Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
By Yousef Mehnatisorkhabi
Faculty of Technology
Environmental Engineering
Table of Contents
Introduction.................................................................................................................................................... 3
Wastewater .................................................................................................................................................... 3
Classification................................................................................................................................................... 3
Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................................... 6
References ...................................................................................................................................................... 7
Introduction
ith the present rate of population growth, worlds population will rise up to 9 billion by 2000, which will cause the
severe shortage of fresh water in near future. Unfortunately, 97% of the worlds water is salt water; two thirds of the
remaining 3% are frozen while the remaining 1% of the worlds water supply is not evenly distributed, and the lack of
available water in such case is a huge problematic issue for developing countries. Finland is rich in surface waters, with a total of
187 888 lakes and ponds larger than 500 square meters, and rivers totaling 25 000 kilometers in length. Almost a tenth of the
countrys land area is covered by water. Finlands lakes contain only 235 cubic kilometers of water.Finland has achieved
satisfactory result in treating the water and wastewater by settling quantitative national water protection in specific timetable.
Finlands shallow lakes are easily contaminated by pollution. Even relatively low concentrations of excess nutrients, acidic
deposition or other harmful contaminants can easily disrupt their sensitive aquatic ecosystems.
Wastewater
Water treatment in total is a process that makes water more purify which may be usable for different reason.Wastewater is
thecommon daily used water and in order to be used again it must be treated carefully before it is released into another body of
water, so that it does not cause further pollution of water sources or even water-borne diseases. Wastewater comes from a
variety of sources. Everything that you flush down your toilet or rinse down the drain is wastewater. Rainwater and runoff, along
with various pollutants, go down street gutters and eventually end up at a wastewater treatment facility are accounted as
wastewater. Wastewater can also come from agricultural and industrial sources. Some wastewaters are more difficult to treat
than others; for example, industrial wastewater can be difficult to treat, whereas domestic wastewater is relatively easy to
treat.Waste water treatment can involve physical, chemical or biological processes or combinations of these processes depending
on the required outflow standards. It is to everyones advantage for a community to be able to treat its wastewater in the most
economical way.
Classification
The classification in 2008 was carried out to meet the regulations
under the EU Water Framework Directive and related national
legislation. During the meeting that supervisors and directives of
Environmental ministry of Finland had, A target has been set that all
surface waters should have a good or excellent ecological status by
2015, and conditions in waters already classed as good or excellent
should not deteriorate.
Ecological Status
Rivers
Lakes
Coastal Waters
High, good
52%
87%
36%
48%
13%
64%
The chemical state of surface waters is classified on the basis of environmental quality norms defined for 42 harmful or hazardous
substance and substance groups. The norms, which refer to annual average concentrations of the substances in aquatic
environments, were included in Government Decree 1022/2006 on Substances Dangerous and Harmful to the Aquatic
Environment. Some of the norms applied in evaluating the chemical state of water bodies have not yet been fully enacted in
official legislation, but they still serve as useful guidelines in the classification procedure.
Technology
Activated Sludge
Applications
Low concentration
Organics
Some inorganics
Advantages
Removal of dissolved constituents
Low maintenance
Destruction process
Relatively safe
Low capital costs
Relatively easy to operate
Disadvantages
Volatile emissions
Waste sludge disposal
High energy costs
Susceptible to shock and
toxins
Susceptible to seasonal
changes
Stabilization
Conditioning
Dewatering
Gravity
Flotation
Centrifugation
Anaerobic digestion
Aerobic digestion
Thermal
Chemical
Vacuum filtration
Pressure filtration
Centrifugation
Drying beds
Disposal
Composting
Sludge lagoons
Incineration
Landfill
For achieving the best flow quality as thought objectivesof the treatment system depends on thesettleability of the mixed liquor.
Whilesettlement of solids is prevented from happeningin the aeration tank by the action of the aerationequipment, the secondary
settlement tank isdesigned to promote settlement.Many techniques are employed to find out thereturn sludge rate. The control
strategies arebased upon either maintaining a target MLSS (Mixed Liquor Suspended Solid)concentration in the aeration tank or a
targetsludge blanket level in the secondary settlementtank. The more regular control techniques are:
Observation of the sludge blanket height;
The sludge settleability test;
maintaining a solids balance across the aeration tank; and
maintaining a solids balance across thesecondary settlement tank.
During the consumption of organic load along a plug flow tank, the oxygen demand decreases. To avoid making excessive oxygen
not needed, tapered aeration is used to modulate the air supply to meet the individual oxygen requirements of each section. At a
stable temperature and pressure, oxygen has a constant saturation concentration in water. Using air to oxygenate water,
saturation concentration may not be reached because only 21 percentage of oxygen exist in the air. If 100% oxygen is used, the
available oxygen is increased five-fold thus increasing the gradient and decreasing the gap between the saturation concentration
and the actual concentration. The force driving the oxygen into solution will be increased by an increased gradient. This increased
transport across the gas/liquid interface helps satisfy the elevated oxygen demands of micro-organisms under high loading rates.
Conclusion
Many of thewell-designed activated sludge plants have a small layer of light chocolate colored foam covering up to 30% of the
aeration tank. However, if the foam passes the limit, the operation of the plant will be affected.Excessive build-up of foam can
result inwalkways and plant equipment being covered byfoam during windy conditions. As well ascreating an unsightly
appearance in the plant thiscan lead to odors and windblown foam. In the activated sludge process the microorganisms are
dispersed throughout the water phase. The microorganisms are doing the treatment and therefore all precautions factors must be
taken into account to assure a desirable environment for their life cycle.
References
Huisman, L. & Wood, W.E. (1974) Slow Sand Filtration, World Health Organisation: Geneva.
Stevenson, D.G. (1994) The Specification of Filtering Materials for Rapid Gravity Filtration,
Institution of Water and Environmental Management, Vol.8, October 1994.
Engineering School, UCD (1972). Course Notes - Water Quality Management. Department of Civil
Engineering, University College: Dublin.
C.-H. Xing, X,-H. Wen, Y. Qian, E. Tardieu (2001) Microfiltration-membrane-coupled bioreactor for urban
wastewater reclamation, Desalination, 141.p.67-73.
Government decree (2006) urban waste water treatment. [Online] Available from:
http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/kaannokset/2006/en20060888.pdf. [Accessed: 30th October 2014].