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51 35/2012
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61 Rio+20- the Earth Summit CZ,

Dr _
81 Elton John - Still Standing
121 Snapshots from Indonesia
151 As Fallible as a Human
181 Saturday Foam Fever 1=
-

.I1J1Lt1Th
20 First Come, First Served... CM
231 The American Teenager
361 The Fragility of Life
- Jerzy Kosiski

291 Brewing the 'Liquid Bread'

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341 Sports Rituals 15
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391 Georgia on My Mind

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Infinity Edge Pools

Infinity edge pools, which are also
called negative edge pools or simply infinity pools, are most common at exotic masds such as the
Sheraton Waikiki at Waikiki Beach
or on Gran Canaria. These are
pools with a 'missing edge', which
create a mirage effect of the pool
and the ocean or the sky nuergJng
into one entity. The water comes
up to the iunjin of the pool's edge.
Infinity edge pools are found in
precarious locations such as cliffs
or mountain tops. Their effect is
based on the illusion that they
stretch on endlessly and gtflcf
to the horizon. The idea started
to be popular in the lOGOs and is
said to sterniriuno France. Negative edge pools are more expensive than regular ones due to the
construction expertise required.
They are complex to install, need
unusual foundation systems as

edge kwqd

to merge - polqczyd
brie - bueg
precarious - niebnzpinczny
to stretch - ruzeiqgad xi
to extend - ciqgnqksiq
to stem from - wtjwndzic niq
expertise - bieglodd

numerous - hurry

Tropical Water World in

the Middle of Europe
The artificial tropical resort Tropical islands Krausnick in Germany is
known for having the largess indoor
tropical pool in the world. This unique
place offers plenty of opportunities
to get wet. There is the Tropical Sea
with a water temperature of 28 degrees Celsius. numerous slides including a turbo slide where you can
reach a speed of 70km/h as well
as a romantic Bali Lagoon. It also
attracts visitors with an enormous
indoor rainforest with flesh-euting
plants, banana trees, coffee bushes
as well as a bridge over a mangrove
swerop. Inside the dome, you can go
ballooning, see authentic buildings
from Bali, Borneo, Thailand and Samoa and have a ride on an African
Jungle Lift. Those who ieee shopping
won't be disappointed either after
visiting this uncommon tropical resort in Germany.

slide - zieddualnia
rainforest - las deszczuwy
flesh-eating- miqseferny

7
, 'i' i;
'14r,1

Henley Royal Regatta

Riddles

le
- They like to hunt Knight

This rowing event has been held on

the River Thames annually since
1839.It lasts for 5 days. The 1~th of
"

Jcm Why do dragons s ep all day?

Oi Which two keys can't open any

the course is 1 mile 550 yards. Each

race is in the form of a knockout cornpetition with 2 crews racing side by
side. One race lusts approximately 7
minutes and a new race begins every
S minutes, which means that there

tory, and has become not only a great

sporting event, but also an important

W What gets wetter and wetter the

more it dries?

can sometimes be two races on at

social occasion.

-A Towel.

doors?

r,%an
-

A Donkey, and a Monkey.

the same time. The most prestigious

--

length

eights. The highest number of entries

crew

zatuga

was noted in 1998, with 552 teams

approximately - okole

i competing. Henley Royal Regatta is

Thursday?

attended by people from all over the

prestigious - prestitowy
award - nagrodu

world, both competitors and specta-

cnmpetiter- rywal

Where does Friday come before

dlugokb

award is the Grand Challenge Cap for

What

wears a jacket,

but no

pants?
-

-A book.

101 What ship has two mates, but no

Lap Pools
--

In the Dictionary.

infinity edge pools, they are easy to

captain?

maintain. Lap pools can be installed

A Relationship.

either above ground or in the ground

err.

and are Ideal for limited spaces. The

101 What bet can never be won?

typical length eta pool is5 feet. Alap

The Alphabet.

pool is based on the idea of creat-

151 What kind of cup can't holdj'a-

ing aounren in the water. The swim-

ter?

mers work out by swimming against

Lap pools are exorcise pools intended for one person. They are long
.-'

.-

it. What's more, lap pools constisate a highly decorative addition to

a house.

Acapcake.

01 Why did the Bumble Bee put honey under his pillow?
He wanted ro have Sweet Dreams.

and narrow. People are supposed to

swim back and forth in them in or-

narrow - wgski

der to keep fit and healthy. Most lap

Pools are rectangular. In contrast to

rectangulor - prnstnkqtny
current -

backandfnrth - tamizpnwrntern

bestfamilyadvice.com/riddles.html

ri ddle

ag dk

bright - rycerz

Palm Jebel All

Palm Jebel Air is one of the artificial
islands in Dubai. off the coast the
United Arab Emirates. The construclion of this artificial peninsula began
in 2002 and was supposed to be
finished in 2008. It is the second
island in the Palm Trilogy. All three
islands are made of sand dasgigod
from the bottom of the Persian Gulf

to be dedicated to entertainment and

has been designed to accomlnlodgltg
250,000 people. Due to falling property prices, work on the island has
come toTatgndWlll.

horses standing on

sElf s over the

Arabian Sea, a water theme jpark and

punts - maltis
mate - officer pululadewy
toheldwater - przeohowabwod
cupcoke - babeuzka
bumble bee - trzmiol

nffthecoast - niedalekowybrzeJa
peninsula - pdlwsep
to dredge - wydobywari
gulf - zatuka
ta lure with - wubifczynrs

and have the shape of a palm tree. stilts - szczudia

Palm Jebel Ali aims to lure its future water theme parkresidents Wit 5-star hotels. water park rozrywki
several marinas. The whole island is

was

to accommodate
-zakwateroead

tu come tno stundstill - zatraymanfsi

'
fl

ngWhmttera

35

planet earth

R
by Michal Mazurkiewicz
he United Nations is an international organization formed
in 1945, just after the Second
World War. The main goal set by the
UN - which replaced the League of
Nations - was to maintain international peace in a world profoundly affected by the s roc ities of war. Almost
alithe countries of the world belong to
the UN - it has 193 member states.
The current Secretary-General (the
be facto leader) is Ran Ki-moon from
South Korea, who replaced Kofi Annan. The official languages of the UN
are: Arabic, Chinese, English, French,
Russian and Spanish, but the worklag languages at the secretariat are
English and French. Among numerous UN agencies dealing with urgtma,t
deal of significant problems there
are, for example: the WHO (World
Health Organization) or UNESCO
(United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization).
The aims of the United Nations are
(among others): maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations among nations, solving problems thanks to
international cooperation, promoting
and encouraging respect for tt.u.ma.iit
rigb,tt and, last but not least, promoting sustainable development.

Sustainable development
Let us try to explain briefly the nature of sustainable development. It
includes finding solutions to global
environmental problems and making affo.cle to eradicate ooeertv.
Those two questions overlap, as
poverty is also one of the greatest
t.biealato the environment. Integration of environmental and development concerns to achieve better
standards of living currently and
for future generations is the core of
sustainable development. So sustainable development boils down
to combining economic and social

english matters 1 35/2012

people lives in poverty, a billion peo-

nit.d Nations
Sustainable

"Rio+20 will be one

of the most important
global meetings
on sustainable
development
in our time."
UN Secretary-General Ban lU-moon

ple go hungry every day. while many

still do not have access to electricity.
The Earth Summit (UN Conference on
Environment and Development held in
Rio in 1992), during which Agenda 21
was adopted, laid the groundwork for
change in thinking about our planet.
Rio+20 is the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development,
which will take place in June 2012
and which will attempt to sum up 20
years of implementation of the idea of
sustainable development, to assess
pjngrev,p and create a list of onuxxitie.s
to put the planet on a more sustainable path. Many people regard it as
a historic moment, a new opportunity
to think globally. World leaders (Heads
of State and governments), international institutions and representatives
of business circles will take oart in
this summit. The result will hopefully

sustainable development - zrbwnowazooy

rozwdj

be a focused political document.

The problems discussed during the

summit will include:

development and environmental

protection.

Rio+20

greenhouse Jas emissions, which

continue to rise and (probably) contribute to the extinction of species:

transformation to a green economy:

There is no escaping the fact that today's world faces a great deal of problems - our planet is getting more and
more crowded, and one in every five

the question of workplaces - the

The Earth Summit - Szczytzi ern i

to overlap- rakladadoi, przenikad

set by - ustanowiony peer

threats - cagrozenia

atrocities - nkropiefstwa

to achieve - osiqgnqd, nsiqgad

need to create new jobs, including

"green" ones, and to ensure better
working conditions:

current- tu:ubecny

core - jydra, rolzef

working languages -jzyki rubocue

to bail down to - sprowadoac sty do

a great denl of- duza hoff

to lay the groundwork for - poloyd

siginificant - znaczqcy

pndwaliey pod
implementation - wprowadznnie,

among others - miodryinrymi

implemeetacla

to maintain- utrzymarf

to assess progress - uceniud posttp

to encnurage - mntywowad, zachhcab

priorities - prinrytety

human rights - prawa czfnwieka

to take part in - brad ndzial w

last but not least - ala mnioi watny

greenhouse gas - gar cieplarniany

efturts - wysilki

to contribute to - przyuzyniad sic do

to eradicate poverty - eliminowad biedy

to ensure - capewnid

planet earth

vamp

energy - ensuring access to modern

sources of energy, including nerierm
able ones;
sustainable development of cities,
the question of coo-cities designed
with consideration of their environmental impact:
food security and sustainable agriculture, global policies in the fate of
hunger;
problems connected with water and
oceans;
and, last but not least, natural disasters - how to counteract them
and globally cooperate in fighting
their results.
The organizers also hope to provide
an institutional framework for sustainable development. This may be
achieved Uy_rnceontsf more intense
global cooperation and a more active
role for international financial institutions. Apart from official events, people will also be able to participate in
numerous side events like exhibitions,
presentations and fairs.

Climate Controversies
Some people claim that the ecological
intentions of politicians and miscellaneous non-governmental organizations,
based on the fact that global warming
is the greatest threat to the mankind,
are not sincere. The Non-governmental
International Panel on Climate Change
(NIPCC) brings together scientists opposed no the theory of global warming.
The ernails which leaked from the the
Climatic Research Unit of the University of East Anglia just before the Copenhagen Summit on climate change
in 2009 caused quite a stir, an they resealed serve conspiratorial scientific
manipulation of climate data (it was
called "Climategate"(. Global warming sceptics, who do not believe in the
human influence on climate change,
called it the final nail in the coffin of
global warmingtheory.
This, plan the fact that the world is experiencing serious financial problems.
may encourage politicians to avoid
placing additional irritcjens on the

world economy, an a rapid reduction

of greenhouse gas emissions could
result in the bankruptcies of many
firms and higher ,mejyipjoyraent as
a rnsult. What the result will be, only
time will show.
renewable adnawialny
impact - wplyw
in the face of- w oblictu
disasters kotastrefy
to counteract sth - przeciwdziafub
cuenird
framework - to.' struktura
by means of - err pumncry, na pokrednictwern
apartfrsm - sprdcz
miscellaneous - rozrnaity, rhtny
global warming- glebalneocieplenie
to bringtsgetber- zrneszad
toleahfrom - tu:wyciekud
stir- fu:zamieszanie
the fin al nail in the coffin - ostatni fedddo
trumry
to encourage - nachcid, zachtced
burdens - obciuyzenia
unemployment - bezrnbocie

english matters 1 35/2012

C
1i

fTh.e fiirdt die/id O1i

the

The journey began way back in 1947

in the London district of Pinner when
Peg Dwight was born; Peg who?
That's exactly what the record companies thought, so something more

catchy and trendy was required and

Peg became Elton. Although he'd
studied at the Royal Academy of Music and had a gift for immediately recognising tunes and playing them by
ear, his pre-recording days involved
plonking away at the Joanna playing
blues and pop classics in local pubs.

His harsher critics have described

him as hue n,c,cgsbyri a glorified pub
pianist but he has one or
record
sales and few gongs to his name to
noose them wrong.

still standing - nodal yspalarny

flamboyant - ekstrawagancki
perennial - to: nieproomijaiscy. wiecony
district - dzielnica
catchy - chwytliwy
trendy - no crasie
to play sOb by ear - grad cod on sluchu
to plank away at - pot. brzdgkad
harsher - ostroejszy
little nero than - trochp wiqcej rio, niewiele
wincol nih
glorified pub pianist - zwykly pianista
barney
oueortwa - jedenlsbdwa, tu:kilks

gongs - gsegi:pot.:m Oda le, te:wyrdbniernia,

nagrody
to ones name - no swnim horde
to p rove sbwrong - udawodnidknmad, zesigmyli
break - proelom
to pair up - petgczyk shy. sprzymierzyd si
lyricist - aster stOw piosenek, teririciaro
made in heaven - stworzeni dia sieblo, sobie
pruernaceoni
to never look hack - nigdy nie halowad, ne
rnydled a przeszlofci
intandem - wtandeaie, wspdlnie, apace
to order - zamdwid, eamawiad
on one's own account - no wiosny rachunek

Following a stint with support act

Bluosology, the magical break came
when he replied to on advert tno,gsir
uto with lyricist, Bernie Taspin. it was
a creative partnership made in heaven and the two never looked back.
Unusually for a writing partnership,
the two did not work in tandem but
alone, Bernie posting the woods for
Elton to write the music to. After writing songs quickly, ttyejicer for other
artists ore record company, they produced material on their own account
with the 1969 debut album, Empty

journey

english matters 35/2012

steeling u with
8enie

people & lifestyle

Sky. The next three years would see
Elton collect the band members who
would become his mainstay and on-the-road famly for marry years to
come. The sent album in 1970, the
eponymous Elton John, produced his
trot bit, Your Song, which still does
the rounds at concerts today. The following albums, Tsmbleweed Connection and Madman Across The Water
continued in the vein of Ray Charlesinfluenced deep-south gospel and
country hues. They were crif,icall
acclaimed, but a metamorphosis
from bluesman to pnygQk was on
the way.

was now onaonwwaytrip

to fame, fortune and rocky
ground ahead

fjIwft 'flock dayd

Britain was captivated by all things

shiny and glam rock had crashed on

the scene with sparkling acts like
David Bowie, The Sweet and T.Rex.
The rather staid Elton John would
have to get his act together if he was
to avoid becoming a twenty-five year
old dinosaur. He responded with silver
satin suits, ostrich feathers and QioL
ceguu..uaiy enlarged gasses. Although
keeping with the ballad format, Rocket Man jumDed on the space theme
bandwagon while the song Honky
Cat saw him perform on the primetime BBC TV show, Top of The Pops,
dressed as a cat, complete with whstr
ggg and tail! 1973 was the year when
Eton stopped being a singer songwriter and became a worldwide megastar. Albums Don't Shoot Me, I'm Only
The Piano Player and Goodbye Yellow
Brick Road produced a bucketlood of
immortal hits such as Daniel, Crocodile Rock, Saturday Night's Alright for
Fighting and Candle In The Wind. He

came more outlandish,

dressing, for example, as
Mozart, complete with
wig. as he became increasingly self-conscious
about his accelerating
baldness. As we can now
see, he eventually solved
this by wearing a ri.ig on
o regular basis. He acquired the taste
for excess in home furoshing, buying
clothes, throwing extravagant parties
and taking drugs. Fuelled by a constant flow of cocaine, he became

more self-obsessed, paranoid and

possibly, slightly mad. In the documentary, Me Myself & I, he describes
being in a hotel room and calling his
office to ask if they could 'do something about the wnd.' Apart from IIN-

mainstay - filar, podstuwu, torn

eponymous tytuinwy
to do the rounds byc naclal granyni
intheseinof - lo:wduchu/wstylu
critically acclaimed - przyjtty/odebrony
krytycrnie
metamorphosis przemiana, metamorloza
peacock - pow
captivated by - zniewxlony preen
shiny blyszczcy
ostrich feathers stasis pidra
outrageously - dziwacznie

to jump on a bandwagon dslczyd do

muinstreumu, nacead rabid to, co inn,
wyksrzystywxc keniunktur
whiskers - msy( zwinrzce, szczegoinie kocie)
tail sgon
a buoketloud - duoa ilok czegos, maso
immortal - a esmiertelny, nieprzemijojoy
one-way w led nqstren
excess baggage - noabagaf
to embark on sth - wymuzyd Inp.w psdriyt,
rozpood (n p, karieryl
outlandish - dowacony

wig- pemulia
self-conscious zafenowany, zuksmpleksiony
np. o puwodu wyg du)
accelerating baldness - psstepa)ace
lysionie
mg - W:tuyecik, peraka
to ucquirethetustelar - zagustowadw
home furnishing - meb lowani e demo
to throw eutruxagant parties wydassuc
ekstrawaganckie przyjciu
fuelled by - raioydoany preen
self-obsessed - n obsesjq no alasnym pankoic

english matters 1 35/2012

people & lifestyle

cocaine abuse, he also Letted against heavy.....drink"
jag, marihuana smoking
and bulimia on account of
constant concerns about
his weight. Musically, the
halcyon days were behind
him, an releases in the late
seventies received mined
reviews, lending to a aJit
with Bernie and the sacking of band members; the
sweet taste of success had
turned sour.

'Banh in ttut
but a chwtgn of key
1983 saw him ged..buc}c on truck and
in tune with his audience with the
successful album, Too Low for Zero,
featuring the hits, I Guess That's Why
They Call it The Blues and I'm Still
Standing. An appearance at the [vu
Aid Concert at Wembley confirmed
his status as a leading stadium
rocker but while on tout in Australia
in 87, be experienced a voice b.,cuudeciciaco which resulted in the need for
surgery on polyps in his throat. The
wear and tear of a heavy tour schedule combined with relentless drinkjag and smoking had taken its toll
Qfl his voice. Another major twist on
the wnicLn.g yellow brick rend of his
life was that the operation resulted in
a considerable lowering of his voice
from tenor to baritone. This made
much of his early repertoire out of
bjn,iunue and the keys and yjieng,e.meitta needed to be gdj.n,sf,ed.

As in 1973, a change in circumstances pouopig..cf a change in style, and

the nineties and noughties resulted
in a diversification of musical projects
including him music for The Lion King,
Aida and The Road to Eldorado, and
the West End musical. Billy Elliot, He's
also since played with a galaxy of stars
as diverse as George Michael, Queen.
Justine Timberlake and Lady Gaga.
and, an you do, he picked up a Knighthood along the way.

10 ervgiiuhmaffero 35/2012

'997
To talk about Elton John's life
without mentioning 1997,
would be to leave it incom
piete. for it wan, what The
Queen might describe as an
anntun..ho.ncrbiiis. or to put it in
layman's terms, an awful year
of tragedy. Close friend and
designer, Gianni Veruace was
murdered and Princess Di
ann, with whom he was also
close, was killed in a mysterious Paris tunnel car crash
Although terrible, it also led
to his most successful song
ever as the words to Candle in The Wind
were rewritten to create Goodbye English Rose. The song sold x stoggering35
ml I I ion copies worldwide.

L'et?4 lath about dew

Leaving the music aside for a moment, Elton John's sexuality has always attracted attention. Originally,
he was a.eau.rne.cf to be straight but in
abuse - radurycir
to battl e against heavy drinking waiceyd
z aikoireliamen'
concerns troska.ebawy
halcyon days - cudowne coasy. czasy swietnorici
split - rorstanie
sacking pet wylonie. wyrzacenie
sweet taste of success - stedlil swab sukcesa
sour - kwadny, to: guruki
to get Sacker track - wrocic do gry
breakdown zatamaeie, tu:nadoyrthenie
surgery - operacja chirargicana
wear and tear- umpczenie, wyczerpaeie
relentless drinking - nieustannepicie (al kohoiu}
to take its toil en - adbicsitna
twist zwrst
winding- eijgcysie, krtty
r,
xutofsb range - pooaczyimszasigiem
to: pozo skaip czy ego s glosu
an'angmerlts - araazacje
adjusted dostosuwany
diversification - zrdmnicowanie
to prompt - powedowac
annus honfbilis - straszny rek
in layman's terms w rozumienru laika
staggering - odumiewaiycy, aszalamiajycy
to leave sth aside - pnnrijac/ porn ind coy

to assume zakiadac, przypusaczad

straight - heternseksuany

people & lifestyle

a 1976 interview in Rolling
Stone Magazine, he came
out oLthe closet and declared himself to be bisexual. However. in 1984,
he married a woman, Renate Blauel. Was it just
a smokescreen to hide his
gayness? Some thought so.
It ended in divorce a few
years later and he ended
up with same-sex partner,
David Furnish, entering
into a civil partnership in
2005. Of course. recent interext has centred around his ambi
ton, firstly to adopt a child and then,
to have one of his own through the
use of a surrogate mother. The birth
of his son, Zachary, on Christmas day
of 2010, was a moral bridge too far
for some people. He says he's regularly sent Bibles implonn him to ce
Pent which he edrobs.

OK, so he gpes cove to the Irnuckie

sometimes, but he is a tireless j,un
draiser. particularly for thy/AIDS. In
1992, he set up his own charity, The
Elton John Aids Foundation, not only
to raise money for research and treatment but also to fight against pnejuv

to came Out Of the closet ujaweic swojy

to be partia I to sthi - mied slabooc dc czegos

But we should take such

flippant remarks with

a pinch of salt because
he is partial to the sensational statement and the
prmnrtsbrig putytsn- Let's
not forget that he's the
composer of The Bitch is
Back and. if you are in any
doubt about the authenticity of his outburst - just
catch..ajlicnpue of the ggtiy
named 1997 documentary,
suntreinirs and Tiaras.

'Ujo ciiwrilabkn oide,

put-down - upokorzaca uwaga zwyrnydlanie

smokescreen zaslona dymna

gayness hornoseksaalnusd

outbursts wybuchy

civil partnership - cywilnynwiazek partnerski

surrogate mother matkazastpceucvmgatka

to catch a glimpse - zerknc

aptly - rrufrrte nilpowierie 0

bridge too far - hi: przesada

tantrum - napad zlodci, gniewu

Imploring - biagalny. itlagajycy

tiara korona, tiara

to repent - zaiowac

to go close to the knuckle

pot. graniczyc

o nieprzyzwoitodcia

to shred - zniszdzyc, ponoc

flippant remarks - nonszalanckie uwogi

tire less teadraiset - niestrudoony kwestarz

with a pinch of salt - przymnj2eniem oka

prejudice - uprzedzenie

Twtij
W

NewOoford
Gimnazjurn
Expert

1]

na

On tour a,uui
So, for all the twists and turns of
a colourful fe. and having collected
many trinket , accolades and a few
bob along the way, Elton is now back
on the road where he belongs. After
over 2,600 concerts, he remains in
defat gable. and after playing numerous dates at his old flaunt. Caesar's
Palace in Las Vegas, he will visit the
UK, France, Germany, Switzerland and
of course, Poland. If you are unable
to catch him while he's in the country, you could always book a ticket to
Jakarta, Malaysia for 12" November.
That's the last date of the gri,ie!jiflg
tour, but at the age of 65, he's sure to
U
be still standing!
the GLBT community spofeconodri osib,
do ktflrych naley osoby aznujitce si
za mniejszokci seksualrr: geje, iesbijki,
biuekuualisci, transseksualificl
twists and turns- to'zwrutyukcji
trinkets uedubki. swiecidelko
accolades - zasocoyty. wtiraoy/dowedy
najwyzszego uzoania
bob - grosz, tvrsa
indefatigable - niezmardowuny
haunt - tu:ulabisne iniejuce spotkan
gruelling- wyczerpujcy

punishing - kara, karanie

uriertacib soksualrg (np. bumoseksualizm)

dice against members of ttieG/.5I

community. His charity has raised
a total of $150 million and supports
projects throughout the world.

ZErrLITL!

pi Onitrdteperyrnwonr

irsatO

Sew

' '
obb.

do 30 wrzegnia 2012 r-

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for matura
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iowa edycazrestaini
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N people & lifestyle

Interview with Anna Dbicka

by Ursaula Gruszeeka, all photos by Anna Dgbicka

he Republic of Indonesia. A land

between the mighty continent of
Asia and Australia with 17,508
islands, 237,424,363 people and numerous religions... And there, in the
middle of it all - a small Polish woman (five foot two inches in e het) with
a camera, trying to.capLure the unique
beauty of its landscapes and (nba/uiants. Let me introduce Anne, e twentysin year old traveler and photographer
currently living in West Java - a province of Indonesia.
How did it happen that you ended up
on the Archipelago?
It was pure coincidence. I wanted
to see a part of the world that is still
more or less free of tourism, and Indonesiu is not the most popular bollday destination in Poland. There is

12 english matters 35/2012

a governmental scholarship program

called Darmasiswa. I apaj and was
accepted. That was the first time, two
hears ago - I arrived here to study
photography. Now I am learning the
language, taking photos and discovering this world.
Where exactly do you live?
In Bandung on West Java. Sending
is one of the biggest university cities
in Indonesia. It is also quite u modern
one. It is easy to fall in lose with this
city thanks to its climate. Although it
is close to Jakarta - the capital of the
country, it is located in the mountains
so the heat, which can be really oppras
siue in different parts of the country, is
not so perceptible here. I think that we
can compare ittoe mixture of our golden Polish autumn and summer.

Sounds like a perfect place.

Well, yes and no. Bandung is good
place to start the exploration of Indonesia, but staying here... I am not
sure. Bandung is located in the basin
of a dried-up lake between two moantain chains. As I said, the climate is really pleasant and the surroundings are
beautiful. One of the most recognizatncapture-chwycid,anhwycid
inhabitants - mieszkaricy
pureceincidence - ceystyprzypadek
governmental scholarship - stypendiurri
reqdowe
teapply - skleaadpndanie,aplikowad
nppresive - uciqaliwy
perceptible - doslroegalny, odczuwalny
basin - necks
dried-up - wyochniety

people & lifestyle

ble parts of the Indonesian landscape
are waterfalls hidden in the mountains, volcanoes, and the vegetation.
Bandung was designed mostly by the
Dutch who colonized the archipelago,
so it is, in contrast to Jakarta, still
green. The city is often called The
City of Flowers or Paris van Java - the
Paris of Java.
But l think that itis Bali which Polish
tourists are most familiar with, isn't
it?
Yes, definitely. People often forget
that Bali is a part of Indonesia and not
a separate country. And it is extraordinary. Being part of a country whose
population contains the highest percentage of Muslims, this inland maintains its Hindu-Buddhist character.
This makes its cultural background
even more colorful. The flowers and
loss sticks offered each day to gods
and demons decorate the statues
and temples. They lie on the streets,
on the cars. You can find beautifully
c.unycuci shrines and chapels almost
everywhere. The people of Bali are
very attached to their tradition and
culture, and at the same time they
are very talented, so the whole island
looks like an art mafyrpece. No wonder that tourists love this place so
much.
What struck you the most when you
first arrived on the Island?
People are smiling here, they seem
to be cheerful, relayed and incredibly
calm. They rarely rj.eyjt anywhere. In
Europe, people are used to being in
some kind of hurry. Everything has to
be done 'yesterday, as time is money.
Here, time seems to have no meaning
at all. Or maybe I should petit differently; it's not that time has no meaning but its perception is more flexible.
This is even reflected in the language.
There are no tenses in Indonesian. If
you want to say something about the
past, present, or the future you simply use such words as 'yesterday' or
'tomorrow'; while you cannot always
be sure whether 'tomorrow' really
means the next day or the whole of
nest week. The verbs don't c.Lciggfg at all. The main focus is pot on
the contest. That's usually rniri:cj:ed in
the everyday reality. When arranging

a meeting with someone, you have to

take into consideration the fact that
this person may be in fact an hour or
two late, and you should never taiveit
for granted that the meeting will actually take place on that day. There was
a day when I was waiting three hours
for my friends who were supposed to

pirJv...rne...up, just because they had

Overslept. Another time, three people

with whom I had appointments past:
po.neb the meeting so many times,
that in the end all three of them cancelled. I know that I should be glad
that they called at all, you're not always so fortunate.
10,

cultural background - frodowisko kullurown

to rush - dpies.oyd sir

joss sticks - kadnideiha

tacanjugale - odmieniadsi(np. n ceusnwnikach(

carved - rzndbieny

mirrored - adzwierciedlnny

shrines - sanklaarie. kaplice Irownief

to take sth for granted - nomad, uznawad cos za

relikwiarnel
tobe attached to - bydprzywizanymde

eozywiste
In picksb up - ndlnierad kogad lnp.ejukiegad

art masterpiece - duielo snouki

to strike - uaemnad, udereyd (a nnaceenin
robidwrafenie)

to oversleep - easpac
to postpone - volkiadad, przekladad

english matters 1 35/2012

13

people & lifestyle

Isn't that a little frustrating for you
as a European?
Wei ,at first l was arvgry, but now itisjust
someth 1 ng I got used to. It takes a iotof
practice to stay calm and patient in that
kind of situation. Flexi ble planning I athe
best opti on. If you want to meet two dif
ferent people, the best way to do so is
to arrange the meetings or two different
days. Just to have some time margin.
And just stay cool and calm if something
doesn't work as you wanted it to work.
Whatever in gong to happen, will happen. And if not today, then tomorrow,
or maybe next month... There is always
me, and even if there isn't, there is
nothing to worry about anyway.
What are the reasons for such behaviour?
There are usually two main excuses. If
you take into consideration the fact that
the rail 1 n Indonesia is, to say the least,
pouring', "It was raining' is the most
common one. If someone in unlucky
enough to be caught in the middle of
a rainstorm on his or her motorbike, the
best opton into hide somewhere and
just wait till jUsoaer. ln the middle ofthe
Indonesian rain, it is sometimes difficult
to even cross the street, especially here
in the mountains, because the street
can turn Into a torrential riser within few
minutes, The second excuse is traffic
jams. Itin true that in Bandung the traffic rns bit beats. Eapecialyduring wee kerds, when people from Jakarta come
here to do their weekly shopping. How
ever, there are times when I am stunned
by the simplicity and frankness of some
people wro just say: 'I diontwant no go
out because I was watching TV". In Europe people are used to more so.pbisti
gfgf excuses. Here you get pure honesty and you shouldn't be offended by it, as
it is something as natural as breathing.
Do you think that living in Indonesia
Is easier than in Poland?
It's hard to say, really. Life in Indonesia
is different, for sure. So different that it
is hard to compare it, in fact, to anything
else. It's up to you and your personal
ity, whether this life is easier for you or
not. Something that for a Polish person
is easy and obvious, here can be blown
out of or000rton and turned into some
kind of irrrtsting and irrational monstrosity
Inexplicablefor the mind of an

14 english matters 1 35/2012

European. On the other hued, there

are many thugs which are difficult in
Poland, which here seem to-be served
on a silver platter. Indonesia is a land of
contrasts. The ifference between Asian
mysticism and logical Europe In a way
forces you to be patient and willing to
understand that here life is just different. But when you are rare for a longer
period of time, and start to get used to
a I I of those differences, you suddenly realise that Indonesia and Poland are not
entirely chalk and cheese.
Would you recommend a longer
stay?
I would recommend flying here to see
it with your own eyes, for sure. It Is
easy to fall in love with this part of the
world. The landscapes are beautiful.
You can find almost everything here:

mou items, seas, hot or crb.Jiy regions.

volcanoes or lakes, vegetation that
takes your breath away and evotu ani-

mals. And whether to stay for longer...

I think It depends on how much you
fall in love. My romance is off the scale
and It is almost impossible for me to

even imagine returning.

If you want to see some more, vial:

www.anyaphoto.com
excuses - wymfwki
to take into consideration - iron pod uwag
to say the least on naimniej
pouring ulewny
torrential - uiewry
within law minutes - w cigu kilts nasal
lobe stunned by - byf zashucoorrym,
odumionyrni
frankness - szcnerodd
sophisticated - wyrafunowany
lobe blown out of proportion byc
wyolbnzymionya
to be served on silver platter - nustac
pod anym faSt no tats/na talerru (0
napes co utrzymuio siq boz wysitku lab
niezastuenie)
to force s to sth neuman, przynxus.aad tiogob
do coegus
tobelasdifferentastoholkaracheene - byc
pndnbnynnijok dzien do nocy
chilly- chiodny
to take sb's breath away - zapierac deotr
w piersiaoh
totue off thescale - przectxorlafwsnelkie
wyubaicnie

people & lifestylel

How many mistakes do we make a day? Pere RomaniUos may not answer this particular question, however, in his book about the greatest human errors, be
describes the fafibi!ity of humans over the centuries.
There are things we shouldn't eat, credit we shouldn't
take, prizes that should never have been awarded
and challenges which ought not to have been taken.
The !ist is much !onger. Here's a bit of what the book
has to offer!
fallibility - niedoskonafodd (natury ludzkiej,
systemic); zawodnodmi (metuay, panmiOci)
unfavourable - niekorzystny

cornitted - pupelniony
to condemn - skazywad
descendants - potomknwie

The apple or..

It seems that the first human error
had unfavourable consequences not
only for a small group of people or
a Single nation, but for the whole of
humankind. Where was it commitf? In the place called Eden. Adam
and Eve ate the forbidden fruit from
the tree of the knowledge of good and
evil and con.d.u.rnytcd their descendants to pain, suffering, sickness and
death. The forbidden fruit is commonly believed to have been an apple, but
was this really so? Let's check in the
Bible: 'When the woman saw that the
fruit Of the tree was good for food

english matters 1 3512012

15

I people & lifestyle

eggn5m

drug onto the Amencan nocitut. In the

early 1960s, it was
JP
pot*
discovered that the
drug was extremely
dangerous to the
foetus. Thalidomide
caused a deforma,, Cff,,,,, W5,llh
tion called phocome
ia the absence of
most of the limbs.
NU HE
More Doctors sm oke 'arne1s
Other side effects
d;0si 4o7 'W?
odor
'reman'
included malforma-n
tions of eyes and
- '
AA. HAT F.FOULBIILbtII
ears, kidneys or the
digestive tract. The
case was a turning
point for drug testing and caused increased via I lance in prescribing drugs
to pregnant women. Other human
errors in the field of medicine included bloodletting, advertising
smoking as a healthy and el=
rJ
egant habit, and selling cocaine
for medical purposes, among
and pleasing to tlre..eye, and also de- other things, as a medicine
sirable for gaining wisdom, she took against asthma and digest ve \
some and ate 't. She also gave some problems. Interestingly, an arto her husband, who was with her, and dent proponent of its positive
he ate it." Nothing about an apple, not effects was Sigmund Freud
even about an apple core. in fact, ac- who tried to cure his friend of
cording to some Bible scholars, it Is morphine addiction by giving
more likely that the forbidden fruit was him small doses of cocaine.
a fig or perhaps a pomegranate. The
idea of the apple comes from the Middle Ages when there was one translation for the words: evil and apple. Both
were translated as ma urn'.
Another group of human errors consists of sins of passivity. Before The
Beatles signed a contract with EMI,
they had to swallow a bitter pill or, to
be more precise, several bitter pills.
More recent history has witnessed Decca, Columbia Pye, Philips, Oriother human errors. One of the sad- ole all those record labels refused
dest examples of human irresponto release their album. One record
s'bility was the introduction of Tha- company executive, when rejecting
lidomide. The drug was developed by them, claimed that guitar music was
a German pharmaceutical company a thing of the past, so The Beatles
and was a very effective trmnouidzer, were not worth their interest. Fl
and a breakthrough against jasoccicila nnlly, EMI's Parlophone label took
and morning sickness. This wonder the plunge and eventually reaped
pill was sold in 50 countries and was the enormous benefits The Beatles
advertised as medicine without side made over time. That wasn't of
effects. The Food and Drug Adminis- course the only golden opportunity
tration in the USA was more suspi- missed over centuries. The manucious than its equivalents in other facturer of candies that 'melt in your
countries and refused to snow the mouth not in your hand' didn't agree

old!"

Batt

IIJllfl' CM[JT[S

NMI"

Golden goose

Phommeiin

16 english matters 1 35/2012

to the product being used in Steven

Sp elberg's E.T. Much to his surprise,
the film turned oul to be eflLqcJt
haunter. Instead of M&Ms, Sp e berg
used Reese's Pieces whose sales
increased by 65% thanks to their exposure in the film.

Who eke lost their

money?
In 1984, Pepsi was hard on Cjaee%
basis. The Coca-Cola Company decided to respond immediately by changing
the formula of the drink. New Coke was
sweeter and had a more delicate taste,
but when the old Coke was withdrawn
from the stores, a.iLjt.elL.b.rci_j..re.as
pleasing tothe eye - cieszqcyeko
cure - gniazdo sasienne: agryonk
pvmegranaie - gronatlowoc. dreewsl
phocameila - fekemelia. wada

rozwojnwa koczyn
tranquilizer srodnk uspekaiajqcy
breakthrough - przeten
insomnia - bozsennnsc
mnrningsickness perannn mdlosci
side effects efeirty uhoczne
to ai low sth unto the market
- zecwoiic na sprzodaf ceegnd na
rynku, doputcic coo do sprzeda5y
foetus plod
limb ksncuyna

digesiiee Ira ct - preewod pekarmuwy

increased uig iance - wzmnnna czujnnsc,

estrahnosc

bloodletting nuszczanio kiwi

ardent - gorliwy, zaciekly, 2arliwy

yrspornrtnf sth - erdewnik reocenik
golden goose nina gqs
to swallow a bitter pill - prznfknqcgurzkq
pigalh
to release an album - wydad album
intake the plunge zdobyd siq na stnnowczy
krok
to reap benefits - czerpad liorzysci, carob
na czymg
in turn out - nkazac siq
tlackbuster- hit
exposure ekspnzycja. wyelispoeosan o
to be Sari! on sb's See I s - deptac knmus pn

piqtach
withdrawn - wycofany
all hell broke loose put roepvtatu
prekin

people & lifestyle

Soles figures of Coca-Cola fell enor- King of Sweden, ate his last meal on to death'. Tennessee Williams, the aunously. The company ggyejip.sn the 12 February 1771. The King's Last thor of The Streetcar Named Desiru,
new product right away and restored Supper consisted of lobster, caviar, on the other band, ended his life in
the original formula.
aa.iueciu.caut. irtecu. champagne a hotel room because he choked on
of his favourite des- the screw coo from a bottle of eye
and 14
sert. Adolf Frederick is now known drops.
as 'the king Are humans fallible? Certainly, but
who ate then as Napoleon Bonaparte once
said. 'We learn wisdom from failure
Enough about the money, its high
time we went over the Nobel Peace
Prize with a fine-tooth comb. Woodrow
Wilson, Gustav Stresemann, Nelson
Mandela, Martin Luther King, Mother
Teresa, are allvery we .buttheywern
almost joined by Hitler and Stalin. The
first one was nominated for the prize
in 1939. Theimttsr wasn't nominated
but only taken into consideration in
1945. Surely, these weren't the candidates Alfred Nobel would have had
in mind when he funded the prize out
of guilt for having invented dynamite.
What's the next error on our list'? It's
tbe..aiiou made by Thomas Austin.
What did he don He tried to popularize
rabbit hunting in Australia. In order to
do this, in 1859, Austin exported 24
rabbits to the continent. Are there any
consequences of this business iutu2.ru
tain..og visible today? The current rabbit
population of Australia aquas about
300 million. Infecting rabbits with
ulagcc..ua...biease called mynom....
rosin, which normally decimates rabbit
populations, helped temporarily but did
to become immune - uaeipornic si
to give spun sth - zrezygnnaad
not solve the problem. After some time,
(op. na churub)
the animals simply became...irnm.u.ne.
gluttony - nbzarstwo
to go over sth with afrne-taotlr(ed(comb brat
Thus, its worth remembering that if
sauerkraut - kapusta kisenna lob kwaszona
cos pod lupq
you decide to buy a chocolate Easter
the latter - (teal dragi/ostatni, nastfpny,
kipper - solo nywqdzony slede
bunny for your friends from Australia,
helping - dohladka
they may never speak to you again.
koleiny

As peaceful as Hiter

to take sth into consideration - brad ceo pod

Guttony

screw cap - nakretka (ad butolki lekarstwa(

uwag
slip-up - pot potkniqcie
undertaking - nezedsiewziqcie

Finally, let's move to human errors

which had fatal consequences. mainly
for a single person. Adolf Frederick,

contagious disease - choraba zakana

myxomatosis - myksomatoza
to decimate dn.iesiqtkowac

Konkurs:
W kilku zdaniach uzupelnij wjgzyku angie skim.
...for the Nobel Peace Prize because..................................
Inominate.................................
Odpowiedz w'yslij mar em do 10 lipca 2012 na adren: konkursWcolorfulmedra.pI
W ternacie mails wplsz: As fallible as a human, a w treuci podaj swoje irnig, nazwisko oraz adres.
Do wygrania: 5 ksigzek zatytufowanych ,,WieIkle Btdy Cztowieka" wydawnictwa PWN.
Listq osOb nag-odzonych opablikujemy w kolejnym nurrerze Engish Matters.

eng ish maffera 1 35/2012

IIP1

www.colortulrnedia,pI

94ftlav ;:OaA4. , Fever

by Urszula Gruszecka
arty time! Where to go? What to delicate manner, by his wife for not honest, the fewer clothes you wear,
do? There are so many different doing his share of the housework, in: the better. Although you might think
choices nowadays! Well, why not ojur.djj.rig mopping the floor, no wonder the foam is just totally harmless bubgo to a foam party - the only event his dream is full of foam. So, the idea
where you can get wet and have fun was planted earlier, as we can see
Saturday Foam Fever - gorczka snbatrniej
even in winter?
and nowadays foam parties are popupiany
lar all over the world. First thrown in
appearance- poiawinniesiclfv:naekrantel
hot areas like Ibiza, foam parties full
surroucrdedby - otoczonyprzez
of music, laughter, and dancing
totakeintoconsideration - brapod
The first appearance of foam being spread worldwide. They have become
uwagt
used for something other than wash- highly popular among students and
in no delicate manner - nlerlelikatele
ing and cleaning was in a film called young people. And quite recently, they
share of thehousework - lczfijasldola,
,
"Aflhapsodyin B lac k and Blue(1932l have even reached Poland.
,
lczyiadlcrindobnwiszkwdnnorch
where the main character is trans'
inctudtng - wIczniez
. .
ported into the land of his dreams
, thrown - wydawany,urzfldaany(uprzpciack)
0
WCI'
and fantasies. He dreams about his
to spread worldwide - rorprzesrriestsi5
favorite jazz player - Louis Armstrong '1 don't have anything to wear!" Oh,
no catym kwiecie
- performing a gig especially for him how many times have we said this to reach - nsiqgnyd,to:dotrzefdn
surrounded by foam. When we fairo standing in front of a full wardrobe?
fancy- tantazyjny
into consideration the fact that the Well, if you want to go to a foam party
harmless - niesokodliwy
character is transported there, Lnno dent wear any fancy clothes. To be-

1 8 english matters 1 35/2012

Jiui,te

.' .

people

&

lifestyle

bles, we must remember that it is in

fact water and some kind of soap or
special liquid. After an hour sport roll
eng..a.b.ouit in it, you wi I I be soaking we
Manj women prefer towear swim m ing
suits or shorts and a top. Men prefer
shorts and sometimes r shirts. Some
partygoers even equip themselves
with snorkelling accessor es. When
our cuaffuhe are ready, the next thing
to do is to protect our other kaang.
logs. Some clubs restrict the foamed
area to the dance floor, or specially
created, Q.o.sLllk.e areas that separate
the wet fears from any electrical up
pily.nces. But in the fever of dancing
anything can happen. So the best way
to protect our jackets and bags is to
put them in a safe place like the club's
cloakroom. And then we can start the
party! Ocops jest look out for the slirs
pa.ry dance floor!

tern or cause some lung or skin infec

R.s4y

B14SS

All types of entertainment are good,

as longas they are safe. Professional
parties are prepared days in advance,
The machines needed are not cheap;
even renting them is quite expensive.
You must get special certificates for
both the machine and the liquid used
to make the foam. If club really cares
for its partygoers and not only about
the profits, they naturally hire a pro
fessional company to look out for all
the potential dangers. It is wise when
going to this kind of party, to make
sure that the pace where we are go
ing to is secure. What can happen,
you may ask? The most dangerous,
even deadly, risk is electrocution. The
foam machines are burg from the
ceiling, from where the foam is later
distributed. If the area of the dance
floor is not euorooriately secured or
the foam machine is used improperly,
the result can be fatal - even deaths
have been reported. Another possib le risk is skin allergies. They may
not be as deadly an electrocution, but
they are still undesirable. Along with
allergies we may also pjjge differert forms of fungus that can grow in
places where the after party t.cegp.ura
hasn't been properly removed. Fun
guuos can influence our immune sys-

tions. And above all soap and water

will create a very slippery floor
so
be careful. Make sure that the place
s safe, gather a group of friends and
have a great time out!

A #0149C (ORHI party2

veee

.ayOe

Some people fascinated by foam club

parties may wart to throw one of their
own. Well, if this idea has crossed
rnliregabout - iurianiesie nbracaniesrg,
krceniesig
soakiag wet -przemukaiqty
swmmingseitu - iaistiumykqpinlowe
partygneru- imprezowicze
' snarkellingaccessories - akcesor ado
nurknwania
uuthla - strain
belangings - wlasnobc, reeccyosabiste
torestrict - egraniozad,wydnielac
- paul- I ike przypaminajgcybaurny
electrical appliances urzqdzenia
elektryczne
inthefnsorafdancing - wgorqcricetanca
cloakroom -snatnia
' slippery IliskI
in advance - zwyprzedznniem
- Oainaknatfar - to: uwacucea
elnotrucutien poratnriieprgdem

your mind, maybe you should think.jI

throughone more time. To make foam
a special liquid with a neutral pH has
to be used so as not to harm people.
If the party thrower uses chemicals
that are not designated to be in socu
longed contact with human skin, the
guests might end up in hospital, not to
mention all the water seeping into the
carpets and wooden floors. And we
don't want to destroy our own home.
do we? So let's stick to clubs and limit
our own personal foam heaven to the
shower or bath.
dislnbuted - razproaadaany
apprupiatelysecured - odpnwiednia
nabeapiecoony
undesirable- niepangdany
to pickup - ta:chwycio,ntapaclap.charnbq
scharzeninl
fungus grzyb
moisture -wilgoc
immunesystem - syutemudpersohciswy
to throw one of their own - tu:urzqdzic/ad
wlasneprzyiecin
to think uththrough - przemydladcas
dokfudnie. dobree sig nod czyms
zastnnaoic
party thrower - organizatorprzyjcia
prolonged pezedluduny,wydludony
,
seeping into - przecieciekajgcy(du)
tn stick tsstii - trzymadsigezegad,trwac
prayrreyms

english matters 1 35/2012

19

Iculture

First IA'd

First Ne 161ve 41
i

by Anna Richards

first come, f rst served

... so the saying goes. Granted, this old ad age might have

grL7 Urzgoda

more to do with a grocery queue at the local Sunday

market than an issue of life and death, but on occasion
the same rule might have more serious and sinister connotations. When it comes to inheritance of land, money
and title, people will stop at not ing to get the prize, and
history and literature are rife with examples of how the
ancient rule of primogeniture (the right of the firstborn
male to inherit an estate in its entirety) twisted minds

dilU UU1IUJLVU bUUMP.

- kto

pierwszy, ten

adage - przysowie
grocery queue -koICjkadOSpO5VCZegO

peoplewirstopatoothing - twludzirecnie

zatrzyrna

firstborn male - pierworociny

entirety - cao

Okod dostqpu: fcs27851

,
:M

10Mn
~
k
Am
IF-

at yourself for a minute into

s younger brothers el,ctes. You
live your whole life with the ycoa
peel of riches and luxury just inches
away, with only one person standing in
your way to the inheritance: the older
brother, who gets everything upon your
fathers death... What would you do?
From the time of the Norman conquest
1 r,
in the 11 century, primogeniture was
the predominant form of inheritance
in England, only falling frorn grace at
late as 1925. when Parliament abe
Istieo the law in England and Wales,
while Scotland held on to the idea
until 1964. Considering the fact that
the state of George in the USA abandoned the principle in 1777 followed
by Virginia in 1785 (curiously enough,
both ex-British colonies), while France,
just across the Channel, drooped the
few in 1789. it is interesting to consider just why the UK held on so lung.
First ff, let it be established at the
very beginning: primogeniture works.
History has provided us with ample
examples of the utter failure of other
inheritance mechanisms such as the
infamous testament of King Boleslaw
the Wrymouth' (Krzywoustyf of Poland who, in the 12 century, divided
his domain between all his belts more
or less equally. Well, as they say, like
father like son (or sons in this case):
all the Princes, when they in turn were
faced with the daunting task of writing a will, divided their land again
and again until each line was left with
a tiny kingdom and Poland became
weak and divided. But the most confusing part was yet to come, when the
richer cousins began buying out their
poorer relatives and thus ending up

with little pieces of land all over the

to put oneself in sb's shoes - postawic sit

w czyjejs sytuacii/na czjiims miejscu
prospect - perspektywa
to fall from grace wppaWniask.popand

dauntingtask - trsdne zadanie

w nielask

place. but never enough acres close

together to form a sgnfcant whole.
Primogeniture may be tough. but it
can at least provide a clear, straight
inc of succession. It was never meant
to be about fairness to the individual:
the most significant factor was always
rna(nta n pg property and land within
one family, while the actual welfare of
the proprietors themselves was only
of secondary importance.
But times change. and now, in the 211,1
century, society has shifted its focus
.y protect and benefit the welfare of
human beings. Where primogeniture
still remains, it is more because of
tradition than any real need to keep
peace and plenty in fto.s.ohilu supply. The Kings and Queens of today
no longer have the responsibility of
ruling nations, although for the most
part they still seem remarkably adeI
at uniting them. Indeed, many monarchies have abandoned the purest,
most traditional male preference part
of prirnogeniture, though of course
sticking with primogeniture as a genera I i dee. Sweden opted for 'equal pri
mogeniture as long ago as in 1980,
Norway. Denmark and other European
monarchies followed on, while the UK
true to form - hung on a bit longer,

David Cameron taking the opportunity

of the Commonwealth Summit held
in Perth, Australia, as recently as in
October 2011. He asked the Prime
Ministers of the 15 other countries
reigned over by the British Monarch if
they would accept the idea of the sons
of any future King or Queen (from the

current Heir to the Throne onwards)

no longer being shown preference lo

significantwhole - rinocrqca calelt

to muintaio - zacsowaczatrzymac
property wlasnwsc, nieruchomosil
welfare - dobrobyt

to abolish - onosid

proprietors - wiasciciete

to hold onto the idea - treymac sit idol,

teshiftone'sfecaste - przenosiit pankt

obstuwac pay koncepeji

cit5kodci na

to drop the law music prawn

bountiful - hojoy

first of f - od razu, na wsttpie

adept at - bieglyw

utter failure - cathuwita porazka

to hanger a bitisoger - poczekactruch

heirs - spadknbiercy
in tarn zkslei

diuzej
onwards - naprzdd, Ia: i daiej. I pdiniej

Jexteno debenciakiem, ha kaecptuoo

o ksiybek suydasueiritsva Hansdybnoksr
To satopxoe watenaly do narnedweloef
eaoki jeyko angielokiege.
..

Warn tori. je polnccuuol

culture
over the daughters. All gave their ap-

arcwal in principle, and the complex

constitutional process of making the
change is now underway.
Our firsthand contact with primogeniture in other spheres of life is now so
limited that, were it not for the medium
of literature, it might now be a tradition
buried so deep in people's minds and
memories that it would be nearly forgotten. Many of the brilliant plots devised
by novelists of days gone by hinge on
the laws of primogeniture. To begin with
half the many celebrated murders in Agtha Christy novels would never havea
taken place had somebody not wanted
to bump so thin line of succession a little bit in his or her favour. Jane Austen's
Elinor and Marianne Dashwood (in
Sense and Sensibility) would have been
able to inherit their dead father's property and would not have been doomed
f live in a cottage on the charity of
a kind uncle and toteek resolution to
their oecuniary troubles in marriage to
men who were not always honourable
and righteous, or. if not that, then not
necessarily endowed very generously in
the firrancal department.
NorysQgys, it is primarily historical novels than have the monopoly on this
particular subject. The stores of kings,
princes and nobles fighting over thrones
and country seats have filled the pages
of authors like Philippe Gregory, whose
books have succeeded in further popularising the history of the Tudor and
Plantagenet Kings and Queens, many of
them focusing on the course and aftermath of the Wars of the Roses. The story
of this conflict. as well as many others
in history, like the Glorious Revolution,
where the Catholic line of succession
of James I was supplanted at the will of
Pa rl lament by 11h Protestant William of
Orange, not I east among the m.
The throne was certainly the greatest
prize one could playr, and many jm..d
high prices for it. The "Little Princes',
imprisoned and done .away..with in the
Tower of London were never to know
the reason for their anj.ygt murder. But
even those not part of the direct I I neof
succession were caught in the crossfire. Women were often the victims in
cases where a marriage failed to produce a male hefr, as the wives of Henry

22 english matters 1 35/2012

VIII would find out to their detriment.

The King, obsessed with the idea of
a male heir to lease his father's newly
won kingdom to, even went so far unto
break with the Catholic Church to get
the son he so desperately wished for.
Needless to say, when Wife Number
Two (Anne Boleyn) alsofauled to provide
him with a male child, he felt obliged to
get rid of her as well. Not because, as
some people seem to think nowadays,
he didn't love her any more. It was
only that the possession of a son was
by far the most important duty of any
monarch, and a Ki ng whose father had
fought so hard to win a bloody war over
the succession must have been ggghy
aware of the tragedies that would ensue if he failed to secure the balance
of power in the country.
But even as the kings and heirs battled
it out among themselves as to who
would accede to the throne when they
were dead and gene, the younger children of poorer townsfolk were forced
into employment in the absence of
an inheritance. Looking again at the
novels of Jane Austen, we see many
a second son forced to take up a career is the Church, Army or Navy: the
main career paths open to a high-born
young man of limited means.
On the whole, it seems that the most
interesting fact about primogeniture is
its universality. A law that affected all
social classes, otjyjjdjp.g they actually
possessed anything to pass on, a law
which actually worked well for both
rich and poor, in both urban and tJjjaj
society, seems lice a remarkable thing
indeed. The only factor that could have
the power to undermine the ancient
laws of inheritance was the simple but
inevitable passage of time. In our determined march into modernity, laws
like primogeniture are fast becoming
obsolete, supplanted by new rules and
societal conventions. But no previous
law, and no law over since, has managed to leave such a stamp...erc..our
world, such a ponderous legacy, such
a wealth of historical influence. ctoon'
(ogipto people's homes and changing
society from the inside out, as primogeniture. It has made and broken men,
and guided countries through the ages,
and though now I argely abandoned, its

guiding hand has managed to lead us

through many a troubled time, and delivered us b,n,ujaod, but intact, into the
U
arms of modernity.
approval - zatwierdzenie, aprabata
to be underway - bydwteku
tirsthand contact - pierwszy kontakt
to bump sth up - podbrc con, przyspieszyt
In p. termin(, psdwyzszyc (fly. p011,0(f)
the lineal succession kulejnodd
dziedoiczenia, sakces(i
in sb'stavoui - na ceyjys korzysc
doomed to - skacany na
to neck resolution - saukad rozwizania
pecuniary troubles klopotytinansswe
endowed in - wyposazony w
nowadays - obecnie
the entree and the aftermath prznbieg
i nastfpstwa (czegos)
the Glorious Revolution - Choalnbua Reaolucja
linne nazwy: Siawetna Reenlacja.
Rezkrwawa Rewoloclal
to be supplanted - zastaf wypartym
at the will wol
to play for - grad 0
to pay high price - zaplacid wysokA cony
to do away with sb zamordewac kogos,
usunec ksgos
unjust - niespiawiedl iwy, niesluszoy
to be caught in the crossfire analere sin na
lieu i agnia zosiac olapanym w krzytuwy ogled
male heir potomek mski
to sb's detriment - na czyjd szkodt
needless to say - ruecajasna, sin tnznba
dectawac
to get rid ofsb - pnabyaac sly raged
acutely aware of - w peini swiadsmy
to ensue - nastiypic nastyirnwac
(a wyaanzeniacli)
to accede to the throne - wstpic na tror
townsfolk - Iudnodd miejska
limited means - ugranice000 srodki
to affect - m cc apiyo na
providing - pod aarunkinm in
rural - wiejski, nolny
to undermine - oslabiad
inevitable passage oftime nieaniknisny
apiyo cranu
obsolete przestarzaly, archaiczny
to leave a stamp or the world - pozostawid p0
sabin Mad, odcisnyd pietno na dwincie
ponderous legacy - cause ctziedzictwn
wealth begactwo
to creep into sth - wpefooyd, ocisruydsit dokyds
bruised - pesiniaczony
intact - nivnaruszeny, nietknuyty

culture
Vs 7:50 urn. Classes are sheet to
start and there is a whole food of
teenagers making their way up to
the high school property located In
a tranquil suburban City IC America.
The young Freshmen are stuck walklog to school or getting a ride from
their parents or friends. The Seniors
have the privilege of d rivi ny their own
cars to school. The parking lot in front
of the high school campus base bow
fLog atmosphere in the morning. Students try to squeeze in a coupe more
minutes of gcyawp before the last bell
rings, while others impatiently search
For a parking spot. As extrovert ciiciae
of friends rolls up in a Cadillac Escalade on 30" inch silver rims blasting
a Young Gunz rap song They have
a nonchalant attitude towards beginning the day so early, especially for
history class. Other, braver students
try to ditch school through previously
massed out escape rouf., but it Is
an unsuccessful attemotwith security
guards on the watch And so another
day of high school drama begun:
not drama class, but the daily issues
that young American teenagers face
on a daily-basis. Being a teenager in
America revolves around surviving
these high school days, graduating
and getting Into a b.it college. In
their free time, teens find numerous
activ ties to keep themselves busy.
Teenagers search for an identty
teenager - nastelatok
fined - mica pewddz
Freshmen studenci pierwsoego ruSs
bustling - tttnigcyPyciem, ozysiony
to squeeze in - wcisksb, wcisnqc
gossip - pletka, pletkewanie
extrovert - ekstrawertyczny
clique grape paczka
rims -felgi
to blast - to: dudsic, gromieb
to ditch sth pnrzacic, opuses cud
to map sth out sporzafdzic plan/ map czegns
escape route drnga ucieczki, drega ewakuacyina
unsuccessful attempt - preba zaknhczena
niepoeedzeniom
one daily basis - codziennie
to revolve around obracud sig wokdf,
kuncentrowab siq
decent- przyzwoity
tnsenrchfnran identity - szukaclozsumosci

engliuh rniaffera 1 35/2012

I culture
and once they find it, they believe they
can conquer the world!

HIGH SCHOOL 101:

Freshmen effect?
Soph-ties? Senioritis?
In every high school across America,
four different name categories exist
for each particular grade of students:
Freshman, Sophomore, junior, Senior.

Freshmen
After junior high, or the eighth grade,
students enjoy their last carefree summer before becoming a Freshman in
high school. Students in this grade
tancLt,ci be shy and scared about starting high school. Everything seems
new and exciting to these fourteen- or
fifteen-year-olds. They have to make
new friends, find their classes, and
bring home good grades to their parents. Freshmen undergo what is called
the Freshman effect: initial disorientation. The unlucky Freshmen get picked
on by the Seniors, but not for long.
because revenge is common in high
school and ma couple cf years they will
also get their vengeance on the newer
students. Once Freshmen survive the
ninth grade, they are no longer is the
shadows of the older students.
Sophomores
Another summer passes and now
these students are Sophomores or
Soph-ties) in the tenth grade. The sci-

ence and math classes become more

difficult. but Sophomores have learned
to slack off a little and woo their teachers into allowing them to turnJn their
homework late. Sophomores are cooler than the Freshmen because they
can begin to learn how to drive. Students take night classes besides their
regular classes in order to prepare For
the DM5 (Department of Motor Vehicles) examination. They then set out
on the real roads with a driver and
continue training for the test. If they
complete the written and driving test
correctly, they are awarded their first
bggjgg of freedom: a ddser'lisg!
Halfway through the year Sophomores
can oocisuioc parking passes at their
high school and drive their own cars to
school, provided, of course, they can
afford one. Most teenagers in America
are gifted a new vehicle for their 16

ts conquer the wend - podbirh, pod bijaddwiat

sophomore - student drugiege reku/ucoef
lrugiej kiasy
carefree - bnotroski
to tend to - mien tendencjt/sklannafd do
to pick on 5k - cuepiasi Si0 kegok, ten'aryzswad
kogos
toslackeff - wyiuzowaf,ta:zwalnidtempo.
lend sin
towns - umiogiwadsi
to turn in - oddad, addawac
in order to - aby, zeby
to set out - wyraszyd
badge - odznaka
dryer's license - prawojardy
to apply for - sktadad podanie o,
wnioskowad 0

parking passes - przepustki parkingowe

provided - pod warurkiem, so
to afford sth - mdc sobie na cob pnzwelid, mind
na cog drodki
permission - reowolenin
to attend work - Sd, ebodzid do pracy
to procrastinate - form. ewlekab
strong-willed - ometywewany
to catch up - nadganiad. dogariad
to get away with sth - ujddna socho,
nie eastad ukararym ox cod
eventually - ostatecorie
complaints - skargi
to anticipate - oczelniwad
to drone nut - to- ignorowad, n le slyszec
to show up late - pokazywad si, ejawiad si
pdiro

24 english matters 1 35/2012

birthday. The less fortunate ones have

to work hard in order to buy a used
car. These students have special permission from their school so that they
can leave classes earlier jp_gIfrn
monk. Sometimes they procrastinate
with their homework because they do
not finish their jobs until 10:00 pm,
yet they are strong-willed individuals
with a goal and they natcitusip easily.
The rest of the Sophomores feel that
they are old enough to party with the
Seniors. The parties they attend are
normally house parties where a lot of
alcohol is often key to having a good
time and later telling the whole school
about it. Their older friends even go to
the extremes of falsifying their drivers
licenses to claim that they are of legal age to buy and drink alcohol. Sophomores think they know everything
already and therefore, they can get
away with ass-thing. Right? Wrong!
Eventually, these kind of parties end
up with the police knocking on the
door because of noise complaints and
the whole party gets broken up. By the
time Sophomore year looser, most Students have only just begun to mature.
Juniors
The next grade up is the eleventh
grade. During this year. Juniors celebrate either their sixteenth or seventeenth birthdays. They have been in
high school for three years now and
they want out! Juniors antjgjpet,finally
becoming Seniors, They have learned
to drone Out the ringing of the bells,
so they show so late to class in their

culture
cliques, or pack of friends. However.
the intelligent Juniors take on the chalieiiigg of signing up for honors classes.
They take AP (Advanced Placement)
subjects that will guarantee them
a better chance of getting into a fouryear University, the most well-known
higher educational system in the USA.
These classes can be AP Spanish/
French/Chinese, Anatomy. Chemistry
or English. The rigor of these subjects
fjita.ns..uut the less motivated students
from the smarter ones. However, taking on a higher load of school work
does sot stop the Juniors from attending occasional weekend parties. Once
the year drawsto an end, Juniors wave
goodbye to the Seniors and wait for
their turn to become masters of their
high school.
Seniors
This same group of students who started out as shy Freshmen now have the
experience necessary to rule the campas. Seniors are eighteen, which means
they are legal adults. Although they still
cannot buy alcohol until the age of
twenty-one, Seniors can smoke. A lot of
teenagers in America try smoking, but
they do not end up tscnJbladdita
cigarettes. The majority of teenagers
actually encourage others to avoid this
bad habit. ScsicW_s tryjn.g.xijt bad habits, Seniors prepare themselves for college. Whether this may be a community
college or a University, these students
know that the past four years of learning have been dedicated to reaching
this crucial moment in their life. Ifuccef.oc. college applications are sent out
and thewaiting period begins. Students
who have managed to maintain a 4.0
grade point average mostly As and Bs)
have a greater chance of getting accepted into a University. They may even
win variousschoLnfujgs that will help
pay their way through college. Although
these dedicated students spend most
of their time studying. senior year is not
at all as stressful as it seems. Throughout Senior year, various clubs organize
social events and parties. In some high
schools. a lot of emphasisi laced on
cultural events. There are clubs that
represent different cultures. For example, the Asian-Pacific Islander Club or-

ganizesnecass dance shows and typical

food originating from that culture. Or.
the "La Raza" Hispanic Club hands out
invitations to different cultural events in
their city. High school government leaders also arrange prep rallies where all
grades (9-12) attend to cheer on their
football team for their uccuinjug game.
Cheerleaders host a dance, loud music
is played, and even teachers get in on
the fan by dancing. Senior year can be
aitaunting. especially if students have
their cars, friends and hobbies. They
have just begun experiencing the taste
of freedom. With the urrinsut of aenioritia
(a medical condition that results from
too much learning), these Seniors are
ready to graduate high school and soon
move out of their homes at the age of
eighteen or nineteen. Others will be
going to Universities to continue their
education. But, before all this. teenagers must go through a coming-of-age
experience, which is the most important social event that happens during
Senior year.
to take on the challenge - pndejmnwadwynwanie
to tilter out - ndfiltrnwad
to draw to on end - kndczyd si, dubiegad
kniieo
ternibly addicted to - strasmnie uzalefninnyed
to encourage sb to - eaolmpcid. zacbpcad
kogad du
besides - oprdcz
In try out - wypnbbowad
therefore - etego raeadu. dlategn
various scholarships - dine stypendia
to place the emphasis on nih - dodd ma cod
nocisk. pnzywipzynvad do cmegod szczegdlep
wagf
recess - fen e, wakacie, preerwa lwzoiociachl

PROM: Will you be

my prom date ?
In the life of an American teenager,
the Promenade, or Prom, is the most

j
anticipated social event that occurs
during the Senior year of high school.
Young women keep their eyes open
for the most handsome prom date
who will sweep them oft their feet by
inviting them to the prom. Young men,
in turn, look to invite the most popular and beautiful girls to the prom. The
Prom originated during the 1920s in
the United States. Its goal was to bring

together all students from different

racial or financial backgrounds. In
the past, if was )mpajugi.c for women
to go to a dance unaccompanied by
their husbands, so the prom allowed
unmarried women to attend a dance
with a partner who would accompany
tbem.Today, most students still opt fan
going with u partner but some choose
to go alone. Whichever way they

choose to go. the current idea of 110,

to originate from - pechoelaid r, wwodzid sip
to hard out invitatinns - wrpczadzaproszenio
upcoming - nadchodzcy
exhilarating - rodusny
onset - pucotek
prom date - partner/ partnerlro no
sradnidwce
the Promenade/the Prom - bal studeocki,
stadnidwka
anticipated - oceekiwany, oycoekiwany
to occur - tziad sip, wydarzyd sip
to sweep sb oft theirfeet - pewalid/raucid
kogod no kninra
improper - niewtadciwy, niestosowny
to opt for - npowiadod sip ma

english matters 1 35/2012

culture
night, American teenagers take oride
In their high school traditions!

Shopping

a prom is W...spIasIc.oi.it. A couple can

spend anything from $400-53,000,
depending on their style. For tugh
schooLe.cs a prom is not just a dance,
but a coming-of-age celebration,
therefore, elegance and class mean
everything. Brave men hire 5uj,ctjnc
stretch heron for around $1500 for
seven hours, which come equipped
with non-alcoholic drinks, TVs. stereo
systems, hardwood floors and room
for twenty people to start the pre-party. Several months before the prom,
women search for the most elegant
dress they can find. Dress prices
range from $1504500. Men go for
the cheaper option of renting a Sunode, which will cost them anywhere
from $70-$250. Tickets to the prom
are also bought bythe male dates and
they average $504125. Prom night
can be hosted at exclusive hotel dining rooms, on cruise ships or in school
gyms. Food, drinks, music and W$.fie
prizes are all included in the night.
There is no firm statistical evidence,
but it's common knowledge that every
year there are accidental oreenancies
that occur on Prom night and those

babies are eventually called "Prom

babies.' Despite this, the majority of
young ladies do not panic about this
happening to them and continue planning the most memorable night of
their lives. Upon arrival at the Prom,
whether in a classic limo or a beat-up
Chevy, all the guests are treated like
VIPs on the red carpet. Photographers
take their positions and make sure
each moment is captured on film. Ladies are escorted in with their dates
and evqsa.sie table decorations and
si.uc,.c.tste.nt dishes opuge the pair over
for the evening meal. After or during
the meal, some couples wander over
to the photographer who snaps shots
of couples posing against a fantastic
p.npmjhemed backdrop. Prom themes
can cover anything from the romantic
to the wild. Here's a short list of Prom
themes: A Night to Remember, A Kiss
is Just a Kiss, An Affair to Remember,
Casino Night, Egyptian Allure, Tahitian
Fantasy Cruise, and Tonight's Dream...
Tomorrow's Memory...
These themes truly invoke excitement,
wonder and the unexpected! Whichever way a couple decides to spend the

to splash out - lx: byk rozrzutrym, pokazac si

tinarsown)
high schnolors - licealihci
hummer stretch liens - liugielimuzyrry
stylizowane no hurnmery
tnrentatuxedo - ta:wypozyczac smoking
raffle - letera
accidental pregnancies - przypadkoweciqde
upon arrival at the Prom - pa przybyciu
ra studridwkt

exquisite - axytworny
succulent - SOczysly
teentice - kusid, pocisygad
to snap slats- pot. strzeladfetki
prom-themed backdrop - inspirewana
stadnidwkq dekaracja tematycana,
tio
to invoke excitement - wwolywad ekscytacfe/
podeiecenie
to take pride it 5th - byb z coegob dumeym

26 english maffers 35/2012

America is famous for its shopping

malls and most American teenagers
have hobbyof hangingout at the mall
after-school. They travel in packs to
end upa.mlessl rosmingaround in the
mall. They meet up with other friends,
gossip and eat dinner together. The
mall has long been a gathering space
for teens. Although some mall officials
or angry parents might consider this
iQiter.in teenagers just believe this is
another social space where they can
gather and not be disturbed. This form
of socializing proves that teenagers
are not sitting at home in front of the
computer or constantly typing away on
Facebook. They are entering a world of
commerce, where future ideas can be
formed. Malls have a variety of stores
that teens can visit: electronics, fashion, shoes, science discovery stores or
bookstores. Getting to a mall requires
that teenagers have a car. This is easily
arranged with x friend who has a driver's license. American teenagers experience full freedom driving, whether to
mall or to another hang..osLspnt.

Extracurricular Activities
When most teenagers finish school,
they do not want to jump directly into
doing their homework. Therefore, they
ind.uijg.jci various after-school sports
or private hobbies. These activities
tatgaJnorn playing football, volleyball,
cheerleading and even street racing.
What a teen considers the most exhilarating hobby depends on individual
taste. American football is a common
American sport and accidents can haphangingoutatthe mail - spdzanieczasu
w centmm handlowym
aimlessly - boocelowo
to roan around - wqdroaad
loitering - podeircane zachowaeie
langoatspet - pot. miejscospotkab
extracurricular - pazalekcyjry
toindulgrirsth - pozwaladsnbieeaCog
to range from - tu: sled zakres ad... dx...:
rddnicowad siq ad... do...

culture
pen, but young men still love to play it!
Playing sports bcings them ciossL...t.Qgether with their friends, and there is
nothing more powerful for a teenager
than playingu game of ball and staying
out of trouble. Active teenagers who
play sports are less likely to fall victim
to drug-related activities. Additionally,
sports like these teach American teenagers self-discipline and team responsibility. Cheerleading has always been
an attractive sport as well. A football
game without its cheerleaders dancing
and shouting for their team wouldn't
be the same. Cheerleading practice
is a greet social way for girls to get together and be positively active. They
learn how to motivate others to win.
and cheerleading is a powerful tradition, involving honor and representing
the school spirit. The most dangerous hobby for teenagers is street raeing. Teenagers have had v craving for
street racing ever since the 1950s,
when racing legend. Cloyce Roller Hart
createdthefirstcommerciald rag otnIp
in America. Presently, teenagers who
share his racing passion doss sometimes illegally on country roads. They
have a passion towinor die' inarace.
In this way, teenagers like to prove
their bravery. Typically men are the
drivers of these races, but women also
take part by flagging the cars with their
go! signal. Teenage women stand in
between the two cars that are about
to race and with a wave of their hands
the drivers put the pedal to the metal
and screech away into the distance.
The first one to reach the end post
flashes their lights and wins. Each ran-

'v

'
- iIn.

The Jock
The stereotypical image of alone normally includes a young man who plays
football and who can date any girl he
likes. A jock likes to play sports and is
noted as not being very intellige nt. Jocks
are humorous, fun and outgoing. They
have their own personality and generallyliketo crack ioivaa. Some jocks may
have steady girlfriends, but a typical
jock likes tqevpione
his options.

The Geek
Glasses, acne, and mismatched cloth-

log. A geek's IQ is generally higher than

can be very helpful to pretty girls who

know theirwevkness), while otherscan
be just plain awkward.
The Rebel
Rock and Roll! Heavy Metal! Dirty rap
songs!This tee nksowsw hat they wunt
from life. They have their own identity
and they do not like to follow the crowd.
They question what is normal and have
their own laugh at current trends in
fashion or music. It does not matter to
them what the world thinks of them.
The rebel believes in no social system
and they don't particularly want to belong to any system either. Rebels can
be a lot of fun in high school because
they can motivate others (QaIaadop
for themselves (like the geeks) or they
can teach others about illegal activities. Although rebels sound dangerous,
thisatt'tud is what helps them survive

er owns a super custom-made car. The

the jock's. Geeks speed most of their

time indoors, in front of a computer
and playing video games. The outside
world does not interest them yet. They
may be more of an introvert than an
extrovert. Like jocks, geeks socialize
within their own pack of other geeks.
They feel safe within their inner circle

most popular models are the Mitsubi-

of friends. if they have any. Some geeks

home.

tobrirgsbclesertugetherwithsb - zblizyd

to crack jokes - opoeiadadkawaly,

tough times, whether at school or at

011,

shi EV08. Mitsubishi Spider Eclipse.

Honda S2000, Acura NSX, Toyota Supry, Mazda RXS, Porsche 911. Nissan

kegnddusiebie,oblidydsitdekegud

Skyline CT orSLK Mercedes. American

tsfallvictim tenth - paCe, padac ofiar4

teens spend their time prepping for

czegof

dawcipkowad
to explore - badak,edkrywad
geek - maniak

the races in special warehouses or in

to have a craving for - pragnd, ebbed

acne - tredaik

their own garages. Whichever extra cur-

drag strip - krdtki udcinek wykcigawy

mismatched ciathing - tie passjyce do siebie

ricular activity teens are_fond of, each

one builds character

Cliques
In every school in America, teenagers
belong to a ti.gfl.tujiflj.t group of friends.

(wn lei egalnychwyscigacirsaeachadowych)

ubranie

to screech away - adjechac z pishiem opon

inner circle - wewnytrzny hrg

warehouses - sagazyny

awkward - ta: niewygodny

to be fond olsth - byd du czegod

to stand up for sb/sth - staisqd w obrenie

przyeizanym

knged/czegad

tightuhitjt- ta:wqski, ciasny

attitude - nastawienie, postawa

jock - pot aapalnnysportowiec

tough times - tradne, citukie envoy

english matters 1 35/2012

27

1 culture
Thp
'She's Miss California, hottest thing
in West L.A.' The preps are the richest, most good-looking teenagers in
the whole school. Their family owns
a business or maybe even a couple of cars or boats. Female preps
dress to impress. Not a single jnrj.niy,le
or stain can ever be found on their
clothing. They dress in anything from
matching leather jackets and heels
to short skirts and flashy flip-flops.
Preps always start the latest trends.
Male preps like wearing khaki pants
and white elegant shirts. Their collars
are so stiff that you can almost smell
fresh atu[cfl. Preps are the most popular kids In school. Everybody likes to
hear rumors about them. They are like
the Hollywood stars of high school:
seuy, outgoing and rich.

The Loner
This type of teenager holds lower so-

ciaLslaf.i.i,s than the geek. Most teachers and students worry about loners
because they could be the nest high
school shooter or bomber. The loner
wears dark clothing and sits alone in
the cafeteria, in class and during P.E.

28 englioh matters 1 35/2012

(physical education). Other teenagers

find their behavior quite difficult to
del .wi1b. which is why the loner has
very few friends.
All teenagers have a hard time being accepted by the rest of society.
Even the toughest kind of teenagers feel insecure about themselves,
even though they are too proud to
admit it. For teenagers in America,
peerpreuuure can be very powerful.
A lot of mistakes are made because
of a desire to be accepted, even if
that means disrespecting parents or
teachers. There has been a recent
trend of pretending to be unintelligent. Teenagers believe it is trendy
to not complete their homework or
.Q..d.ut..Qb classes. Although not all
teenagers have this mentality, the
majority of teens give in to peer
pressure and the negative influences of older peers. Being a teenager in America can be challenging,
especially where race and economic
status still matter. America is a nation of diverse individuals, yet there
still exist social and economical ls
QSLLSS towards different groups
of society. Teens are aware of this,

and those treated with disrespect

are at risk of st.u,tjurtdt,frms.elv.es
off from society. American teenagers have a difficult role to play during their youthful yeas. They want
to see themselves as future leaders
of their nation while still wanting to
enjoy a carefree youth that includes
partying and the like. Teens know
that getting Into a good college is important, which is why they set their
minds to being successful from an
early age. A well-rounded American
teen spends time attending classes,
playing sports and socializing with
the rest of their community. The four
years a teen spends in high school
are the ones they will remember
most out of their teenage years. The
high school years are the defining
moment in a teen's life. If teenagers
are strong enough not to succumb to
peer pressure or to nay attention to
cliques, they are likely to succeed,
starting from a very early age. America places great emphasis on the
ability of young teenagers to become
important leaders one day, and teenagers are an important investment
for the whole of society.

rEIuIt:

BRJ-WING -1
. 9UIDBR1f'
by Maria Dasiewicz

There's no denying that beer is one

of the most frequently consumed
and widely adored drinks in the
world (beaten only by water and
tea). It seems that no other alcoholic

imL

beverage enjoys such humongous

I opularity: there are beer contests.,

an online beer institute, museums,
ooks on beer and its history, on ho
brew beer at home - we can even
olk about beer culture.

Elk

iff

leisure
he sheer mind boggling scope of
the subject makes it frankly rn
l possible to give all the informa
tion on beer and fit it into one article,
that's why I decided Instead on a general oversew of the topic, the basic
facts about beer. If you want to learn
more, thee refer to any of the numerous available publications about beer,
its history and brewing.

What's inside beer?

With about 1000 bottles filled every
minute, with different brands filling up
shelves in stores, beer has become an
easily accessible commodity. But what
exactly is beer? What gives this drink
such varying shades of gold, ochre
and brown, sometimes almost black?
What gives beer its fasour and aroma,
and how come there are so many different types?
First of all, you have to understand
that beer is an alcoholic drink obtained through various complex
mind-boggling - zudziwiajcy

easily accessible - latwo dostpny

commodity - towar
strict sup moisisn - hernia kuntrola, dcisly
with the aid of - psrneo
breweries - brawary
malt- slfd
raps - chmiel
yeast - drndfe
bailey - jcrmien
wheat - pazenica
rye - byte
grains - ziarea
hence stqd
indispensable - nlozbQdsy
germination - wscliedzevie, kielkowanie
to he soaked In water - bye mocoonym
W wocizie
drained - sssznny
sprouting - kieltvwasie
gradual raisingnt the terrrperatare - stspniowe
podnsszenietemperatnry
removal - usunioie
recipe pruepis
directives - wytyczne
mashing miaidbanie tlnczenie no papli
crushed - pokruszony
dried out - wysas.moy
to be of the utmost importance - bps
nojwazniejszym

30 erialish matters 1 35/2012

chemical reactions conducted under strict supervision and in particular conditions with the aid of special
equipment. The process of making
beer is commonly known as 'brewing,'
and the places where beer is made
are called 'breweries.'
In order to make beer we need four
main ingredients: mutt, water, Agps
and yeast. These four are combined
in varyi ng amounts in the four stages
of the brewing process. Depending
on the desired final product's colour,
clarity, aroma and flavour, you odd
more or lest of these ingredients,
some are added sooner or later at

various stages of the brewing process.

The basic Ingredient of beer is malt,
obtained from b.
urley In the past. instead of barley people used wheat, rye
or other grains, lirunouc the humorous
term for beer: 'liquid bread,' asIt's
made from grains and, to some people, is as inshisoensable as breed.
The first step in making malt is called
germination. Barley issoaked in water
for several days, then it is drained and
held at a temperature of 15-160 C for
about five days, until it starts yyuting.
During this time the enzymes responsible for the production of sugars are
released, and it's the right time for the
green moitto be dried out through
a
raising of the tern
perati,ire. This stage is the
first opportunity where
some variation in the
brewing
process
may be introduced.
Namely, you can
control the intensity
of colour and favour of malted barley through temperature: the higher
the temperature,
the more grainytoasty the flavour
and the darker colour of the ma It. After
the tiflOyaf of any
roots, the product is
culled malted barley and
is the main ingredient In
any beer
jge. Each brewery has its own specified directives with regard to the process of
maltingand only buys malted barley
that possesses the desired qualities.
The nest step is commonly known
as mashirrg: mixing the t,ytmcI and
dried out burley with hot water. Again,
the malt is of the utmost importance

gradual

here: it determines the colour and flavour of the beer, especially its sweetness. What's more, the malt determines the strength of the beer: the
rnoi-e melt you give, the stronger the
beer will be. Melted barley and water
are boiled together, then the sweet I ip
old is separated from the grains and
poured intO a large kettle. Again,it's
brought up to the boil and at this stage
you begin adding hops.
Hops look like light green cones. and
are actually the flowers of the hop
plant, a climbing sing belonging to
the family of Cannabaceae, a.ntotaos
fflrwaway from cannabis (marijuana), although hops do not possess
its psychoactive effects. Hops have
been added ass s.p(.c.o in beer recipes
since the 15' century, and are especially valued for their bitterness, which
t.c.nunute.r.s the sweet flavour of the malt
in beer.
to determine - okreklac, tadawatifrip. knztal'
smakl
to pour into - wiewac
cones - soysoki
climbing vine - pnacasiywinorosl
ustone'nth row a way fro m - rout
karnieniem od
spice - przyprawa
bitterness - gorzki smak
tocounter- to: riwnawazyc
properties - wluticiwotici
thus otego pow odu
to yield - preynietic. proyn as! c; dac,
dawad
fermenter tormentor
to be left to coal byc udstawienym do
schladzeniu
drained - odcedzany
solids - pnuostalodci, resztki
wart - broecoko
tanks - obiamiki
to turn stb into - zainieniac cos w
containers - pojeinniki
multiple samples - licone prfltiki
degree of cloudiness - stop ienometnienia
carrion dioxide dwuOtenek wggia
flaneurcompnunds - skluctrski arnmatu
Oo float orr - unssicsiuna
ageing - te:dnjrzewanie
to settle - osiadad
fro itytaste - ewocowysmak
at the bottom at- nadnie
to run smoothly - prmnbiegac bez zallucen

During the boiling process, hops are

added many times. The first addition

of hops ioses its properties and turns
bitter the longer itbolls. thus multiple
additions are needed, so that all the
natural flavours and aromas of the
hops are present in the beer along
with the bitterness. Again, adding
hops at various stages of brewing will
yield different results. For instance,
you may add hops during the boiling
process. or you can add hops into
already cold beer in the fr.gtIgr,
then the drink will have no bitterness
and will preserve the most flavours
and aromas from the hops. After boil
ing, the liquid is left to cool, then it is
.ain..o.d so that all the solids remain in
the kettle, and the wort, as the liquid
is now called, will be ready for the addition of yeast.
The nest stage of brewing involves
using huge metal tanks, tormenters.
where the liquid is mixed with yeast
that turns it into alcohol. As these
containers are not transparent you
have to take multicle sumoles of the
liquid to check its colour andjggg.
of cloudiness. Add Ingyeast in another
major stage in beer making. It combines or basically eats up the sugar
that came out of the malt, and turns it
into alcohol and carbon dioxide. Also.
it creates all the flavour comppooyi
necessary in beer. After the malt the
yeast is the nest ingredient that determines the taste of beer. There are
many types of yeast used in brewing,
but we can distinguish two basic species of yeast:
during
Ale yeast (top fermenting)
fermentation the yeast flouts on or
ant below the surface of the beer.
Ale yeast ferments at about 21 C.
and the process goes faster than
with lager yeast. It takes about
a week for ale to ferment, and then
another week of gg.ng. when the
yeast is allowed IQS.c.tte. This type
of yeast is responsible for a much
more fruity taste to a beer.
Lager yeast (bottom fermenting)
this type of yeast collects at the
bottom of the fermenter, and it re
quires much more time and a lower
temperature (10' C) for the fermentation to run smoothly and end 10

zyk
owy
A
ownin,
15j

dh

jedzpojezyk.pI
; -I: I bivro kursbwitinowyrh

leisure

So, it is the yeast that makes the difference between these two kinds of
beer.
Fermentation takes place in special
tanks which can hold over 9,1001
each. The yeast gradually settles
down at the bottom of the containers
and is systematically removed through
the cone-abased bottom of the ranks
so that it can be re usad in further beer
production. lrl fact the same yeast may
be used several times until its properties change.

During fermentation, the beer is carbonated, which means that the containers are sealed shut while the production of carbon dioxide remains in
t.iLarnsrs. This is the natural way beer
gets carbonated. After the process of
fermentation is finished, you need to
cool the beer to 0- C in order to get
the renrainin yeast to settle to the
bottom. With the solids at the bottom.
the beer is yosirnypeji and filtered and
is transferred to a 'bright beer tank,
where the levels of carbon dioxide are
checked and altered accordingly.
The process of brewing has been
honed to oerfection by commercial
breweries, and great care is taken by
each brewery to produce beer with its

to take up to two weeks - zabieraf do

tricky - to; odradliwy. trudrry

successfully. Usually the fermentation of lager takes up to two weeks,

followed by a period of two or more
weeks in which the beer is allowed

undesirable - niepaWdany

dwdclntygodeiczasu

detnimentaleltect - szksdliwyiwplyw

to mature - dojrzewad

longevity - dlugswieczrssd

to remove - usuwad
cone-shaped bottom - drew ksztaicie
stouka

shelf-life - lermin wafrotci, okres

przydutnndci do spokycia

to rouse - paaewnie uzyc

chloriresoluLion - roztwirchlorn

carbonated - karbenizowany, gazowany

to be exposed to - bye wystawiesym na

tube sealed shut byd szczelnie eamykanym

to rid stlnefsth - pozbyc sip czegodskpds,

in full swing - pelna par

pozbawid cow czegos

remaining - pnzostaly, pozostajdcy

the remains - pezostalasci, resztki

punrped - przepnepewywauy, tiocusny

solution - reztwir

tube honed Cu perfection - byd dopnacowanym

do perfekcji
to distinguish between - rtzrzriad
alfdzO
healing - rnzlewanie do butelek,
butelkowanie
kegging - rezlewanie do breach

32 english mu/tern 1 35/2012

to foam - pienkhsip
lobe purged of - byd oczysnczosym
bottling date - data bunelkewania
in a nutshell - e pigulce
draught - lo:lyb
suffice it to say - dote powindzied, or
to worship - CZdC

own particular flavour and aroma that

help you distinguish between, say,
Guinness and Heineken. Zywiec or
Tyskie.
The remaining steps of beer production are called bottling and eggjng.
While they are the last steps, these
stages are quite tnic4y. Any additional
undesirable yeasts or the presence
of oxygen have a detrimental effect
on the quality of beer and itsionguos
L1,o, or sheifkfe.' Empty bottles are
sprayed with chlorine solution and
then exposed to CO. several times
to rid the bottles of the remains of
the solution. Then they are tilled
with beer poured under pressure so
that it doesn't Lenin too much. Then
the bottles move to a bottle capping
machine, where caps are applied to
bottles after they've been ourged
Qt any possible air space at the top.
The lust stage is sticking labels onto
the bottles and printing the 'bottling
date' and the best before date' on
them.
Some people even brew their own
beer at borne. It's quite a popular activity, especially during the economic
crisis, enabling you to save money and
experience the pleasure of your very
own brew at the and.

History of beer in a nutshell

The origins of beer, the very first attempts at brewing, are lost and buried
in the distant past; a past so distant
that no one remembers when or how
or where people enjoyed their first
/.naugtg of this remarkable beverage. Suffice it to say, beer has been
present in the history of mankind
since at least 4,000 60 (this much
we know from written accounts), and
serve specialists even go further than
that, maintaining that it has been
around since 10.000 BC.
The oldest written sources mention the production of beer by the
Sumerians in ancient Mesopotamia
(4,000 BC), where people worshiped
the goddess Ninkasi through recitation of a special hymn which was
both a prayer and a recipe for beer.
Another source comes from the Syrian city of Ebla, the so-culled Ebla tab-

lets, and dates back

to 2,500 BC.
It proves that
several
different kinds of beer
were brewed in
this area, one of
which was named
after the city Ebla.
Beer reportedly made tsnp
pearance in Europe in 3.000 BC.
At first, brewed only on a small scale
in homes, beer was mainly propagated by the Celts and Germanic
tribes. Although sources are scarce,
we may safely assume that the beer
served at that time had little in cornnetji,.edth present day, popular, corn
meroially brewed beer. For one thing,
the beer of the Celts and Germanic
tribes didn't contain any hops, and for
another, other ingredients were added
when making it, such as honey, spices
(laurel and cinnamon), herbs, plants
or fruits. It seems that the first mention of beer made with hops in Europe
appears somewhere around the year
822AD and is concocted with a Carolingian Abbot In fact, by the 711, cen
tury, mediaeval monasteries became
like present-day breweries, making
and selling beer. And, finally, in the
151h centurytbe predominant practice
of adding hops to beer was propagated by William IV, Duke of Bavaria.
Hops were chosen because they reduced the sweetness of the malt and
because of their properties as a natural preservative.
Currently we can talk of brewing as
a global business with larger and
scarce zrikomy
to have

hole in comman with - mien main

wnpnInego a
mediaeval monasteries - smdniwwieczre
ilasetory
preservative - konserwant
the latter ten dregi (a wymienionych)
brewer - to: honcom piwnwarsle
to chug dawn - pot wciqgad
per capita - naglww
distinguished - wprazniony
alcohol content zawartoac aihohnlu
chiefly - gOwoie
expanded - posnereony
title subteln

Ss

leisure
via ler companies. Ac-

cording to the au lable

statistics, about 140
billion Itres of beer
are sod every year
around the world.
The leading brew
ng companies are
SABM Iler
and
Anheuser-Busch In
Boy, the latter being recognised as the world's largest
brewer.

vegetable mixtures. The possibilities

are endless! It seems that in the subtle art of beer brewing we are limited
only byour imagination.
pale ale

very common: pale malt

and top fermenting
yeast are used in
brewing: characterised
by its fru 1 ty taste (a ppl e,
pineapple, banana,
plum, pearl

stout
porter

dark beer: roasted malt

and slow-fermenting
yeast are used in
brewing: cinjy..stout
(Guinness, Murphy's
Irish Stout), Baltic porter
and Imperial stout are
possible variations

How much beer do we chug down?

As of 2007, there are ten countries
with the largest amount of beer consumption per capita:
the Czech Republic 1591
Germany - 1121
Austria 1081
Ireland 1061
Poland - 931
Finland 911
the Uk 881
Belgium 861
Australia 85
the USA - 83

Venous kinds of beer

Different types of beer can be cdiutlla
glosSed, deperdingon the type of yeast
and malt you use in brewing. There are
three major categories by which we describe beer: Its colour, strength and bitterness. The colour of beer varies greatis determined by the type of malt
ly
used In brewing. The strength of a beer
depends on the amount of sugars in the
wort and the type of yeast used in brew
ing. The alcohol content may vary from
111/o411K (quite low) to as much as 28%
(Ghost Deer made by Scottish brewery
OrewDog through fermentation). The
strongest beer ever made is a Belgian
ale, known as 'The End of Histo y' which
has 55/ alcohol content! Finally, bitterness is chieN obtained through the addition of hops.
The below list may be expanjj when
we add all the possible variations of
beer and so-called hybrids - beer
mixed with additional ingredients
such as herbs and flowers (usually
added instead of hops) or fruit and

0
mild ale

wheat
beer

Ir
lager

typically dark beer:

strong taste of malt;
usually has 3%-3.6%
whea is the main
ingredient, although
malted barley may be
added an well; mostly
top fermenting yeast Is
used in brewing
beer brewed with
bottom-fermenting
yeast in much cooler
temperatures: most
common Ispale
lager: P Isner Urquell,
Heineken; other main
styles of lager beer
include: Bock, Helles,
Dunkel, Ri sner, etc.

1country of origin:
Belgium: beer which
is naturally fermented,
uses different yeasts,
not cultivated but wild
yeast: may be more
ne.uc due to presence of
bacteria responsible for
acid production
roasted malt - paloeysod
dry stunt wytrawey porter
wheat - pszerica
sour - cierpki, kwadny
due to zpnwodu
acid production - prwduhcia kwasu

english matters 1 35/2012

33

I sport

Sports R

tucus
U

I.

kddm5pwCS3519
www.coiorfulmdia

by Michal Mazurkiewicz

"There is something about the arena that invites ritual. This is particularly true in the sporting
activities of small-scale nonindustrial society. However, even sport in the contemporary Western world presents social settings conducive to ritual performance." (Kendall Blanchard)

Ritual Definitions

aoxrdja and bring certain be efits and,

thanks to tie r rituals they will be suc

A predilection for ritual is one of the

moreover, are treated very serious y

cessful. Exa mples cover a whole array

main features of mankind. There is no

by the person or groups of people who

of players or coaches.

denyi ng the fact that every community

carry them out. These activities can

The majority of sports have ritua

has created r tuals. Rituals

have either a rel Igicus or ea.gdjai: char

acter. And we can also speak of rituals

common to them all . Religion is of

ten present in sport, so some rituals

in the contest of sport.

are based on using openly religious

different manifestations

in their

have sev

eral typ cal features: they include re

petitive, regular activ ties which have

ls
-

or magical behaviour, for example in

spontaneity), are intended to dim nish

Ritual in Different
Sports

social settings zasody spotecero

Communities are mainly driven by

mans casting spells on the rivals)

conductive to prowaelzycy do, nprzyjajcy

practical needs, tothe rituals they em

summoning good powers, fj.njin

p oy are intended to achieve desirab e

magic obiects like holy medal

a fixed order (there i s l ittle plate for

predilection fur sth

upodabunie do ceegos/

side noose

permeate the world of sport,

to diminish anxiety - zmniejsoac riopokoj

where they are hoped to guar

to carry sth out - aykonywac cog/ ndprawiac

antee a desired outcome. The

heroes of the stadiums,

secular - swiecki

even I f they are in excel

to be driven by byd motywowanym.

lent form, use them

eaptdeanym print cod

to employ

to permeate przenihac. przedustawacsig

They

podanyreeuao/wynik

a whole array of

caly seereg

to cress oneself

preedegnac sip

Then there are more random

lt
~.4

op players pat the goalkeeper'

riders shave before contests.

A characteristic base
ball ritual Is chew

i ng tobacco. The
practice, which is

MW

often presented as
an almost integral port

i
i

magicene pruodminty

of the game. was very popular

n the States when baseball was be

ng born, that is in the middle of the

nineteenth century, and enjoyed great

przypadkowy
-

s players avoid yellow; hock

lieve that

to handlo magi c objects - troymac/deierzyc

to bounce the ball

the bait before casting; ten

gye.cfp before a match; rodeo

to summon good powers przywolywuc dobre

del several times before

fre.tiynyw; engiens spit on

ni

players who all bounce the

be-

locust spells - reseat za kl tola

random

hab ts, like the basketbal

lbF

which could oth

erwise appear.

ions.

for fear of bad luck

to: stusawac

to be intended to - mine na celu

desired outcome

such as heath

features of mankind cocky rodeaja ludzkiego

Cameroon, there are prayers by sha

practical ends

or physical protection. Ftituas

np. rftuofy)

the form of a prayer, crossing one

self. spells (in exotic cultures, like

odhijad pilkp

popularity among baseball players.

free throws - rzutywolne

Chewing tobacco was believed no be

anglers

a powerful stimulant, more efficient

wpdkuree

t onal benefit in reducinu thirst and

no praynptp
to cast - tro'eareucicwtdkt
to pat - yohlepac

'

goalkeeper s pads naramiernihi bramfiartu

to reduce thirst - zmniejsoad pragnien

34 ertgliah matters 1 35/2012

than smoking. It a so had an addi

to spit on the bait spluwac, splonyc

le

71

Gary Neville used not to change the boots

in which he won matches.

sport
preventing the lies from..dry..ng, which
is a result of players spitting on their
gloves to soften them. This tradition
has lasted through the years though
nowadays it is known that it is no less
harmful to health than smoking cigarettes.

Examples of Ritual
Behaviour in Soccer
football is concerned, ritual
As far
practices are often a specific way of
putting the boots on or a special way
of wrapping the laces around one's
or.ks. For example, Englishman John
Terry believes he will have bad luck if
he does not do it three times. In ad
dition, he always sty on the same
seat on the team bus. listens to the
same CD and parks In the same spot
near his stadium. Gary Neville used
not to change the boots In which he
won matches. Another ritual activity
is puttingunderwear on inside out.
Some players like Pepe Reina always get undressed In the same...order. What's more, we must mention
players' Wuy,bety.ntto favourite numbers on their shirts.
Some players pay attention to a certain way of getting out of bed on the
day of the match. Others to a specific
way of entering the playing area - for
example steoninu onto the pitch with
the right leg. Some players, like David
Jones, do not talk to anyone before
Ri.cb..otf. Gary Lineker would not shoot
eLgrygi during mgr.arn. so as not to
"waste" goes. Stuart Pearce kept
a lucky mascot toy horse) on the substitutes' bench. There are many, many
other examples.
According to the journalist Robert
Philip, one of the footballers famous
for the greatest known collection of
pre-match ritual activities was Scottish goalkeeper Alan Rough, whose
list included 10 points and contained,
among others: not shaving on the
morning of a match, putting on (under
his goalkeeper's jersey) a shirt from
his junior days, taking an old tennis
ball wth him onto the pitch, always
using the number 13 peg in the dressng room, bouncing a ball against the
wall three times in the tunnel before

each match or blowing his nose as

often as poss be during a match (unfortunately, such a comp en system of
rituals did not save him from a rather
weak performance during the World
Cup in Argentina in 1978)
The phenomenon of refraining-from
sex often occurs in soccer and either
veseylysu the team manager banning
wives and girlfriends from the team
camp during a tournament, or is an individual choice by a player. This is how
German goalkeeper Toni Schumacher
behaved during important tournaments, to give just one example.

srinnklin the pitch or the subs bench

with holy water.
Sport creates a colourful. world, full
of passion, pressure, stress, fears,
hopes and eooectatons. In many
oases it is treated very seriously, both
by players and fans. For many it is so
serious they will grasp at anything to

improve the r chances. Sport may be

becoming more and more scientific
and technical. but at the same time
people will cji.rog..to their lucky charms.
b.uQbrstitions and rituals.
to prevent the lips from drying- chronic wargi
pined msyschnitciem

Peculiarities of
Soccer Coaches

to soften - zmikczad
asfarasstlo is examined - lesli chodzi/mowa
o moses, w udniesieniu do coegos

As far as coaches are concerned,

there are also many examples of peculiar behaviour. All the fans in Poland
remember the coach of the Polish national soccer team who achieved spectacular successes in the seventies,
the legendary Kazimiera Gorski, who
never shaved before matches GOroki
also believed in the miraculous powers of his wonderful umbrella, which
he used to take with him to matches.
More recently, Jerzy Engel uttr.bited
magical arouert.eu.J.Q his coat. Dur-

to wrap the I aces around one's sucks - owijad

ing qualification for the World Cup in

substitutes bench - lawka rezerwowjioh

sznu row adla wakdlskarpetek

to put underwear on inside Out - zalocyc
bieWnQ no lewy stion
to get undressed - nozbmeraf Sif
in the same order - a tej same) kolejnosci
attachment to - piaywiyzan iedo
to step onto the pitch with the right leg
- wchodoid na boisko a prawej nugi
kick-off roopoczc e meczu
to shoot atgoal - strzelidJkopnycw kierenhu
bramki
warm-up - rozgroewka

2002. the coach of the Polish national

peg - wiesoak

team put on his famous brown coat

to refrain from - powstrzymad, powstroymywac

before every match. Carlon Bilardo

the coach of the national team of

siod
to involve - angadowac, wlyczac

Argentina - during the World Cup in

peculiarities osobliwusci

1988 forbade his players to eat chick-

to attribute magical properties to st5

en as he thought It brought bad luck

- praypisywac nzerrus magiczne

Apart from that, he carried a statue of

the Virgin Mary to every match. One

interesting episode concerned the Ar-

to forbid - oakaoywac. zakooac

gentinian bus, which broke down on

direct correlation - bezpodrednia

their way to a match. A decision was

made to take taxis to be in time. The

Argentinian players won and a dLirg_Ql

c.Qrrejution was made between the
mode of transport and the victory.

to break down zepsuri sic

zalezeosc
to result in the resolution pnskutkoaaf
postanowieniem
to sprinkle sth with holy water- krapimt coo
wodsw mono

This resulted in the resolution to trav-

expectations - sczekiwunia

el by taxis to each match for the rest

to grasp at anything chwycmf si, ctiwytad sm

of the tournament. Sometimes you

can also spot the interesting habits of

couches like the Italian Giovanni Trappatoni. connected with relgion, like

wszystkiego
to cling to nb/sth - kurczowo trzyeuc sin
kegod/eoeges
superstitions przesdy
wowi

culture

The Fragility of Life

Jerzy Kosiski

by Katarzyna Szpotakowska

'I'm going to put myself to sleep now for a bit longer than usual'. After
having written those words, he wrapped a plastic bag around his head
and suffocated to death. Now, although his mouth is sealed forever, his
literary existence won't let Kosiski pass away peacefully.
Ldi
According to James Park Sloan,
who in 1996 published Kosiski's
biography, Jerzy Kosiski, or more
precisely Jdzef Lewinkopf, was born
in t.dd2 in 1933 as the only child of
Moses and Elzbieta. In 1939, his
father took the decision to change
the family's name to Rosihski, which
sounded more Polish, and move to
a different pant of the country. The
Kosidski family survived the war by
denying their Jewish identity and

fragility - kruehohi, delihatnsht

to wrap sth around sb's head - owind ens
wokdl cayjejb glawy
tosulfvcatvto death - udusiiisi
sealed - zamknity, zspleczttowany
to pass away - odejdc (w znaczeniu: umrzeO)
the only child - odyrak
to deoysb'sidentiny zaprzeezadcayjej
tstsaorobc
owing tosth dzitkiezeniuk
forged - sfalszowany
baptismoleerlilicate - aktehrztu
altar hop - mioistrast
Polish Academy of Sciences - Polska Akudemia
task
associate profesur - profesor nadzwyczajny
to be rewarded with sth - byb nagrsdzonym
party appointment - przynalebnodh do partii
carefree - beotroski
to deceive - osoubag
scholars - acoeni. baducee

36 english rntctttero 1 35/2012

owing tcr help received from local villagers in Dgbrowa Rzeczycka. Jerzy
had a forged baptismal certificate
and even served as an ajtg,Lfl,csg in
the church. After the war, Kosiski
studied at the University of hdd/ and
started to work for the Polish Academy.ofSciences as an associate professor. He also studied in the Soviet
Union. His father was rewarded with
soerty appointment, so it was possible for Kovidski to lead a ratter
carefree life after the war.

American Dream
However, Jerzy hated communism
and couldn't come to terms with living in a totalitarian country. In the
1950s, he emigrated to the United
States, where he worked, among
other things, as a chauffeur or photographer. To deceive the Communist
authorities, Kosihski invented four
scholars who were to sponsor some
research which could only be finished in the United States, Thanks to
that plot, he got permission to travel

culture
The Painted Bird

to America. Under the pseudonym Joseph Novak, he published

two anticommunist books: The
Future is Ours, Comrade and No
Third Path. Simultaneously, Jerzy
acquired a Ford scholarship and
graduated from Columbia University. He became a lecturer at
a number of prestigious American
universities. In 1962, Kosinsk
married a steel fjwij:auv, Mary Hayward Weir. On account of the fact
that his wife was extremely rich,
he had an opportunity to see the
world and stay in the residences of
his wife's family in London, Paris
or Pittsburgh. Mary Weir died of
concur in 1968. Kosihski married
again, to Itaterica von Fraunhofer,
who was a descendant of Bavarian aristocracy. However, he was
known for being spectacularly unfaithful to both his wives. On May
3, 1991, Jerzy Kosidski coaimited
leaving many, perhaps too
many, questions unanswered.

Mythomania
All the gaps in his biography and the
numerous stories he made up about
his own life are, even today, a source
of ttostiluty towards Kosioski from biographers and journalists. The truth
is that when it tomes to this particular author nothing can be said for
sure and everything may turn out to
be ether fact or fiction. The worst
allegation s against him were made
in 1982 in The Village Voice and
referred mainly to the book Being
There. This is the story of the seemingly retarded Chance the Gardener,
who manages to make a brilliant career in America. Chance's answers
to any question are extremely simple
to acquire a scholarship - streymac
styporidiurn
to graduate from akorczyclsekvin.
uaiwrrsytetl
heiress - spadkobierczyni

and straightforward and soon, although he does not understand what

he is being asked about, he is called
a visionary and becomes a media
icon. The authors of the report in the
Village tair cx compared Being There
to The Career of Nicodemus Dyzma
by Tadeusz Dofega Mostowicz and
accused KosinukLef plagiarism. As
usual with Kosibski, it is difficult to
say with certainty if the book is plagiarism or he was just inspired by
Dyzma. To make matters even more
comp icated, Kosifski's life to some
extent resembled the life of Dyzma.
That is why. Being There might have
been based, to a certain degree, on
the author's own experiences and his
attempts to actually be Ike Dyzma.
hostility wrsgsdc
allegations - askareenia
retarded - uposieduony
straightforward - bezyosredni, prosty,
lasoy

on account of - z awagi na

visionary - eizjoner

descendant potomek

to accusesbsfsth - askarnac kogasocog

to be unfaitlifsito sb - bydwobnckngos

to some extent - do pewoego stop nia

nirwieinym
to cont mitsuicide - popeinidsamnbastws

to a certain degree - do pewnego stop nia

banned oakazaiiy

Other allegations were made against

Kosifski's most important book: The
Painted B Ird. The book was published
in the United States In 1965 and was
banned in Poland. At the time of writing his bestseller, Kosinshi didn't
know the language well enough to
be able to write it in English without
the hap of assistant editors and
translators. The author concealed
that fact However, it caused a lot of
controversy later on. Another controversial issue was whether the book
was autobiographical or a fictional
story. As has been mentioned before,
Kosifski used to make up stories. At
dinner parties with his friends, he
used to tell them tales concerning
his horrible childhood duringthe war.
Among the listeners was Dorothy de
Sontiliana who then accepted The
i Painted Bird for publication. At the
time of publication, the book was
considered an autobiography. Time
passed and writers such as James
Park Sloan and Joanna Siedlecka
rexaniba that Kosnski hadn't actually been abandoned by his parents and
had not experienced cruelty during the
war, on the contrary, he received a lot of
help and support from the local villagers. In response, Kosinski said that he
had never claimed that the book was
based on real events.

All the fuss

The question that suggests itself now
is: what's all the fuss about? The
Painted Bird is just one book in an
ocean of books published in America
and around the world. Why is it then
brought up for discussion by so many
people? It seems that, allthe riticism
aside, The Painted Bird is a brilliant Illpto conceal - ukrye, zatoic
to cake up stories zmysiac, wymysiad,
tworcyc losturie
to reveal - uiawvic
tote boxed on real events - opierac sty no
prawdziwych wydarceniach
fuss - oamieseanin
to bring sth up for discussion - paddad cod pod
dyskusj
oil the criticism oxide - pomioqwszy krytykf

english mailers 1 35/2012

37

6 culture
literary work. It has been translated

into more than 30 languages. It is

an unforgettable story which makes

the reader ponder over humanity and

!I
dA
15

reach numerous conclusions about

I.

life. A lot can be said about the book

after having studied its first reviews.
Arthur Miller described The Painted

Bird with the following words: 'A powerful blow on the mind because it is
so carefully kept within the margins
of probability and fact.' The reviewer
for Harper's Magazine wrote: 'Eu-

traordirrary...literally staggering..-one
of the most powerful books I have
ever read.' The critic in Book Week
expressed his view on the novel by
saying: 'So awful,,,is this book that

I can scarcely "recommend" it to

anyone, and yet, because there is

EMENKUM

enlightenment to be gained from

its flame-dark pages, it deserves as
wide a readership as possible.' Finally, in the Miami Herald the reader
could find such a review: 'Of all the

4T~i

L"Ar7% ~_

remarkable fiction that emerged f rom

Timelessness

World War II, nothing stands higher

.w

than Jerzy Kosinaki's The Painted

Bird, A magnificent work of art, and

a celebration of the individual will. No
one who reads it will be unmoved by
it. The Painted Bird

enriches

So, maybe for those who

haven't read the book

yet, the right choice is

"
,

our lit-

erature and our liven.'

not to read it at all, but

then they won't be able

to judge for themselves.

Or perhaps it in enough

to ponder over sth/on sth - easturuwiac si,

rncntyflad cad czymf
to reach numerous conclusions - doidd do
civIc wniaskko
staggering - edumiewojycy, oscalaminjycy
enlightenment - odwiecenie
remarkable - niezwykty
to emerge from - wylaniad si
to be unmoved by sth
abojtnya

pozostad na cos

acclaim

uananie; aplauz, braoa

-

hyc

ocrekiwonym a eieciorpliwokciy
afforded - obrofeny, urafony
timelessness

ponadczasowodc

to judge for oneself - oceriaci/asdaad na

aBort rtkt/oamndzielnie
to approach - oblibaf si

Bird isbyrro means similar to Barefoot but with

Spurs by Staniafaw Grze-

siuk or A World Apart:

a Memoir of the Gulag
by Gustaw Herling-Grudzidski. It's
Due to all this acclaim, the story of more like Nineteen Eighty-Four by
a sin-year-old boy who was sent by his George Orwell. That's why the best
parents to spend the war in a village, approach to the book may actually
was awaited with anticipation in P0- be to treat it as a parable of human
land. Once again, The Pointed Bird be- fate, a warning that cruelty and viocame the subject of a lot controversy.
lence do not always teach humanity
For some, it sounded anti-Polish and a lesson but only cause more cruelthose who duringthe World War II had ty, violence and resignation. Or there

parable - parabola, praypowiedd

helped the IKosidaki family as well as is yet another way of interpreting

other Jewish children, whose names The Painted Bird,., your way. Reach
were used in the book, felt more than for the book then and check it Out

human fate

offender,

conviction

przehaeanie

by no moans- pod dadnym wzglydem

38

Painted Bird with the

conviction that we are

going to read an autobiography. The Painted

1989

tovnrich orbogacad
to be awaited with anticipation

not to approach The

I

ludaki Ins

eriglisl'r matters 1 35/2012

for yourself.

it, whilst Ossetian s ike to odd potato;

others simply smother it with more
Georgian [uttu is
ed throughcheese, Siie.piieyf a can be seen
out the former USSR;
---herding large firucho throughplentiful portions of
out Georgia, so it's
rich, meaty and of-.
little wonder that it's
ten spicy cuisine are
such a focal point of
aPUF1
served up. Stews, hethe country's cuisine,
bobs and various lamb dishThe perfect accompaniment
as all play their part, but nothing is
to cheese is wine and the majority
quite as Georgian as the ubiquitous of Georgia's ujyingurds lie little more
khachapuri, a type of cheesy bread than an hour away from Tbilisi in the
that differs from region to region.
Kakheti region. Kakheti is also famed
jgjjas break a raw egg over the top of for its monasteries, most notably

Say cheese

espite being the birthplace

of one of the 20' century's
worst tyrants, and home to Europe's highest mountain, Georgia still
remains under the radar for a lot of
people. When Stuart Gorell pu,titnutg
the song 'Georgia On My Mind,' he deiiiomtelely left it ambiguous so that the
lyrics could be interpreted to be about
a girl or the US state of Georgia. One
thing that he didn't hasrainmind at
the time was the country of Georgia.
Georgia's capital Tbilisi, oozes charm;
its tt uIiiIdd avenues, gyor,epig buildings and hilly surroundings are overlooked by an ancient
a. The city
is stretched along the banks of the
Mtkwuru River and decorates the valley with churches, squares, theatres
and monuments. A fair bit of climbing
is required to navigate Tbiliui's Ifllog streets and you'll undoubtedly end
up ravenous. Fortunately, there are
plenty of affordattie restaurants nerving up tigfiy national dishes ttsiueeJo
hunger at bay.

laud

p~>

Georgia - Cruzja
to give the low-down en sth - odawak reloclt,
udzielak ealwabniejszych intormacji a czyed
to pen - pisad. komponowak
deliberately - celowo
ambiguous - dwuznoc.nny
to have sth in mind - mied ook no mykli
to ooze - to: emaeowad
tree-lined - obsadoonydreewami
decrepit - roopadajqcy sty, a ruinie
fortress - forteca
winding streets - wijqcesif ulice
ravenous - wyglodnioty

to herd

affurdable - tu:oterowanys pnzystpnycb

flecks - stada

cenach, przystpny
hefty

ciPlmi, ebfity

to hoop hunger at bay - traymak glrid

fare

tu:wikt, potywienie

lauded through

chwalony prim

stews - gulasue
ubiquitous

wsrechobecny

egiadants - Adharowlu
raw - surowy
Ossetiarrs - Usetyjczycy. Osotyriczycy
to smother sth with

pokryd. pokrywad.

przykryk
shepherds - pasteeze
- wypasad

focal point
vineyards

gldwnypunkt

wineice

0 0
13
english matters

1 35/201 2

39

I travel
the 411 century Davit Gareja complex
which in surrounded by ancient villages, each with their own grape.
The best time to visit is in September
and October, when the grape ftanvga_t
takes place.

Super Supra
Georgians also enjoy their food, thus
the huge portions of food which are
served at a typical Supra. This is
one of the most (ajutti sin parts of
Georgian culture and is essentially
a get together with food and drink. It
is an important gathering and where
there are numerous integral roles to
be played. The toastmaster or 'tamada,' only toasts with wine or spirits,
and on occasion, will enlist the use of
surrounded by - otocuony przez
harvest - mica, obiary
intriguing - intrygujcy
gettagether - sputkanie
gathering - spotkanie, ojaud
toastmaster - mistra cerrmonii
to toast with sth - wznusid czymt toast
to enlist - wyliccyf, ayliczad
sidekick - pat. pomagier
to elaborate on sth - roawijad cot lnp. myth,
opisadwsaczngbfach
animated spectacles - naywi000 widowiska
designated - wyanaccury
to crave - puzdad
must - lvoninczuotri
embedded - osadrony
to derive from - pochodeid ad, wywodoif si
to crop up - oojawid si, nawarstwiri,
oagrcmadzid
b loo mingcultare- ta:ekresmzkwitu kulturaloego
nerves of steel - eerwy cc utah
hardful - garstko, tsr kilka
to ply - tsr kursowad
to brace oneself - preygotowad sig Ira wstrzs),
moral nie/fizyczuie sin nastawid na cafi
bumpy - wylooisty
penchant for sth - zamilswauin, upodebanie
dc cregot
cracked windscrecns - p050kauc praeduieszyby
to nip - pdzid
to swerve to avoid potholes - goaltownie
skrtcad, zeby unikndwybojdw
to veer off sheer drops - Iledwolunikaf
gwaltowaaych spadkdw/prrepatci, zakrcad
tub nod urwiskiem
perilous - nieberpincany

40 english matters 1 35/2012

sidekick 'aloverdi,' to eluborate on and with the additional wealth came

the toast, making for improvised and a blooming culture; inside some of the
animated spectacles. If another diner 300 monastery apartments, there are
wishes to toast, he must request per- several examples of remarkable franmission from the toastmaster. There is coes from the era.
also a designated drink pourer known
aua'merikipe'.

Nerves of steel

Crave a cave?
A mast on everyone's list of places to
visit is the spectacular cave monastery
of Vurdzia, embedded into a mountain
side. The name is said to have dpyjve,
from the Georgian phrase for I'm here
uncle', the words of Queen Tamar who
supposedly founded it in liSS. Queen
Tamar remains a popular figure today
that often crops..p in conversation.
During her reign, Georgia stretched
from the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea
to create a pan-Caucasian empire,

Only a bartui of railways ply the country, so visitors should be prepared

to take to the roads and brace themselves for a bumpy ride. Exploring
Georgia requires a penchant for Ladas
and serves of steel. Marshrutkas (mini
buses) with cracked windscreens nj_p
from place to place, swerving ,tqavoid
pothole and nearly veering off sheer
drops every so often. Perhaps it was the
perilous Georgian roads that gave the
country's most infamous son, losif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili, his adopted
name of Stalin" (deriving from steel),

travel

by horse or on foot; choose the wrong

man and you may end up in more than
a spot of bother! Blood revenge is
still exercised in these parts and family fuguLs are commonplace. The same
code of honour also dictates that travellers always have a place to stay when
arriving unexpectedly in a mountain
village, which is just as well, because
hotels are few and far between. Each
village has numerous makeshift homestays and hospitality is at its best in this
secluded region. Dinner guests remain
firmly anotiroceci to the table for much
of the night, only being released to pa
fu5g in boisterous, traditional dancing.
Those brave enough to venturejolo
Svaneti will be rewarded with untouched nature and endless hiking
paths, fla.untin splendid vistas of

himself a survivor of two serious horse

and curt accidents by the age of 12.
Today, his childhood home in Gori has
been transformed into a museum that
houses a whole range of interesting arincluding his personal train cartifa
riage. Although Stalls didn't spare hi
countrymen from deportation to the
Siberian gulags, many of his more du Mm doings have been glossed over,
including his organisation of a bank
robbery is Tbilisi, in 1909, to fund Bolshevik activities.

Friend or foe?
One hundred years on, beooiui:s is
still tile in small pockets of this varied
country. For the most part, the holdus are limited to the wild and somewhatJsetinss northern regions. Svaneti
and Tuvheti are particularly idyllic for

those who appreciate isolated, sparse

regions that are heavily steeped in
tradition. With few hotels and limited
road infrastructure, Seaneti is a destination for the truly adventurous. The
Svans are a tough Greed of mountain
people whose countryside is dotted
with enormous grey defensive stone
towers that can protect whole villages
when under attack. Scans speak their
own language, which separated from
Georgian over 4,000 years ago. Like
Georgian, it is part of the Kartvelian
language family, unrelated to Indo-European, Semitic or Turkic languages.
It resembles nothing familiar to most
foreigners and is bound to leave you
scratching your head.
Typically, trips are arranged from Mentia, the region's fast developing administration capital, where a guide with localbloodtie will accompany you

to house - mieboic, zawierad

artifacts - artnfakty
tn spa resbfrorn deportation - oszczdzii
kornuk depertacji
dubious - wytpliwy, pndejrzary
doings - pnczynneio
glossed over - zutrrszowuny
foe - wrdg
banditry- baadytyzm
rife - hi: czsty, rozpowszech n i o ny
hold-up - tsr napad a broniq w rku
lawless - tu:samowolry, anarchiczny
sparse - rzadki
steeped in - zanurzanrw, pelesc.uegof,
przepeiniunyozymi
for the truly adnenturous - dla pruwdowyoh
diniulkriw
breed - rasa
dotted with - apstrenny
is bound to Inane you scratching your head
- z calq pnwnodcia wprawi elf
a rdomienie
blood ties - wiqzy lrrwi
blood rnnengn - krwawaznmota
exercised - praktykowany
feuds - wadoie
fewxndfarbetween - harden rzadki
makeshift - prowizoryozny
secluded - edasobniony
anchored - zakntwicznny
to partake - uozestniozyd, brad udaial
boisterous - haladliwy, burzliwy
to venture into - fu;zaputcidsitw, zapuszczad
siw
to flaunt sth - obussid siq a cymi, ohlubid si
czymi

engliob matters 1 35/2012

41

I travel
years of civil war and a short outbreak
of war with Russia. It in in a aejetile reglen and it maybe wise t,oseize the moment and visit while possible. Besides
the bragging rights attached to climbing Europe's highest peak, there aren't
too many places left in Europe where
you can still find such undiscovered
treasure.
diminutiee -. to: drobny, esaleki
bninaiaiug - pelny, wypelniony pa bneegi
endangered species - gatunki zxfroznne
wyginiciem
lynx - rysie
poaching - lstusownictwo
rogue - bandycki, nielegalny, sped ciernnej
gwiazdf
to sport - to: nbnosic si
tnbelit - bydetwietlonym
to wild camp - biwoliowac na dako

a mountain rungs that makes the Alps

look diminutive. Georgia is bninomin
with flora and fauna and its mountains
are home to numerous endangered
species. Wolves, bears and lynx are all
present, as well as the more unique
Caucasian and Itagestani mountain
goats. Sadly, there has been an alarming increase in illegal p gchirag tourism, organised by rogue travel agents
in recent years.
At the other end of the country, Tusheti sports similar stone towers to
the Svanetians, designed tobolit as
a warning sign of incoming attacks
from neighbouring Chechens and Dugestanis. If anything, it is even more
remote than Svaneti; cornered by the
north west of Azerbaijan, it can take
days to hike between villages leaving
you to wild cams, much to the delight
of the local bear population!

Fast-evolving resorts
Relations with Russia are strained to
say the least, so the impressive Georgian Military Highway that chisels its
way through the mountainside is out
of bounds, but nearby Mount Kazbeg.
standing at a towering 5,047w. in very
much Georgia's jewel in the crown.
Its white peaks scan above inusti valleys and are truly oictsresoue. Legend
has it that Amarani,Georgia's answer
to Prometheus, was chained to the

42 english matters 135/2012

mountain for stealing fire from the

gods.
The nearby town of Kazbegi is
a trekker's po.ta . from where the
mountain can steadily be scaled in
less than three days and is well organised for hotel accommodation. Likewise, the popular ski resorts of Bakuriani and Gudauri are well set up for
receiving tourists, and with ski lines
only recently implemented, they are
actually better developed than some
of Europe's more well-known slope .
This just goes to show that there's
plenty to do in Georgia without basing
to go off the beaten path.
If you tire of physical activity and silht
soolnst then why not cool off by cii
yoiog your toes in the Black Sea? Unlike the busy port town of Poti, Batumi
is a relaying destination with a palm
tree lined promenade and a shoreline
that leads to a majestic botanical garden. The oiijclty sub-tropical climate of
Adjara's rainforests is a botanist's paradise and should not be overlooked.
Georgia is keen to push for Eli entry,
and consequently, money is being
pumped in the country's tourist industry. Flyingto Georgia may cost gtug
m ore tbun n visit to Austria orSpain. but
the initial outlay will soon be redeemed
once you start knocking bang glasses
of wine and soaking to the country's
culture. Since gaining independence in
1991, the country has endured three

fast-evolving - pr5enie ruzwijajcysi

resorts - kurerty

strained - to:napitp
to chisel - tu:5+obid
out of hounds - zakaoany, niodestpny
jewel in the crown - klejnntwhnranie
to soar - wzansid ni
lush - bujey
picturesque - rnxlewniczy
Georgia's answer fn Prometheus - gmzikski
odpnwiedrik Prnrnetnosza
chained to - proykutydo
gateway - ts:preejdcie
accornadation - zokwaternwanie
slopes - stoki
to go off the beaten path - ochndtid a utartej
dcietki
sightseeing - ewiedoanie
dipping - zanereenie
shoreline - linia brzegawa
sticky - lepki
overlooked - przeeczony, pomrnity
pumped into - wpompuwywanyw
to cost a tad more - pot knsztoead edrubint
wicej
outlay - wedatisi, kosety
redeemed - urrrorzeny, to:zrdwnnwabony,
zreknnpensewany
to knack back (a few) - wpchylid kielonka,
chlapad sebie (glbszege)
soaking up - rozkoseowanie sin
to endure - przetrwad
volatile - to:emieeny
to seize the moment - uchwycid chwil
braggingeights - proecliwalki, cod, caper aazoo
sin szczycic

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