Catatan Perkuliahan ( Lecture Notes )

MCS220801 - KINEMATIKA DAN DINAMIKA

Topik 6: Dinamika Benda Titik

Kerja dan Energi

Pengelola dan pengajar : Wahyu Nirbito, DR., Ir., MSME

Departemen Teknik Mesin
Fakultas Teknik
Universitas Indonesia

Depok, 2013

Topik 6: Dinamika Benda Titik

Kerja dan Energi
Chapter Objectives :
To develop the principle of work and energy and apply it to solve problems that
involve force, velocity, and displacement.
To study problems that involve power and efficiency.
To introduce the concept of a conservative force and apply the theorem of
conservation of energy to solve kinetic problems.
Work of a Force.
A force does work when it undergoes a displacement along its line of action.
If the force varies with the displacement, then U F ds

Graphically, this represents the area under the F-s disgram

If the force is constant, then for a displacement s in the direction of the force, U
= Fs

A typical example of this case is the work of weight, U = Wy.

y is the vertical displacement.
A spring force, F = ks, depend upon the elongation or compression s of the spring
The work is determined by integration to be
1
1
U ks22 ks12
2
2

Principle of Work and Energy

The Principle of Work and Energy.
If the equation of motion in the tangential direction, Ft = mat, is combined with
the kinematics equation, at ds = v dv, we obtain the Principle of Work and Energy
T1 U12 T2
Initial kinetic energy of the particle plus the work done by all forces that act up on
the particle as it moves equals to final kinetic energy

 The principle of work and energy is useful for solving problems that involve
force, velocity, and displacement.
For application, the free-body diagram of the particle should be drawn in order to
identify the forces that do work.
PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS :
Work (Free-Body Diagram)
Establish the initial coordinate system and draw a FBD of the particle to account
for all the forces that do work on the particle as it moves along its path
Principle of Work and Energy
Apply the principle of work and energy

T1 U12 T2

The kinetic energy at the initial and final points is always positive since it
involves the speed squared
A force does work when it moves through a displacement in the direction of the
force
Work is always positive when the force component is in the same direction as its
displacement, otherwise, it is negative
Forces that are functions of displacement must be integrated to obtain the work
Graphically, the work is equal to the area under the force-displacement curve
The work of a weight is the product of the weight magnitude and the vertical
displacement
It is positive when the weight moves downwards
The work of the spring is in the form of
1
U s ks2
2
where k is the spring stiffness and s is the stretch or compression of the spring

Power and Efficiency.

Power is the time-rate of doing work. It is defined by P = dU/dt, or P = F.v
Efficiency is the ratio of power output to power input.

power output
power input

PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS :

The power supplied to a body can be computed using the following procedure.
Determine the external force F acting on the body which causes motion.
If the body is accelerating, it may be necessary to draw its free-body diagram and
apply the equation of motion (F = ma) to determine F.
Once F and v is found, power can be determined with the formula (P = F.v = Fv
cos )
In some problems the power may be found by calculating the work done by F per
unit of time P U / t
avg

P dU / dt

Conservative of Energy
PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS :

The conservation of energy is used to solve problem involving velocity,

displacement and conservative force systems.
It is easier to apply than the principle of work and energy because the energy
equation requires specifying the particles kinetic and potential energies at only
two points along the path.
Potential Energy.
Draw two diagrams showing the particle located at its initial and final points along
the path
If the particle is subjected to a vertical displacement, establish the fixed
horizontal datum from which to measure the particles gravitational potential
energy.
Data pertaining to the elevation y of the particle from the datum and the extension
or compression s of any connecting springs can be determined from the geometry
associated with the two diagrams.
Recall Vg = Wy, where y is positive upward from the datum and negative
downward from the datum,
is always positive.
1
Ve ks2
2
Conservation of Energy
Apply the equation T1 V1 T2 V2
1 2
T

mv
When determining the kinetic energy,
the particles speed v must
2
always be measured from an inertial reference frame.