Evidence of

Dark Matter
Gautam
Sharma

Evidence of Dark Matter

Gravitational Lensing, Bullet Cluster and Cosmological
Microwave Background

Gautam Sharma
Harish Chandra Research Institute

19 Feb,2015

Prof. Raj Gandhi

Gravitational Lensing
Evidence of
Dark Matter
Gautam
Sharma

First used by Einstein to measure deflection of light by sun, in

1919.While the first major evidence was seen in a quasar lensed
by a galaxy in 1979.
The idea is that light rays from galaxies residing behind the
cluster get bent by the gravitational field of the cluster.

Deflection of an ultrarelativistic particle

Evidence of
Dark Matter
Gautam
Sharma

The Schwarszchild metric is

1
ds 2 = (r )dt 2 +
dr 2 + r 2 d2 + r 2 sin2 ()d2
(r )
In the orbit equation of the above metric, by substituting
u = 1/r .We get
GMm2 3GM 2
d 2u
+
u
=
+ 2 u
d2
L2
c
Taking a solution of the form u = b 1 cos + f () with
f () << 1/b.We have
GMm2
3GM
f 00 + f
+ 2 2 [cos2 + 1]
=
2
L
2c b
solving the above differential equaton gives
u=

1
GM
GMm2 2GM
cos 2 2 cos 2 +
+ 2 2
b
c b
L2
c b

Evidence of
Dark Matter

At u = 0(i.e. r = ) ignoring the cos 2 terms

Gautam
Sharma

cos
=

GMm2 b 2GM
+ 2 q
L2
c b

= [(/2) + q] and net deflection = 2q

At r = ,Angular momentum L = bp = bmv .
Above relations give


2
2GM
v
= 2q =
1+ 2
2
bv
c
For c (Newtonian limit), =
For v = c(photons), =

4GM
2
bv

2GM
2
bv

Weak Lensing,Lens Equation and Einstein radius

Evidence of
Dark Matter
Gautam
Sharma

We assume that distances to source and lens are very large and
deflection angle is very small (
1arc sec).The deflection
results in two images of the source at different positions.

Figure : Schematic view of the lens geometry

Evidence of
Dark Matter
Gautam
Sharma

From the figure we note that, =

DS

,=

DL

and hence

DS = DS +
DLS

(1)

From our previous derivation of angle of deflection we have

() =

4GM() 1
c2

(2)

where M() is the mass inside radius .

Using (1) and (2)we get
=

DL S 4GM 1

2
DS
c

(3)

Evidence of
Dark Matter

with given by

Gautam
Sharma

E2
DL S 4GM 1
=

DS c 2 DL ||
||2

with E given by
E2 =

DL S 4GM
DL DS c 2

Now if we define RE = E DL
s
RE =

4GMDL DLS
c 2 DS

RE is the Einsteins radius. So we can obtain the mass of the

lens, from the above formula if we know RE .

Galaxies acting as gravitational Lenses

Evidence of
Dark Matter
Gautam
Sharma

Most spectacular observations have been made with galaxies

acting as gravitational lenses. But it is poorly described as
superposition of point sources. So we need superposition of
point masses or we may use a smooth mass density. For
superposition our formula is modified as

() =

4Gmi
c2

~ ~i
|~ ~i |2

2
We introduce a continuous mass distribution
R dm = ()d
with a 2-dimensional mass density () = (, z)dz , so that

() =

4G
c2

d 2 ~0 (~0 )

~ ~i
|~ ~i |2

Evidence of
Dark Matter
Gautam
Sharma

For symmetric mass distributions it reduces to,

= 4GM()
c 2
Using our previous theory we can thus calculate the total mass
responsible for deflection.

Figure : The Collision of two galaxy clusters Abell 520 from an X-ray
exposure by Chandra (red) and a point by point evaluation of lens ing
effects (blue). The red colour shows the distribution of normal
matter, blue is the distribution of dark matter derived from lensing.

Bullet Cluster
Evidence of
Dark Matter
Gautam
Sharma

Bullet Cluster(1E0657-558) is a unique cluster merger, that

enables direct detection of dark matter, independent of
assumptions regarding the nature of the gravitational force law.
Due to the collision of two clusters, the dissipation less stellar
component and the fluid-like X-ray emitting plasma are
spatially separated as observed in the map.Galaxies will behave
as collisionless particles but the plasma will experience ram
pressure.
We assume that in absence of dark matter,the gravitational
matter will trace the dominant visible matter component,which
is X-ray plasma.But if the dominant matter is dark matter the
gravitational field will trace dark matter.
To verify this the gravitational potential of the system was
mapped using gravitational lensing , to determine the dominant
part.

Evidence of
Dark Matter
Gautam
Sharma

Figure : This is a composite image of the Bullet Cluster (1E 0657-558)

that shows the Xray light in purple, the optical light in white, and the dark
matter map in blue. source: NASA

Evidence of
Dark Matter
Gautam
Sharma

It is visible from the figure that the gravitational lensing map

dont trace the plasma distribution(the dominant baryonic
mass) but rather traces the galaxies.

Figure : This image of the Abell 2218 galaxy cluster shows how a
massive cluster can lens the galaxies that are behind it. Clearly seen
in this image are multiple stretched galaxies.

Evidence of
Dark Matter
Gautam
Sharma

Using the above data, the the ellipticity of the the background
galaxies from their brightness distribution was measured.
The ellipticity of each galaxy is a direct measurement of the
reduced shear (stretching), g= /(1 ), where is the shear,
and is the convergence.
In Newtonian gravity, is equal to the surface mass density of
the lens divided by a scaling constant. In modified gravity
models, is no longer linearly related to the surface mass
density but is instead a nonlocal function that scales as the
mass raised to a power. It is this difference that allows the
authors to compare nonstandard models of gravity with
Newtonian.

Evidence of
Dark Matter
Gautam
Sharma

Figure : On the left the colour image from the Magellan telescope.
On the right is the Chandra Xray image. The green contours in both
images are the weak lensing convergence map.

From GR, , showing the concentrations of masses.

The peaks of the contours occur both offset from the brightest
galaxy.

Evidence of
Dark Matter
Gautam
Sharma

After the lensing contour maps, the masses and locations of

baryonic matter were measured.

Figure : The masses of the stellar components and the Xray gas were
measured independent of any gravity or dark matter models.

The amount of mass in the stellar component is much smaller

than the amount of mass in the Xray plasma, by a large factor.
Regardless, the centroid of the gravitational well map is aligned
with the stellar components, indicating most of the mass
should be there.

Cosmological Microwave Background

Evidence of
Dark Matter
Gautam
Sharma

Before the neutral hydrogen was formed, the matter was

distributed almost uniformly in space.
Gravity pulled the normal and dark matter in toward the center
of each fluctuation. While the dark matter continued to move
inward, the normal matter fell in only until the pressure of
photons pushed it back, causing it to flow outward until the
gravitational pressure overcame the photon pressure and the
matter began to fall in once more.
When the neutral hydrogen formed, areas into which the
matter had fallen were hotter than the surroundings. Areas
from which matter had streamed out, were cooler.
This pattern of temperature variations was frozen into the
cosmic microwave background when the electrons and protons
formed neutral hydrogen. So a map of the temperature
variations in the CMB traces out the location and amount of
different types of matter at 390,000 years after the Big Bang.

Evidence of
Dark Matter
Gautam
Sharma

In the early 1989, NASAs Cosmic Background Explorer

(COBE) spacecraft used a pair of radio telescopes to measure
differences among relic photons to one part per million between
two points in the sky.
A subsequent spacecraft, the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy
Probe (WMAP), made an even more precise map. This
revealed hot and cold spots about 1.8 degrees in size across the
sky that vary in intensity by a few parts per million.
The angular size and the extent of variation indicate that the
universe contained about five times as much dark matter as
normal matter when the neutral hydrogen formed.

Evidence of
Dark Matter
Gautam
Sharma

Figure : Map of the temperature variations in the cosmic microwave

background measured by the WMAP satellite.