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TERMS TO KNOW
Pumping System
Suction lift
Suction head
Capacity (Flow Rate)
Total Dynamic Head
Static Head
Dynamic Head
System Curve
Pump
Head
NPSH
hydraulics
PUMPING SYSTEMS
FUEL
PUMP
PIPE
PUMPING SYSTEMS
SUCTION LIFT
DN 80 (3) Pipe
6m
PUMP
6m
4.5 m
6m
To
Loading
Rack
0.6 m
1.2 m
2.4 m
PUMPING SYSTEMS
SUCTION HEAD
6m
6m
PUMP
6m
DN 80 (3) Pipe
4.5 m
6m
To
Loading
Rack
0.6 m
Suction head implies that the liquid level is above the inlet of the
pump
Flooded suction arrangements can use a straight centrifugal pump
Self-priming pumps are often used to handle liquids with high vapor
pressures to avoid vapor lock
PUMPING SYSTEMS
CAPACITY
PUMPING SYSTEMS
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
Head
Pump
Resistance
PUMPING SYSTEMS
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
Total Dynamic Head is the sum of two parts:
Total Dynamic Head = Static Head + Dynamic Head
PUMPING SYSTEMS
STATIC HEAD
PUMPING SYSTEMS
STATIC HEAD
DN 80 (3) Pipe
6m
PUMP
6m
4.5 m
6m
Hs
To
Loading
Rack
0.6 m
1.2 m
2.4 m
PUMPING SYSTEMS
STATIC HEAD
6m
Hs
3m
6m
PUMP
DN 80 (3) Pipe
4.5 m
6m
0.6 m
To
Loading
Rack
PUMPING SYSTEMS
DYNAMIC HEAD
3.5 bar
(50 psi)
2.1 bar
(30 psi)
PUMPING SYSTEMS
FRICTION HEAD LOSSES
Elbow
FITTINGS
AND
VALVES
FRICTION
LOSSES
Fittings
45
90
90 long radius
Tee
Cross
Gate valve
Non-return valve
25
32
40
50
65
0,3
0,6
0,6
1,5
1,5
1,5
0,3
0,9
0,6
1,8
1,8
2,1
0,6
1,2
0,6
2,4
2,4
2,7
0,6
1,5
0,9
3,0
3,0
0,3
3,3
0,9
1,8
1,2
3,6
3,6
0,3
4,2
diameter in mm (DN)
80
100 125 150
equivalent lenght in m
0,9
1,2
1,5
2,1
2,1
3,0
3,6
4,2
1,5
1,8
2,4
2,7
4,5
6,0
7,5
9,0
4,5
6,0
7,5
9,0
0,3
0,6
0,6
0,9
4,8
6,6
8,3 10,4
200
250
300
2,7
5,4
3,9
10,5
10,5
1,2
13,5
3,3
6,6
4,8
15,0
15,0
1,5
16,5
3,9
8,1
5,4
18,0
18,0
1,8
19,5
l/min
50 V
hr
60 V
hr
70 V
hr
80 V
hr
90 V
hr
100 V
hr
150 V
hr
200 V
hr
250 V
hr
300 V
hr
400 V
hr
500 V
hr
600 V
hr
700 V
hr
800 V
hr
900 V
hr
1000 V
hr
1500 V
hr
2000 V
hr
0.45
0.46
0.5
0.56
0.75
1.21
1.01
2.1
1.26
3.2
1.51
4.5
2.01
7.8
2.51
12
3.02
16.9
3.52
22.6
4.02
29
4.52
36
5.03
44.5
7.54
96
80
3"
100
4"
125
5"
150
6"
175
7"
200
8"
250
10"
Hazen-Williams formula :
p=
6,05 x Q 1,85 x 10 6
xL
C 1,85 x d 4,87
P
= flow (litres/minute)
PUMPING SYSTEMS
FRICTION HEAD LOSSES
speed
speed
PUMPING SYSTEMS
FRICTION HEAD LOSSES
6
m
DN 80 (3) Pipe
6m
PUMP
4.5 m
6
m
To
Loading
Rack
0.6 m
1.2 m
2.4 m
PUMPING SYSTEMS
FRICTION HEAD LOSSES
6m
6m
PUMP
6m
DN 80 (3) Pipe
4.5 m
6m
0.6 m
To
Loading
Rack
PUMPING SYSTEMS
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
Static Head
+
Dynamic Head
=
Total Dynamic Head
Now what we
have to do ?
PUMPING SYSTEMS
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
DN 80 (3) Pipe
6m
PUMP
4.5 m
6m
6
m
To
Loading
Rack
0.6 m
1.2 m
2.4 m
PUMPING SYSTEMS
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
6m
PUMP
6m
DN 80 (3) Pipe
6m
4.5 m
6m
0.6 m
To
Loading
Rack
PUMPING SYSTEMS
MENTAL NOTE
PUMPING SYSTEMS
SYSTEM CURVE
A System Curve is a graphical representation of the resistance
behaviour (TDH) of a piping system over its entire capacity range
Head
Dynamic head
Static head
Capacity
PUMPING SYSTEMS
SYSTEM CURVE
The system designer can change the shape of the System curve by
altering the size of piping, type of equipment, and physical layout of
the pumping system
The end user can change the shape of the System curve by opening
or closing system valves, changing equipment or piping layouts, and
varying the liquid levels in the suction or discharge tanks
PUMP HYDRAULICS
Now we know
the pump
PUMP HYDRAULICS
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP CURVE
Head
in metres
Q-H
Capacity in litres
per minute (m3/h)
PUMP HYDRAULICS
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP CURVE
Head
Q-H
Capacity
PUMP HYDRAULICS
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP CURVE
PUMP HYDRAULICS
HEAD - PRESSURE
Water at
70 metres head
Petrol at
7 bar
70 metres head
(100 psi)
5 bar
(72 psi)
PUMP HYDRAULICS
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Water
= 1 Kg/litre (8.33 lbs/gal)
Petrol
= 0.72 Kg/litre (6.0 lbs/gal)
PUMP HYDRAULICS
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
PUMP HYDRAULICS
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP CURVE
The impeller
diameter
PUMP HYDRAULICS
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP CURVE
Head
F 200 (8)
2800 min-1 (rpm)
F 150 (6)
Capacity
Holding speed constant, the H-Q curve for any given pump
can be shifted by varying the impeller diameter
Affinity laws :
capacity
Q1 / Q2 = d1 / d2
head H1 / H2 = (d1 / d2 )2
PUMP HYDRAULICS
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP CURVE
Head
F 200 (8)
Capacity
Holding impeller diameter constant, the H-Q curve for any given
pump can be shifted by varying the pump speed
Affinity laws :
capacity
Q1 / Q2 = n1 / n2
head H1 / H2 = (n1 / n2 )2
PUMP HYDRAULICS
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP CURVE
Head
F 200 (8)
F 150 (6)
Q-H
Power in Kw
(bhp)
Q-P
Capacity
PUMP HYDRAULICS
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP CURVE
The actual absorbed power must be corrected for specific gravity
75 x Efficiency
102 x Efficiency
PUMP HYDRAULICS
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP CURVE
Centrifugal pump curves typically show hydraulic efficiency
points
Head
52%
F 200 (8)
56%
62%
F 150 (6)
65%
Capacity
PUMP HYDRAULICS
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP CURVE
Head
Q-H
NPSHr in metres
(feet)
Q - NPSHr
Capacity
Pump curves typically show the Net Positive Suction Head Required
to operate the pump at each point along its Head-Capacity curve
PUMP HYDRAULICS
NPSHr
Net Positive Suction Head Required
...is an extremely important parameter to consider
...refers to the internal losses of a centrifugal pump
...is determined by laboratory testing
...varies with:
each pump
with pump capacity
with pump speed
PUMP HYDRAULICS
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP CURVE
Head
Q-H
H1
NPSHr in metres
(feet)
Q - NPSHr
NPSHr1
Capacity
Q1
PUMP HYDRAULICS
MENTAL NOTE
Lets talk
NPSH baby
PUMP HYDRAULICS
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP CURVE
PUMP HYDRAULICS
THE SUCTION SIDE
PUMP HYDRAULICS
THE SUCTION SIDE
PUMP HYDRAULICS
NPSHa
Net Positive Suction Head Available
NPSH available is the term that describes whether the pressure on
the suction side is adequate for proper pump operation
Self-priming applications must also consider the amount of air the
pump is required to evacuate
PUMP HYDRAULICS
NPSHa
PUMP HYDRAULICS
MENTAL NOTE
PUMP HYDRAULICS
NPSHa
Atmospheric pressure
Pressurised tank
Vacuum tank
The pressure on the liquid is the major
contributor to the NPSHa of a system
PUMP HYDRAULICS
MENTAL NOTE
Pressure values must be converted to metres of head using the
following formula :
Metres of head = (bar x 10) / specific gravity
(KPa x 0.01 x 10) / specific
gravity
Atmospheric pressure at sea level = 1 bar (14.7 psi)
Pressurised vessel = Absolute pressure gauge reading
Vacuum vessel = Vacuum gauge reading
PUMP HYDRAULICS
NPSHa
PUMP
PUMP HYDRAULICS
NPSHa
PUMP HYDRAULICS
NPSHa
PUMP HYDRAULICS
NPSHa
100C 212F
80C
At sea level
Spaghetti
176F
On the mountain
PUMP HYDRAULICS
NPSHa
PUMP HYDRAULICS
NPSHa
Just Give Me
The Formulae
PUMP HYDRAULICS
NPSHa
QUICK FORMULA
Dps
Ha
PUMP HYDRAULICS
NPSHa & NPSHr
NPSHr < NPSHa
NPSHa + NPSHr < 10.33 m (33.9)
Head
Q-H
Liquid :
NPSH
water
Atmospheric
H1
NPSHa
pressure :
NPSHr1
NPSHr
Q1
CAVITATION !!
Capacity
PUMP HYDRAULICS
NPSHa & NPSHr
Temperature
C
K
30
86
40
104
50
122
60
140
70
158
80
176
90
194
Reducing coefficients
Coefficient
Kt (m)
0.4
0.8
1.3
2.0
3.2
4.8
7.1
Altitude
m
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Coefficient
Kh (m)
0.00
0.55
1.10
1.65
2.20
2.75
3.30
PUMP HYDRAULICS
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP CURVE
Head
Now we go back
to pump curves
Q-H
Capacity
PUMP HYDRAULICS
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP CURVE
The impeller
diameter
PUMP HYDRAULICS
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP CURVE
AFFINITY LAWS
FLOW
Example
Q1 / Q2 = n1 / n2
1/2
HEAD
H1 / H2 = (n1 / n2 )2
1/4
NPSH
NPSH1 / NPSH2 = (n1 / n2 )2
1/4
POWER
P1 / P2 = (n1 / n2 )3
1/8
PUMP HYDRAULICS
SELECTING A PUMP
Liquid characteristics
Pumping system design
TDH
Capacity
NPSHa
PUMP HYDRAULICS
MENTAL NOTE
The first rule of centrifugal pump
selection:
Head
determines Capacity
PUMP HYDRAULICS
SELECTING A PUMP
System Curve
Head
Q-H
Operating Point
H1
NPSH
Q - NPSH
NPSHr1
Q1
Capacity
Head (m)
PUMP HYDRAULICS
SELECTING A PUMP
52%
70 (230)
56%
60 (197)
B
50 (164)
62%
40 (131)
65%
30 (98.4)
56%
20 (65.6)
10 (32.8)
Capacity
(l/min)
0 (0)
0
(0gpm)
8 (26.2)
6 (19.7)
100
200
300
500
600
700
800
(26.5gpm) (52.9gpm) (79.4gpm) (132gpm) (159gpm) (185gpm) (212gpm)
A
B-C-D
4 (13.1)
2 (6.56)
NPSH
(m)
0 (0)
D
6 (8.2Hp)
4 (5.4Hp)
2 (2.7Hp)
0 (0)
C
B
A
Power
(Kw)
Capacity requested :
600 l/min
TDH requested :
35 m
Pump performances
Capacity : 600 l/min
Head :35 m
NPSHr : 3.2 m
Absorbed power :6.5
Kw
PUMP HYDRAULICS
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP CURVE
DN 80 (3) Pipe
PUMP
Liquid water
Atmospheric pressure :1 bar
(14.7 psi) at sea level
Temperature : 20C (68F)
6m
0.6 m
1.2 m
PUMP HYDRAULICS
PUMP
6m
DN 80 (3) Pipe
2.4 m
Liquid : water
Atmospheric pressure :1 bar
(14.7 psi) at sea level
Temperature : 20C (68F)
0.6 m
2.4 m
2.4 m
Foot valve