yl:history

Popular protests in the 1930s

outstanding protest leaders
DEBBION HYMAN

ERIC WILLIAMS (1911-1981)

Contributor

In 1944, Eric Williams published his seminal

work, Capitalism & Slavery, became a faculty
member at Howard University and research
secretary of the Caribbean Commission. Williams
returned to Trinidad in 1948 as deputy chairman of
the Caribbean Research Council. He built up a large
following from his association with the Peoples
Educational Movement (PEM), a group through
which he gave his political speeches. He also gave
public lectures at Woodford Square in Port-ofSpain. In 1956, Cipriani formed the Peoples
National Movement. He would become chief
minister of the country in 1956 and led Trinidad and
Tobago to independence in August 1962.

OBJECTIVES
AT THE end of the lesson you should be able to:
1. Describe the role of outstanding male and
female protest leaders.

JAMAICA
ALEXANDER BUSTAMANTE (1884-1977)
Jamaicas modern trade union movement began
with William Alexander Clarke (later Alexander
Bustamante). Bustamante acted as an advocate in
the workers movement in the early 1930s. He
subsequently developed a relationship with St
William Grant, a labour advocate known for holding
regular banyan lectures under the great banyan
trees in Victoria Park. In 1937, Bustamante became
involved in the newly formed Jamaica Tradesmen
and Workers Union (JWTU), giving Busta an arena
to present himself as the representative of the
working class. The JWTU was formed by Coombs
on June 29, 1937. In 1938, he formed the
Bustamante Industrial Trade Union (BITU). He later
formed the Jamaica Labour Party in 1943 and
became prime minister of independent Jamaica in
1962.

GUYANA
CHEDDI JAGAN (1918-1997)

NORMAN WASHINGTON MANLEY (18931969)

Norman Manley was born in the district of
Roxborough, Manchester, on July 4, 1893. He was
a distinguished athlete and brilliant scholar. This
brilliance allowed him to receive the prestigious
Rhodes Scholarship in 1914 to study law. In 1937
Manley established a social development agency,
Jamaica Welfare Limited (JWL), the first of its kind
in the island. He became known as the labour
mediator especially after the arrest of Alexander
Bustamante and St William Grant in the labour riots
of 1938. In September 1938, he formed the Peoples
National Party (PNP).
Manley opposed Crown Colony government and
until 1949, pressed for a total end to the system in
Jamaica. He criticised the constitutional changes of
12

COLINHAMILTON/PHOTOGRAPHER

(From left) Kevan Taylor and Dominic Anderson, top 2012 CAPE students in geometric
and mechanical engineering drawing, Unit 2 at Meadowbrook High School.

1953, which ushered in ministerial government. The

1953 constitution left defence, justice and foreign
affairs in the hands of the Crown. In 1955, Manleys
PNP came to power and quickly changed to full
cabinet government. In 1959, Jamaica won full
internal self-government. Manley was a major
proponent of Federation. This, however, collapsed
in 1962. He called an election only a few months
after the referendum on Federation in 1962 and lost
to the JLP.

Cheddi Jagan was chief minister-premier of

colonial Guyana between 1957 and 1961 and
premier from 1961 to 1964. He became involved in
politics shortly after his return, gaining a seat in the
legislature as an independent candidate in 1947.
Jagan would soon after join the British Guiana
Labour Party. Upon the disintegration of that party,
he and others formed the Peoples Progressive Party
The party subsequently won the 1953 elections.
There were fears, especially by the opposition in the
early 1960s, that the PPP intended to turn colonial
Guyana into a communist state. Fearing such a
prospect, Britain landed troops in the territory. On
orders from Britain, the governor suspended the
constitution and set up an interim government of
nominated officials. The British action delayed the
coming of internal self- government and
independence to colonial Guyana for many years.
The country became independent in May 1966
under the leadership of Forbes Burnham and the
Peoples National Congress.

TRINIDAD & TOBAGO

ARTHUR CIPRIANI (1875-1945)
He was a member of the British West Indies
Regiment during the First World War. In 1925, he
was elected to the Legislative Council. Cipriani was
a leading member of the Trinidad Workingmans
Association, later renamed the Trinidad Labour
Party.

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | APRIL 30-MAY 6, 2013

SOURCE
Freedoms Won: Caribbean Emancipations,
Ethnicities and Nationhood - Hilary Beckles &
Verene Shepherd. (Chapter 18)
Debbion Hyman teaches at St Hughs High School. Send
questions and comments to
kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

yl:chemistry

Organic chemistry review

FRANCINE TAYLOR-CAMPBELL
Contributor

WE WILL be examining the environmental impacts of

burning fossil fuels in this lesson.

IMPORTANT POINTS

When hydrocarbons are burnt they are oxidised to form
carbon dioxide and water. This is called complete combustion.

In incomplete combustion, only a small amount of
oxygen is used, which may not be enough to convert all of the
hydrocarbon present into carbon dioxide. Instead, a toxic gas
called carbon monoxide is formed. In even more limited
oxygen, carbon (or black soot) can be formed.

Carbon monoxide is toxic since it binds to haemoglobin
in your body, preventing the blood from carrying oxygen. This
can cause death.

Particles from fuels help to pollute the air with unburnt
hydrocarbons called particulates. These can cause cancer.

yl:geography

Fossil fuels contain sulphur compounds. When these are

burnt, the sulphur is oxidised and becomes sulphur dioxide
gas.

Sulphur dioxide is an acidic oxide which dissolves in

rainwater to form a weak acid. The sulphur dioxide can also be
oxidised further to form sulphur trioxide, which combines with
water to form sulphuric acid.

The exhausts from car engines that burn fuels also
contain oxides of nitrogen. These can react with rainwater to
form nitric acid.

Acid rain can damage trees, increase the acidity of rivers
and lakes, causing death to aquatic organisms such as fish. It
can also damage buildings when it reacts with the metal or
limestone structures.

To reduce the effect of fossil fuels, alternative forms of
energy can be used which are cleaner and less damaging to
the environment.

Catalytic converters in car exhausts can convert nitrogen
oxides and carbon monoxides into less harmful gases, which
can reduce their effect on the environment.

Acidic gases produced from burning fuels can be
neutralised by reacting with limestone and water.

For example: CaCO3 + SO2 == CaSO3 + SO2

Wave
erosion
MARJORIE HENRY
Contributor

HE DISCUSSION on wave erosion continues in this

weeks lesson. In the last lesson, I had indicated that
two types of waves can be identified, constructive and
destructive. The destructive waves are the ones that are
engaged in erosion. I ended the lesson by stating that the
rate at which marine erosion proceeds depends on a variety
of conditions or factors. Some of these are tabulated below:
(i) The exposure of the coast to wave action and the
power of the waves.
(ii) The supply of beach material which the waves find
suitable as tools with which to work. While hard rocks
and boulder clay usually provide an abundance of

GREENHOUSE EFFECT AND GLOBAL WARMING

The Earth is kept warm by the atmosphere that behaves
as a greenhouse. The rays of the sun enter the Earth and help
to warm the atmosphere by gases such as carbon dioxide and
water vapour, which absorbs some of the heat. The production
of more carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases such as
methane are helping to make the Earth warmer, as they are
absorbing more of the suns radiation and thus preventing them
from going back into space.

The increase in greenhouse gases is causing the Earth to
become hotter. This is called global warming.

The effects of global warming are likely to be the melting
of ice caps, the rise in sea levels, climate changes around parts
of the world resulting in increased floodings or longer drought
periods.

Reducing the amount of carbon dioxide being released
into the atmosphere could reduce the greenhouse effect. This
can be done by burning less fossil fuels and also planting
more trees to use up the carbon dioxide produced. This will
help to restore the Earths natural balance.
Francine Taylor-Campbell teaches at Jamaica College. Send questions and
comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

pebbles, fine-grained rocks yield mostly fine fragments

which are less effective as erosive tools.
(iii) The nature of the coastal rocks in terms of hardness,
resistance and character. Hard, tough rocks, especially if
they are massive in character and have few joints and
bedding planes, are much more resistant to erosive
forces than soft, loosely compacted or fissured rocks.
The presence of such things as cracks, joints and
fissures help to accelerate erosion.
(iv) The rock structure massive rocks are usually more
resistant than bedded rocks.
(v) Human interference in coast protection.
In revising waves, take time to read and understand the
different parts of the waves:
 crest
 fetch
 wave length
 wave height
 trough
 swash
 backwash
Practise doing diagrams to show the different parts of
the waves. These must be properly labelled.

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | APRIL 30-MAY 6, 2013

Several coastal features are formed as a result of wave

erosion. All are associated with the formation of cliffs or the
modification of cliffs and the production of wave-cut
platforms. The list includes capes and bays, cliffs and
wave-cut platforms, cave, arch, stack and stump, geos and
gloups. Do careful revision of these. You must be able to
describe them, account for their formation, draw diagrams
of them and be able to label diagrams of them. Sometimes,
to test this objective the question may state With the aid
of a diagram, explain how - are/is formed. On
the other hand, you can be given a diagram of a feature and
instructed to label it.
Like the river, the other wave processes are
transportation and deposition. Material is moved by
suspension, by saltation and by rolling as similar to river
transportation. These material may have been eroded
directly from the coastline, but may also have come from
other locations such as inland mountains and been
transported and deposited along the shore by rivers and the
sea. Waves are one of the marine agents of transportation.

CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE

13

yl:biology

Patterns of inheritance
MONACIA WILLIAMS
Contributor

ELLO AGAIN students. How are you today? Charged and

revitalised to approach the work? I hope so! Today as we
complete our study on this topic, we will be looking at a model
question and how it would be best to approach answering this
question.

First, I am going to begin by offering you a few tips as to how you

may approach Paper 02 in the CSEC exams. This is the Structured and
Essay paper, the first three questions are structured and the last three
are essay type.

EXAMINATION TIPS

You need to remember that this paper may cover the entire
syllabus, so you must prepare yourself to answer questions from every
topic on the syllabus. Do not select topics to concentrate on, do a
thorough preparation of every topic!

The paper is a lengthy one, so you need to budget your time
carefully. I always suggest that my students use the following
approach to ensure that each question is done well:
- Read through all of the paper first. I know that you think
that you are wasting valuable time when you do this, but it
ensures that you will know ahead the scope of the
questions you will have to answer. Remember that all the
questions are compulsory.
- Begin the paper by answering the first essay question in
Section B.
- Switch to Section A and answer the first structured
question or any of the other question that you feel most
comfortable with.
- Go back to Section B and answer another essay question.
- Continue in this way until you have answered all the
questions.

yl:geography contd

Why do I recommend this approach? Section A (structured

questions) usually presents a greater level of difficulty to you the
student than Section B. It requires you to give concise, well-reasoned
answers and sometimes it is easier to do this when the initial

14

nervousness of writing an exam paper has passed. Additionally, it

gives you a better chance of answering all the questions adequately
since you will be doing both sections alternately. Sometimes, students
spend so much time on Section A that they have very little time left for
Section B, and this is to their disadvantage since they stand a greater
chance of scoring more marks on Section B than on Section A.

Look at the marks allocated for the question. This is an indication
of the number of points that you are to give for the answer.

Remember to read the question carefully before beginning your
answer. Bear in mind that the introductory section (stem) to the
question is also very important and must be read. It often contains
information that will help you to answer the question well.
Let us look now at a question on the topic that we have just
completed.
(a)(i) How is it possible for plants that have identical genetic makeup to show differences?
(ii) Suggest why it is sometimes necessary to breed plants with the
same genetic make-up.
(iii) Give one disadvantage of breeding an identical population of
organisms.
(5 marks)
(b) When breeding programmes are deliberately used to control the
characteristics of a population of organisms, the process is called
artificial selection. Explain how this process is different from natural
selection.
(4 marks)
(c)(i) Genetic engineering is a modern biological technology that
has been used to change the characteristics of certain organisms.
(ii) Suggest two concerns people might have about using genetic
engineering to alter characteristics of organisms.
(6 marks)

ANSWERS
(a) (i)
What is this question asking? What is it saying? What does having
identical genetic make-up mean? Does the term identical genetic
make-up ring a bell? Of course it does! It means that the organisms
have the same genotype! This means that in theory all the plants
should have the same phenotype or look the same, but this is not
always so, is it? Remember that the environment also has an effect on

Material is moved up and down the beach by the swash and backwash of the waves, but an
alongshore drift of beach material may take place if the waves approach the shore obliquely.
When this happens, the swash runs obliquely up the shore carrying material with it. The
backwash returns immediately and directly down slope but the next wave carries the beach
material a little further along the shore, hence a progressive movement is maintained. The
process of transportation is called long shore drift and is responsible for the development of
most coastal features of deposition.
If, along any coast, some obstruction interferes with the transporting power of the waves,
some deposition will occur. These obstructions may result from strong headwinds, rivers
entering the sea, conflicting currents or coastal projections. Marine deposition is normally a
slow, steady process, but over a prolonged period major depositional features may be built.
Although the process of deposition is, in general, a gradual one, actual deposition may be

the appearance of the organism; remember the phenotype is due to the

interaction of the environment on the organisms genotype, so this will
account for any differences that might appear. How do we use this
information to create an answer? Let us see:

POSSIBLE ANSWER TO (A)(I)

Plants with identical genetic make-up can show differences due to
the interaction of the plants genotype with the environment. This
interaction determines the plants phenotype or its appearance.
Environmental conditions are not always the same, physical
conditions e.g. light, water and minerals can vary even within the
same habitat. If the plants are in different habitats experiencing
different conditions then they can show differences.
(a)(ii)
This question is straightforward; you only need to remember your
notes.

POSSIBLE ANSWER TO (A)(I)

Breeding plants with the same genetic make-up allow the breeder to
pass on desirable characteristics from one generation to the next.
Examples of these characteristics include high yields, large fruits,
shorter growing periods, larger fruits.
(a)(iii)
Again, this part of the question is straightforward and hence can be
easily answered once you remember your notes.

POSSIBLE ANSWER TO (A) (III):

Undesirable characteristics have a greater chance of being passed
on to the next generation.

Two recessive genes have a greater chance of coming together
and hence increasing the chances of hereditary diseases being
passed on.
Next week we will complete the answers to the questions. See you
then!
Monacia Williams teaches biology at Glenmuir High. Send questions and
comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

irregular in its character due to the fact that the power of waves and currents constantly varies.
Topographic features that result from marine deposition are beaches, spits, offshore bars, sand
dunes and marshes. Review these and be able to describe them and account for their
formations. Practise doing diagrams of them as well.

REFERENCES:
Certificate Physical and Human Geography - Goh Cheng Leong
Geography for CSEC - Jeanette Ottlet et al
Geography for CSEC - Nelson Thornes
Morphology and Landscape - Harry Robinson

Marjorie Henry is an independent contributor. Send questions and comments to

kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | APRIL 30-MAY 6, 2013

yl:principles of business

Business finance

(II) GUIDING YOUR THOUGHTS

The functions of money look at what it can do. There are a
number of functions of money that the barter system did not
provide. Two will be presented in the model answer.

ANSWER
YVONNE HARVEY
Contributor

T IS indeed a pleasure to be with you all again. The months

are certainly passing very quickly, and before you know,
your examinations will be over. I am going to continue the
revision questions that I have been presenting for the last
weeks. I hope you have been doing them and that you are
benefitting from the discussions about them.

This weeks question is from the area of business finance.

The specific areas are money and banking. Perhaps you may
wish to revise these areas before attempting the question.
(a) Define the term money. (2 marks)
(b) Explain:
(i) Two characteristics of money. (4 marks)
(ii) Three functions of money. (6 marks)
(c) (i) Differentiate between a commercial bank and a central
bank. (4 marks)
(ii) Explain one function of a commercial bank and ONE
function of a central bank. (4 marks)
Total marks: 20

(A) GUIDING YOUR THOUGHTS

Many candidates think of only notes and coins in defining

money, but you must remember that notes and coins are only
one form of money. So then, the definition of money that is
required must be one that includes all forms of money.

Money can be used as a store of value. This means that

assets can be sold and the value of the assets will now be in a
different form that is in the form of money. In this form,
however, it is subject to decline in value through inflation.

ANSWER
Money is anything that can be used as a medium of
exchange for purchasing goods and services and can also be
used to settle debts.

Money can also perform the function of being a measure of

value. It allows prices to be assigned to goods and services
equal to their value. Therefore, the values of different goods
and services can be compared.

(B)(I) GUIDING YOUR THOUGHTS

Money is a standard of deferred payments. This means that

it facilitates the borrowing and lending process so that when
one lends, it can be paid back in the future in the form of
money.

The characteristics and the functions of money are often

confused. The characteristics of money refer to the features of
money, i.e. what money is or what it should be. Two of the
many characteristics will be given in the answer.

(C)(I) GUIDING YOUR THOUGHTS

ANSWER
Money should be generally acceptable, meaning that most
people within a particular context should want it for the
purpose of purchasing goods and services and settling debts.
Money should also be durable or long-lasting. This means
that it should not be easily destroyed; in passing from one
person to the next, it should not deteriorate easily.

Both commercial and central banks are financial institutions

but they are completely different.

ANSWER
A commercial bank is a financial institution that has as its
main functions the accepting of deposits from individuals, the
safeguarding of those deposits and the lending of money at
interest. On the other hand, while central banks are also
financial institutions, they have as their main function the
carrying out of governments monetary policies. The central
banks customers are commercial banks and the government
while the commercial banks customers are individuals.

(II) GUIDING YOUR THOUGHTS

The functions of financial institutions refer to what they can
do and different institutions have different core functions. Any
one function is acceptable as the answer for each institution.

ANSWER
One of the main functions of a commercial bank is that it
lends money to customers who qualify for loans and who can
provide the collateral if required.
One of the main functions of a central bank to issue and
recall from circulation banknotes and bank coins even though
they may not print the notes or mint the coins.
OK, how did you do with this question? I trust you did well.
If not you need to do some more revision and, perhaps, attempt
the question again. Reading from your textbooks will provide
the necessary information that will enable you to write excellent
answers.
PHOTO BY MARCIA ROWE

International Youth Fellowship Dancers perform Psys Gangnam Style during the Liguanea Arts Festival at
Liguanea Plaza on Sunday,April 21.

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | APRIL 30-MAY 6, 2013

Take care. See you next week.

Yvonne Harvey teaches at Glenmuir High School. Send questions and
comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

15

yl:english language

Lets get to the point!

NATASHA THOMAS-FRANCIS
Contributor

ELLO, ALL. I hope that your examination

preparation is going well. This week, we
will change our focus to the skill of
summary writing.

Summary writing skills are tested in section

one of Paper 02. The topic falls under the broad
heading of factual writing. According to the
syllabus, the CXC examination requires you to
communicate factual information clearly,
concisely and adequately. However, over the
years this section of the paper has proven to be
quite challenging to candidates.

Included in the syllabus is the following

notation: Summaries require economy of
language, the careful selection of the relevant
main ideas and the preservation of the intention
of the original.
However, two of the flaws in students
responses to this section of the exam are the
inability to select relevant material and the
inability to express ideas in a to-the-point
manner.
So let us look at the characteristics of a
summary. A summary is a condensed or
shortened version of writing or stretch of speech

It would be beneficial to you if you understood

the weaknesses observed in this section. The
2012 CXC Examiners Report highlights some of
the common weaknesses demonstrated in
candidates scripts (hhttp://cxc.org ).
Below is an excerpt taken from the report:
Weakness in selecting the crucial elements
was exacerbated by lack of vocabulary when
candidates attempted to use their own language.
The age-old error of lifting persists... As in the
past, few candidates were able to maintain the
correct relationships while reorganising their
points for brevity. They continued to cling
steadfastly to both the pattern and the language
of the original, a strategy that will work against
conciseness.
Now that you have an idea of the challenges
which you will need to overcome, let us turn to
the skills you will need to be successful on this
question.
Factual writing requires the development of
specific language and comprehension skills.
More than other types of writing, it involves:

The ability to focus on accuracy

Summary skills

Clarity of expression

The use of connecting words and phrases

The ability to develop ideas on a given
topic
16

which gives the reader the gist or salient points.

This skill is required both in school and in
society, for example, writing book reports, taking
notes, writing news reports and making minutes
of a meeting.

specific examples, statistical data, repetitions or

SUPPORTING DETAILS

any device used by a writer which does not add

to the basic meaning.

These are the points/examples the writer uses

to support the main idea.

CLEAR

WRITERS INTENTION

Your reader must be able to gather the

meaning of the original passage easily and
accurately.

This is the writers purpose. It may be to

inform, to predict, to criticise, to encourage, to
express a particular point of view, to teach us
something, to persuade or to amuse.

CONCISE

Now that you are aware of the characteristics

of a summary, as well as the key terms related to
summary writing, I will now give you the steps
involved in putting together the final piece.

Because there is a word limit (which must be

adhered to), every word must be used carefully.
Develop the skill to use language economically.
You must practise your ability to contract
clauses into phrases and phrases into single
words.

For example: The phrase every two weeks
can be replaced by the word fortnightly, and
the person who works at the factory can be
replaced by the factory employee.

simple, clear and concise:

Here are some key terms for you to

understand:

SIMPLE

MAIN IDEA

In summary writing, your language should be

A summary restates the essential meaning of a

passage.

You usually exclude: figures of speech,

ANSWERS TO LAST WEEKS LESSON:

SPELLING
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

A (corporal)
B (until)
C (sumptuous)
B (personification)
B (occasional)
D (No error)
B (unnoticed)
A (valuable)

This is the salient, specific point which the

writer wishes to convey. It is usually found either
at the beginning or at the end of the paragraph.

15.

ANTONYMS
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.

C
B
B
B
A
A

SENTENCE COMPLETION
SYNONYMS
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

A
C
A
C
B
A

22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.

A
C
B
C
D
A
B

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | APRIL 30-MAY 6, 2013

STEPS:
1. Read the passage at least twice - This will
give you the opportunity to identify the general
topic of the passage, as well as the writers
intention.
2. Select the main idea in each paragraph. Do
not attempt to ascertain the main idea as a
whole. When you break the passage down into
parts, you will be better able to understand it.
The main idea is found in the topic sentence of
the paragraph. While the topic sentence is
normally found at the beginning of the
paragraph, it can also be found at the end. Just
remember to look for the sentence which tells the
main point of the paragraph.
3. Decide on the important general information
that supports the main idea and eliminate
unimportant details, examples and illustrations.
4. Combine the main ideas, eliminate all
topics and omit any repetition of ideas and
expressions. Since you are expected to write no
more than 120 words, your summary will be
written as a single, coherent paragraph.
5. Ensure that you use your own words as far
as possible.
Review the steps listed above and be prepared
in next weeks lesson to apply the skills of
summary writing. Do have a blessed week!
Natasha Thomas-Francis teaches at Glenmuir High School.
Send questions and comments to
kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

yl:english literature

It Is The Constant Image

Of Your Face
BERYL CLARKE
Contributor

ELLO! I bet you are just raring to get into the

examination room. You have been working all
year, plus the year before, and I hope you are
looking forward to the summer holidays. First, you have
to show that you have studied and you are prepared for
success. Do not let anything prevent you from doing
your best.

This week we will consider the poem below. It was

written by a South African patriot and some research will
reveal how he was punished for his anti-apartheid
attitude and beliefs.
The speaker in this poem is caught between two
equally demanding and powerful forces. On the one
hand, there is a person (perhaps, a woman), and on the
other there is his country. You may ask what is his
problem? It is this; that he loves them both with such
intensity that he sees it as disloyal to choose devotion to
one over the other. Yet, he does choose.

WINSTON SILL/FREELANCE PHOTOGRAPHER

Minna Israel (left) joins the lovely Keneea Linton-George at
the official launch of the ATL Automotive, Volkswagen and
Audi Showrooms recently.

IT IS THE CONSTANT IMAGE OF YOUR FACE

It is the constant image of your face
framed in my hands as you knelt before my chair
the grave attention of your eyes
surveying me amid my world of knives
that stays with me, perennially accuses
and convicts me of hearts-treachery;
and neither you nor I can plead excuses
for you , you know, can claim no loyalty my land takes precedence of all my loves.

We learn, when we read and reread this poetic work,

that the speaker remembers continually a particular
scene from his past. In fact, the scene which is indelibly
set in his mind, like a picture or painting or photograph
in a frame, is of the human being who is kneeling before
the chair on which the speaker is sitting while the
speaker holds her (let us agree that it is a woman) face in
his hands. She looks at him with a serious expression on
her face. Perhaps she is contemplating the dangers of
the life he faces as he engages in conflict. We should not
think that he is sitting in a chair surrounded by knives,
but that he faces serious problems. Perhaps he is a
participant in a conflict. It could be that there is a civil
war in his country and that he is a fighter with knives as
the weapon of choice in combat. If this was so, it would

be a reason for the somber expression on the face of the

woman. By the way:

What do you think is signified by the fact that he
has framed her face with his hands?

Who does he choose, his country or the woman?

What reason does he give for his choice?

How does he feel about his decision?
The persona tells us that he deeply cares about his
country, which he believes has a claim on him. In other
words, he owes loyalty to his country. However, while he
wants to focus primarily on the affairs of his homeland,
he is drawn away by the love of someone who has no
claim on his loyalty. He begs his countrys forgiveness
for choosing to give it second place in his life. He
explains the circumstances; the womans beauty and his
hearts leaning for what he is doing. He appeals to his
country for understanding and makes it seem that he will
be forgiven because of the countrys love for him. The
use of strong words like hearts-treachery, accomplice,
blackmail and treason tell us of the struggle the
speaker undergoes before he decides. Please notice that
as much as he loves his country, he is not as
comfortable dealing with it as he is with the woman
with her he feels safe.
As we discuss this love poem, we must notice how
fluid the lines are and that there is no set rhyme scheme
and the rhythmic pattern is not quite regular. It should
not surprise us. After all this is a conversation, one in
which the speaker reflects on his relationships and how
he comes to the position in which he is.
Continue to prepare for your exams with confidence,
and God bless!
Beryl Clarke is an independent contributor.Send questions and
comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

Yet I beg mitigation, pleading guilty

for you, my dear, accomplice of my heart
made, without words, such blackmail with your beauty
and proffered me such dear protectiveness
that I confess without remorse or shame,
my still-fresh treason to my country
and I hope that she, my other, dearest love
will pardon freely, not attaching blame
being your mistress (or your match) in tenderness
Dennis Brutus

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | APRIL 30-MAY 6, 2013

17

yl:mathematics

Statistics

Eg Bus = 840 x 360 = 111o

2,720
The angles of the other two sectors are calculated similarly. Eg Private = 320 x 360= 42.4o
2,720
The three angles are then used to construct the pie chart illustrated below.

HISTOGRAM

CLEMENT RADCLIFFE
Contributor

I HAVE chosen to review statistics with you this week. Statistics, at this level, may be summarised as
follows:

Collection of data

Presentation of data

Analysis of data

COLLECTION OF DATA
The usual methods are:
a) Experiment - measuring or counting
b) Research
c) Interviews

METHODS OF PRESENTATION
The methods which are usually used are listed as follows:

Bar chart

Data is represented by rectangular bars of equal width.

The bars are separated.

The area of each bar is proportional to the quantity represented.

Points to note:

This is used when the data is
presented in terms of frequency.

This information is represented
by vertical bars; all are of equal
width and are joined side by side.

Both axes must be carefully
labeled and the appropriate scales
used. If a scale is given, it must be
used exactly.

The frequency is always
represented on the vertical axis.

The frequency of each
observation or variable is proportional to the height of the bar.

Be sure that you are familiar with the principle of boundary values.
You are urged, when constructing the histogram, to avoid the following common errors:
a) Separating the bars
b) Incorrectly labeling the horizontal axis (scores)
c) Confusing the histogram with other methods of presentation, for example, bar graph or frequency
polygon.
The following is an example of the use of the histogram to represent the results of a math test.

EXAMPLE
Represent the following modes of transportation on a bar graph.

EXAMPLE
Mode of Transportation
Bus
Private
Other
TOTAL

Number of Persons
840
320
1,560
2,720

The following scores, out of 10, were obtained by 40 students who sat a maths test. Use a histogram to
represent the results.
5,4,0,1,6,5,7,5,9,2,1,8,4,4,3,2,7,8,5,5,4,7,4,6,3,1,3,4,5,7,6,5,8,3,5,7,3,9,4,6
The above data should be summarised in the frequency table as follows:

It is always necessary to construct the frequency table if it is not given.

PIE CHART
The circle is divided into sectors, the size of each sector being proportional to the quantities
represented.

EXAMPLE
Represent the modes of transportation given above on a pie chart.
Clement Radcliffe is an independent contributor. Send questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

18

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | APRIL 30-MAY 6, 2013

yl:office administration

Practise,
practise
HYACINTH TUGMAN
Contributor

AS YOU do your final preparation before your examination, I will share some questions with
you and ask that you read and practise as much as possible.
1. Communication is the transmission of information from one person to another, hence a
sender and a recipient of the message.
(a) State four reasons for good communication in a business.
(b) List three methods of communication.
(c) Use the table below to complete the characteristics of good communication.

3(a) Name six qualities that would make an applicant suitable for the position of receptionist.
(b) List the items of information that are entered on a personal record sheet for use in the
human resource office and why they should be kept confidential.
(c) How would you as a receptionist
(i) Carry out your duties when dealing with visitors to your company?
(ii) Create a good impression of your company?
4. (a) Name four characteristics of a good filing system.
(b) What do the following terms mean:
(i) Retention, (ii) Microfilming and (iii) Chronological order
(c) Place the following in alphabetical order:
Kirk L Harvey, Mrs Yvonne Blagrove, Dr Neville Green, C. D. Reid & Co Ltd, The
Bridgeview Country Club, Sir Patrick Bourke
5. What is meant by the following - standing order, credit card, money order,
bank drafts, direct debits, travellers cheques
6.(a) What are some services offered by the travel agencies?
(b) Give three reasons for preparing a travel folder when making travel
arrangements.
7. As the secretary of your organisation you are required to do the preparation for the
next annual general meeting.
Make a checklist of things to be done
(a) before the meeting
(b) on the day of the meeting
(c) after the meeting
(d) write a Notice of a Meeting for this meeting.
8.(a) List three duties of a clerk in the purchasing department.
(b) Give the names of the documents used in the purchasing department and give the
sequential order in which they are used.
Next week, I will provide you with possible answers to these questions.

2. Assume that you are Ren Brackett of 234 Bellevue Heights, Kingston 10. Write a letter of
application in response to the following advertisement that appeared in The Gleaner on Tuesday,
April 9, 2013.

Have a productive week.

Hyacinth Tugman teaches at Glenmuir High School. Send questions and comments to
kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

AP PHOTO

Bayerns Thomas Mueller (second right) celebrates with teammate Mario

Gomez after scoring during the Champions League semi-final first leg football
match between Bayern Munich and FC Barcelona in Munich, Germany, on April
23.

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | APRIL 30-MAY 6, 2013

19

yl:information technology

The concept of modularity

NATALEE A. JOHNSON
Contributor

TUDENTS, THIS is lesson 32 in our series of lessons. In this

weeks lesson, I will conclude the program implementation unit
and begin a new one, applications and implications of
information and communications Technology. We will first look at the
concept of modularity, then the topic data communication and
network.

MODULARITY/THE TOP-DOWN DESIGN APPROACH

You have learnt in previous lessons the way in which you solve a
problem on the computer, and you have been learning thus far how to
write your pseudocodes and how to construct your flow charts. Now,
you are going to learn about a technique that can be employed when
you have a big program to code or problem to solve. This method is
called the top-down design approach to programming.

must be cohesion between the modules. That is, there must be a

mechanism for communicating between the different sub-problems.

topologies. The most commonly used topologies are Bus, Star and
Ring.

EXAMPLE 1

Wide Area Network (WAN) A WAN is similar to a LAN, but

geographically spread over a wider area. A typical example of a WAN
is the Internet, linking thousands of computers, workstations and
networks across the globe. The different segments of the WAN are
connected by a wide variety of communication media and devices
(microwave, satellites, cables, telephone lines, modems), depending
on the distance between the different segments of the WAN.

You are required to write a program that will read two numbers, find
the sum product and difference of the two numbers then output the
respective results.
Six sub-problems can be identified here:
1. Sub-problem 1: read two numbers
2. Sub-problem 2: find the sum of two numbers
3. Sub-problem 3: find the product of two numbers
4. Sub-problem 4: find the difference of two numbers
5. Sub-problem 5: output the results
The hierarchy chart for the modules above would look something
like this:

WHAT IS TOP-DOWN DESIGN?

The top-down design approach or modular programming, as it is
sometimes called, involves breaking a problem into a set of smaller
problems, called sub-problems or modules, followed by breaking each
sub-problem into a set of tasks, then breaking each task into a set of
actions. This is called a divide and conquer approach. When faced
with a complex problem, it is easier to break the problem down into
smaller, more manageable sections and tackle each section as a
separate entity, rather than trying to solve the large problem in one go.
Below is a diagram depicting a typical top-down design or
modularity approach to programming.

DATA COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKS

You communicate everyday in different ways or forms such as via
the telephone, cellphone, the Internet and so on, but do you really stop
to think about what exactly is involved in the communication process?
Let us now look at the terms associated with data communication and
networks.

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) This is a smaller version of a

WAN that spans a town or city.

TYPES OF TRANSMISSION MEDIA (CABLE/WIRED MEDIA)

This refers to the physical material along which data travels from
one point to another. The media used is dependent on the distance,
speed and volume of data to be transmitted. For
computers that are linked by cables there are three
choices: twisted pair, coaxial cable and fibre-optic
cables. For communication over long distances,
microwave and satellite transmission are used.
Coaxial cables This cable consists of a conductive
cylindrical shield with a central wire or solid core held
together by an insulating material. These are the cables
connected to your cable television provider and one media used to
connect computers in a local area network. They tend to be faster and
more expensive. They are used when voice and video transmission are
necessary or when large amount of data are to be transmitted.

TERMS ASSOCIATED WITH DATA COMMUNICATION AND

NETWORKS
Communication this is the process of transmitting data from one
person or device to another.

ADVANTAGES
Data Communication this is the process of transmitting data and
information over a communication medium such as telephone line,
coaxial cable, fibre-optic cable or microwave, from a computer to a
user or from a user to another.
As you may have observe with the diagram above, there is a major
problem which has been broken down into two sub-problems. The
sub-problems are then broken down into respective tasks of which
certain specified action(s) will be carried out.
A sub-problem is a set of related tasks. A task is a set of related
actions. An action is a basic instruction that needs no further
refinement. For example, an action might be a simple instruction such
as subtract two numbers. The process of dividing the problem into
sub-problems or modules and breaking them down into smaller units
is called stepwise refinement (see example 1).
One advantage of modular programming is that when a problem has
been decomposed into smaller sub-problems, each sub-problem can
be solved as a single entity. However, the solution of each individual
sub-problem does not necessarily solve the larger problem. There
20

Network this is a set of computers and peripherals such as

printers, plotters, disk drives and modems that are linked together on a
permanent basis so that they can communicate and share resources
and information. This could mean two computers on a desk or
thousands of computers across the globe, as in the case of the
Internet.

TYPES OF NETWORKS
Local Area Network (LAN) A LAN describes a group of
microcomputers or other workstations connected on one site, such as
a school or a block of offices, for the exchange of information.
Generally, one or more computers act as a server for the purpose of
sharing peripherals such as hard disks, printers, tape back-up, etc.
The computers are usually connected by cables using one of a given

Not capable of interference

Transmission is fast

Can accommodate digital and analog signals

DISADVANTAGE

Heavy and bulky

Fibre-optic cable This cable is made up of tiny threads of glass

tubes about the size of a human hair. Large volumes of data can be
transmitted at the speed of light through these glass tubes. Fibre-optic
cables are extremely thin cables through which light, which is used to
transmit data, passes. It also allows extremely fast and accurate
transmission of large volumes of data. It will become the
communication medium of large volumes of data. It will become a
communication medium of choice replacing coaxial cables and
telephone lines, if not already, and possibly even satellite and
microwave transmissions.

CONTINUED ON PAGE 22
YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | APRIL 30-MAY 6, 2013

yl:social studies

Can we work together?

MAUREEN CAMPBELL
Contributor

OBJECTIVES:
1. OUTLINE THE factors that promote
regional integration.
2. Analyse the benefits of regional
integration.
3. Describe the factors that hinder regional
integration.

FACTORS PROMOTING REGIONAL

INTEGRATION
Factors that promote regional integration
may be looked on as both domestic and
external matters that affect the region, chief
among them are globalisation and trade
liberalisation.
(a) Common history and cultural heritage,
especially as colonies of European powers,
chiefly Britain.
(b) Caribbean countries share common
economic and social issues.
(c) These countries are also affected by the
effects of globalisation, trade liberalisation
and trading blocs.
(d) The region is vulnerable to economic
shocks and natural disasters.
(e) Human resource that is underdeveloped,
as a group they are able to financially
support facilities to enhance and develop
education and skills development in the
region.
(f) Cooperation by working together as a
region will help to overcome the challenges
of having a small population and economy.
This is so as cooperation and integration,
particularly in trade, will produce a larger
regional market.

BENEFITS OF REGIONAL
INTEGRATION
There is strength in unity. The Caribbean
must take this literally if we are to promote and
benefit from regional integration.
a. It will increase necessary cooperation
among island-states as we venture more
into the 21st century.
b. As a group, the countries will be better
able to negotiate among the worlds most

powerful nations.
c. Integration will further help them to
compete internationally as a united group.
d. This venture will also help them to reduce
the negative effects that are presumed to be
associated with issues such as
globalisation. It should, therefore, help us to
be better able to respond to economic
implications of globalisation and trade
liberalisation.
e, There will be an improvement in the
quality of life of the population as a result of
access to a variety of goods and services.
f. Each individual island will have many
more persons to whom goods can be sold,
apart from those within its own immediate
borders.
g. The development of various groups,
institutions and organisations that will
respond to the needs of each island.
h. It seeks to promote the freedom of travel
among islands and the ability to find work,
which should decrease unemployment and
underemployment.
i. Most of all it should see the improvement
in the quality of life and the reduction in the
inequality of wealth distribution.
j. The improved levels of international
competitiveness of the region will
undoubtedly see the expansion of trade on
the world market.
k. There should be strength in unity as the
increased cooperation among member
states will make us more world-renown.

BARRIERS TO REGIONAL
INTEGRATION
Barriers, problems, challenges are many,
far-reaching and intertwined as the Caribbean,
in its endeavour to promote growth through
regional integration, faces an uphill task on
many occasions. Why is this so?
1. The islands are all at different stages of
development, which does not promote a
willingness to actively work together.
2. No two islands in the Caribbean follow
the same economic policies.
3. There is patriotism to island homes as
there is conflict between territorial and
regional demands.

4. Except for countries in the Organisation

of Eastern Caribbean States, islands do not
have the same currency.
5. Islands in the Caribbean do not have the
same type and amount of resources.
6. The islands are scattered all over the
Caribbean.
7. Many countries are all producing the
same goods for trade.
8. There is conflict over how much is to be
contributed by each country.
9. There are problems with multinational
cooperation and how they should be dealt
with in the region.
10. Geography of the region for though
islands are in proximity, they are scattered
all over the region.
11. In the region, there is an absence of a
common model or strategy for development.
Each country tends to follow its own policy.
12. There are differences in stages of growth
and development; some countries are
referred to as developed, some as
developing and some as underdeveloped in
the region.
13. There is competition for location of
industries, as each territory needs
investments to promote job opportunities
for its population.

CHALLENGES FACING THE

CARIBBEAN REGION THAT MUST BE
OVERCOME NOW
Challenges are never easy to overcome.
Especially in an economic, problematic world
where First-World countries are facing grave
problems, the Caribbean must even draw
closer. It is so easy to suggest what must be
done but the greatest problem lies it how to
carry out these suggestions to solve them.
1. Each individual island does not have
enough persons to whom to sell within their
borders (a large market).
2. There is a lack of diversification of
resources; islands in the Caribbean do not
necessarily produce a variety of goods
(diversification in production).
3. In many Caribbean islands there is a high
unemployment problem (job creation by
setting up industries collectively).

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | APRIL 30-MAY 6, 2013

4. Many islands also do not produce

enough goods to sell in order to make
profits (increased production and
investment).
5. The Caribbean is vulnerable to natural
disasters (aid and information).
6. Capital for improvement and investment
is lacking in the Caribbean region, so there
is very little to develop their industries
(capital accumulation).
7. One of the worst problems faced by the
Caribbean people is that we tend to import
much more than we export (increased local
production and buying of local goods and
use of skills).
8. With the advent of borrowing from
organisations such as the IMF, some
Caribbean countries owe a lot of money as a
result of borrowing to sustain themselves
(reduce borrowing as much as possible).
9. Markets are not available in areas that are
most lucrative countries.
10. In a technological age, many Caribbean
countries still do not possess and use
adequate technology that could greatly
increase production (investment in
technology to help in the creation of goods
and services).
11. In many countries, skilled persons in
certain areas are generally lacking; their
expertise could boost production
(development of human resources).

ACTIVITIES
1. State three reasons regional integration
is so crucial to the Caribbean region.
2. Suggest three reasons Caribbean
integration is facing problems and state how
it may be best solved.
3. Can Caribbean countries work together
effectively? Give reasons for your answer.

NOTE
Your examination is on May 31, 2013.
Paper TWO: 9 a.m. (2 hours and 40 mins)
Paper ONE and THREE: 1 p.m.
Maureen Campbell teaches at Glenmuir High School.
Send questions and comments to
kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

21

yl:principles of accounts
A. The accounting equation is used:

To calculate the resources of the business.

By the owners to see the value of the assets, the liabilities, capital, the profit made after
payment of liabilities.

Revision

THE ACCOUNTING EQUATION:

ROXANNE WRIGHT
Contributor

CCOUNTING IS a process of collecting information, classifying and measuring it. It is then

summarised and interpreted to report to various bodies to assist in decision making on the financial
activities of the business.

Accounting is divided into three separate subdivisions and they continuously interconnect.

Bookkeeping is the making of records of business transactions. The record of business transactions is
useful since:
- Most individuals keep a note of the amount in their bank books.
- It is the information used from the formal accounting statements of profit and loss and it makes
it easy for capital to be extracted.

Profit and loss accounting allows for the measuring of the business over a given period of time (e.g.
month or half-year or financial year).

Management accounting is a processing system to assist managers to plan and make decisions. It is
not subjected to external regulations and is not particularly concerned with objectivity.
Q. What are transactions?
A. Transactions are the economic events relating to the business that are recorded by accountants. The
two types of transactions that exist are:

Assets = Capital + Liabilities

Capital = Assets - Liabilities
Liabilities = Assets - Capital
As you get closer to your examination, intensify your preparation programme. Remember that you must
remain as relaxed as possible even as you keep focused. Think clearly and remain confident. Above all, be
prepared to reproduce what you have learnt over your period of study.
Visit again next week. See you then.
Roxanne Wright teaches at Immaculate Academy. Send questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

yl:information technology contd

FIBRE-OPTIC CABLE
ADVANTAGES
 Smaller and lighter
 No interference
 Able to bend light around corner

Q. What are assets?

A. Assets are any resource which is owned by the busines. There are two (2) types:

DISADVANTAGES
 Expensive
 Hard to install and modify

TWISTED PAIR
This is two insulated copper wires twisted around each other to reduce induction (thus interference)
from one wire to the other. The twists or lays are varied in length to reduce the potential for signal
interference between pairs. They are cheap and relatively slow, so they are usually used where the volume
of data transmitted is small or where speed is not critical.

Q. What are liabilities?

A. Liability is the amount of money owed by the business to its creditors. There are two types:

ADVANTAGES
 The telephone network links the entire world, therefore, data can be transmitted to almost any place in
the world.
 Cheap

DISADVANTAGE
 Subject to interference
Q. What is capital?
A. Capital is any resource used to start up the business by the owner. The owner can also inject
additional capital even when the business is in operation.

We have come to the end of this lesson. See you next week, when we will continue to look at data
communications and networks. Remember, if you fail to prepare, be prepared to fail.

Q. For what is the accounting equation used?

Natalee A. Johnson teaches at Ardenne High School. Send questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

22

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | APRIL 30-MAY 6, 2013