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1. Define complete similitude.

If the model and systems are


geometrically, kinematically and
dynamically similar, then it is called as
complete similitude.
2. Define Buckingham pi theorem.

3. Define geometrical similarity.


If the model and prototypes are
similar in shape, size with respect to
width and other parameters, it is
known as geometrical similarity.
4. Define turbulence factor.
It is the ratio between critical
Reynolds number of a sphere in non
turbulent air stream to critical
Reynolds number in the tunnel.

- The balance should be capable of


measuring the various loads.
- The interaction between the
different load components should be kept
small.
- The balances should have
provisions to vary angle of attack, pitch,
yaw, roll etc.,
- The damping devices should be
incorporated in the measuring system.
- use of bearings should as far as
possible be avoided to reduce hysteresis and
zero error.
8. Compare Schlieren and Shadowgraph
methods of flow visualization.
Schlieren method:

5. What is meant by peculiarities of


hypersonic tunnel?

This method depends upon


the first derivative of the refractive index
(flow density).

6. Classify the wind tunnel balances.

Difficult system and difficult


to show the rapid changes in the index of
refraction.

Based on the model placed in


test section,
Internal balances, External
balances and rotary balances.
Based in the construction,
Wire type balance, Strut-type
balance, platform type balance, yoke
type balance, strain gauge type
balance.
7. What are the factors that must be

minimum while designing a balance?

Shadowgraph method:
Shadowgraph method
depends upon the second derivative.
This method beautifully
brings out the rapid changes in the index of
refraction.
Simple system and wider
possible applications.
9. What are the advantages of flow
visualization methods?

It is an excellent tool for describing


and calculating flow properties in both
subsonic and supersonic regimes.
Easy setup and quick re positioning
of the probes allows for viewing flow
patterns around any portion of the model.
Shows areas of turbulent and laminar

Linearized analysis cannot be


applicable to transonic speeds.
12. Define critical Mach number.
It is one in which the airflow over
any part of the body reaches the speed of
sound.

flow.

That is Mach number is 1.

10. How is total pressure is estimated in the


test section of a supersonic wind tunnel?

13. Define horizontal buoyancy.

The total pressure of a flowing gas


is obtained when the gas is brought to rest
isentropically.
From the figure, P2 =Pc = Pt

It is well known that the static


pressure co efficient values obtained from
the tests of axi- symmetric bodies. This
interference is due to blockage experienced
by the body operating within the boundaries
of the test section walls and to the skin
friction on both tunnels and walls and
surface of the body, which in turn causes
finite thickness boundary layers to develop.
These factors in result in decreasing in static
pressure along the test section, which leads
to spurious horizontal buoyancy on the
body.
14. What is meant by subsonic and
supersonic speed regime?

11. What are the difficulties associated with


testing of models at transonic speeds?
In connection with testing of
oscillating wings in general it is the very
high frequency necessary to obtain a
moderately high reduced frequency. This is
especially unfortunate at transonic speeds.
Wind tunnel wall interference effects
at transonic speeds create severe problems.

When M<1 the flow is called


subsonic and when M>1 the flow is
supersonic.
When M from 1.2 to 5 is called
supersonic regime.
When M from 0.8 to 1.2 is called
subsonic regime.
15. Name any two equipments used for
measurements of velocity.
Laser Doppler Velocimeter

Anemometer.
16. Define Reynolds number.
Ratio between inertia force and viscous force is known as Reynolds number.
17. Define critical Reynolds number.
The critical Reynolds number is one in which the flow field is a mixture of laminar and
turbulent flows.
18. What are the limitations of intrusive flow diagnostics techniques?
PIV method in general not be able to measure along Z-axis.
The fluid velocity or the size of the experimental has to be changes due to changes in
Reynolds number.
Sensors are range dependent.
19. What are the limitations in dye injection flow visualization method?
If this method continued over a extended period of time, it will saturate the liquid in the
apparatus and the dye visibility would detoriate.
Not applicable for rapid turbulent flow since it has low molecular diffusivity.

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