yl:principles of business

YVONNE HARVEY
Contributor

ELLO, MY friends. Do you realise

that there are just a few weeks
remaining before the external
examination? You should be well into
the study mode and looking forward to
moving into the examination mode.
Closer to the actual examination I will
give you some study tips. For now, we
will continue to look at the exam-type
questions I have provided for you. We
are still with marketing. Consider the
question, guidelines and answers below:

Advertising and sales promotions are

two of the activities undertaken by the
marketing department of a business.
(a) Distinguish between advertising
and sales promotions. (4 marks)
(b)(i) Discuss three types of
advertising. (6 marks)

Exam-type questions
department of a business. (2 marks)
(ii) Describe each of the activities
listed in (c)(i) above. (4 marks)

(A) GUIDING YOUR THOUGHTS

Advertising and sales promotions are
two important marketing activities. They
are often confused and though there may
be some overlap, it is imperative that a
clear distinction is given between them.

ANSWER
Advertising is concerned with getting
information about a good or service to
the prospective consumers and is an
ongoing process. Sales promotions are
short-term buying incentives at
particular times of the year.

(ii) Discuss two examples of sales

promotions. (4 marks)

(B)(I) GUIDING YOUR THOUGHTS

(c)(i) List two activities, other than

advertising and sales promotions,
carried out by the marketing

The types of advertising differ

according to what it is that the advertiser
is seeking to do in order to increase the
demand for the good or service.

ANSWER
One type of advertising is informative
advertising. This seeks to bring facts
about the good or the service to the
prospective consumers. They are
informed about the price, quantities sold
in, materials or ingredients, where the
good or service can be bought, etc.
Competitive advertising is very
popular and this is when the advertisers
try to indicate to the prospective buyers
that their good or service is better than a
similar one on the market offered by
their competitors. They often choose
specific characteristics to compare.
Remember, advertising is used when
products are mature; been on the market
for a long time. Advertisers wish to
remind their customers and prospective
customers that the product is still very
good and is still on the market.

(B)(II) GUIDING YOUR THOUGHTS

Sales promotions are short-term
incentives to encourage consumers to

ANSWER
Other than advertising and sales
promotions, the marketing department
packages and distributes the products
to consumers.

buy a good or service during a specific

time with the hope that they will continue
to buy it even when the time period has
expired. Christmas and Easter are two
times of the year when sellers invest in
sales promotions.

This requires you to describe exactly

what is involved in the activity listed in
(c)(i) above.

ANSWER

ANSWER

Many sellers use the buy-one-getone-free sales promotion. Usually, the

free one is a smaller version of the one
that was bought, but the fact that it is
free encourages the purchase of the first
one to get the other free.
A discount is also a sales promotion.
This is a reduction in the price of the
good or service for a set period of time.
Since the consumers pay less, they are
encouraged to buy.

(C)(I) GUIDING YOUR THOUGHTS

Do you remember doing functional
areas of a business in profile 1? Good.
In looking at marketing as a functional
area, the varied activities of this area
come to the fore.

(C)(II) GUIDING YOUR

THOUGHTS

Packaging means to prepare an outer

cover or wrapper for the good in order
to protect it and to make it more
attractive, among other things.
Distribution looks at the different
ways in which the goods or services
can reach the prospective buyers.
Distribution can be by direct and
indirect methods.
Thats it for now. I hope I have
succeeded in stimulating some
thoughts on an area in the syllabus.
Keep revising your work. Bye for now.
Yvonne Harvey teaches at Glenmuir High
School.Send questions and comments to
kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

yl:office administration

Recruitment and orientation

HYACINTH TUGMAN
Contributor

JOB OFFER AND ACCEPTANCE

IF YOUR application and interview were good enough to make a
positive impression on the interviewers, you may be offered the job. In
some organisations, you may be asked to wait for a while outside the
interview room while a decision is made. You may then be told
whether you are to be offered the job. Otherwise, you should be told
how you will be informed of the decision by telephone or email. You
should also be told when you can expect to hear the result.
The offer letter should confirm the details discussed at the interview
which will, if you accept the offer, be included in a contract. Usually,
two copies of the letter are sent, one for you to sign and return to the
organisation if you wish to accept the offer, and another for you to keep.
The procedure may be less formal in a small company. You may
receive a telephone call or letter offering you the job with basic details.
In this case you will reply, either accepting or rejecting the offer.

STARTING TO WORK
When you start your new job, you are likely to be on probation. This
is a two-way trial for the employer to make sure that you can do the job
12

and fit in with the team and for you to find out whether you like the work
and the organisation. Probation is usually a three- to six-month period.

INDUCTION
Your offer letter will have informed you to whom you should report
and when. This is usually the human resource officer who will start
your induction. This is a process that goes on throughout your
probation period; it may include training and any other additional
skills you may need to do the job.
The officer will go over the conditions of service with you to ensure
that you are familiar with them, especially disciplinary procedures,
grievance procedures, lunch and any other matter that may be relevant
to the organisation. You will meet the manager/supervisor who will tell
you more about your job.

RESIGNING
You may wish to stay with one employer for many years, but the day
may come when you decide that you need broaden your experience or
need a change. The procedure for resignation is as follows.
- Inform your immediate supervisor.
- Write a letter stating that you are terminating your employment
(this should include the reason you are leaving).
YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | APRIL 23-29, 2013

HERE ARE SOME QUESTIONS FOR YOU TO PRACTISE.

1. The post office may not be seen as an active entity these days,
however, it still offers some services. List as many services offered by
the post office and give examples of when it may be used.
2. Give at least three reasons a telephone operator should get basic
information from a caller before transferring the call.
3. The telephone operator has been asked by Mrs Pauline Francis,
marketing manager, to place a person-to-person call to Mr Peter Wray
at the head office in Kingston. How should the telephone operator
proceed?
4. The human resource manager has asked you to make
arrangements for a departmental meeting to be held in the boardroom
the third Thursday of next month. What arrangements would you make
for such a meeting?
5. State four good qualities that would make a young man/woman
qualifide for the position of a receptionist.
6. Give at least three reasons it is important for organisations to
hold meetings.
This all for this week. Remember to work hard as your exams will
soon be here.
Hyacinth Tugman teaches at Glenmuir High School. Send questions and comments
to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

yl:english language

Old Story Time

The rungs of success are not meant to be rested on
but to support us until we are able to climb higher.
(Borrowed)
BERYL CLARKE
Contributor

E RETURN today to the consideration of some elements

of drama. Last week, we looked briefly at dialogue and
soliloquy. There is an element of device used in this
play through which members of the audience sometimes have
information that a character on the stage does not have. This
helps to pull in the members of the audience and to maintain
their interest, but it does more. (The interaction between the
actors on one hand and the audience on the other is strong in
this Trevor Rhone drama.) The character who
is unaware of certain things, like Miss Aggy for
instance, does and says things which, while
they move the action of the play forward, may
have negative repercussions.

2. That there are more than one actor on stage and at least one
of them is a man.
3. That either there is a power cut or the area has no electric
supply at all.
This last would be a way of informing us that the area is either
deep rural or underdeveloped or both. In such an area, therefore,
it is not surprising that the villagers would gather to listen to a
storyteller. This would be their source of entertainment.

I want you to consider the information supplied by the tips.

Just look at these. Why do we see Pa Ben dancing, see a
pregnant Pearl? What do we learn from directions that tell us of
Mama that She drags him up; As she pushes him to the ground
again and ... shoves him off home. Remember that stage
directions can tell about condition of clothing, their colour,
length and even fit. It can inform the director and actors how the
actors should walk and talk, when to laugh, when to cry, when to
look happy and when not to look happy. We also get
descriptions of characters, as well as information about offstage
incidents, like the one in which Len is flogged for
his presumption in writing a love letter to
Margaret.
It is said that the plot in drama should be
simple excluding numerous characters, twists
and turns and many subplots. If there is a
subplot, it should connect easily with the main
plot. You can trace the plot through the conflicts
which do not only reveal character but help the
forward movement of the play. Here we have
conflict between Miss Aggy and her son, Miss
Aggy and Pearl, Miss Aggy and Pa Ben, Miss
Aggy and Lois; Len and his schoolmates,
particularly George and Miss Aggy and George.

Do you know the name of this device? There

are different types: verbal, attitudinal, dramatic
and situational. Have you got it yet? When you
do, please identify the types that occur in this
work; then make a note of where they are and
their effect on characterisation and the themes.
Let us talk now about stage directions.
These, as you know, are tips given by the
playwright concerning how he or she wants the
play to be put on the stage. These guidelines
include the props, lighting, costumes, music,
sound effects and scenery. You have probably
been discussing the quantity of stage
directions that are in Old Story Time. Let us
briefly examine the first set. Imagine that you
are in the theatre. You would have entered
when the lights were on, everything was
visible, then the lights are turned off and in the
darkness you hear voices. Soon you see light
approaching; the source is a lantern held by a
man. What would you have learnt from the
directors implementation of the stage
directions?
1. That the action of the play begins at night.

Finally, I would like you to do the following.

Please choose one of the conflicts and trace its
development through to its resolution. Include in
your essay, for I want you to actually write, how
and why the conflict started, between whom, how
it affected those involved in it as well as others,
what it led to and finally the outcome. When you
are finished, share your work with someone else
and I hope that you will benefit from their
comments.

Pulse supermodel Jeneil Williams returned to her alma mater Vere Technical
High School recently to inspire current students to always go after their
dreams. Here she poses with two current students.

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | APRIL 23-29, 2013

Think about the quote at the top of the lesson.

My intention is that you will be inspired by it.
Reflect on it again and God bless!
Beryl Clarke is an independent contributor. Send questions
and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

13

yl:history

Popular protests in the 1930s

DEBBION HYMAN
Contributor

OBJECTIVES
AT THE end of the lesson you should be able to:
1. Assess the role of the outstanding male
and female protest leaders.
2. Describe the consequences of the
disturbances Moyne Commission, trade
unions and political parties.

ST KITTS
In January 1935, sugar workers in St Kitts
went on strike for higher wages. In response to
the employers refusal to increase wages,
workers on strike moved from one estate to
another attacking owners and managers. When
they returned to disband, they were suppressed
by the police who opened fire and killed several
rioters. Armed police and a British warship were
called in to maintain order. Out of this came the
St Kitts and Nevis Trade and Labour Union and
political parties, led by Robert Bradshaw,
emerged out of this union.

ST VINCENT
In St Vincent, the government raised custom
duties, which then led to higher prices for food
and clothing. The working class protested and
this resulted in disturbances. Again, the police
were armed and marines landed from a warship.
A state of emergency was declared and two
rioters were killed. Local leaders would later
establish St Vincents Workingmens
Association.

ST LUCIA
In 1935 workers in St Lucia, primarily those
who worked at the islands coaling station, went
on strike. They were agitating for better working
conditions. Even though the island experienced
no disturbances, the governor requested a
warship and marines were sent to the island to
assist the police in street patrols. The governor
would act in the same manner two years later
when sugar plantation workers went on strike.
In 1939, a St Lucia workers union was started
and in 1940 it became St Lucia Workers Cooperative the basis for the St Lucia Labour
Party.

TRINIDAD
In 1937, riots broke out in the oilfields in
Trinidad under the leadership of Uriah Butler.
The trouble started with a sit-down strike on the
14

property of Trinidad Teasehold Limited, which

was operated by South African capital and
where white officials were suspected of colour
prejudice. The strike at two oilfields led to two
police officers being killed. The strike spread
from the oilfields to the sugar estates then to
the towns of San Fernando and Port-of-Spain,
where business places were burnt. The Royal
Navy and the marines were called in after 14
persons had been killed and 59 wounded. The
workers demands were heard and Butler
became labour leader.

BARBADOS
In 1937, riots in Barbados centred around
Clement Payne (Trinidadian). He told the people
that they were being oppressed because of their
race and he urged them to organise themselves
into unions. Payne kept several meetings in
Bridgetown and at other parts of the island. The
authorities decided to put a stop to these
developments by deporting Payne on the
grounds that he had given false information to
immigration officers when he entered the island
(Barbados). Payne had declared that he was a
Barbadian but the authorities claimed he was
Trinidadian. The truth is that Payne had been
born in Trinidad of Barbadian parents. Grantley
Adams led the appeal against Paynes
deportation, but it still went ahead.
Consequently, riots broke out in Bridgetown
and on sugar estates, automobiles were pushed
into the sea, stores were ransacked and the
police volunteers killed 14 and wounded 47
rioters. Grantley Adams emerged as labour
leader and the Barbados Progressive League
was formed. The trade union law was also
passed.

JAMAICA
Labour unrest began in Jamaica in 1937
when a demonstration of unemployed workers
and ex-servicemen in Kingston was broken up
by the police, using batons. Then, in January
1938, violence erupted at the Frome sugar
factory which was owned by Tate and Lyle.
When strikers attacked the estates officials, the
police opened fire, killing four and wounding
nine. The disorder spread to the Kingston
waterfront where a general strike was called.
Mobs paraded the streets, attacking shops and
cars, and the police again resorted to using
force. In the end, eight persons were killed, 171
wounded and more than 700 were arrested. A

leading figure in the Jamaican riots was

Alexander Bustamante. Norman Manley then
rose to prominence during the disturbances
when Bustamante was arrested.
These waves of riots and strikes with death
and injury of so many attracted worldwide
attention.

CONSEQUENCES OF THE DISTURBANCES

The following can be regarded as the most
important consequences of the disturbances of
the 1930s.
a) Mass political parties were formed,
designed in conjunction with trade unions to
press for political, social and economic
advancement. Examples of these were the
Peoples National Party under Norman Manley
in Jamaica and the Barbados Progressive
League under Grantley Adams in Barbados.
b) The labour unrest led to the formation of
trade unions to enable concerted action among
workers to achieve higher wages and better
conditions of work. Tade unions were not
recognised in many territories before 1930.
This meant they did not have much power to
protect the interest and improve the working
conditions of workers. Within five years after
the riots, there were 58 registered trade unions
with a total membership of 65,000 workers in
the British Caribbean. Some of the many
benefits brought about by the formation of trade
unions included:

Sick leave

Pension schemes

Minimum wage law

Workmens compensation

Holidays with pay

Redundancy pay

Association (1936) 05 November 1937

8. Antigua Trades and Labour Union
March 2, 1940
c) The uprisings of the 1930s were a concern
of the colonial office in Britain. This led to
another Royal Commission (1938). The
commission, headed by Lord Moyne, was
responsible for investigating social and
economic conditions that occurred during the
1930s. Popularly called Moyne Commission, it
was also expected to make recommendations.
For a period of 15 months, from September
1938 to June 1939, the commission took formal
evidence, oral and written, made on-the-spot
investigations of conditions in housing,
agriculture, hospital, schools, prisons,
factories, lunatic and leper asylum, orphanages
and land settlement.
The commission found that:

Too much attention was being paid to how
things were done in Britain and not enough was
being paid to how things would be done in the
Caribbean.

The ordinary people, especially ordinary
black folks, lacked health, wealth and proper
elementary education.

There was too much of a gap between the
haves and the have nots.

RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE MOYNE

COMMISSION

The establishment of West Indian Welfare
fund, with a sum of 20,000,000, with an
objective to finance schemes for the general
improvement of education, health services,
housing, slum clearance, creation of labour
departments and provision of social-welfare
facilities.

EXAMPLE OF TRADE UNIONS

1. British Guiana Labour Union July 21, 1922
2. Trinidad Federated Workers Trade Union
August 27, 1935
3. Trinidad Oilfield Workers Trade Union
September 15, 1937
4. Jamaican Workers and Tradesmens Union
(1935) 29 June 1937
5. Bustamante Industrial Trade Union (BITU)
January 23, 1939
6. Barbados Workers Union October 4, 1941
7. British Guiana Manpower Citizens

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | APRIL 23-29, 2013

Gradual progress to self-government

through gradual participation of people in the
decision-making process.

Compulsory registration of trade unions
and government audit of their funds.

Further diversification of agriculture.
Debbion Hyman teaches at St Hughs High School. Send
questions and comments to
kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

yl:english language

Multiplechoice paper
NATASHA THOMAS-FRANCIS

7. As we listened to the dialogue, what went unoticed was the disappearance of the main
A
B
C
character. No error.
D
8. All valueable possessions should be deposited for safe keeping in the vault. No error.
A
B
C
D

SYNONYMS (ITEMS 9-15)

In each sentence, one word is underlined. Select the option which is nearest in meaning to the
underlined word.
9. The young recruit was reluctant to serve as relief operator during my illness.
A. unwilling
B. anxious
C. unprepared
D. afraid

Contributor

HIS WEEK I want to turn your attention to the multiple-choice paper (Paper 01). This paper is
normally sat on the same day as Paper 02 and is the part of the examination which tests skills
under the profile Understanding.

Below is an excerpt taken from the 2012 English A Examiners Report. It summarises the
candidates performance on this paper:
Candidates generally continue to perform well on items of word choice, grammar and mechanics
and on comprehension passages based on informative and persuasive discourse, and less well on
literary items. Items presenting difficulty were those requiring recognition and evaluation of
language devices such as irony and symbolism, as well as evaluating the use of connotative
language and the choice of style in relation to the authors intention.
I want to challenge you to respond to items related to grammar and word choice (spelling,
synonyms, antonyms and sentence completion). Pretend that you are under examination
conditions so you are not allowed to use a dictionary. I also want you to time yourself; give
yourself no more than 20 minutes to complete this task.
Follow the instructions and do not leave any blank responses. Remember that even if you guess,
you have a 25 per cent chance of being correct!

SPELLING (ITEMS 1-8)

In the following sentences, one of the underlined words may be misspelt. Choose from the three
options A, B, C, the word that is misspelt. If there is no spelling error, choose D.

10. The irate employee was sent to the personnel manager last week.
A. irresponsible B. untidy
C. angry
D. hardworking
11. The widow declined our offer to help financially.
A. refused
B. misunderstood C. questioned

D. considered

12. The enemys extensive supply of ammunition was the decisive factor in the battle.
A. definite
B. powerful
C. determining
D. persuasive
13. Situated in Jamaica is a major rum-making factory.
A. thriving
B. located
C. visited

D. producing

14. The new headmaster initiated a novel system of discipline in his school.
A. started
B. developed
C. improved
D. organised.
15. Joan nominated Hazel as the next chairperson of the committee.
A. accepted
B. confirmed
C. considered
D. proposed.

ANTONYMS (ITEMS 16 - 21)

Choose the word that is most nearly opposite in meaning to the underlined word.
16. The distinguished novelist always attempted to evade the press when he visited his native
country.
A. confront
B. criticize
C. contact
D. recognise

1. The coporal investigated the report of the burglary. No error

A
B
C
D

17. He gave a vague response to the queries about his whereabouts on the night of the crime.
A. relevant
B. specific
C. general
D. frank

2. She refused to make the appointment untill she received an apology. No error.
A
B
C
D

18. Soon after the announcement was made on the television, crowds of villagers dispersed.
A. mingled
B. assembled
C. conferred
D. rallied

3. We were so hungry that even the unappetising meal with its tasteless ingredients appeared
A
B
sumptous. No error
C
D

19. Suzans health slowly deteriorated after her diagnosis.

A. renewed
B. improved
C. increased

4. Metaphor and personnification are two literary devices frequently used by writers. No error.
A
B
C
D
5. John decided that in order to be an impartial judge, he would have to make occassional visits
A
B
to the site. No error
C D
6. He was a conscientious objector to military service and preferred to go to jail rather than
A
B
C
obey the government. No error.
D

D. altered

20. The principal chastised the students for their behaviour at the football match.
A. commended B. recognised
C. accepted
D. excused
21. He adopted a neutral position in the negotiation between the two parties.
A. biased
B. unique
C. flexible
D. decisive

SENTENCE COMPLETION (ITEMS 22-28)

Each sentence in this section has either one or two words missing. Choose from the four options
that follow the sentence, the word or pair of words which best completes the meaning of the
sentence.
22. The audience were asked to ____________ from smoking in the theatre.
A. refrain
B. abandon
C. leave
D. finish

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | APRIL 23-29, 2013

CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE

15

yl:biology

Patterns of inheritance
MONACIA WILLIAMS
Contributor

HIS WEEK, we will leave the baseline genetics

behind and begin to look at how man has used
this knowledge that we have been gaining over
the last weeks to change certain aspects of life as
we knew it. Some of these advances/changes have
ethical and environmental implications which we
will discuss later.

How are you this week? As each day passes, you

are getting nearer and nearer to the dreaded external
exam. I hope you realise that this is true irrespective
of whether you are in fourth form or fifth
form/grades 10 or 11. Sorry to inform you, but time
just flies at this stage of your life so use it wisely!

GENETIC ENGINEERING WHAT IS THIS?

This is changing the genetic trait of one organism
by removing a gene from it and inserting another.

yl: english
language

This has proven to be advantageous in the

treatment of diabetes. Do you remember what you
have learnt about diabetes? I hope so! If you dont,
this would be a good time to go back to your notes
and reread. This is how genetic engineering is used
to produce insulin that is used in the treatment of
diabetes:

The human gene that codes for the production
of insulin is identified.

Special enzymes are used to cut this gene
from the rest of the DNA. These enzymes are
called chemical scissors.

A circular piece of DNA called a plasmid is
removed from a bacterium.

The human insulin gene is introduced into the
plasmid. Again, this requires special enzymes.

The bacterium can now make insulin because
it has been given the gene.

Bacteria are used because they multiply very
quickly. Remember, this multiplication is by
mitosis so there is no variation. Each bacterium
produced is an exact copy of the one from which
it was produced.

genetic engineering

Because all of the bacteria will have the
insulin gene, lots of insulin can be produced.
Genetic engineering has made it much easier and
much cheaper to produce insulin on a large scale.
The bacteria are grown inside of huge industrial
fermenters that are called bioreactors. Prior to
genetic engineering, insulin had to be extracted
either from sheep or pigs.
Genes have also been introduced into animals
that are bred and reared to produce the protein that
is made by genes. One type of animal that has been
used is the sheep. These sheep will eventually
produce milk that contains the required protein that
has been formed due to the introduction of the
gene. These animals are known as transgenic
animals. Transgenic sheep have been used to
produce Factor 8 that is given to haemophiliacs
after it has been purified from the milk produced by
the sheep. Factor 8 aids in the clotting of the blood.
A protein which is used in the treatment of cystic
fibrosis is also being developed by scientists. The
milk produced by the transgenic sheep is termed
designer milk.
Genetic engineering has also been used in
farming to produce disease resistance in crop
plants as well as herbicide resistance. In these
instances, the bacterium that is most commonly
used is agrobacterium tumefaciens. The new plants
that are produced are called transgenic plants.

Genes from resistant plants have been
introduced into soya beans to increase their
resistance to herbicides. This means that the crop
can be safely sprayed to remove weeds without the
soya bean being affected.

Scientists are investigating the possibility of

introducing the gene responsible for fixing nitrogen

into wheat and rice. This gene is present in legumes
(peas and beans). This would greatly reduce the use
of fertilisers in the cultivation of these crops.

Genes controlling the production of vitamin A
have been taken from carrots and put into rice.

Resistance to insect pests has been
introduced to some plants by transferring the toxinproducing genes into them.
Foods that have been produced as a result of
genetic alteration are known as genetically modified
foods (GM foods). Needless to say, experimentation
with the genetic material of both plants and animals
has caused much concern. Many have stated the
benefits and even more have stated the concerns.
Some of these are listed below.

This could solve world hunger food

production could be increased if crops are created
to tolerate adverse conditions such as drought, frost
and salty soil.

Development of resistant plants can lead to
the use of less insecticide and of nitrogen fixing
plants to the use of less fertiliser. This would create
less environmental problems.

Increased consumer benefits foods last
longer without spoiling and often have improved
taste.

There are also more broad-based concerns

regarding the issue of genetic engineering. These
include:

SOCIAL/ECONOMIC
Who is going to benefit, poorer countries or
richer ones? The costs are very high, so it is more
likely that the ones providing the capital outlay are
the ones that will benefit. It means that returns on
investment, rather than reducing world hunger,
might be the factor that decides what will be done.

ECOLOGICAL
This was mentioned above, under concerns.
Genes from the GM plants could escape into the
environment. The effect of this cannot be predicted.

ETHICAL
Do we have the right to change the genes of
organisms, particularly humans? Where should the
line be drawn? Could it lead to the elimination of a
race of individuals?
The questions are many, the answers, at this
point in time, are few. However, this is a topic that
you, my young reader, should think about, because
it is going to develop in your lifetime and, whether
you like it or not, it will affect you!
See you next week!

CONCERNS

Environmental safety pollen from GM plants
may be transferred to non-GM plants.

24. Isnt it extraordinary that no two fingerprints are ____________?

A. exacting
B. identical
C. like
D. same
25. It was difficult to guess what her ___________ to the news would be.
A. impression
B. reaction
C. comment
D. opinion
26. The drivers attention was ____________ by a child running across the road.
A. deterred
B. disturbed
C. destroyed
D. distracted

16

Biodiversity this could lead to a reduction of

plant varieties and wild types, hence decreasing
variation.

BENEFITS

23. I was ___________ in my own mind that we had done the right thing.
A. direct
B. decisive
C. certain
D. correct

27. When the factory closed down, 400 workers were made __________.

Food safety the effects of consuming GM

foods are not known.

A. redundant

B. unworkable

Monacia Williams teaches biology at Glenmuir High School.

Send questions and comments to
kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

C. unemployable

D. obsolete

28. Please _______ me alone so that I can ________ it over.

A. allow.....Plan
B. leave........ think
C. permit.........puzzle
D. set .......see
You should now be in the final weeks of your exam preparation. You need to practise as
many questions as possible. Just focus and you will be successful.
Until next week, may God bless you!
Natasha Thomas-Francis teaches at Glenmuir High School. Send questions and comments to
kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | APRIL 23-29, 2013

yl:chemistry

Organic chemistry review

FRANCINE TAYLOR-CAMPBELL
Contributor

N THESE last series of lessons before your examination we

will review the chemistry of carbon compounds and their
effects on the environment.

IMPORTANT POINTS

Carbon forms a large number of compounds due to its
ability to bond with itself forming single, double and triple
bonds.

Each organic compound belong to a homologous series in
which the members have a general formula, show similar
chemical properties, contain the same functional group and
show a gradual change in physical properties along the series.

A hydrocarbon is a compound containing only hydrogen
and carbon.

Crude oil is a mixture of different hydrocarbons of different
sizes and molecular masses.

The main fractions found in crude oil are refinery gases,

petrol, kerosene, diesel, lubricating oil, fuel oil and bitumen.

contains liquid hydrocarbons with gaseous hydrocarbons

dissolved in the liquid.

Hydrocarbons burn in oxygen to produce carbon dioxide,

water and heat. They are excellent sources of energy commonly
called fossil fuels.

Substitution occurs when atoms in the molecule (alkane)

are replaced by other atoms: CH4 + Br2 == CH3Br + HBr

Alkanes are saturated compounds and contain single C-C

bonds. They undergo substitution reactions. They have the
general formula CnH2n+2

Alkenes are unsaturated compounds and contain double
C=C bonds. They undergo addition reactions. They have the
general formula CnH2n

Cracking is the process of breaking down large alkane
molecules into smaller alkane and alkene molecules.

Alkenes can be differentiated from alkanes as they rapidly
decolourise bromine water and acidified potassium
permanganate solution.

Addition occurs when atoms or radicles are added to the

molecule to form a single compound: C2H4 + Br2 == C2H4Br2

FURTHER ADDITION REACTIONS OF ALKENES

1. Hydrogenation addition of hydrogen; using a nickel or
platinum catalyst at 2000C to produce an alkane.
C2H4 + H2 = C2H6
2. Hydration is the addition of water. In the presence of
phosphoric acid on silica at 3000C and 60atm, alcohols are
formed.
C2H4 + H2O === C2H5OH (ethanol)
3. Addition of hydrogen halides (HCl, HBr, HI)
C2H4 + HCl = C2H5Cl (chloroethane)
o

The compounds in crude oil can be separated into

different substances called fractions by using fractional
distillation. Each fraction boils at a different temperature with the
most volatile (lower boiling point) having the smallest
hydrocarbons. The larger molecules have stronger forces of
attraction between them and, hence, boil at higher temperatures.

Isomerism describes the existence of compounds with the

same molecular formula but different structural formula.

Alkanes and alkenes are obtained from natural gas and
crude oil (petroleum) which are mixtures of hydrocarbons.
Natural gas contains CH4, C2H6, C3H8 & C4H10 and petroleum

4. When ethane is heated to 200 C under pressure with a

catalyst it polymerises to form a white solid, polythene or
polyethene.
nC2H4 = (C2H4)n
Francine Taylor-Campbell teaches at Jamaica College. Send questions and
comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com
RUDOLPH BROWN/
PHOTOGRAPHER

Anthony Lawrence (left),

global branch manager,
GraceKennedy Foods,
looks on as Noel
Greenland (right), senior
vice-president,
GraceKennedy Money
Services, makes a
presentation to athletes
representing various high
schools at GraceKennedys
head office, Harbour
Street, Kingston, yesterday.
The function, dubbed
From Champs to Penn,
served the dual purpose of
awarding top performers
at the GraceKennedy Boys
and Girls Championships
their prizes, as well as
unveiling Grace Foods and
Western Unions support
of the schools to
participate at Penn Relays.

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | APRIL 23-29, 2013

17

yl:social studies

Caribbean
multilateral
agreements
MAUREEN CAMPBELL
Contributor

OBJECTIVE:
OUTLINE THE objectives of the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean
States (OECS), Caribbean Community (CARICOM), and CARICOM
Single Market and Economy (CSME).

OBJECTIVES OF THE CARIBBEAN COMMUNITY

(CARICOM)
The Caribbean Community has the following objectives which
promote the following
1. Economic collaboration/cooperation through the Caribbean
common market. This should accomplish the following:
a. The full employment of labour and other factors of production.
b. The accelerated, harmonised and the unrelenting economic
development and union of the Caribbean region.
c. The expansion of trade and economic associations with third
states.
d. The enhanced levels of international competitiveness afforded by
cooperation.
e. An organisation geared for increased production and productivity.
f. Enhancing improved standards of living and work.
2. The coordination of foreign policy among independent member
states. This should result in:
a. The achievement of a greater measure of economic power and
effectiveness of member states in dealing with third states, groups
of states and any other entities.
b. Enhancing the coordination of member states foreign and
economic policies.

b. The accelerated promotion of greater understanding among its

peoples and the advancement of their social, cultural and
technological development.
c. There is in the region increased activities in areas such as health,
education, transportation and telecommunications.
The main aims, therefore, of the Caribbean Community include the
improved standards of living and work of individuals in all member
states; the full employment of labour and other factors of production;
accelerated, coordinated and sustained economic development;
expansion of trade and economic relations with the outside world;
enhanced levels of international competitiveness; organisation for
increased production and productivity; achievement of a greater
measure of economic power.

THE CARICOM SINGLE MARKET AND ECONOMY

Heads of Government in CARICOM now have the determination to
work together towards the establishing of a single market and
economy (CSME).

FREE MOVEMENT OF GOODS AND SERVICES

This will be made possible through the exclusion of all obstructions
to intra-regional movement and balancing standards to guarantee the
suitability of goods and services traded.

RIGHT OF ESTABLISHMENT
To allow the establishment of CARICOM-owned businesses in any
member state without restrictions.

FREE MOVEMENT OF CAPITAL

Through procedures such as removing foreign-exchange controls,
convertibility of currencies (or a common currency) and integrated
capital market, such as a regional stock exchange.

A COMMON TRADE POLICY

Conformity among the members on matters associated with internal
and international trade and a corresponding external trade policy
negotiated on a joint basis.

FREE MOVEMENT OF LABOUR

Through measures such as removing all barriers to intra-regional
movement of skills, labour and travel, harmonising social services
such as education, health, and others. Also providing for the transfer
of social security benefits and establishing common standards and
measures for certification and uniformity.

THE OBJECTIVES OF THE OECS

a. To promote economic integration/cooperation among its
members both regionally and internationally.
b. To secure their sovereignty, territorial integrity; promote
economic integration; support them in meeting their international
obligations and responsibilities. Enhancing unison and harmony, in so
doing helping to secure their sovereignty, territorial integrity and
confidence.
c. To establish, wherever possible, arrangements for joint overseas
representation and adopt common policies on international issues.

THE CARICOM SINGLE MARKET AND ECONOMY

a. Its aim is to benefit the people of the region by providing more
and better opportunities to produce and sell our goods and services
and to attract investment. This will be accomplished by the creation of
one large market among participating member states.

d. To promote development by the formation of a common market

among member states and to assist each other in maintaining their
political independence.

ACTIVITIES:

3. Enhance functional cooperation by establishing common services

and cooperation in matters such as health, education, culture,
communication, sports, meteorology and other industrial relations.
This should inevitably result in:
a. This will help member states as it provides more efficient
operation of common services and activities for the benefit of the
population.

This will be made possible through the following objectives:

The full use of labour from all regions in the Caribbean (full
employment).

The full utilisation of the factors of production (natural resources
and capital).

Competitive production leading to greater range and measure of
products and services to trade with other countries.

Through the above objectives to provide improve standards of
living and work, and maintain workable economic development.
This will involve the following key elements:

18

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | APRIL 23-29, 2013

1. Suggest three factors that CARICOM member states must

understand in order for Caribbean integration to work.
2. Suggest two problems members of CARIOCOM may have with
regard to the acceptance of the objectives of the CSME.
3. In what way are the objectives of the OECS and CARICOM
similar?
Maureen Campbell teahces at St Hughs High School. Send questions and
comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

yl:geography

Wave
processes

producing a chaotic swirling mass of water. They rear up to form towering waves before crashing
down on to the beach. There is little forward motion (swash) when a destructive wave breaks, but
there is a powerful backwash. This explains the removal of sediment and the destruction of the
beach.
The characteristics and effect of these different waves are set out in the following table taken
from the text, Geography for CSEC, by Jeanette Ottley et al.

MARJORIE HENRY
Contributor

REETINGS TO you all, my young readers! I hope the preparations for your external
examinations are going well and that you are spending quality time reviewing and
understanding concepts in keeping with the syllabus. I also hope that you have prepared for
yourself a study timetable and that there is some order in what you are doing. As the clich goes,
If you fail to plan, plan to fail. Remember to reduce distractions in your study space and remain
focus as you study. Some of you may have already started to write examinations. I trust that you
have done well in them. Your ability to do well in any examination is dependent on the extent to
which you have prepared for it. Do not depend on luck that certainly does not always work.

In the last lesson, I started to look at wave processes; these you are required to describe as
students of geography. At the outset, I stated that waves are one of the three movements
associated with seawater and that they are the most powerful agents of marine erosion. The
processes identified by which they carry out their work of erosion are corrasion, hydraulic action,
solution and attrition. I concluded the lesson with information on two of the processes of erosion:
corrasion (or abrasion) and hydraulic action. I will continue to share with you this week on
solution and attrition.

SOLUTION IS ALSO REFERRED TO AS CORROSION

Seawater contains dissolved chemicals, hence, its solvent action is more effective than that of
land water. Where rocks which are susceptible to solution, such as chalk and limestone, abut on
the coast, the chemical solvent action of seawater may have a pronounced effect. On limestone
coasts, the solvent action of seawater on calcium carbonate sets up chemical changes in the rocks
and disintegration takes place.

The rate at which marine erosion proceeds depends upon a variety of conditions or factors.
These will be highlighted in the next lesson. In the meanwhile, read on the topic from any source
available to you.

REFERENCES:
Certificate Physical and Human Geography Goh Cheng Leong
Geography for CSEC Jeanette Ottlet et al
Geography for CSEC Nelson Thornes
Morphology and Landscape Harry Robinson
Marjorie Henry is an independent contributor. Send questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

ATTRITION
The constantly moving waves that transport beach materials such as boulders, pebbles, shingle
and fine sand also hurl these fragments against one another until they are broken down by attrition
into very small pieces. The grinding and polishing of such fragmental materials against cliff faces
and against each other is largely responsible for fine sand which forms the beaches that are so
typical of the seaside resorts.
Having discussed the erosive action of waves, I must point out that there are different types of
waves and not all of them result in erosion. It is possible to identify two types of waves:
constructive and destructive. The text, Geography for CSEC by Nelson Thornes, tells us about
each of these types of waves.
Constructive waves are those that surge up the beach with a powerful swash. They carry large
amounts of sediment and construct the beach, making it more extensive. They are formed by
storms often hundreds of kilometres away. The waves are spaced well apart and are very powerful
when they reach the coast.
Destructive waves are so named because they destroy the beach. They are formed by local
storms close to the coast. Destructive waves are closely spaced and often interfere with each other,

RUDOLPH BROWN/PHOTOGRAPHER

Vere Technicals Shericka Jackson is presented with the Class One Champion
Girl Trophy by Anthony Lawrence, global branch manager, GraceKennedy Foods,
at the GraceKennedy/ISSA Champs awards ceremony, dubbed From Champs to
Penn, at GraceKennedys head office, Harbour Street, Kingston, recently.

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | APRIL 23-29, 2013

19

yl:information technology

Arrays
continued
NATALEE A. JOHNSON
Contributor

OOD DAY, students. This is lesson 31 and this week we will conclude looking at writing arrays using
the Pascal code.

TO OUTPUT ELEMENTS OF AN ARRAY

Remember, once you accept values from the user by means of a for loop, when you want to output the
values you use a for loop comprising the same array name, counter and size as shown below. See example
below of a program segment.
An example of a program segment for outputting three scores, based on the example given in the
previous lesson.

USING AN ARRAY TO ACCEPT AND OUTPUT STRING VALUES

Example
This program is designed to accept and output the names of four students in an array called names.

EXAMPLE 2
To find the total of a set of values in an array list

LINEAR SEARCH OF AN ARRAY

We have come to the end of this lesson. Remember that if you fail to prepare, you should prepare to fail.
Natalee A. Johnson teaches at Ardenne High School. Send questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

20

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | APRIL 23-29, 2013

yl:principles of accounts

Company
account

Debentures

Long-term loans

WORKED EXAMPLE
Question
The share capital of Campbell Ltd on December 31, 2012 was as follows:

No changes took place in the authorised or issued capital during the year.
The following information is available for the year ended December 31, 2012:

ROXANNE WRIGHT
Contributor

T IS well known that you are getting closer to your examination day. I hope you are doing your
best to remain focused and that you are sticking to your revision plan. To further assist you, this
weeks presentation will be on company account.

At the year end the directors recommended:

The transfer of $50,000 to general reserve.

The payment in full of the final preference shares dividend for the year.

The payment of a final dividend of 15% on the ordinary shares.

Some characteristics of a public limited company (plc) are:

The minimum number of members is two.

It offers shares for sale to the public.

There is no limit to the size of its membership.
Whenever a public limited company wants to increase its share capital, it may issue ordinary
shares and preference shares to the public.
Proposed dividends and transfers of general reserves are shown in the appropriation account of
a limited liability company.

You are required to prepare:

The profit & loss appropriation account for the year ended December 31, 2012.

A calculation of the return on the capital employed, that is, the net profit for 2012 in relation
to the total shareholders funds at the start of the year.

WORKINGS:

SOLUTION
(a)
Profit & loss appropriation account for the year ended December 31, 2012

A public limited liability company seeks to get assets. These assets can be financed by:

Shares - which can be ordinary or preference shares. These shares could be issued or
unissued. Issued shares could be called-up, paid or unpaid as well. There could also be
uncalled.

You cannot afford to miss next weeks presentation. See you then.
Roxanne Wright teaches at Immaculate Academy. Send questions and comments to
kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | APRIL 23-29, 2013

21

yl:mathematics

Matrix transformation
CLEMENT RADCLIFFE
Contributor

THE REVIEW of matrix transformation will be continued with the solution of last weeks homework.

HOMEWORK

Clement Radcliffe is an independent contirbutor. Send questions and comment to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

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YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | APRIL 23-29, 2013