydecidedto do in the near
in Spain'
is gotngto spendhisholidoys
future.Sfeve
r oredictions
basedon what we can seeor what we
that something
whenthereisevidence
know,especially
going
to rain'
lt3
at thedarkclouds'
wilI happen.Look
we usewith the future simpleand
Thetime expressions
thedayaftertomorrowtonight'
tomoffow,
be goingto arct
etc
etc,in a weeamonth
soon,nextweet</month/year/summet

We usefutureformswith:
. when, whenit is usedas a questionword' Whenwill
yoube goingskiing?
whichshowuncertainty/
. iflwhether- after expressions
etc,suchasI don't know,I doubt' I wonder'
ignorance
lim not sure,etc.I don'tknowwhaherhewill passhisexams'

Type0/1Conditionals
truth or a
a general
areusedto express
Type0 conditionals
when
use
can
we
condttional
of
type
fact.In this
scientific
of if.
instead

Continuous
Future
(willbe + verb'ing)
Weusethefuturecontinuous
at a statedfuture
for actionswhichwill be in progress
thebeach'
on
lylng
time.Ihis timenextmonth,I'llbe
in the futureas
happen
for actionswhichwill definitely
Wewlll be
arrangement'
the resultof a routineor
visitingtheSnithsat theweekend,
plansfor the
. when we ask politelyaboutsomeone's
soon?
report
the
near future.Wtllyoube ftnishlng

lfAA/h".. pLsent simple --)

andwhitepoint,yougetgrql'
If\lthenyoumlxblack
are usedto expressa real or very
Type 1 conditionals
present
or future'
the
in
probable
situation

lf . p*t."i

FuturePerfect
. We usethe future perfect(will have+ pastparticle)
for actionsthat will havefinishedbeforea statedtime
by theendof
in the future. Wewtlt havemovedhouse
June.
we use with the future perfuct
The time expressions
thetime,until/till(onlyin negative
by
by
then,
are:before,by"
sentences)

nuous
Conti
Perfect
Future
(will havebeen
. We usethe futureperfectcontinuous
of an actionup
the
duration
emphasise
+ verb-ing)to
future perfect
The
future.
the
in
time
to a certain
Mpy,John
Bytheendof
for.
by.'.
with:
is
used
continuous
years'
ten
for
here
working
will hovebeen

208

presentsimple

simple

-)

futuresimple,imperative'.can/

etcjiare infiliiiue
musUmay

go outwithTony
wittlmight/etc
tonight,l
tf tfinishworkearly
we
When the hypothesiscomes before the main clause'
comes
clause
main
separatethem with a comma.When the
comma to
before the if-clause,then we do not use a
them.
seDarate
unless +
Note: with type 1 conditionalswe can use
come
ableto
be
I
willnot
verb)'
(=
affirmativeverb if + negative
a
lift'
give
me
not
does
"')
Bill
lf
unlessBiltgivesmealift.(=

Type2 and3 Conditionals

.

Type2 (unrealpresent)areusedto express

Conditionals
whicharecontraryto factsin the
situations
imaginary
present,and thereforeare unlikelyto happenin the
presentor the future.We canuseeitherwas or were
We canalsousethe
ior t, he, she,it, in the if-clause'
lf I wereyou .'. to giveadvice'
structure

Grammar
Reference
Note: r
lf + pastsimple/past__) would/could/might
+ present
continuous
bareinfinitive
lf I kncwhowtodo it,I wouldhetp,
lf Elllwasworklngtoday,wewouldscehim.
lf I wereyou,I wouldtellherthetruth.
o Condltionals
Tlpe 3 (unrealpast)areusedto express
imaginary
situations
whicharecontraryto factsin the
past.Theyarealsousedto express
regrets
or criticism,
lf + pastperfecVpast_
perfectcontinuous

would/could/might
+ perfe&
bareinfinitive

lf thoyhad askedme,I wouldhavehelpdd.

lf I hadn't bccnworklngtodaywe wouldhavegoneto thc
beach.

Mixed
Conditionals
Wecanformmixedconditionals,
if the contextpermitsit, by
combiningan if-clause
from one type with a mainclause
fromanother.

Tlpe2
Tlpe1
lfheamc backlate
lastnight, hewontbeontimeforwork
today.
Type2
Type3
lfyouwcnpolite,
youwouldnlhavetatkedto
himlikethat,

Type2
Upe3
lfhehadntmlssad
thebus, hewould
beherenow.

Wishes
. Wecanusewish/if onlyto express
a wish.

lwlshlwason
tosaythatwewould
hollday
now,(but llkesomethlng
tobe
l'mnot)lf onlyI
differentabouta
wcrcaolngwith Present
situotlon
them,(butl'mnot)
+ pastperfect lwishlhadpasndtoexryess
regretabout
theexams,(butlsomething
whlch
didn't)
happened
ordldnt
in thepast
lf onlyshehadntt happen
llcdtome,(but
shedid)
+ subject+
lwishyouwould rc exprcss:
. d pollteImperdtive,
would+ bareinf. stoptalking,
t adesirefora
lf onlyltwould
situatlon
or person's
stopsnowing,
behaviour
to
change

lf only is usedin exactlythe samewayaswish

but it ismoreemphatic
or moredramatic.
we canusewere insteadof wasafterwish and
if only.I wishI werelwas
onholidoy
now.

TheUnreal
Past
Thepastsimplecanbe usedto referto the presentwhen
we talk about imaginary,
unrealor impossible
situations
whicharecontrary
to factsin the present.
Thepastperfectcanbe usedto referto imaginary,
unreator
impossible
situations
whicharecontrary
to factsin the past.
Thepastsimple
isusedwith;
. type 2 Conditionals- lf hehad moneyhewouldmove
house.
r suppose/supposing
- Suppose/supposlng
helledto you,
whatwouldyoudo?
. wish/if only- Iwish/lfonlylhad morespace.
r would rather(present) - t,dratheryouleftnow.
r as iflas though - Ronoldactsastf/as thoughheowncd
theplace.
r it's (abouVhigh)time - lt's(about/hlgh)tlmeyouw.nt
to bed.
Thepastperfectisusedwith:
. type 3 Conditionals- If he hadn't beenso rude,he
wouldn't
havebeenpunished.
r suppose/supposing
- Suppose/supposlng
youhad bcen
in apositionto help,wouldyouhavedoneso?
r wish/if only- I wlsh/lfontyt hadnl iled.
. would rather (past) - l,d rathcryouhad not totd the
truth.
r as iflas though - Hespoke
aboutStrauss
asthough/astf
hehad beenapersonal
friend.

HadBetter/
WouldRather
Hadbetter(= it wouldbe goodto) is usedto give$rongor
urgentadvice.Hadbettercannotbe usedin the pastor the
comparative.
o hadbetter+ bareinfinitive--+immediate
future
Youhad betteraskforhelp,
Would rather (= would preferto) expresses
preference,
Whenthe subjectof would ratherisalsothe subjectof the
followingverb,we usethe followingconstructions:
r wouldrather + presentbareinfinitive--+presenVfuture.
I'd rathcrtellyounow.
. would rather+ perfectbareinfinitive--' past
I wentoutlastnightbfi fd rathcrhavcstaytdin,
r wouldrather+ bareinfinitlve+ than+ bareinfinitive
Since
its sueh
a beautiful
day,t'd rathergo to theparkthan
watchTV
Whenthe subjectof would rather is differentfrom the
subjectof the followingverb, we use the following
constructions:
r wouldrather+ pasttense presenVfuture
I'd ratherAnnworkcdwithyou,
r wouldrather+ pastperfect--+past
l'd ratherwehad lcft earliecthenwe wouldn,thavebeen
caughtin therushhourtraffic.

209

Grammar
Reference
Unit10
Relative
Clauses
Relativeclausesare introducedwith either a relative
pronounor a relativeadverb.
Relativepronouns
We use:
i. who(m)/thatto referto people.
ii. which/thatto referto things.
iii. whose with people,animalsand objectsto show
(instead
possession
of a possessive
adjective).
Who,whichandthat canbe omittedwhentheyare
the objectof the relative
clause.
He3theman(who)tam
workingfor.
Whom can be usedinsteadof who when it is the
objectof the relativeclause.Whom is alwaysused
insteadof who or that aftera preposition.
That's
thegirt
to whomBillgotengaged.
Who, which andthat are not omittedwhentheyare
the subjectof a relativeclause.
Ihemanwhoownsthat
shopismycousin.
Whoseis neveromitted.That's
themanwhose
daughter
gotmarried
tomyneighbour.
Relativeadverbs
We use:
i. when/thatto referto a time(andcanbeomitted)
Thatwastheyear(whenlthat)wemovedto Modrid.
where to referto a place.Thehotelwherewe spent
our
summer
holidays
isclosing
down.
iii. why to givea reason.usuallyafter the word reason
(whycanbeomitted).
That'sthereason(why)hetefttown

3:ll'g'rs

Clauses
of Puroose
Clauses
of purposeareusedto explain
whysomebody
does
something.
Theyare introduced
with the followingwordV
expressions:
. to-infinitive- Colinwentto thesupermarket
to buy some
G

210

purpose
Wecanexpress
negative
using:
. in ordernot to/soasnot to + infinitive- Hemadea list
of theguests
soasnotto forgetanyone.
r prevent+ noun/pronoun(+from)+ -ing form - Bad
prcventedtheshlpfromdepartlng.
weather

Clauses
of Result
Clausesof result are usedto expressresult.They are
introduced
with the followingwordVphrases:

andNon-ldentifiins
Relative

An identifiTing
relativeclausegivesnecessary
information
essential
to the meaning
of the mainsentence.
lt is not put
in commas
andisintroduced
withwho, which,that,whose,
where,when or the reason(why).Ihemanwhoboughtour
carlivesnextdoor.
A non-identifuing
relative
clausegivesextrainformation
and
isnotessential
to themeaning
of themainsentence.
lt isput
in commasand is introducedwith who, whom, which,
whose,whereor when.Theman,whowasveryimpatient,
left
beforethedoctorcamein.

fbd.

r in orderto/soasto + infinitive(formal)
- Themanager
requested
thateveryone
workovertime
ln orderto flnlshthe
projectontime.
o so that + can/will(presenVfuture
reference)
my
- Take
number
sothat youcancallmeifyouneedanyhelp.
o so that + could/would(pastreference)
- Heleftat 3
o'clock
sothathe wouldbeat thestation
inplentyof tlme.
r in case+ presenttense(present
or futurereference)
Take
anumbrella
ln caseit ralns,
o in case+ pasttense(pastreference)
- Shehadpacked
somewarmclothes
ln caseit wascoldthere.
Note:in caseis neverusedwith will or would.
r for + noun(expresses
the purpose
of an action)- Ihey
wenttoMario's
for a snack.
. for + -ing form (expresses
the purpose
of something
or
its function)- Scissors
areusedfor cuttlngpoper
o with a view to + -ing form - TheBrowns
rentedtheold
cottagewitha viewto spendlngtheirholidays
there.

a
a

as a resulVtherefore/consequently/as
a consequenceThemoyorhada serious
accidentond,as a result/therefore/
consequently/asa consequencethe openingof the new
Iocal spoftscentrewascancelled.
I
Themayorhad a seriousaccident.As a result/therefordl
consequently/asa consequencethe openingof the new
localsportscentrewascancelled,
so - I wastired,so I wentto bedearly.
such a/an + adjective+ singularcountablenoun Johnis sucha good boy that everybody
loveshim.
such + adjective+ plural/uncountablenoun Theywere such hospltable paople that I will neverforget
them.
It wassuchheavyluggagethat I couldn'tlift it.
sucha lot of + plural/uncountable
noun
He hasgot sucha lot of book that he hasto buy a new
bookcase.
Therewas sucha iot of lnformatlon that I couldn't keepup
withit,
so + adjective/adverb
Hefeltso embarrossedthatheleftwithoutsayinggoodbye.
Thelittleboyronso fast that nobodywasableto catchhim.
so much/little+ uncountablenoun
so many/few + plural noun
Therewasso muchnoisethat I couldn'theorhim.
I'vegot so llttle moneythat I can'tbuyhim a ptesent.

Reference
Grammar
in theshopthattheyhadto
There
weresomanycustomers
queue,
thathewillpasstheexam,
Hemadesofewmlstakes

Concession

a
a

They
a contrast.
areusedto express
Clauses
of concession
wordVphrases:
withthefollowing
areintroduced

I have (possess)has the tag haven't l? BUT I have

(usedidiomatically)
hasthe tag don't l? - He hasa bike,
hasn'the?Hehad dinnerwith Ann,didn't he?
This/That is has the tag isn't it? - Ihls shopis very
expensive,
isn't lt?
I am hasthe tag aren't l? - I am late,arenl l?
A negativeimperativehasthe questiontag will you?Don'tforgetto postthis,will you?

. but
It washot but he waswearinga coat.
although/eventhough/though+ clause
Eventhough is moreemphaticthan although.Though
speech.lt can
is informaland is often usedin everyday
alsobe out at the end of a sentence.
Although/EventhoughlThoughit washot,hefeltcold,
Hefeltcoldalthough/eventhoughlthoughit washot.
It washot.Hefeltcold,though.
in spite ofldespite + noun/-ing form
ln spiteof/Despitehisqualifications,hecouldn'tfindoiob.
Hecouldn'tfindajob in spiteof/despite(his)qualifications.
in spite ofldespite + the fact that + clause
ln spite oflDespite the fact that he had qualifications, he
couldn'tgetajob,
however/nevertheless
A commais alwaysusedafter however/nevertheless.
She left early. However/Nevertheless,she missed her
appointment.
while/whereas
Sheis short,while/whereasherbrotheris tall.
yet (formal)/still
It wasDecembe|yet it wasquitewarm.
Mycarisold,Stiil,it isin verygoodcondition.
on the other hand
Buses
aren'tcomfortableto travelin. On the otherhand,cars
are,..

Tags
Question
.

Questiontags are formedwith an auxiliaryverb and

personalpronoun.Theytake the same
the appropriate
auxiliary
as in the statementor, if thereisn'tan auliliary
in the statement,they take do/does(presentsimple)or
d id ( pas ts im ple).
. After affirmative statements we use a negative
we use
tag and after negativestatements
interrogative
tag.
a positiveinterrogative
Heworksasa clerkdoesn'the?
could she?
Shecouldn'tanswerthequestion,
Note:
. Let'shasi^e tag shall we? - Let'sgo out,shallwe?
. Let me/himhasthe tag will you/won't you?- You'll
let
me Datrcil /cur car,won'tyou?

211

Reference
Grammar
Rulesfor Punctuation

('' or" ")

Marks
Quotation

Letters
Capital

Quotationmarksareused:
. in directspeechto reportthe exactwordssomeone
your
saidTony'"What's
at l1:45am,'
said. Thetrainleaves
her,
nome|"heasked

A capitalletter is used:
o to begina sentence.
Thisisabook
. for daysof the week,monthsand publicholidays.
etc
JanuaryNewYear,
Monday,
. for namesof peopleand places.Thisis BillBlakeand he's

England.
fromSurrey,
Professor
DrBrown;
for people'stitles.Mr and MrsParker;
etc
Horris,
He's
fluent
areSpanish,
es.They
itiesandlanguag
for national
Russian.
in Greekand
pronounI is alwaysa capitalletter.
Note:Thepersonal
latetonight.
BobondI areworking

FullStop(.)
A fullstopis used:
o to end a sentencethat is not a questionor an
We
rehavinga greattimehereinBarbados.
mation.We'
excla
werehere.
wishyou

(,)
Comma

Colon(:)
A colonisused:
r to introducea list. There
werethreeaf usin theroom:my
andme.
myfriendSteve
brother,

Brackets
0
areused:
Brackets
. to seoarateextra informationfrom the rest of the
(i,e.TheGuardian'
sentence.Themostpopularnewspapers
etc)canbefoundalmostanywhere
TheTimes,
TheObservet
intheworld,

(')
Apostrophe
is used:
An apostrophe
. in short formsto showthat one or more lettersor
He
havebeenleft out. /m (= I am)tellingyou,..
numbers
(=200
1)
IeftforSpainin thewinterof '01.
or
. beforeor afterthe possessive
-s to showownership
between
the relationshiP
PeoPle.
(singularnoun+'s)
daughter
wife,mysiste/s
Bobk
(plural
noun+')
cottage
mygrandparents'
(irregular
+'s)
men3
suits
Plural

A commaisused:
. to separate
milk,flourarnd
sugar,
wordsin a list.I need
eggs.
. to separate
relativeclause(i.e.a
a non-identifying
to
whichis not essential
givingextrainformation
clause
fromthe mainclause.
of themainclause)
themeaning
lives
in Canada.
whoisa singer,
Ron,
(e.9.in addition
to
. aftercertainlinkingwordVphrases
for example,however,in conclusion,
this, moreover,
LynisveryimPatient,
etc).Moreovetr
. whenif-clauses
lfyouhaveanyquestions,
beginsentences.
to ask.
don'thesitate
whenthe if-clause
Note:no commais used,however,
followsthe mainclause.
. to separate
question
tagsfromthe restof thesentence.
isn'the7
neighbouri
isyournew
Mr Jones

(?)
Mark
Question
markisused:
A ouestion
r to enda directquestion.
Whoishe?

Mark(l)
Exclamation
markisused:
An exclamation
. to end an exclamatory
sentence,i.e. a Sentence
joy,anger,etc,Vlhdtlovely
surprise,
admiration,
sfro,rring
ffilbtnt&

212

lrregular
Verbs
7ae
I

| oear
I beat
I

I Decome
I oegrn
bite
blow
break
bring
build
burn
burst
buy
can
catch
choose
come
cost
cut
deal
dig
do
dream
drink
drive
eat
fall
feed
feel
fight
find
flee
flv
fot'bid
forqet
forgive
freeze
nat

give
grow
nang
nave
hear
hide
hit
hold
hurt
keep
know
lay

lead
leatn
reav
lenc
iet

was
been
bore
born(e)
beat
beaten
became
oecome
began
begun
bit
bitten
blew
blown
broke
broken
brought
brought
built
built
burnt(burned)
burnt(burned)
burst
burst
bought
bought
(beenableto)
could
caught
caught
cnose
cnosen
came
come
cost
cost
cuT
cut
dealt
dealt
ou9
oug
did
oone
dreamt(dreamed) dreamt(dreamed)
drank
drunk
0rove
driven
ate
earen
fell
fallen
fed
fed
felt
felt
fought
fought
found
found
fled
fled
flew
I'lown
forbade
forbidden
forgotten
forgot
forgave
forgiven
froze
frozen
gor
907
gave
given
went
9one
grew
9rown
hung(hanged)
hung(hanged)
had
had
heard
heard
hid
hidden
hit
hit
held
held
hurt
hurt
kept
kept
knew
KNOWN
laid
laid
led
led
learnt(learned) learnt(learned)
left
left
enr
lent
EL

let

lie
light
lose
make
mean
meet
pay
put
read
ride
ring
nse
run
say
see
seeK
sell
Seno
seT
sew
shake
shine
shoot
snow
shut
sing

tay
lit
lost
maoe
meanl
met
paid
put
read
ro0e
rang
rose
ran
said
5aw
sought
sold
sent
)trt

sewed
shook
snone
shot
showed
shut
sang

5tt

sleep
smell
speaK
spell
spend
split
sprea0
spring
stand
steal
stick
sting
stink
strike
swear
sweep
swim
taKe
teach
iear
tell
think
throw
understand
waKe
wear
wrn
wflIe

slept
smelt(smelled)
spoke
sBelt(spelled)
Spenr
split
spreao
sprang
stood
stole
stuck
$ung
stanK
StrucK
SWOre
swept
swam
took
taught
tore
told
thought
threw
understood
WOKE

wore
won
wrote

lain
ilr

lost
maoe
meant
met
paid
put
read
ridden
rung
risen
run
said
<AAN

sought
sold
sent
set
sewn
shaken
shone
shot
snown
shut
sung
sat
slept
smelt(smelled)
spoken
spelt(spelled)
spenr
split
sprea0
sprung
stood
stolen
stuck
stung
stunk
strucK
SWOrn
swept
SWUm

taken
taught
torn
told
thought
thrown
understood
woken
worn
won
written
)

213

z absentfrom(adj)
abstainfrom(v)
to (prep)
according
accountfor (v)
sbof (v)
accuse
to (adj)
accustomed
acquainted
with(adj)
to (adj)
addicted
(take)advantage
of (n)
advice
on (n)
affectedby(adj)
afraidof (adj)
agreewith sbon sth(v)

aimat (v)
allergic
to (adj)
amazed
aVby(adj)
amountto (v)
(adj)
amused
aVwith/by
angryat whatsbdoes(adj)
angrywithsbaboutsth(adj)
angrywithsbfor doingsth(adj)
annoyed
withsbaboutsth(adj)
(in)answer
to (n)
anxious
aboutsth(adj)
apologise
to sbfor sth(v)

\
(v)
appealto/against
(to
(v)
apply sb)for sth
approve
of (v)
arguewithsbaboutsth(v)
arrestsbfor sth(v)
arriveat (asmallplace)(v)
arrivein (atown)(v)
ashamed
of (adj)
askfor (v)(but:asksb a question)
avby(adj)
astonished
attendto (v)
(un)aware
of (adj)

badat (adj)(but:Hewasvery
badto me.)
baseon (v)
begfor (v)
beginwith (v)
in (v)
believe
belongto (v)

benefitfrom(v)
beton (v)
bewareof (v)
(putthe)blameon sb(n)
blamesbfor sth(v)
blamesthon sb(v)

boastabouVof(v)
boredwith/of(adj)
borrowsthfromsb(v)
brilliant
at (adj)
bumpinto(v)
busywith (adj)

capable
of (adj)
careabout(v)
carefor sb(v)(= like)
(take)careof (n)
carefor sth(v)(= liketo do sth)
carefulof (adj)
(adj)
careless
abouVwith
of (n)
cause
certainof (adj)
chargefor (v)
chargesbwith (acrime)(v)
chatwith (v)
for (n)
cheque
(n)
choicebetween/of
cleverat (adj)(but:lt wasvery
cleverof youto buyit.)
closeto (adj)

comment
on (v)
communicate
with(v)
compare
with(v)(howpeopleandthings
arealikeandhowtheyaredifferent)
compare
to (v)(showthe likeness
betweensb/sthandsb/sthelse)
(n)
comparison
between
complain
of (v)(= sufferfrom)
complain
to sbaboutsth(v)(= be
annoyed
at)
compliment
sbon (v)
complywith (v)
concentrate
on (v)
(have)
in sb(n)
confidence
congratulate
sbon sth(v)
(n)(but:in
connection
between
connection
with)

to/with(v)
connect
conscious
of (adj)
of (v)
consist
contactbetween(n)(but:in contact
with)
contentwith (adj)
contrary
to (prep)
to (v)
contribute
convertto/into(v)
copewith (v)
to/with(v)
correspond
crashinto(v)
crazyabout(adj)
crowded
with (adj)
cruelto (adj)
curefor (n)
curious
about(adj)

datebackto (v)
datefrom(v)
dealwith (v)
dearto (adj)
(v)
decideon/against
in (n)
decrease
dedicate
to (v)
deficient
in (adj)
delayin (n)
delightin (v)
with(adj)
delighted
demand
for(n)
demandfrom(v)

departfrom(v)
departure
from(n)
dependon/upon(v)
describe
sb/sthto sbelse(v)
description
of (n)
dieoflfrom(v)
(v)
diein anaccident
differfrom(v)
(have)
(n)
between/of
difference
differentfrom(adj)
difficultyinlwith(n)
disadvantage
of (n)(but:there'sa
in doingsth)
disadvantage

disagree
with(v)
(adj)
with/about
disappointed
disapprove
of (v)
from(v)
discourage
(n)
discussion
abouVon
from(v)
dismiss
dispose
of (v)
with (adj)
dissatisfied
(v)
between
distinguish
do wellin (anexam)
dreamabout(v)
dreamof (v)(= imagine)
in (adj)
dressed

(makean exception
of sth/sb= treat
sb/sthasa special
case
takeexception
to sth= objectto sth)
exchange
sthfor sthelse(v)
excitedabout(adj)
exclaim
at (v)
excuse
for (n)
excuse
sbfor (v)
expelfrom(v)
experienced
in (adj)

(have)
in
experience
on/with(v)
experiment
sth)(n)
expertaVin(sth/doin9
(= pfson
at)
skilled
sth)(adj)(=
expertaVinlon(sth/doing
great
donewithskillor involving
knowledge)
expertwithsth(n)(=goodat usingsth)
experton (n)(= personknowledgeable
abouta subject)
-/

eagerfor (adj)
(put)effortintosth(n)
emphasis
on (n)
in sth(adj)
engaged
engaged
to sb(adj)
enthusiastic
about(adj)
equalto (adj)
escapefrom(v)
example
of (n)
excellent
at (adj)
\exceptionto (n)

21 4

Z raitin(u)
(n)
failure
in(anexam)

famousfor (adj)
fed up with (adj)
fight for sth/withsb (v)
fill sth with sth else(v)
(v)
fill in (anapplication)
fond of (adj)
forget about sth (v)

forgivesb for (v)

friendlywith/to (adj)
frightenedof (adj)
full of (adj)
furiouswith sb abouVatsth (adj)

genius
at (n)
glance
at (v)
glareat (v)
goodat (adj)(but:Hewas
verygoodto me.)

gossipaboutsth(v)
gossip
with sb(v)
gratefulto sbfor sth(6dj)

guiltyof (adj)(but:Hefeltguilty
abouthiscrime,)

to (v)
happen
(adj)
happyabouVwith
harmful
to (adj)
headfor (v)

hearabout(v)(= betold)
hopefor sth(v)
a letter/phone
hearfrom(v)(= receive
call) (no)hopeof (n)
hearof (v)(= knowthat sthor sbexists) hopeless
at (adj)

ideaof (n)
to (adj)
identical
illwith(adj)
impressed
bylwith(adj)
(makean)impression
on sb(n)
in (v)
include
in (n)
increase

indifferent
to (adj)
(n)
information
abouVon
insiston (v)
(haveno)intention
of (n)
interest
in (n)
in (adj)
interested

interferewith/in (v)
investin (v)
invitationto (n)
invitesb to (v)
involvein (v)
involvedin (adj)

knockaVon(v)
knowabouVof(v)
keenon sth(adj)

keento do sth(adj)
weight)
keepto (a healthy/certain
kindto (adj)

keyto (n)
knowledge
of (n)

lackin (v)
lackof (n)
laughat (v)

(v)
leanon/against
lendsthto sb(v)
listento (v)

look at (v)

with(v)
makeanappointment
married
to (adj)
meanto (adj)

(havea) meetingwith (n)

mentionto (v)
mistakesb for (v)

mixwith (v)

nameafter(v)
necessary
for (adj)
needfor (n)

nervous
about(adj)
newto (adj)
niceto (adj)

(take)(no) noticeof (n)

obedientto (adj)
objectto (v)
objectionto (n)

obligedto sb for sth (adj)

obviousto (adj)
occurto (v)

operateon (v)
opinionoflon (n)

part with (v)

patientwith (adj)
persistin (v)
(takea) photographof (n)
pictureof (n)
p ty for (n)
taKepityon sb (phr)

(have
the)pleasure
of (n)
pointaVto(v)
(im)polite
to (adj)
popular
with(adj)
praisesbfor (v)
prefersthto sthelse(v)
prepare
for (v)
present
sbwith(v)
prevent
sbfrom(v)
(take)pridein (n)

prideoneselfon sth/ondoingsth (v)

prohibitsb from doingsth (v)
proneto (adj)
protectagainsVfrom(v)
protectionfrom (n)
proudof (adj)
providesb with (v)
punishsb for (v)

quickat (adj)

quotationfrom (n)

faithfulto (adj)
familiar
to sb(adj)(= known
to sb)
familiar
with(adj)(= have
of)
knowledge

jealous
of (adj)

^ ^-.-^+
P <O)Oi I

+^ /-l;\
rU \OUJI

p easedwith (adj)
l: a( e Dleasu re
i n (n )
c-a"e aboutsth/withsb (v/n)
! - a ' er ' or (a d j )

215

readyfor (adj)
for (n)
reason
with (v)
reason
receivefrom(v)
(keep)a recordof (n)
recoverfrom(v)
in (n)
reduction
referto (v)
(in/with)reference
to (n)
refrainfrom(v)
of (prep)
regardless
relatedto (adj)

(n)(but:a
relationship
between
relationship
with sb)
relevant
to (adj)
relyon (v)
remindsboflabout(v)
removefrom(v)
replace
sthwith sthelse(v)
replyto (n/v)
reporton (n/v)
forlof(n)
reputation
respect
for (n)
respond
to (v)

for (n)
responsibility
for (adj)
responsible
resultfrom(v)(= bethe
of)
consequence
resultin (v)(= cause)
resultof (n)
retirefrom(v)
revisefor (v)
richin (adj)
risein (n)
rudeto (adj)

safefrom(adj)
sameas(adj)
with/by(adj)
satisfied
savesbfrom(v)
of (adj)
scared
searchfor (v/n)
(be)in search
of (n)
to (adj)
sensitive
sbto (v)
sentence
from(v)
separate
about(adj)
serious
shakehandswith (v)
aVby(adj)
shocked
shortof (adj)

shoutat (v)
shyof (adj)
sickof (adj)
to (adj)
similar
aVin(adj)
skilled
smellof (n/v)
smileat (v)
solution
to (n)
sorryabout(adj)(= feelsorryfor sb)
(but:l'msorryfor doingsth)
in (v)
specialise
spendmoneyon sth(v)
spendtimein/doingsth(v)
stareat (v)

studyfor (v)
to (adj/v)
subject
submitto (v)(but:submitsth for
publication)
to (v)
subscribe
in (v)
succeed
sufferfrom(v)
for (adj)
suitable
to (adj)
superior
sureoflabout(adj)
surprised
aVby(adj)
sb
suspect of (v)
of (adj)
suspicious
with (v)
sympathise

(have)
tastein (n)
tasteof (v)
terribleat (adj)
terrifiedof (adj)
thanksbfor (v)
thankfulfor (adj)

(v)
thinkabouVof
threatensbwith sth(v)
throwat (v)(inorderto hit)
throwto (v)(inorderto catch)
tireof (v)
tiredof (adj)(= fedup with)

(n)
(be)(at)the toBof (theclass)
from,,, into(v)
translate
trendfor (n)
typicalof (adj)

wait for (v)

(v)
warnsbagainsVabouVof
on (v)
waste(time/money)
waveaVtosb(v)

weakin/at(adj)
whisperto (v)
winkat sb(v)
wonderabout(v)

worryabout(v)
worthyof (adj)
to sb(v)
write(aletter)

a disadvantage
a discount
a distance
a fractionof
a glance
a guess
a loss

a profit
allcosts
anadvantage
firsthand
least
length
oddswith

one'srequest
peace
random
sea
shortnotice
speeo

the expense
of
the heartof
the latest
thetime

buVcar/plane/
coach/rail
accident
allmeans
cnance

coincidence
degrees
far
law
luck

means
of
nature
now
popular
request
surprise

virtueof

a change
fearof sth
good
granted

hire
life
nothing
once

sb'ssake
thefirsttime
thesakeof

thetimebeing
SUre

memory

nowon

timeto time

a rush
a0vance
agreement
brief
captivity
casof
charge
comfort
c0mmon

confidence
danger
debt
detail
dlsgulse
existence
fact
goodshape
Jest

moderation
name
only
notime
particular
place
of
principle
progress
public
recession

thebeaten
track

duty
therecord

theroad

foot
a blEcle
a dlet
of
aecount
an island
approval
bail
behalfof
demand

duty
goodtermswith
lmpulse
leavc
loan
noaccount
paper
principle
purpose

sale
strike
theagenda
thebrinkof
thecontrary
theincrease
themsve
thejsb

theBointof
thepremises
theroad
thetrailof
thewhole
yourmind
yourown

breath
c0ntr0l
danger
date

debt
fashion
practice

reach
stock
theordinary
water

time(music
only)
town
uge
worK

one'sface

onc'sSurDflse

thisday

a9e
arrest
control

discussion
orders
pressure

repair
theimpression
theweather

return
secret
somerespects
theend
thehabltof
theheartof
thename
of
thewild
vain

threat
yourbreath

Appendix
Back
notto dosth
backout = (tr)decide

Be

with
carryon (with)= (tr)continue
=
(tr)
2) (tr) act
an experiment;
1)
conduct
carryout
to
accordingsth
in spiteof
carrythrough= (tr) completesuccessfully
difficulty

Catch

bein = at home
beintosth= to likestha lot
beout = notat home

standard
thesamelevel,
catchupwith = (tr)reach

Beat

Check

beatup= (tr)hitandkicksbmanytimes

theroomkeyand
at a hotel,begiven
checkin = (int)arrive
forms
fillin anynecessary

Blow
byanexplosion
blowup = (tr)destroy

Break
stopworking;
2)(int)
breakdown= 1)(int)(ofmachinery)
(ofa person)
losecontrolof feelings;
3)(int)(of
fail;4)(tr)separate
underheadings
talks/negotiations/etc)
]
breakin = (int)enterbyforceor illegally
breakinto= 1)(tr)enterbyforce;2)(tr)interrupt
breakoff = (tr)enda relationship/agreement
breakout= (int)(ofwar,etc)beginsuddenly
(inspiteof opposition)
breakthrough= (int)advance
to sbin a kindway
breakto = (tr)tell(usubadnews)
etc)stopfor holidays;
2)(int)
breakup= 1)(int)(ofschools,
enda relationshio

Bring

Cheer
2) (int)become
cheerup = 1) (tr)makemorecheerful;
morecheerful

Clear
clearaway= (tr)putawaythingsyouhaveused

Come
= (tr)find/meet
bychance
comeacross
=
(tr)obtain
comeby
on to sb by inheritance
comedown 1s = (tr) be passed
ill;go downwith
comedownwith = (tr)become
comeinto= (tr)inherit
comeoff = (int)succeed
2)(int)
beginto blossom;
comeout = 1)(int)(offlowers)
(of
(int)
published;
removed
stains)
beableto be
be
3)
2)(int) recover
come round = 1) (int) visit casually;
consciousness
cometo = (tr)amountto a total
2)(int)arise;occur
mentioned;
comeup= 1)(int)be
2) (tr) equal;(of
come up to = 1) (tr) approach;
beupto
expectations)
etc)
solution,
comeupwith = (tr)find(ananswer,

to happen
bringabout= (tr)cause
=
(tr)
cause
to
recall
back
bring
=
(tr)
cause
to
fall
down
bring
=
(t0
move
forward
sth to an earlierdateor time
bring
=
(tr)create
profiVmoney
in
bring
ususthunpleasant
bringon = (tr)cause,
bringout= (tr)putonthemarket
to regain
consciousness;
2)(t0
bringround= 1)(tr)cause
Cut
persuade;
bringover(to)
(tr)mention/introduce
a child;2)
a
bringup = 1)(tr)raise
= (tr)takea shorter
way
cutacross
subject
production);
(on)
= (tr) reduce(expenses,
cut
cut back
downon
Call
car;2)
in frontof another
cutin = 1)(int)movesuddenly
(int)interrupt
againin returnfora phone
callback= (tr)telephone
call
cut into= (tr)interrupt
(usuplaces)
(tr)isolate
cutoff = 1)(tr)disconnect;2)
Calm
(tr)
=
omit
cutout
becutout for/tobe= besuitedfor(aprofession)
lessupset
calmdown = (int)become
pieces
cutup= (tr)cutintosmall

Carry
be carrieddwil! = beveryexcited
successfully
carryoff = (tr)handlea difficultsituation

218

Do
do awaywith = (tr)abolish
of sb
badly
do down= (tr)speak

Appendix
do in = (t0 kill
do up = (tr)fasten;tie
do with = (tr)want
do without = (tr) liveor continuewithout havingsthisb;
livewithout

Ease
intensity
speed,
in degree,
easeup= (int)reduce

Eat
eatinto= (tr)usemorethanexpected

End
in
endup= (int)finishuP,result

Fall
fall apart= (int)cometo Pieces
plans
fall backon = (tr)turn to sb/sthfor helpwhenother
havefailed
fall behindwith = (tr)failto keepup with
fallfor= 1)(tr)fallin lovewithsb;2)(tr)bedeceived
fall in = (int)collapse
fall in with = (tr)agreewith
(tr)begin;
into (categories);2)
fall into = 1)(tr)Ui diviOeO
entera state
fall on = 1)(t0 attack;2) (tr)eathungrily
fall out with = (tr)quarret
fall through= (int)failto be completed

giveback= (t0 return

givein = (int)surrender;
Yield'
etc)
heat,fumes,
live off = (tr)emit(smells,
end;2)(tr)distribute
=
to
an
1)(int)come
out
live
2)(tr)surrender
anattempvhabit;
live up= 1)(tr)abandon

Go
go after= (tr)pursue
to happen
goahead= (int)beallowed
go away= (int)stoPicease
go backep = (tr)breaka promise/agreement
on
go by = (tr)baseone'sideas
ill
go downwith= (tr)become
go for = 1)(tr)attack;2)(tr)applyfor(ajob)
partin(acompetition)
to in for = (tr)take
ring;
2)(ofanalarm)
(of
explode;
=
a
bomb)
1)(int)
off
6o
!1 llnt)(offood)spoil;4)(tr)stoplikingsth
carryon;2)(int)happen
go oh = 1)(int)continue;
go out= (int)stoPburning
2)(tr)repeat
gothrough;
details;
io ou.t = 1)(tr)examine
to havea share;
foreveryone
go round= 1)(int)beenough
getround
circulate;
i) (int)(newyOisease)spread;
2) (rnt)(ofa deal/
go'thiougtt = 1) (tr) experience;
in
3) (t0 discuss
with success;
Jrrtng...-nt)becompleted
detail
rise
go up = (int)(ofPrices)
go with = (tr)match
thelackof sth;dowithout
!o without= (t0endure

Get
ideas
communicate
= (tr)successfully
get across
difficulties
despite
iet ttong= (int)continue
getonwith
terms;
(tr)
=
friendly
on
be
with
.fong
6.t
gtat = (int)mean
for a wrongful'
punishment
with = (tr)escape
;;i;*.;
act
illegal
ofpossession
gei back= (tr)recover
2)(t0 depress
difficulty;
(tr)
with
iet down= 1) swallow
seriously.
sth
(tr)
getdown1e= startdoing
train,etc);2)(int)makeprogress
iet on= 1)(tr)enter(bus,
termswith
good
(tr)
geton with = beon
known
(of
getout = (int) news)become
from
getover= (tr)recover
(tr)persuade;
bringround'
=
round
let
=
let roundto (tr) findtimeto dosth
on
(a
of work);2)(tr)9o
ietttrrough= 1)(tr)finishpiece
times
difficult
through
living
bYPhone
getthrough1e= (tr)reach
(int)
risefrombed
getup=

Give
2) (tr)givesthfreeof charge
giveaway= ' ltr)reveal;

Hang
onthelineto dry
hangout= (tr)putclothes
2)(int)enda
(tr)
a highposition;
put
in
=
sth
1)
up
hani
phone
call
fora shortwhile
hangon = (int)wait

Hold
2) (int)hesitate
laughter);
hold back= 1)(tr)control(tears,
hold in = (tr)restrain
hold off = (tr) keePat a distance
holdon = (int)wait(espon the phone)
holdout = 1)(int)last;2) (int)persist
etc)
2) keepto (apromise,
holdto = 1)(tr)followexactly;
rob
to
order
in
(td
(tr)
violence
use
=
2)
delay;
1)
up
hold

Keep
to pursue
keepafter= (tr)continue
=
(t0
(from)
away
stay
keepawaY
(tr)
=
conceal
back
keep
keepdown = (tr)causeto remainat a lowerlevel
(aspunishment)
keepin = (tr)makesbstayindoors
avoid
=
(tr)
from;
awaY
stay
off
keep
difficulties
despite
keepon = (int)continue
=
(tr)
sb/sth
exclude
keepout
keepup (with) = (tr)stayat the samelevelassb/sth
(tr)
keep up with = 1) (tr) continueto be informed;2)

219

Appendix
at the samerate
change

Pay

Let

payback= 1)(tr)returnmoneyowed;2) (tr)takerevenge

on sb
rest
pay down = (tr) PaYPartof the pricefor sth and the
overa Periodof time
payfor = (tr)receive
Punishment
payoff = (tr)pal sbto leaveemployment
pay up = (tr)PaY(a debt)in full

(tr)
(*
let down = 1) (tr) (of clothes)lengthen take up);2)
disapPoint
let in (to)= allowsbto entera place
let off = (tr)not Punish
let on = (int)reveala secret
makelarger
2) (tr)(of clothes)
let out = 1)(tr)release;
(* take in)
let up = (int)becomelessstrong

Live
liveon = (tr)havean amountof moneyto buythings

Look
look after = (tr)takecareof
the past
look back(on)= (t0 consider
(+
look up to)
=
(tr)
despise
ep
look down
find
to
(tr)
try
=
search,
look for
with pleasure
look forward1e = (tr)anticipate
to
vtsit
(tr)
pay
short
a
sb'=
look in on
(tr)
*
investigate
look into
look on = (int)observe
lookout = (int)be careful
look out for = (tr)be alertin orderto see/findsb/sth
go through
carefully;
lookover= (tr)examine
(tr)insPect
=
a
Place
round
look
lookthrough= (tr)lookat quicklY
book/list
look up = (ir) lookfor sth in an appropriate

Loosen
morerelaxed
loosenup = (int)become

Make
be madefor = suitexactlY
makefor = (tr)go towards
2) (tr)writeout;fill in
makeout = 1)(ir)distinguish;
of sth to sb else
makeover= (tr)givepossession
on;3) (int)
makeup * 1)(tr)invent;2) (tr)put cosmetics
reconcile
makeuB 1e;= (tr)compensate
makeuPone'smind=deeide

Open
whatsbfeelsor thinks
openup = (int)relaxandsayexactly

Pass
('n0 d
.lFY
F
cllill'|: a \il!- pi'Gulrld ts be sthAb else successfully
m
1m@ilmEllrrE
n:drllffil

Pick
andtakesb away(oftenin
picksb up = (tr)9o somewhere
a car)

Pu ll
pulldown= (t0demolish
(* pullout)
arrive
pullin = (int)(oftratns)
undercontrol
feelings
=
one's
iuii on.t"ff together bring
difficulties
despite
(int)
succeed
pullthrough=
pullup= (int)stoP

Put
= (tr)save
put aside/bY
getacross/over
successfully;
=(tr)communicate
fut across
prison/mental
into
put
sb
(tr)
put away= 1) store;2)(tr)
hospital
it was.in before
pui Uact= (tr)placesthintheposition
(tr)suppress
down;2)
take
(tr)
putAo*n = 1) writedown;
forcibly
to
put down1e= (tr)attribute
put forward= (tr)ProBose
put off = (tr)PostPone
(inweight);
in;2)(tr)increase
oneself
;;i;; = iltiO dress
(show/performance)
place
l) (tr).uut. to take
(fire,etc);2) causetrouble;
= 1) (tr) extinquish
prf
"tt
house
3)(tr)takesthoutof the
beputesf = bannoyeo
bYPhone
putthrough= (tr)connect
3)(tr)
prt ,n ='i)(tt) erect,build;2) (tr)offerhospitality;
showina public
Place
put uPwith= (tr)tolerate

Run
bychance
= (tr)meeVfind
runacrosslinto
(tr)
runafter= chase
runawaywith = (tr)steal
runover;
rundown= 1)(t0knockdown(witha vehicle);
of sb
badlY
2)(tr)sPeak
intofulluse(bydriving
runin = (tr)bringa newcarengine
it slowlyfora setPeriod)
runoff = (tr)makePrints/copies
runout = (tr)havenomoreof sthleft
havea supply
runout of = (tr)nolonger

run through= 1) (tr) useup;2)(tr)rehearse,

checkor
revsequickly
take out = 1)(tr)remove;
2) (tr)clean(marr,ir: 3, y
run up = (tr)accumulate
arrange
to getsth(e.9.a loanfroma bank)
(difficultieVopposition) take over= (tr)gaincontrolof sth
run up against= (tr)encounter
taketo = 1)(tr)begina habit;2)(tr)like
See
takeup = 1)(tr)begina hobby,
sport,job;2)(tr)fill(time,
space)
seeabout= (tr)dealwith;seeto
be takenaback= bestrongly
surprised
seeoff = (tr)accompany
plane,train,
a traveller
to his/her
be takenin = be deceived
etc
see out = (tr) accompanysb to the door/exitof a
llell
houseibuilding
seeover= (tr) inspecta place;look round
tell off = (tr)scold/speak
to sbangrily
seethrough= (tr)not be deceived

Set
set aside- (tr)savefor a specialpurpose
set in = (int) (of weather)start and seemlikelyto
continue
set off = (int)starta journey
setout = 1)(int)begina journey;
2) intendto do sth
set up = (tr)starta business

Slow
slow down - (tr)movemoreslowly/reduce
speed

Stand
standby = 1)(tr)supportsb,espin difficulties;
2) (int)be
readyfor action
put up with
standfor = 1)(tr)represen!2)(td
tolerate;
standin for = (tr)replace
sbtemporarily
standout = (int)be noticeable
standup = 1)(int)riseto one'sfeet;2) (tr)failto meet
standup ;66= (tr)support
standup to = (tr)resist

Switch

Throw
throw away = (tr) put sth useless
(e.g.)in a rubbish
conTarner

Turn
turn away= (tr) refuseadmittance
turn down = l)(tr) refusean offer;2) (td reduce
(* turn up)
loudness
=
turn in 1)(int)go to bed;2)(tr)giveto the police
turn off = (tr)switchoff (+ turn on)
turn out = 1)(tr)produce;
2) (int)proveto be
turn over = (int)turn to a new page;changethe W
channel
turn to = 1)(tr)go to sb for help/advice;
2)(tr) begin(a
wayof lifeor doingsth)
(unexpectedly);
turn up = 1)(int)arrive
or appear
2) (int)
(of an opportunity)
arise

Use
useup = (tr)finishsthsothatnoneof it isleft

Wash
wash up = (tr) cleanpans,plates,etc (usingwaterand
detergent)

switch off = (tr) stopsth working(for electrical

devices,
engines,
etc)
switch1e= (tr)changesth

Wind

Take

wind down= (int)relax

takeafter= (ti) resemble

take away= (tr)remove
takeback= (tr)apologise
takefor = (tr)identify
wrongly
takein = 1)(tr)giveaccommodation;
2)(tr)make
(* let out);3) (tr)fullyunderstand
clothesnarrower
take off = 1)(tr) removeclothes(* put on);2) (irft)(of
planesr
eavetheground(* comedown);3)(tr)imitate
4)
(tr)(c'l -ei taketimeasa holiday
take on = 'l (tr) undertakeworUresponsibility;
2) (tr)

llVork
workout= (tr)tryto understand

Wrap
wrapup= (tr)folda piece
of paper,
elothorothermaterial
round
sth

221

Practice
Section
Further
oftenConfused
Words
correctly,
eachsentence
Readthe sentences
andcirclethewordin boldwhichcompletes
1 My motherusedto bring/ take / show/ visit me to
thezoowhenI wasa child.

perspective
/ view / sight /
22 Thereis a spectacular
outlookof the cityfromthetop of the hill.

lettersfor fifty years,but they never

2 Theyexchanged
/ truly metin person.
actually/ genuinely/ positively

23 As well / Morethan / In additionto / Apart its busy

alsooffersgreatshopsandmany
Amsterdam
nightlife,
museums.
interesting

/ large/ important
3 Hewasunderdeep/ considerable
pressure
to gettheworkdonebythe endof the day.
4 Themainactivity/ function/ situation/ occupation
geta goodjob.
officeristo helpstudents
of the careers
of videoswhich
5 Thenew shophasa hugecollection
caterfor several/ both/ all / everytastes.
5 The new schemeprovidesgreaterways / reasons/
forschool-leavers
to findwork.
methods/ opportunities
in fundswill make/ arrange/ allow/ let
7 Theincrease
research.
theirimportant
to continue
thedoctors
completely/ increasingly
/
8 Violentcrimeis becoming
totally/ greatlycommonin moderncities.
is violent /
9 Many peoplebelievethat bullfighting
severe/ heavy/ cruelandshouldbe banned.

24 At completeI big I maximum/ high tide, the sea

overthe harbourwalls.
oftencrashes
thetownstillhasmanyrooms
unlikeAugust,
25 Inspring,
to chargedI paidI let / borrowedso it'san excellent
timeto visit.
in thewinter,
townisalmostdeserted
26 Thissmallseaside
although/ otherwise/ even/ despitetherearea few
peoplewho liveherepermanentlY.
of peoplevisit
27 Theweatheris so goodthat hundreds
/
place
year
/
round
down.
by
/
along
the
all
of spectators/ onlookers/ observers/
28 Thousands
theirwayto the EiffelTowerin Paris
make
sightseers
everyyear.

10 Localwildlifewill suffer / injureI farl I hurt if the

factorydoesnot stoppollutingthe nearbyriver.

relicsin the museum

canseemanyfascinating
29 Visitors
payment
a
smallchargeat the
of
on
in / overI fromI
entrance.

/
cannotadaptto livingin a(n)designed
11 Someanimals
/ artificial/ falseenvironment.
manufactured

work was superb.but he chargedan

30 Thearchitect's
ticket/ fee/ fare/ subscription.
enormous

experience
/ have/ create/
'12 Manybusiness
executives
work.
in
their
bearstress

/
/ exactly/ precisely
31 It wasa lovelyresort,particularly
to
do.
was
so
much
distinctlyat nightwhenthere

13 Theremustbe a further/ rather/ better/ moreway

to spendyourtime!

holidayat
a disastrous
32 Mostpeoplehaveexperienced
another.
one/ a I anylthe timeor

only standard/ daily/ typical/

14 Our food contains
naturalrngredients.

wereto criticiseI fault I blame/

33 My noisyneighbours
that
I couldnot sleeplastnight.
for
the
fact
accuse

pick/ point/ show/ speak

of censorship
15 Opponents
programmes
regulated.
arealready
outthattelevision

34 Stresscan often push/ move/ bring / turn a small

problem
intoa crisis.

15 The old road is much longer,but it offerstravellers

/ setting/ land.
territory/ scenery
somemagnificent

35 A goodteacherwill alwaysbe awareof the effects/

needs/ resultsI questionsof hisor herstudentsand
lessons.
thesewhenplanning
consider

/ onlykindof music;
17 lt'sa single/ unique/ particular
nothinglikeit hasbeenheardbefore.
18 After four attempts,he succeeded/ managed/
hisexam.
resulted/ achievedin passing
the task/ attempt/
to complete
19 Youhave30 minutes
effort/ labour.
20 lt's a lovelyold town with manynarrow curling/
winding/ rolling/ wavingstreets.
thatI onlycaughta glimpse
soquickly
/
21 Hewasrunning
glance/ look/ catchof himashe disappeared
around
the corner,

222

one
36 Thetwo friendskeptarguingon holidaybecause
the
next
/
while
day
lie
on
the
beach
all
to
wanted
castles
and
second/ latter/ otherwantedto visitold
museums.
and
37 At the partyhe tned to playboth contemporary
oldermusicin orderto satisfy/ meet/ agree/ provide
alltheguests.
broughtup / acossI to I off the surface
38 Hisrudeness
all the angershe had kept hiddeninsideher for
months.

FurtherPractice
Section
39 He hadsuchcharmthat he couldmakeeven/ just /
of peoplefeelat ease.
already/ ratherthe shyest
in ourhousehastheirproper/ singleI ownI
40 Everyone
andinterests,
onlyhobbies
41 Hedoesnotliketalkingaboutworkwhenheisin / at /
on / for holiday.
the Headteacher
in bad behaviour,
42 After an increase
the schoolneededa newset / kit / mixture/
decided
packof rules.
often raises/ causes/
43 What to watchon television
in ourhouse.
leads/ buildsarguments
44 The weatheris so bad you could be forgiven /
defended/ permitted/ allowedfor thinkingthat it
waswinter.
his
45 Although'/Still/ However/ Despitehe passed
with hisgrade.
exam,hewasverydisappointed
46 "lt woulddo / give lhave'l offer you goodto get
awayfor a few days."
Hesaidthat gettinghisnewjob wasdueto goodluck,
to be in the right placeat
he just happened
because
the rightseason
/ period/ month/ time.
48 The new videoshop has a wide rangeof titles to

choose
among/ with / from/ out.
49 TheW stations
ehase/ compete/ oppose/ pursuefor

the largestnumberof viewers.

50 Muchof her talentfor teachingstands/ belongs/

bases/ liesin herabilityto understand
commonfears
andoroblems
thatherstudents
exoerience.
51 Thisseason
ticketgrants/ allows/ helps/ affordsyou
to useallof the gym'sfacilities
at no furthercost.
62 I likelistening
to the radiowhiledoing/ running/
making/ cleaning
the housework.
He took the job as a way of grasping/ catching/
gaining/ raisinguseful
experience.
you can access
64 Nowadays
the lnternetwhereveryou
arein the planet/ world/ earth/ globe,
you are safe / confident/
lf you visit Amsterdam,
definite/ sureto seepeopleridingtheirbicycles.
65 Archaeologists
foundremains
of a(n)ancient/ antique/
years.
old/ pastcitydatingbackseveral
thousand
67 Hewantsto changehismobilephoneinto I by I for I
overa newonewith Internetaccess.
68 Astimeshavechanged
/ turned/ developed
/ differed,
sohaveattitudes
towardsthe roleof womenin society.
69 Frozenfoodsare usuallycheap,however/ despite/

nevertheless
/ whereasfreshproducecan be quite
expensive.
70 Nomatterhowmanygreatrolesheplaysin thefuture,
he will alwaysbe associated
/ relating/ connecting/
attached
withtheonethat madehimfamous.

/ disposedhis
50 Hehasneglected
/ declined/ lessened
studies
andI doubtthathewillpasstheexam.

71 Lookat the wordsover/ above/ upper/ higherand

questions.
answer
thefollowing

51 We couldnot afforda holidayin spite/ no matter/

job.
part-time
regardless
of / evenif yougot another,

72 l'm not too fond / keen/ eager/ pleasedon classical

music.

/
52 Thehotelmakesa plentiful/ broad/ considerable
that guestsenjoytheirstay.
lastingeffortto ensure

73 London's
famousblacktaxisare a commonlook /
appearance
/ sight/ view in the streetsof the city.

hasno placein the

thatcruelty
to animals
53 Shebelieves
current/ new/ present/ modernworld.

74 Onceyou haveconfirmed/ consented/ approved/

agreedon a price,makesurethereareno hiddenor
extracharges.

54 Companies
havenot beenbehind/ slow/ delayed/
offeredbythe Internet.
overdueto seethe benefits
to take up / fill out / go through/ pass
55 I havedecided
by yourofferof someextralessons.
/ roughly/
56 The schemeis partly / approximately
getting
people
usedto it.
relatively
new but
arealready
he couldsee
57 Themanagerwasverypleasedbecause
that saleswereincreasing
eversincethen / all the
time/ up untilnow/ fromthenon.

76 Hisrudebehaviour
/
is not acceptable
/ convenient
comfortable
in ourschool.
/ receptive
77 Hemanaged
to fit hisbagsin quitesimply/ plainly/
clearly
/ easilyeventhoughtherewaslimitedspace.
78 Touristsvisitingthe area are informed/ advised/
noticed/ suggested
not to drinkthetapwater.

c'c< .,.a i

Thesinkingof the oil tankerresulted

in a greater/
main/ bigger/ majorenvironmental
disaster.

13- i ,',8.t to pass/ lack I miss/ lose the next

c;:e :':'a: programme.

Thetheatrewatchers/ spectators
/ crowd/ audience
stoodup andcheered
the
of
at
end theplay.

Ta< rg to him is as / same/ like/ both talkingto a

59

75 Everyperson's
DNAis different,
even/ so / just / such
asnotwo fingerprints
arethesame.

223

Section
FurtherPractice
Cloze
Multiple
Choice
(0)
(1-15).
at the beginning
Thereisanexample
whichanswer
- A, B,C or D - bestfitseachspace
Readthetextsanddecide

FBTDEERAIDERS
wakeup in the 0) C of the nightandareunable
who frequently
People
froma 2l .......
to 1) .......a trip to the fridgemayin factbe suffering
They have 3)....... biochemical
medicalcomplaint,say scientists.
in peoplewho cannot4)..,...,the urgeto eat duringthe
differences
mostof usareasleep.
hours5) .......
In the
isnota newphenomenon.
asit iscalled,
NightEating
Syndrome,
of people
foundthat 6).......one andtwo percent
1950s,
doctors
raidingtheirfridgesat night.Thenew findings
admittedto regularly
thatthesyndrome
isa 8) ...,...eatingdisorder.
evidence
7) .,.....existing
for breakfast
andeatingmore
include
9)......no appetite
Symptoms
are
than 10) .......of the day'stotalfoodintakeafter7pm.Sufferers
proneto stress
andhavea 11).......to cravefoodswhichare12).......in
13).......thoughthesearethe
suchascakesandcrisps,
carbohydrates,
Asa result,
manyof themareoveruueight.
14)......,nourishing.
in thewaythat the bodiesof
thereisa difference
to doctors,
According
peoplewith NightEatingSyndrome
15) .......to certainhormones
with controlling
stress.
connected

A centre

B midpoint

1 A avoid

B stop

A legal

B true

2
3

A invented

B discovered

A control

B guide

A when

B which

A about

B between

A help

B assist

A strong

B sensible

A keeping

B holding

10 A some

B most

11 A trend

B tendenry

12 A plenty

B much

13 A sinee

B yet

14 A few

B least

15 A defend

B reply

224

c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c

middle

D height

reSrst

D delay

genurne

D sincere

produced

D explored

command

D rule

while

D wnere

arouno

D roughly

aid

D support

senouS

D strict

having

D owning

pan

D half

fashion

D habit

lot

D high

despite

D even

less

D little

return

D react

FurtherPractice
Section

The Montessori Metlrod

us.
abouttheworld1)......,
Fromthemoment
we0) B born,westartlearning
We learna greatdealof thingsovera very2) .......periodof time,andthis
4)
allourfuturelearning.
formsthefoundation
3) ..,....

to theageof six,

and we developthe importantskillsthat will

sensitive
we are extremely
prepareus for 5),,.....life.Therefore,
it is veryimportantto havea good
and
programme
hand-eye
co-ordination
preschool
6) .......helpsusto develop
variety
of stimuli
problem-solving
usto a 7).......
abilities,
aswellasexposing
andmaterials,
whichhelpschildren
to
8) ...... a programme,
MariaMontessori
developed
asit is
TheMontessori
Method,
andindependence.
9) ,,..their intelligence
of touch
practical
the senses
activities,
whichstimulate
10).......,
combines
The
development
activities,
and language
and smell,with mathematical
in and
to 12).......
whichactivity
11).......
to choose
children
arecompletely
This13).......
to
self-confidence
andindependence.
when,thusencouraging
parents
asit involves
of youngchildren,
teaching
isverypopular
with14).......
years.
thoseimportant
early
15)...,,,,
learning
allthesenses
whichuses

0A

is

B are

C be

D were

1 A

against

B among

C around

D along

2 A

short

B s ma l l

C little

D tiny

3A

of

B to

C with

Don

4 A

Above

B Over

C N ear

DUp

5 A

after

B next

C later

D older

6 A

what

B when

C which

D who

7 A

broad

B far

C rich

D wide

8A

so

B such

C quite

D many

9 A

expand

B increase

C develop

D improve

10 A

known

B called

C titled

D branded

11 A

open

B free

C abl e

D allowed

12 A

play

Bdo

C participate

D take

13 A

way

B system

C approach

D method

14 A

lots

B many

C much

D plenty

15 A

during

B while

C at

D for

225

Section
Practice
Further

C* |our andCommunication
youaredesigning
Wet t
playsa largerole,Whether
system,
onlya small0) B of ourcommunication
Coloulalthough
yourkitchen,your2),..,.,.of colourssendsa
buyingclothesor decorating
to it in a 3) ,",.,.way,
andtheywillrespond
message
to otherpeople,
definite
of correct
Everycolourhasa different4)...,,.,on people,and the practice
the effects
matters,
5) .....,,. Tofurthercomplicate
isa delicate
colourselection
change,
change,
astimesandfashions
of colours
in
Forexample,
cultures,
thingsin different
alsomeandifferent
colours
Certain
that the
colour,Testsreveal
blueisthoughtto be a relaxing
the UnitedStates,
of
andgivesthema sense
calmsviewers
colourblue6) ,,,,.,,bloodpressure,
to be a
however,
blue is believed
countries,
7).,',,.,. In MiddleEastern
protective
8) ,,,,,,,theirfrontdoorsblueto wardoff 9) .',,,.'
colourandpeople
spirits.
partof howwe seetheworld.lnwestern
isanessential
Colourcommunication
he 10).'..".in
andplayfulbecause
we knowthata jesteriscomicl
societies,
is 11)'...,..with
however,
brightred,green,blueandyellowThecolour:black,
or evil,andwhitewith purityandlight.Thecolourorangeisfriendly,
boredom
is a happycolour,Research
whereas12),.,.,.,yellow
and peaceful,
relaxing
judgement
abouta
13),,..,,that all humanbeingsmakea subconscious
is 15).'.",.on colouralone
of 14).......it, and62%to 907oof thatassessment
or itemwithinthefirst90 seconds
oerson

B part

C piece

D factor

1 A covers

B papers

C pages

D sheets

A choice

B option

D pick

A separate

B certain

C decision
C clear.

A idea

B sense

C force

D effect

A method

B talent

C. art

D ability

A lowers

B drops

C sinks

D lessens

A caution

B security

C guarantee

D defence

A shade

B decorate

C coat

D paint

B evil

C cruel

D wicked

10 A outfits

B clothes

D wears

'11 A associated

B matched

C dresses
C joined

12 A strong

B powerful

C loud

D bright

13 A exhibits

B displays

C shows

D uncovers

14 A viewing

B seeing

C watching

D looking

15 A established

B constructed

C based

D balanced

A portion

9 A mean

226

D obvious

D grouped

Further
Practice
Section
OnenCloze

(1-15),
Read
thetextsandthinkof thewordwhichbestfitseachspace
for eachspace,
Thereisan
UseonlyONEWORD
(0).
example
at the beginning

depressed
Wouldyousaythat youare0) a happyworker,or usually
andlow-spirited
at work?Althoughmanypeopleworkonly
because
theyhaveto, 1),.......,,.,.

lovewhattheydo,
areothers
whoreally

a lotof employees
believe
thatthebestpart2).....,.,,,,
theirjobisthepaycheque,
0f course,
People
3)
jobs
if theyfeelthat theyareforcedto 4) ..,.,..,,,,,.,,.
naturally
hatetheir
... thingswhichthey'renot verygood
5),,,.,,.,,,,,,,,,,,

that,6)
orwhichtheysimply
don'tlikedoing.lt isobvious

however,
thatyoushould7)
thewrongcareer.
Mostexperts
agree,

,,,,..,
cases,
arein
extreme
suchpeople
job situation
yourpresent
,,,,,,,measures
to improve

directioninsearchof
8)...,,.,,,...,,..,,.,...,,.,,youthinkaboutacompletechangeof
theperfectjob,
5o,9).,.,,,,,.,,.

There
doyouknowif youarein therightcareer?
10),,,,,,..,,,.,,,,
area number
of points

Firstly,
11),,,,,..,,.,,,.,.,..,.,...,,,.you
usetheskills
andtalents
takenintoconsideration,
that12).., ,,. ,..
whotrulyenjoy
whattheydo 13)..,..,,,,..
Studies
showthatpeople
In other14) ,..,,..,.,,,.
a greatersenseof accomplishment,

should
be

enjoythe most?

a living
aremoremotivated
to workhard,andtheyfeel
for what you do, yourjob will
, if you havea passion

youbothprofessional
15).,,.,. .. . .......
andpersonal
satisfaction,

efticmBnshmen
In theirown language,
haveno namefor themselves
asa raceof people.
Bushmen
In the past,theyhad0) no needto distinguish
themselves
fromotherpeople,
sincetheywerethe onlyinhabitants
of an areastretching
1).........,,...,......,.,....,
to the
theAtlantic
past,butthere
Indian
Theyhaveanancient
isnorecord
of theirhistory
Ocean.
2)

paintings
......,
fortheirwonderfulrock

Manyof thesearestillclearanddetailed,
of animals.
and hunters.
3).............,..
....,..,,..
dancers
afterthousands
of yearsof
paintings
\o thesun,windandrain,There
area fewmorerecent
4) ....,..
..,.....,,..,...
exposed
5) .,.......,,..

boatsand

horsemen,
with6)....................:......,.
firstEuropean
colonists
evidence
arriving
in,Africa.
of contact
Thecolonists,
landed
ontheshores
Africa
7).....................,.......
of Southern
aboutthreehundred
andfiftyyears
8)
wereseen9) ,.......
.,...............,,,
called
themsimply
Thelittlehunters
"Bushmen".
a threat10)
likewildanimals.
Huge11)
andtreated
cryenfromthelandthat13)

.......
farmers'livestock,

......,....
of themwerekilled,
andtheremaining
Bushmen
12). ......,.,..,
.......
always
beenthbirs,

Tne.ezrc nnlv :hnrrf eighty-five

thousandBushmen
alivetoday,and 14)....,.,..........

iS
is worse,their CultUre

Thelastconnections
danger
completely.
witha wayof lifewhichremained
formore
of disappearing
unchanged
t-a^ 'I 30Cyears
maysoonbegoneforever,
15)

227

Practice
Section
Further

Vou'llfinOa
largest
islJnds,
of gettingawayfrom0) it all?Well,youneedlooknofurtherlTakea tripto Maui,oneof Hawaii's
Thinking
place
forever,
thatit willmakeyouwantto stay2) ...........
whichis1),.............. wonderful
3)
beauty
the unbelievable
Enjoy
while
beaches
Youcanjustrelaxon oneof the manysecluded
4) . ... , ..,,,.....,
suiteveryone's
tastes.
offers,thereissomething
youhave
youcanenjoysnorkelling
6).....,..,........,.,,.,,..,,,
you5).,,,,.,,.,.
expeditions
a goodbook.lfyouprefer,
anddiving
ride
horseback
on a breathtaking

underwater
caves.
Aftenrvards,
why not set 7) ,....... ....
the chance
to explore

, youcanhikethrougha truly
AmongMaui'smanynatural
.......go on naturewalksthroughlushrainforests.
volcanic
crater,10)
extraordinary
12)....... , ,....,:,....,,.
a tranquil
swim..
itswaterfalls,
emptying
whichareperfect
11)...,,....:,,,...
intodeeppools
attractions
8) ....,.,,..,......

the white,sandycoast?
lf you'rethe adventurous
9),,...........

andtheytakegreatpride13)
andwelcoming,
Thelocalpeople
areveryfriendly
Mauilong14)..,...........

someof thedeeplovethey15)
, youaresureto share

D, i.

| | : l l7 . 1 I

andland,lf youstayon
,,.....
theirhistory
home.
.,..,..
fortheirisland

) F ashion

designer
outfitswhich
Therewasa time,not longago,0) whenurbanfashiondidn'texist.Backthen,'fashion'meantexpensive
2)............,..............
men,theywere
designed
theveryrichcouldafford.
Although
theclothes
wereusually
1)...........................
for women,and3) ...........
mademainly

4) . . .,. . ..........
menswear.
wasverylittleinterest

practicaland affordableclothesthat haveoften

wear comfortable,
Now all that has changed.Youngpeoplenowadays
young.Takingnew ideas6)
the fashionindustry
.....the streets,
designed
by somebody
5).,........ ..........
now busily
supplying
trainers
sweatshirts
...,. ............
and 'hoodies'
- that is,largecomfortable
-'8)...............
7)......
bothboysandgirlsin today'syouthculture
wantedcomfortable
clothingto wearon the beach.
startedthis trendwas that surfersin California
9).......,.......,...........
'surflook',
....., developed
11).............
manufacturers
suchasStussy
andQuicksilver,
for 10)
Sportswear
Thencamethe boom 12)
whichspreadquicklythroughoutAmericaand Europe,

................
extremesportssuchas

increased.
loose,
warm,baggyclothing
andsnowboarding,
andthepopularity
13)...........................
skateboarding
sportat all,just
Of course,plentyof peoplehappilywearingthe latestsportyurbanfashionneverdo 14).......................
has
though- urbanfashion
lt doesn'tmatter,
mostpeople
whoweartrainers
nevergo neara'sports
centre.
15)............,.............
takenoverthe world!

228

Practice
Section
Further

MODERN

LIVING

weeat.
1),............,....i..........
inthewaywe liveconcerns
0)oneof themajorchanges
Overthelastfortyyears,
usto experiment
encouraged
. ............,...
travel3)
foreign
asthefactthatwe havelargerincomes,
.
exoticflavours'
.
peoplehavedeveloped
a taste5)
As a result,ordinary
our cooking,
4)...,...,.......,,,,..........
As2)........,....

vegetables,
produced
goods,
nowstockCaribbean
withonlylocally
previously
filledtheirshelves
..,,............
6) ..,,...,....
Supermarkets,
beer!
Chinese
and7)..,.,.., .........'.
fromIndia
spices
partof
havebecome
foodstuffs
nowadays,
solow-fat,low-calorie
.......healthily
eating8)
Thereisalsoa trendtowards
predict
thatonein threeof
surveys
.......rise,too.Government
ison 9)
Andvegetarianism
basket,
shopping
ourweekly
decade'
bytheendof.thepresent
bea vegetarian
ris10)..,"....,..
the fact that we now know morethan ever beforeaboutwhat we
Strangeas it may seem,1l)
showthatallof usare
surveys
In 13)............
, thelatest
madeusanyhealthier.
eathasnotactually
12).. ..,..,,..,...
we only
lf thishappens,
obese,
clinically
danger
of becoming
14)............
teenagers,are
especially
getting
fatterandsome,
havel5)....

to blame.

'T ml
F

"-**-*-r;;^;-*--Moderrr-*
rvreq|'rlil

-:-1
I

people's
when
children
other
looking
1).............,...............
nanny,
girldecide
a iive-in
to become
young
a modern
What0)makes
I
arebothat work?theparents
I
I

3).,....,,,..
qualified
ishigher
demand
staff,since
arepaid2).,,..,...........,...........
isthathighsalaries
Onegreatincentive
I
in
holidays
phones,
luxurious
perks.
and
a
car
Mobile
other
are
,,,,.,...,..
4)
accommodation,
Aswellasexcellent
supply.
I
youneedto
Togetall6).. . . .......
employee.
to attracta potential
offered
mayall5)..........,,.....,.........
exoticlocations
I
provide
you
references
to
have
and
college,
a
recognrsed
at
course
traininq
two-year
have completeda speeialised
I
:
teachers.
and
forrn.r.
employers
7) .. ..... .........,.
I
to
required
often
and
are
fixed
hours
not
work
nannies
do
. Live-in
of s).,,.....,..:,.......:.,......
Thejob alsohasits disadvantages,
I
social
a regular
.,,....
enjoying
prevent
them
10)
can
givenan)/warning..This
.............,.,
without9). ......,.,,
baby-sit
I
in a huge
.......a lonelyjob, Staying
it can 11)
In addition,
life,and havlngto livein meanslessindependence,
I
areoftenlemoteanda nanny
in reality
suchplaces
12).,.......,.......:...........
andglamourous,
cottagemaysoundappealing
country
I
mayaskherto
employer
, somefussy
herownage.Worstof'14).........,.,
frompeople
,......r,,..
willbefar13). .,......,.,,
I
15)

229

Section
Practice
Further
on
nsformati
KeyWordTra

usingthewordgiven'DONOT
to thefirstsentence,
meaning
sothattt hasa similar
sentence
thesecond
Complete
thewordgiven
two andfivewords,including
Youmustusebetween
THEWORDGIVEN.
CHANGE

My sisteristoo shortto be a fashionmodel'

MYsister
not
model.
to bea fashion
Annwastheonlyonewhodidn'tenjoytheperformance'
EverYone
apart

thanI hadexpected'
testwaseasier
My Physics

as

;,o.-0..,.o

Y::T:::::l

I expectyouwerehungryafternot havingeatenallday'
You.....,..,.,,..
been
eatenalldaY'
afternothaving

ili,il;;

himto come'
15 lt wasn'teasyfor usto persuade

*i.
dlfficultv

.. ...

,..n,r i o.or ..

won'tbeanyrainthisweekend'
16 Thereprobably
unlikely lt's,
,.,..,anYrainthisweekend'
on time'
thecakes
ityto deliver
17 It'sBob'sresPonsibil
Bob.
responsible
on time.
thecakes

l..l o

o'n

lllil

'flllll"l

in hisnotebook
theaddress
calledmewasa monthago'
19 Thelasttimemysister

dessert,
Thepriceof the mealincludes

is

beins'lllllllil

in hisnotebook'
18 Hewrotedowntheaddress

emPtY.
ThebagiscomPletelY

'eft

untilMonday'
thekitchen
14 Sheisn'trepainting

o;';;;;;;;.;i

heard

*"r,i.
. .... r,ri.,''.,
i.,,..,,....,........,
-r

thesameto me'
lookexactly
two paintings
20 These
t....,..
tell

in a badmood,
Billisn'tusuallY
is,...,..'....'.',
lt
like

betweenthesetwo Paintings.

in a bad mood.

21 I haveto cleanup the studiobeforeI canleave'

thepicnic.
sotheycancelled
It wasraining
ThePicnic
owing

until
ratn.

op.rt.r,raio.
.i."o.o
11 .,...,,...,........

22 Wouldyoumindif I turnedon theradio?

WouldYou
to

FionasaidI couldborrowhei car.

Fiona..'........,
permlsslon

the radto?

borrowhercar.
oftencaneel
Plans,
10 Peterdoesn't

unusual
'l'l . . , ,,...,,,,:
, nrr",
..,,.,...
..,,,.,..,,...

oncebefore,
24 l'veonlybeento Paris
.....
Thisisonlythe ...,,...
time

tonight,sotakeyourjacket'
11 It mightgetehilly

case

:-: :':::::'l

to Paris.

ch ionisr,t
'v

12 Alisonwouldra{hernotgo outto dinnerwithus'

feel

yet'
to myquestion
hadananswer
I haven't
I am......,..,.,..
still
to mYquestion'
ananswer

Alison...,..'....

thatyouallowmeto talkto him'

25 I suggest
Why............
let
t alkt o him ?

outto dinnerwithus.
easY.
foundPhYsics
26 He'salways
.,,..
He's.,......
good

for Mike.
left exeePt
13 Everyone
exceptlonWith .........
left.

230

'

.
PhYsics

-I
Further
Practice
Section
Hespent
thewholmorning
studyinE,

but

il

,; : ;;;i;,;;;;;;:

Annwasdetermined
to payforlunch,
lnsl$d

forlunch,

Spanish,

tneexam,

43 Theyaregoingto demolish
theoldfactory
tomorrow,
pullrd Theoldfactory
is,,,,,,,;,,,,,,.,,,
,,,.tomorrow,

Jillsald

30 Theplane
wgsunable
to tgkeoffbecause
of thickfog,
prevrntedThickfog
,i, , , , , , ,

111

*rry

: ;,.il;;;;:

de*rvc
ll : ::: ::::::
::::::,:::
::;;ffi;:
youdidn'tplaythatmuslc
l'drather
soloud,

rude,
Hecouldn't
drivesafely
because
theroads
wereverylcy.

T::::::::il

Y llll ::::::::::il;iiii,,,.,ii,

It wasn't
fairto punish
him,

Kimisnotusually
rude,
l l ke
l t is,,,,,,,,.,,,,,.

,oo

Youmustdoexactly
asshetellsyou,

, ,, , , ,O f f ,

3 1 Johnwouldrather
notgoswlmmlng
tod6y,

f*r

hiskeys,
42 Thdysrldthatwehadto learnSpanish,
mrdc
They

Ann

29 Jilldenied
cherting
Intheexam,
had

youinmykeys?"
41 "Have
heasked,
nan
Hea s k eme
d ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.

ii,,-,.r.v

m'nd
Ylllili ::;;;;;;,;;;il;

47 "Don'topenthedoor,
Suel"saidMrBrown.
not
MrBrown
the door,

Heasked
mehowmuchI paldformywatch.
gohomenow,
48 Weshould
coit
Hewanted
to knowhow,,.,,,,,,,,,,,.,,,,.,,,
tim6

3s Theyshould
beherebynoon,

36 Maryisn'tallowed
to stayoutlate.

Y:T:::::

:;i;i;

resu't
T::::::::lll ;;;;;;;;;;;;;t;

I can'tlift thisbagbecause
it issoheavy,

lli lli

.t

;il;

50 Heturned
round
onlyaftertheycalled
hisname,

Theearthquake
ledto thehouse
being
demolished.

me

j
)i

49 Youmightfeelthirsty,
sotaksome
water,

arrrvcd
cas
111,,,,,,,,..,,,,,..,,,,,.,,.,,,,...,.,,;;;;;;:
::::::::llii

'et

"t
rl

unt'

11,..,
,,,..,,,,
,,,,,,;;;;;ir;
il;;;,;,

51 lf I hadlefta moment
later,
t'dhave
mlssed
thebus.

::1:::

ffi;;

52 He'sproudof hischildren's
achievements,

;;i,r,

I can'tbelieve
that isthe besttheycandol
better
Theymustbeable

Prrdc

ll ,, ,,;,;;i;;;;;;;1;;.#;,

53 Shehasnever
cooked
mea mealbefore,

trmo

thatl
l'mcertain
hedidn'twritethe reoorthimself,
havc
He......,.,,.,.,..
the reporthimself,

Ti,,,.,,,
.,,,,,,,,
,,,...,..
.*il;;; ;,;;i,

54 Theyseeffto behaving
someproblems,
se{ns

231

II

Further
Practice
Section
55 lf I finish
workearly,
l'llgoto theparty.

unress
-::::::

"

68 Heflndsit hardto worklateat night.

eas ,

thepartv
eafly.

55 Shehassuchlonghairthat it takesheragesto dryit.

so

lll

,ii,r.,
r,'",.;;;;i;;;
;

57 Thecinemawaspractically
empty,

I..

; ; il; ; ; ; ; ; ; .

69 Theydiscussed
whatto do at theirannual
meetinq.

discussion
Theyhad

.....,. ...........-..
.
,. doat theirannual
meetino.

70 At theendof the lesson

played
theteacher
usa song.

hardrY
lflll

in.f,,.,.

finshed
lli llliill

;;;;;;;

58 We'vealwaysadmired
our English
teacher.
looked We ...............
ourEnglish
teacher.

71 Thematchwashelddespite
the badweather.

59 Shedoesn'tlistento anyonebut Jane.

72 People
saythat surflngisdifficult.
supposedSurfing

onlv

wishes
ll ....,.....,,.....
.....'r,',r
r.,..;,il,;;.
Hedescribed
to uswhathisnewflatwaslike.

descrlption
ti
T]l ...,......
...................
nir' ri..
""*
62 Brianisboundto passhisexams.
:::::

T'::::"1

il;;;;;;;.;

peoplecameto visitherin hosoital.

54 Several

visitors
lll

Shecertainly
won't be promoted.

chance
liitll

...;,;;il

74 He works nearthe new post office.

far

T:::::::l.il

r,.*",r,

;;,rr,"u.r"ir,.,

76 I foundit difficultto concentrate

on mywork.
trouble
I
,.,....,.
myworK,
77 Sheregretsnot havinggoneto university,

: ::: : ;.;;;;;.;i

55 Theonlythinghedidn'tbuywasmitk.

Tllllll

. difficult.

enoush
lii lllllili

;;;;;;;;;

63 Themoviestarisalwaysrecognised
wherever
shegoes.

aPeft

*;;;;;;il

75 Thissuitcase
istoo smallfor all myclothes.

doubt

avoid

lll'llli

^T..................,..................;r;;";i;.

60 Heregretshavingliedto hisparents.

5l

took

wishes
lll

'.' '

. ;" ,;;;,;;;

78 CouldyoulookaftermybabywhileI do theshopping?

mrr.

care *::::i::'lll*;,;

;;",n.,n"ooi,.ni

56 Theboynextdooralwaysdelivers
mygroceries.
have
..'.'.......'.,'.'.......;;;;;;;;;;.;;;,

79 Stephanie
doesn'tswimaswellasMary.

67 I didn'tbuythe stereo,because
it wassoexpensive,
such
It was..,..,..,.,
I didn,tbuyit.

80 It'snot myfaultyouwerelatefor work.

blame
Youcan't
latefor work.

232

swim m e r
Y................,......,.,...
;;.r # ;,
I

Further
Practice
Section
Error
Correction
Readthesentences
belowandwritethewordwhichshouldNoTbetherein thespace
at theendof eachline.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1'l
12.

Forassucha goodcook,hedoesn,tmakeverygooddesserts.
lf herphotograph
it getschosen
she,ll
win f .100.
Helendida sogoodjob in herexams
lastweek.
rracyworkedhardall morningto finishherresearch
paperup on time.
A badlywrittenarticlecanaffecton the imageof an entiremagazine.
Hedoesn'tunderstand
thatwhyit'simportant
to beat workon time.
Brettwasverymuchangrywhenhefoundout Mollyhadliedto him.
Somechildren
who eatsucha lot of fastfoodthat theybecome
overuueight
at a youngage.
Thetrain,toReading
isfasterthanbythebus.
Bythe way,I reallylikeof yournewhairstyle.
Tellhimthenewswhenyouwillseehim.
Makesureyoucallmewhenyougetto home,
13 | reallylikethevanilla
icecream,
especially
on top of applepie.
14 lf youfeelthat herdecision
it wasunfair,
thenyoushouldcomplain,
15 | toldMarkhecouldjoinwithuson ourtripthisweekend.
16 lf youneedto anything
else,letmeknow.
17 I'veneverbeenvisitedto a foreigncountry.
18 | wentfor shopping
with mysisteryesterday.
19 | hopeto go to university
afterI finishthe school,
20 My French
penfriend
isstaying
with mewhilesheisbeinqhere.
21 l'd liketo orderanother
please.
of salad,
22 Thereweren'tasmanyof peoplethereasI hadexpected,
23 Heneveradmitsheisin wrong,evenwhenhe'smadeanobvious
mistake.
24 Doctors
sayyoushoulddo someformof the exercise
everyday.
25 l'm tryingto saveup enoughmoneyfor to buya newcar,
26 lf thejacketdoesn'tfit properly,
thenyoushouldreturnit back,
27 Shewrotean articlethat it waspublished
in the localnewspaper,
28 I mustgo straight
to homeaftermyEnglish
lesson.
29 Shephoned
to sayushowmuchsheenjoyed
ourpartylastnight.
30 ljoinedupa bandbecause
I really
enjoyplaying
livemusic,
31 Marytoldto.Jimthathisremarks
hadupsetner.
32 Afteraboutan hour,the breadwill be readymadeto takeout of the oven.
33 | askedmybossfor halfof an houroff work.
34 lt'snotworthto worryingaboutsuchan unimportant
matter.
35 Whydidn'tyoutellheraboutthatwe,rehaving
a partyon Saturday?
36 l'm not surewhat isto do for mybrother,s
birthday.
37 Therearelotsof well-known
artists
andmusicians
wholivingin Newyork.
38 She's
beenteaching
at thatcollege
for manyof years.
39 Hehasbeendoingthe samejob for several
yearsbeforenow.
40 Mytelephone
numberisveryeasyto remember
it.
41 I havetomorrowdayoff work,so I cango to the beachwith youl
42 | don'tthinksothathewillcome,
43 My rnother
toldto methatI musthelpherwiththe housework.
4 My friends
askedif I wouldliketo go on a bicycle
tripwithallthem.
45 Themealwhichwassoawfulthat we couldn,teatit.
45 Let'sget something
for to eatbeforewe go to the cinema.
47 | nr;ssd
gettingmytrainbecause
I wokeup late,
tl8 i haty colldn'tseethescreen
verywellbecause
it wassofar away.

e4

2
3
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233

Practice
Section
Further
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IU U

234

withouttellinganyone
wherehewasgoing.
Heleftfromthe house
don'thesitate
to askit,
I cando foryou,please
anything
lf there's
therestof yourmeal,
untilyouwillfinish
Youcan'thaveanydessert
I tooka bookwith mein casethatI hadto waita longtime.
qualified,
to findinga job if youaresuitably
Youwon'thaveanydifficulty
places
in thearea,
Thereareseveral
of beautiful
andthenturnleft,
Godownthisroaduntilyouhavegetto the nextcorner,
TheofficewhereI workat isnot veryfar fromthe citycentre,
soI hadbetterto leavenow,
I mustgethomebysixo'clock,
It isn'ta goodideato walkthroughthe parkon yourownselfaftermidnight,
in towntheyofferverycheapflightsat thistimeof year,
Manyof thetravelagencies
labswherestudents
cansurfthe Internet.
theyhavecomputer
Mostschools
"lt'stimeforyouwentto bed,"shetoldherchildren.
withthefriends
thanto travelalone,
It'smuchmorefunto go on holiday
Hewasswamto theothersideof thepoolin lessthanthreeminutes,
them.
Thereweresixshortfilmsshownat the partythatwe alrlenjoyed
to school.
thatI bringup mypainting
Myteacher
suggested
I wantto havethe reportbe readynextweek.
forthejob.
toldmethatI wasthejustrightperson
themanager
At theinterview,
aboutfortwo weeks,
l'd liketo go andvisitmysisterin London
youhereaftersucha longtime.
seeing
It'sa bit of strange
youwillgo on holiday,
makesureyoutakelotsof picturesl
Wherever
sincehecamebackfromholiday.
He'sbeenmuchthe morerelaxed
criedat theend,
reading
whichwassosadthat I actually
ThebookI havejustfinished
sowe canmakea pie.
enough,
We'vegot plentyof apples
Youmustto do asyouhavebeeninstructed.
supermarket.
It'sa too longwayto walkto thenearest
isthesamelikeastheonewe havegot.
Thecarhedrives
elsel'd liketo work,
I amlikemyjobsomuchthatI can'tthinkof anywhere
butshedidn'twantto.
I askedherto comealsowith usto thecinema,
I liketo readbooksratherthanwatchon television.
l'd forgotten
to bringmypurse,
soI hadto returnbackhometo getit.
I realised
fromtheroom.
turnoff thelightswhenyo{:leave
Please
for her.
dress
redlly.suits
I don'tthinkEmma's
asif youputyourmindto it.
It iseasyto dowellat school
in allthe newspapers.
excellent
reviews
Thebookthat he hadwrittenby received
got muchof money
to lendyou.
l'mafraidI haven't
on thatshewouldtakethetrainto York.
Sheinsisted
l'mverymuchtired,sol'mgoingto go to bed,
openat thistime.
I don'tthinksothatyou'llbeableto findanyshops
Thisfilmisjustlikeastheonewe sawlastweek.
Youshouldletmeto knowif youwantanyhelpwithyourproject,
fortheiropinion.
sheinsisted
everyone
thoughof thefactswereobvious,
on asking
Even
a weekin advance,
fora tableat therestaurant
I hadto reserve
isfartoo muchcomplicated
for meto understand.
Thiscomputer
manual
since"fhat
a lot of people
wantto livehere.
Rentin thiscityisveryexpensive,
a
coat
too.
wear
a
scarf
as
well
as
better
You'd
wasnotthatlongenoughfor meto do allI wanted.
My holiday
Wherewouldyouliketo go for eatlunchT
lastnight,andwe hada suchgreattime.
I wentoutwithfriends
placeto stayat whenwe go on holiday.
a perfect
My friendhasrecommended
musicbefore.
l'veneverheardsucha stranqe

49

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100

Further
Practice
Section
5
A
0
00
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

Read
thetextsbelowandlookcarefully
at eachline.lf theiineiscorrect,
puta tick(/),lf it hasa wordthatshould
notbe
there,writethiswordon theline,asin theexamples
(0and00).
SELLING
YOUR
HOUSE
Whydosome
ofpeople
findit sodifficult
toselltheirhouse,
people
while
other
manage
todothiswithin
hours
ofit going
onthesale
market?
Youmight
besurprised
howlittleyou
have
todoto persuade
someone
to buyyourhouse,
Always
remember
thatthefirstimpressions
count,
A well.kept
garden
painted
andafreshly
doorwillto create
a positive
junkinthegarden
atmosphere,
while
afulldustbin
andmany
jt,
willputpossible
buyers
off Make
sure
theinside
ofthe
house
willgives
thefeeling
ofspace,
your
anddon'tleave
clothes
lying
around.
Hang
upclothes,
tidyaway
books
and
newspapers,
andnever
leave
a pileofdirtyplates
inthesink,
Scent
issuch
important,
too.Avoid
cooking
fishorcurry
before
someone
isviews
thehouse,
butthearoma
offresh
coffee
ornewly
baked
bread
does
creates
therighteffect.
Also
softlighting
withlamps
willgive
acosier
atmosphere.
Touches
likethese
arecould
bethedifference
between
vou
making
a quick
sale
ornosale
atallGood
luckl

0
00
t
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
t
10
'l 1
12
13
14
15
C
0
00
1
2
3
4
5
5
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
f5

of
,/

WORKING
MUMS
Gone
arethedays
when
most
women
were
housewtves
who
\[g
stayed
athome
to raise
theirchildren
andtakecare
oftheir
husbands.
Nowadays,
themore
joined
majority
ofthemhave
the
workforce,
tlying
tosucceed
bothathome
andatwork.
There
are
certainly
more
opportunities
forwomen
whotheyaredetermlned
to have
successful
careers.
However,
every
experts
claim
that
pre-school
chlldren
whose
mothers
workfull{ime
areless
likely
todowellinschool.
Inaddition,
there
isandanincrease
inthe
amount
ofstress
thatthese
children
have
experience
inlater
life.
Children
whose
mothers
onlyworkforparttime
suffer
thesame
harmful
effects,
although
notasdramatically.
These
findings
suggest
it maynotbeagoodidea
formothers
ofsoyoung
jobs,
children
totakeonsome
0ntheoneother
hand,
some
of
themhave
nochoice,
going
because
back
toyvork
isaqeconomic
necessity
forthem.
Onepossible
solution
it could
h formore
companies
to hirepart-time
workers,
sothatmothers
can
successfully
toraise
afamily
andhave
acareer
atthesame
time.

MY FIRST
JOB
Myfint own"officialjob
wasasa paper-girl
fortheWeekly
own
Globein
years
England,
I wasnotquitethrrteen
,/
oldatthe
time.I remember
thefirstmorning
I started
work,having
to deliver
aboutsixtynewspapers
to theirvarious
houses
in
ourneighbourhood.
WhenI started
atsixo'clock
inthe
morning
andfinished
at around
8:15,intimeto dash
off
lc school,
which
wasa twenty-minute
walkfromthehome
','r fatherwassoproudof myprogress
thathedecided
to
i-, -e a second-hand
bicycle,
which
cutoutmyworkload
- - a' ear nedfe
a w o fi m p o rta n tl e s s o n s a tth e j ob,too.
--. '':: e:scn
waspunctuality.
lf theirpapers
weren't
3, E ' e:: ' : - e, c u s to m e rs w o u l d te l e p h o n e to theshop
:--: ; - i nother
lesson
I learned
concerned
about
'':
:-:::*:' ::', :e ,r/hen
regular
customers
werepleased
i, : - - , , , , : ' ( : - .rc a v e to m e g e n e ro u s ti p re
s asnedn ts
: : l- ' , ' - : : : - : , i e a rn ehdo wto h a n d lm
eo n e y ,
i: - i: - - : ' - : : : - ::;e e ni n v a l u a b l e to m e e v e rs ince.

the

Section
FurtherPractice
WordFormation
7

followingthe sentence.
eachsentence
with the correctwordderived
fromthewordin capitals
Complete

'l A strongpainkiller
isthemost
wayof gettingridof a headache. EFFECT
youroptions
CARE
a decision.
beforemaking
2 Youshouldconsider
programs.
ORGANISE
youth
......
...........
offer
summer
enrichment
3 Many
MAJOR
elections.
..........
.......in lastweek's
4 Themayorwon byanovenluhelming
CULTURE
differences.
haveovercome
manyof their
5 Thetwo countries
KNOW
.,..of firstaidprocedures.
shouldhavebasic.............
6 Everyone
COMPETE
two
in
France.
winner
will
spend
weeks
7 The
CORRESPOND
overtheyearshashelped
usbuilda goodfriendship,
8 Our
OBLIGE
theenvironment.
..to protect
9 lt isour...............
ENTERTAIN
isorganising
...committee
a spring
carnival.
10 The..............
BROAD
your
can
help
horizons.
11 Education
abroad. CLOSE
stranded
ofthe travelagency
leftmanypeople
12 Thesudden
EMPLOY
on the riseagain.
isunfortunately
statistics
showthat
13 Recent
CONSTRUCT
of a newsportsfacility.
14 A grantwasgivenfor the
SHORT
for a business
tripoverseas.
15 Hewillbeleaving
ANNOUNCE
thismorning.
aboutthearrest
16 Thepolicemadean
ADVERTISE
yesterday
recycling,
.......
campaign
started
to promote
17 A new..........
anddidn'tgetthejob.
QUALIFY
shewasn't
18 Unfortunately,
INTEND
to runfor officenextyear.
"19 lt ishis
galaxy.
planet
RECENT
in gur
....discovered
have.............
another
20 Scientists
ENTHUShSM
abouttheirtripto thezoo.
werevery
21 Thechildren
WEALTH
man.
wasvery.........,..,.
..., hewasnota happy
thoughSimon
22 Even
LATE
a bestseller.
bookhasalready
become
23 DavidJenkins
problems.
SOLVE
to oureconomic
24 Weneedto finda
GROW
school.
hada sudden
spurtwhenshestarted
daughter
25 Jane's
ENCOURAGE
hasbeena greathelpin mylife.
26 My mother's
NORMAL
find
..
very
easy
to
a
taxi
in
this
city.
27 lt is...............
APPEAR
immensely,
its.................
theexterior
of thehouse
improved
28 Painting
COMFORT
bybus.
thantravelling
bytrainisfarmore
29 Travelling
HOPE
...............
.,
benefit
both
will
companies.
The
decision
?0
IMPORT
great
has
issue
in theworkplace become
an
of
31 Safety
.. likely
thatwewillseemanlandon Marsin thenearfuture. EXTREME
32 lt is...............
...in today's
society.IONE
areafraidand..............
33'' lt issadthatsomanyolderpeople
younq
graduated
very
age, AMEITION
he
top
honours
at
a
with
34 Beingvery
,
JOURNAL
...........
......,hegetstotravel
tomanyexoticplaces.
35 Asaninternational
DECIDE
.....to sellthe business
wasverydifficult,
afteralltheseyears
36 Their............
paidactresses
HIGH
in theworld.
37 Sheisoneof the most
INCREDIBLE
veryfamous.
. successful
hadan ................
career
andbecame
38 Jordan
AMUSE
theclown's
antics
withgreat............
39 Wewatched
LUCK
coinin yourshoe.
it.......,.....,.,.,.
to puta silver
consider
40 Somepeople
whentheirmotherbroughtoutthedessert. HAPPY
clapped
41 Thechildren
ABLE
...............i.....
became
apparent
whenhewasquiteyoung.
42 Hismusical
CONCERN
..,..,...;.......
the
discussion
was
closed.
43 Asfarasshewas
,
.....byhalfterm. IMPROVE
grades
werepoorat first,butshowed
some..,......,..
44 John's
APPROVE
theactors.
their...,.....,..,:.,......,...............
showed
bybooing
45 Theaudience
EUROPE
currency.
.....countries
nowusethe Euroastheirofficial
46 Many.......,....
quit
SUIT
road.
.....................
fortherocky
shoes
were
47 Herhigh-heeled
PERFORM
, asHamlet
wasa hugesuccess.
48 His........,.......
JUDGE
.,..,......,.,;..
in disaster.
terrible
of thesituation
resulted
49 Their
HEALTH
....lifestyle.
for a .......,.....
andcorrect
dietareessential
exercise
50 Regular
CONFUSE
the
voters.
leadto
among
statements
51 Hismisleading
ACT
...assoonasthealarmsounded.
movedinto..............
52 Thefirefighters

236

Further
Practice
Section
53 Despite
yearsof research,
it isstill
whatcauses
the disease.
CLEAR
54 Prices
haveincreased
sharply
in .................
to rising
production
costs.
RELATE
55 Thereare
bookswrittenaboutdietandexercrse.
COUNT
56 Sunscreen
offersprotection
against
the .,.,...........
.. effects
of thesun'srays, HARM
57 Thepresidents
of bothcountries
signed
an important
trade............
AGREE
58 His,..,..,,.....,.,
. of music
wasnotto myliking.
cHoosE
59 KarlLagerfeld
ismyfavourite
fashion
D E S IGN
50 Shedoesn't
havetheright.........,...
....to become
a nurse.
QUALIFY
51 computer
databases
givecompanies
......,............
business
information.
VALUE
62 Theofficereceives
a .,.,..,...........
of parcels
everyday.
DELIVER
63 We havea lot of
in ourchoiceof courses
nexTyear.
FR E E
64 Theparty
werebrightandcolourful.
DECORATE
65 Someunusual
stamps
are.......,.......
.. rareandexpenstve.
SPECIAL
65 Thereisa famous
in
saying business
thatthe
isalways
right.
CUSTOM
67 Ourtravel
werecancelled
at the lastminute.
ARRANGE
58 Thefamous
actor's
visitwas......,.......
...anda greatsurprise.
EXPECT
69 Thecouncil
continued
untiltheearlyhoursof the morning.
ME E T
70 Thereisa great
growingin ourgaroen.
of flowers
VARY
71 Thecompany's
Financial
.......,........:.,..
proposed
a planto cutspending.
DIRECT
72 The.....,..,.....
...of LosAngeles
havebecome
usedto thesmog.
INHABIT
73 There
havebeen.,..........,
....developments
intechnology
in thelastcentury.IMP R E S S
74 Whentheplantclosed,
the..............,
..of jobscreated
manyproblems.
LOSE
75 Manysmallbusinesses
aresadly
to compete
in today,s
markets. ABLE
76 Foryourownsafety,
it is,..............
.. to weara seatbeltat alltimes.
ADVICE
77 Much.....,............1r...,..............
isnecessary
before
alldiplomatic
visits.
PREPARE
get...1..........
performing
.. before
, 78 Manyactors
on stage.
NERVE
79 Despite
hisnervousness
hewonthe 100metrerace
EASY
80 Thismagazine
hassomevery..............
...suggestions
aboutcookery.
USE
81 Nowadays,
people
.......,..
.......
usecredit
cards
to shop.
GE N E R A L
82 Exercise
helpsyouloseweight,andhas
nealthbenefits.
ADDITION
83 Hehasa
to laughloudlyat thewrongtime.
TEND
84 Theclerk's
attitude
wasnotonly..............
...butalsoveryruoe.
H E LP
85 we oftenwonderaboutthe
of lifeon otherpranets.
EXIST
86 A lotof money
wasspentonthe...............
.. of thespace
programme.
DEVELOP
87 lt was...........
......easy
to learnhowto iceskate.
AMAZE
88 lt isa ..,.........
.....shorttripfromhereto Mark,s
house.
RELANVE
89 Thelibrary
iswithinwalking
of theschool.
DISTANT
90 Medical
researchers
hadthesubjects
under...........
......for manvmonths. OBSERVE
91 The,.............
...issometimes
difficult
to find.
TRUE
92 Thetwo girlshada strongandlasting
FR IE N D
93 Progress
in computer
technology
hasbeen
..,..............
fast.
BELIEVABLE
94 l'msurethe library
hasthe
booksyouneed
R E FE R
95 Jackwas
disappointed
whenhefailedhisdriving
test.
E N OR MOU S
95 Gettingaccurate
isimportant
to journalists.
IN FOR M
97 lt isstill
whether
or notthe LochNessmonster
really
exists.
CERTAIN
98 The.....'.....".
...of thisfossil
indicates
thespecies
isolderthanwethouqht. DISCOVER
99 Therearestillmany
areas
on ourplanet.
EXPLORE
100 A newpolice
.........:..........,
intothecrimeproved
thathewasInnocent.
INVESTIGATE
101 There
aresomeminor
between
thelatestmodelandtheoldone. D IFFE R
102 Theflatmates
hada terrible
aboutpaying
thebills.
A R GU E
103 -'e c l isa major
centre,
withthousands
of factories
of allsizes. INDUSTRY
104 coa
. areangryabouttheopening
of a rubbish
dumpnearby
R E S ID E
105 rrrsar,*:he most

106 :s
1 0 7 ! , E . 1t r - . : Ea . ..........
108 -.er s a

sunsetin Floridalastvear.

to expect
to getyourownwayallthetime.
.....to k e e pour ci tycl ean.

thatshewillbestudying
abroadnextyear,

BEAUTY
REASON
RESPONSELE
POSSIBLE

Section
Practice
Further
of
Readthe textsand usethe word givenin capitalsat the end
g
a t th e b e g i n n i n (0)'
line.T her ei s a n e x a m p l e

in thesame
eachlineto forma wordthatfitsin thespace

ORLUXURY?
NECESSITY

powerhaveledto theproblem
spending
andO\greCIter
highersalaries
Today's
simplyfor
"
"
ofourbuyingthingswhicharecompletely1)
2)
the
have
people
" means
""""
""" "" """
thesakeof it, Nowthatmore
We
pastime'
a 3) "" " """
become
hasalmost
to dothis,shoppinq
even
labels'
with4)
forclothes
fortune
paya small
5) " " "
quality,
' Wewant
cheaper
high
thoughthereare
the
have
fact
we
usually
in
but
appliances,
.'.,.,..',.
6) .. .,,....'...
'timesaving'
getrid
just
Let's
quickly
hand'
by
as
chores
to dothesame
7) ....,....................
toys
children's
allyouroldclothes,
...,I Take
8)
of theseuseless
9)
charity
"" Ridding
andsoon,andgivethemto a deserving
w hi chi sa
...
10)
of
gives
a
sense
goods
yourself
of unwanted

O GREAT
1 NECESSARY
2 FINANCE
3 NATION
4 DESIGN
5 ALTERNATE
6 ELECTRIC
7 ABLE
I PO5SESS
9 ORGANISE
1O FREE

Joyto experlence!

CORNWATL

0
tip,isoneof the
southwestern
on Britain's
peninsula,
cornish
Iheo) beautiful
"" isconcerned'
asfaras1)
areas
mostpopular
country's
thf Romans
of celticculture.
wasa centre
ago,cornwall
of years
Thousands
2
to
managed
it
and
region'
the
to conquer
triedwithout2) ........,.
3
the
of
One
wayof lifeanditsownlanguage'
keepits3),.....,,,...,
4
of Tintagel'
castle
., ,."' isthenowruined
4)
maintourist
area's
5
wherethe5)'.'''''KingArthurandhisKnightsoftheRoundTab|e
6
aresaidtohavelived.6).'....''cansti||seetheremainsoftheha|l,
7
whichis7) .. . .... ....,.'....intact'
I

BEAUTY
TOURIST
SUCCEED
TRADITION
ATTRACT
LEGEND
VISIT
LARGE

8 FAME
CornwallisalsoS).....foritsbeachesontheEnglishChannel'to
ontheAtlantic' I COAST
scenery
9) . ., ,.
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Ir
GrammarReference
Section li
"l
lrregular
Verbs
Appendix1
.
.

Verbs,Adjectives,
Nounswith prepositions
Prepositional
Phrases

Appendix2
.

l
Phrasal
Verbs

FurtherPractice
Section l
.
.

Wordsoftenconfused
Multiple
Choice
Cloze
' OpenCloze
o KeyWordTransformation
. ErrorCorrection
,i
I

Tapescripts
Word List

I
I

195