predicted before hand.

This paper is all

about the technology which predicts the
suicide bombers and explosion of
ABSTRACT
weapons through IMAGING FOR
CONCLEAD WEAPON DETECTION,
In the present scenario, bomb blasts are
the sensor improvements, how the
rampant all around the world. Bombs
imaging takes place and the challenges.
went of in buses and underground
And we also describe techniques for
stations, killed many and left many
simultaneous noise suppression, object
injured. Bomb blasts can not be
enhancement of video data and show
some mathematical results.
The detection of weapons
concealed underneath a person’s
clothing is very much important to the
improvement of the security of the
general public as well as the safety of
public assets like airports, buildings,
and railway stations etc. Manual
screening procedures for detecting
concealed weapons such as handguns,
knives, and explosives are common in
controlled access settings like airports,
entrances to sensitive buildings and
public events. It is desirable sometimes
to be able to detect concealed weapons
from a standoff distance, especially
when it is impossible to arrange the flow
of people through a controlled
procedure.
INTRODUCTION:
Till now the detection of concealed
weapons is done by manual screening
procedures. To control the explosives in
some places like airports, sensitive
buildings, famous constructions etc. But
these manual screening procedures are
not giving satisfactory results, because
this type of manual screenings
procedures screens the person when the
person is near the screening machine and
also some times it gives wrong alarm
indications so we are need of a
technology that almost detects the
weapon by scanning. This can be
achieved by imaging for concealed
weapons.
The goal is the eventual
deployment of automatic detection and
recognition of concealed weapons. it is a
technological challenge that requires
innovative solutions in sensor
technologies and image processing.
The problem also presents
challenges in the legal arena; a number
of sensors based on different
phenomenology as well as image
processing support are being developed
to observe objects underneath people’s
clothing.
IMAGING SENSORS
These imaging sensors developed for
CWD applications depending on their
portability, proximity and whether they
use active or passive illuminations.
1. INFRARED IMAGER:
Infrared imagers utilize
the temperature distribution
information of the target to form
an image. Normally they are
used for a variety of night-vision
applications, such as viewing
vehicles and people. The
underlying theory is that the
infrared radiation emitted by the
human body is absorbed by
clothing and then re-emitted by
it. As a result, infrared radiation
can be used to show the image
of a concealed weapon only
when the clothing is tight, thin,
and stationary. For normally
loose clothing, the emitted
infrared radiation will be spread
over a larger clothing area, thus
decreasing the ability to image
a weapon.
2. P M W IMAGING
SENSORS:
FIRST GENERATION:
Passive millimeter wave
(MMW) sensors measure the
apparent temperature through
the energy that is emitted or
reflected by sources. The output
of the sensors is a function of
the emissive of the objects in
the MMW spectrum as
measured by the receiver.
Clothing penetration for
concealed weapon detection is
made possible by MMW sensors
due to the low emissive and
high reflectivity of objects like
metallic guns. In early 1995, the
MMW
data were obtained by means of
scans using a single detector
that took up to 90 minutes to
generate one image.
Following figure1 (a) shows a
visual image of a person
wearing a heavy sweater that
conceals two guns made with
metal and ceramics. The
corresponding 94-GHz
radiometric image figure1 (b)
was obtained by scanning a
single detector across the object
plane using a mechanical
scanner. The radiometric image
clearly shows both firearms.
Figure: 1(a) visible and 1(b) MMW
image of a person concealing 2 guns
beneath a heavy sweater
SECOND GENERATION:
Recent advances in MMW
sensor technology have led to
video-rate (30 frames/s) MMW
cameras .One such camera is
the pupil-plane array from Terex
Enterprises. It is a 94-GHz
radiometric pupil-plane imaging
system that employs frequency
scanning to achieve vertical
resolution and uses an array of
32 individual wave-guide
antennas for Horizontal
resolution. This system collects
up to 30 frames/s of MMW data.
Following figure shows the
visible and second-generation
MMW images of an individual
hiding a gun underneath his
jacket. It is clear from the
figures 1(b), 2(b) that the image
quality of the camera is
degraded.
 presented, a human operator is
able to respond with higher
accuracy. This demonstrates the
benefits of image fusion for the
CWD application, which
integrates complementary
information from multiple types
of sensors.

FIGURE 2(a) visual image 2(b) second-

generation image of a person concealing
a handgun beneath a jacket.

CWD THROUGH IMAGE FUSION:

By fusing passive MMW image
data and its corresponding
infrared (IR) or electro-optical
(EO) image, more complete
information can be obtained.
FIGURE 3: An example of image fusion
The information can then be for CWD. (a) Image1: visual (b) Image2:
utilized to facilitate concealed MMW (c) Fused Image.
weapon detection.

Fusion of an IR image
revealing a concealed weapon IMAGING PROCESSING
and its corresponding MMW ARCHITECTURE:
image has been shown to
facilitate extraction of the
concealed weapon. This is
illustrated in the example given
in following figure 3a) Shows an
image taken from a regular CCD
camera, and Figure3b) shows a
corresponding MMW image. If
either one of these two images
alone is presented to a human
operator, it is difficult to
recognize the weapon concealed
underneath the rightmost FIGURE 4: An imaging processing
person’s clothing. If a fused architecture overview for CWD
image as shown in Figure 3c) is

An image processing
architecture for CWD is shown in
Figure 4.The input can be multi
sensor (i.e., MMW + IR, MMW +
EO, or MMW + IR + EO) data or
only the MMW data. In the latter
case, the blocks showing
registration and fusion can be
removed from Figure 4. The
output can take several forms. It
can be as simple as a processed
image/video sequence displayed
on a screen; a cued display
where potential concealed
weapon types and locations are
highlighted with associated
confidence measures; a “yes,”
“no,” or “maybe” indicator; or a
combination of the above. The
image processing procedures
that have been investigated for
CWD applications range from
simple de-noising to automatic
pattern recognition.
WAVELET APPROACHS FOR
PRE PROCESSING:
Before an image or video
sequence is presented to a
human observer for operator-
assisted weapon detection or
fed into an automatic weapon
detection algorithm, it is
desirable to preprocess the
images or video data to
maximize their exploitation. The
preprocessing steps considered
in this section include
enhancement and filtering for
the removal of shadows,
wrinkles, and other artifacts.
When more than one sensor is
used, preprocessing must also
include registration and fusion
procedures.
1) IMAGE DENOISING &
ENHANCEMENT THROUGH
WAVELETS:
Many techniques have
been developed to improve the
quality of MMW images in this
section, we describe a technique
for simultaneous noise
suppression and object
enhancement of passive MMW
video data and show some
mathematical results.
De-noising of the video
sequences can be achieved
temporally or spatially. First,
temporal de-noising is achieved
by motion compensated
filtering, which estimates the
motion trajectory of each pixel
and then conducts a 1-D
filtering along the trajectory.
This reduces the blurring effect
that occurs when temporal
filtering is performed without
regard to object motion
between frames. The motion
trajectory of a pixel can be
estimated by various algorithms
such as optical flow methods,
block-based methods and
Bayesian-methods. If the motion
in an image sequence is not
abrupt, we can restrict the
search to a small region in the
subsequent frames for the
motion trajectory. For additional
de-noising and object
enhancement, the technique
employs a wavelet transform
method that is based on multi
scale edge representation.

FIGURE: 5a) original frame 5b) de-
noised frame 5c) de-noised and
enhanced frame by wavelet approach
In above figure 5(a), which
shows a frame taken from the
sample video sequence, the
concealed gun does not show
clearly because of noise and low
contrast. The images in Figure
5(b) show the de-noised frame
by motion-compensated
filtering. The frame was then
spatially de-noised and
enhanced by the wavelet
transform methods. Four
decomposition levels were used
and edges in
The fine scales were detected
using the magnitude and angles
of the gradient of the multi-
scale edge representation. The
threshold for de-noising was
15% of the maximum gradient
at each scale. Figure 5(c) shows
the final results of the contrast
enhanced and demised frames.
Note that the image of the
handgun on the chest of the
subject is more apparent in the
enhanced frame than it is in the
original frame. However,
spurious features such as glint
are also enhanced; higher-level
procedures such as pattern
Recognition has to be used to
discard these undesirable
features.
2) CLUTTER FILTERING:
Clutter filtering is used to
remove unwanted details
(shadows, wrinkles, imaging
artifacts, etc.) that are not
needed in the final image for
human observation, and can
adversely affect the
performance of the automatic
recognition stage. This helps
improve the recognition
performance, either operator-
assisted or automatic. For this
purpose, morphological filters
have been employed. Examples
of the use of morphological
filtering for noise removal are
provided through the complete
CWD example given in Figure. A
complete description of the
example is given in a later
section.
3) REGISTRATION OF MULTI-
SENSOR IMAGES:
As indicated earlier,
making use of multiple sensors
may increase the efficacy of a
CWD system. The first step
toward image fusion is a precise
alignment of images (i.e., image
registration).
Very little has been reported on
the registration problem for the
CWD application. Here, we registration algorithm was
describe a registration approach developed for the registration of
for images taken at the same IR images and the
time from different but corresponding MMW images of
Nearly collocated (adjacent and the first generation. At the first
parallel) sensors based on the stage, two human silhouette
maximization of mutual extraction algorithms were
information (MMI) criterion. MMI developed, followed by a binary
states that two images are correlation to coarsely register
registered when their mutual the two images.
information (MI) reaches its
maximum value. This can be
expressed mathematically as
the following:

where F and R are the images to

be registered. F is referred to as
the floating image, whose pixel
coordinates (˜x) are to be
mapped to new coordinates on
the reference image R. The
reference image R is to be re-
sampled according to the
positions defined by the new
coordinates Ta( ˜x), where T
denotes the transformation FIGURE 6: A CWD EXAMPLE
model, and the dependence of T
on its associated parameters a
is indicated by the use of The purpose was to provide
notation Ta. I is the MI similarity an initial search point close to
measure calculated over the the final solution for the second
region of overlap of the two stage of the registration
images and can be calculated algorithm based on the MMI
through the joint histogram of criterion.
the two images the above In this manner, any local
criterion says that the two optimizer can be employed to
images F and R are maximize the MI measure.
One registration result obtained
registered through Ta* when a* by this approach is illustrated
globally optimizes the MI through the example given in
measure, a two-stage Figure 6.

1V) IMAGE DECOMPOSITION:
The most straightforward
approach to image fusion is to
take the average of the source
images, but this can produce
undesirable results such as a
decrease in contrast. Many of
the advanced image fusion
methods involve multi resolution
image decomposition based on
the wavelet transform. First, an
image pyramid is constructed
for each source image by
applying the wavelet transform
to the source images. This
transform domain
representation emphasizes
important details of the source
images at different scales,
which is useful for choosing the
best fusion rules. Then, using a
feature selection rule, a fused
pyramid is formed for the
composite image from the
pyramid coefficients of the
source images. The simplest
feature selection rule is
choosing the maximum of the
two corresponding transform
values. This allows the
integration of details into one
image from two or more images.
Finally, the composite image is
obtained by taking an inverse
pyramid transform of the
composite wavelet
representation. The process can
be applied to fusion of multiple
source imagery. This type of
method has been used to fuse
IR and MMW images for CWD
application [7]. The first fusion
example for CWD application is
given in Figure 7. Two IR images
taken from separate IR cameras
from different viewing angles
are considered in this case. The
advantage of image fusion for
this case is clear since we can
observe a complete gun shape
only in the fused image. The
second fusion example, fusion
of IR and MMW images, is
provided in Figure 6.
FIGURE 7: (a) and (b) are original IR
images (c) is fused image
AUTOMATIC WEAPON
DETECTION:
After preprocessing, the
images /video sequences can be
displayed for operator-assisted
weapon detection or fed into a
weapon detection module for
automated weapon detection.
Toward this aim, several steps
are required, including object
extraction, shape description,
and weapon recognition.
SEGMENTATION FOR OBJECT
EXTRACTION
Object extraction is an potentially play a key role in
important step towards addressing the concealed
automatic recognition of a weapon detection problem.
weapon, regardless of whether Recent advances in MMW sensor
or not the image fusion step is technology have led to video-
involved. It has been rate (30 frames/s) MMW
successfully used to extract the cameras. However, MMW
gun shape from the fused IR and cameras alone cannot provide
MMW images. This could not be useful information about the
achieved using the original detail and location of the
images alone. Segmented individual being monitored. To
result from the fused IR and enhance the practical values of
MMW image is shown in Figure passive MMW cameras, sensor
6. fusion approaches using MMW
and IR, or MMW and EO cameras
CHALLENGES: are being described. By
integrating the complementary
There are several information from different
challenges ahead. One critical sensors, a more effective CWD
issue is the challenge of system is expected.
performing detection at a
distance with high probability of REFERENCES:
detection and low probability of
false alarm. Yet another 1. An Article from “IEEE SIGNAL
difficulty to be surmounted is PROCESSING MAGAZINE” March
forging portable multi-sensor 2005 pp. 52-61
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systems go hand in hand with 2. www.wikipedia.org
subsequent response by the
operator, and system 3. N.G.Paulter, “Guide to the
development should take into technologies of concealed
account the overall context of weapon imaging and
deployment. detection,” NIJ Guide 602-00,
2001
CONCLUSION:
4. www.imageprocessing.com
Imaging techniques based on a
combination of sensor
technologies and processing will