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<J

THE

ELEMENTS
OF

SYRIAC GRAMMAR.
BY THE

REV.

GEORGE PHILLIPS,

M.A.

FELLOW AND TUTOR OF QUEENS' COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE.

CAMBRIDGE:
PRINTED AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, FOR

J.

AND

J. J.

DEIGHTON, CAMBRIDGE,
AND

JOHN

W. PARKER, LONDON.
M.DCCC.XXXVII.

PREFACE.

THE

"

following

Elements of Syriac Grammar" are

intended for the assistance of those Students in Hebrew,

the

who

are desirous of extending

This

Syriac Language.

consequence of the close

studies to

their

easily accomplished in

is

which

affinity,

between

exists

the two languages both in their structure as well as

in the multitude of words which they possess in com-

mon.
quite

small

sufficient

portion

only of

time and labour

the

Hebrew

scholar

for

moderate knowledge of Syriac.

allied to

Hebrew and

It

is

is

obtain a

to

indeed so nearly

especially to Chaldee, that after

he has read the Chaldee parts of the Bible, he may

at
is

once

the

proceed to

important that he

sition of

it,

since

amply repay him

upon the

reading

should

subject.

Syriac,

not neglect

the advantages
for

of

to be

whatever trouble he

There

is

the

that

the

Syriac

acqui-

may bestow

no necessity

Language

it

derived will

minute statement of these advantages; but

mentioned

and

to
it

give

may

supplies

be

one

source of valuable information for the criticism of the

2094330

Pl<

Hebrew

Bible.

By

ACE.

K K

Hebrew word

an examination of a

as it is used in this language, essential service has been

rendered in elucidating

many

Holy Writ, and

passages of

practice of commentators to

it

difficult

and important

has been the constant

have recourse to Syriac,

whenever the Text of the Old Testament

lish satisfactorily the signification

fails to estab-

of a word.

In such

case every person allows that a reference to Syriac

is

one of the legitimate means to be employed in deter-

mining the sense of a passage, and although

inferior to

this lan-

Arabic in the extent and variety

guage

is

of

literature; it is nevertheless superior as regards

its

much more

its

intimate connection with

the

original

language of the Bible.

But the

great claim as

Syriac has on
for

whose use

New
and

this

book

and

if

the

Syriac

to

spoken in

The high

it,

antiquity of this Version

which can be assigned to no other,

these circumstances be added another, that

Language

is

so

Palestine in the

many

persons

it

language of our Lord,

Syriac

intended, consists in the Syriac

is

use in the early established Syriac Church

stamp

an importance on

that by

appears to me, which the

the attention of that class of persons,

Testament.

its

it

New

nearly
first

the

same

as

that

age of Christianity,

has been termed the vernacular

it

must be allowed that the

Testament possesses a value

inferior only

PREFACE.
that

to

which

the

to

belongs

Michaelis

Original.

devoted his great talents to the study of Syriac and

to

duction to the
to

fix

New

its

Testament, he has endeavoured

when

the period

after bringing forward

of

In his Intro-

an examination of the Syriac Version.

was made, and

that Version

many cogent arguments

high antiquity has inferred that

existed, either at the

end of the

of the second century.

that

is

or the beginning

it

its

frequent

reading in passages of im-

portance must recommend the use of

and the truth

must have

it

This great age and

common

deviation from the

first

in favour

it

to every critic,

has been more used than

all

other sources of critical assistance together.

From
that the

these remarks

Hebrew

it

scholar should

of the Syriac Testament

can be so easily obtained.

of

it

has been

this elementary
also

further

oriental

my

Grammar

studies

is

acquire a knowledge

especially as that

To

facilitate the

knowledge

acquirement

chief inducement in sending forth

encouraged

attention there

will obviously appear desirable

to the public.
to

do

it

from

the growing

at the present time to

in this Country.

It

is

have been

Hebrew and

to

be wished

that this attention will continue to increase, and that

before the lapse of

the

Hebrew Bible

many

years some acquaintance with

will be generally sought after

ministers of our Church.

by the

There may be some persons

PREFACE.

who

will not join in this wish,

has been urged by many,

who

opposed to the cultivation of

new

and

am

aware that

are indifferent or are

Hebrew

learning, that

doctrines can be discovered from the

Hebrew

and that therefore the English Translation

every want.

To

this it

may be

it

no

Bible,

will supply

replied that the

Greek

Testament contains no doctrines which are not to be

found in our English Version
not inferior to that of the

that this

Old Testament

Version

is

in the fidelity

execution,

and that therefore the same reason

may be brought

forward for the abandonment of the

of

its

original.

It is one of the Articles of our

Old Testament
in

the

is

Old and

offered to

Church that " the

not contrary to the

New

mankind by

New;

for

Testament everlasting

Christ."

both

life

is

I do not see therefore

on what principle the Hebrew Bible

is

not to be deemed

as important for all

purposes of divinity as the

Greek

Testament: indeed no arguments can be advanced in

favour of a
knowledge

of the latter, which will

most certainly apply with

equal force
the former.

knowledge of

But although the Hebrew Bible

disclose

to its

there

something

is

for a

reader any
else

new

which

doctrines

it will

do.

not

will not

of religion;
It will teach

him the primary

signification of words, and thus present
to him
many expressions with additional force and

PREFACE.
enable

him

to

form his own opinion and put his own

interpretation on
benefit

which

and which

Vll

is

will

many

particular passages.

to be acquired

This

is

from the Hebrew Bible,

be found of immense

value

the

to

Minister in his public Exposition of the Scriptures.

may

It

be also observed that if the candidate for Holy

Orders were encouraged to enter on the study of Hebrew,

him

the circumstance could not fail to be beneficial to

in

no ordinary degree.

would compel him to read

It

the Scriptures more frequently, to examine important

parts

more

critically,

and would consequently make him

more familiar with the contents of the Bible than would

That pursuit which

otherwise be the case.

Minister, or the candidate

for the

obliges the

ministry, to study

the Scriptures cannot be adopted without advantage.

will exercise

an influence over

and the whole tenour of his

all

life.

the powers of his

It

mind

It will fix his thoughts

on those matters which pertain to his profession, and

it

may

serve as the beginning

and be made the

of a sound course of Theological reading.

periods of the reformation,
issue

when the

basis

In the early

great questions at

between the contending parties could be decided

only by a reference to the Scriptures in their original

tongues,

Hebrew and

oriental literature were zealously

pursued, and there arose in those times men,

rendered their names imperishable as

profound

skill in

Hebrew

learning, as

who have

much by

their

by the part which

PHEFACE.

viii

in

sustained

they

Popish tyranny.

from

country

That was the time when

oriental

most in England, and

was be-

flourished

literature

their

emancipating

it

cause of the great proficiency which our venerahle re-

formers possessed in this branch of study, that with the

aid of God's

Holy

Spirit,

they were enabled to dispel

the superstitions of Papacy.

There

estimating the importance of the

made

to convert the

Jews

confessed that of

all

the people

These

to Christianity.

attempts deserve every encouragement

ness,

now under

subject

In these days many laudable attempts

consideration.
are

be forgotten in

also another point not to

is

who

for it

must be

are sitting in dark-

none possess a greater claim on our exertions

none can appeal more strongly to our sense of duty

and our

of gratitude

feelings

of that people, to

ages "the
first

oracles of

we ought

to

were entrusted

God," and from

and teachers of our

disciples

of our

whom

than the descendants

whom
faith.

take an interest in the

Jewish

brethren

and

to

for

use

so

many

sprung the

But

eternal

whilst
welfare

every effort

to

bring them within the pale of the Christian Church

it

may

at the

subscribers
for

who

to

same time be
the Jews'

safely affirmed

Society

employed to conduct

that the

need never to look

any great measure of success;

are

its

unless the persons,

operations are

ac-

PREFACE.
quainted with the

who has

Every person

language.

had any experience

Jews must be

of

opinions

Hebrew

IX

the

in

aware

the

of

read

Hebrew

in

indeed

read any religious book unless

it

like

Hebrew

in

Text of Scripture and rendering

their

own

bent on

all,

to

Bible
to

and

certain that they are not unskilful in perverting

is

the

prejudice

never

they

it is

The

which they possess in favour of Hebrew.

they

and

feelings

It

peculiar system.

who

subservient

it

therefore incum-

is

engaged in the conversion

are

of

the Jews to meet this prejudice by informing them-

on the Hebrew Language.

selves

cessary

the

that

Jews

they

from

should

Christ in whose death

is

Neither

will

acquainted with the

modern Jews

Hebrew

it

be

Hebrew

the

spiritual

the

oral

derive

give

Priests

that

The

Bible.

of

religion

law that they propound

their authority.

a blind adhesion

mit to the yoke which

The Jews
to
is

these

and

their

are

of

Talmud
Teachers,

exercise

church,

flocks,

are

they

The Jewish

Romish

the

domination over their

ever, therefore,

the Prophets have

enough

and the writings of their Rabbis.

like

that

Scriptures

learned principally from the

is

to

our hope of salvation

rest

whom Moses and

indeed he of

written.

we

highly ne-

is

be competent to prove

own

their

It

it

from

is

dogmas and

ever

ready to

dogmas and

imposed upon them.

to

sub-

Who-

wishes to combat effectually the errors

PREFACE.

X
of Rabbinism, must
his business for

An
and

many

the

study of the

Talmud

years.

objection has been frequently

its

their

make

made

to

Hebrew

in
family of languages that they are barren

and that a knowledge of the Bible

literature,

the only information to be obtained from this de-

is

partment of study.

The works
been
the

written

transmitted
quantity

treat,

or

Such

assuredly

these

in

to

is

languages,

not

are

us,

of

variety

which

deficient

subjects

on

fact.

have

either

which

in

they

nor in the interest and importance which these

There are the Chaldee Targums,*

subjects possess.

or Paraphrases of the Bible,

some of which are more

ancient than the Christian era.

many important
character and
fail

to

Student.

In them we read the

which the pious Jews of old put on

Interpretation,

not

not the

passages involving predictions of the

offices

afford

of the Messiah, and which can-

great

There are

satisfaction

also

the

to the

Christian

modern Jewish com-

mentaries.

They are very voluminous and although

they contain much of mysticism and folly; it cannot

be denied that

* I

beg leave

many

to

of

recommend a Chaldee Grammar and

Chrestomathy,

published a short time since by

in

America.

them abound with remarks of

The Grammar

is

Mr

Riggs, a Pupil of Professor Stuart

chiefly

a Translation of

Winers and

admirably adapted to promote the study of the Chaldee Targums.

is

PREFACE.

XI

New

In Syriac we have the

great philological value.

Testament of which mention has been already made;

besides a great quantity of ecclesiastical

must

It

writings.

and

be especially borne in mind

also

a very great portion of the history,

that

middle

of the

literature

historical

is

ages

locked

science

and

in

the

up

and Arabic languages.

Syriac

In the execution of this book, I have consulted

Grammars, which have been published

the

many during

the

as others of a

more ancient

to

last

or

fifty

sixty

years

Ger-

in
as

well

I have endeavoured

date.

be simple in the arrangement, to account for the

vowel changes

and the various

by the operation

of

very

of

inflexions

words,

few principles, and

to

exhibit in a concise form the general structure of the

How

language.
I leave

for

have succeeded in these matters

far I

others

to

decide.

At

an analysis of the 2nd. Chapter of

which

trust

will

the

end

is

St. John's

be found useful to the

given

Gospel,

Student

in the early stages of his progress.

It

have

was

made

my
its

delay has been

at

expectation that this

appearance

about

occasioned by the

Grammar would
year

new

ago.

Syriac

The
Types

the University Press, which were not obtained so

soon as I expected.

take this opportunity of men-

PREFACE.

Xll

tioning the circumstance in order to express

to

my

thanks

the Syndics for their kindness in procuring them,

and

also

elapsed

to

since

publication.

offer

the

an apology for the time which has

first

announcement of the intended

CONTENTS.

PAGE

THE Alphabet

Vowels

of the Vowels

Changes

The

Accent

Method

12

15

13

O j

Diacritic Points

letters

8
11

Marhetono and Mehagyono

Other

Linea Occultans, &c.

The

Kushoi and Rukok

Diacritic Points,

Ribui

Diphthongs

Properties and changes of Consonants

ib.

16

18

20

17

of expressing

'

numbers

Reading Exercises

19

NOUNS
Gender

21

Number
States of

Nouns

Adjectives

Numerals

PRONOUNS
-

Relative and Interrogative Pronouns

Pronominal Affixes

Nouns with
Example

fern,

noun with Affixes

42

|OO1 and

AJ

47

53

49

Observations on Regular Verbs

43

Tenses, &c. of the verbs

41

.44

VERBS

Paradigm of

noun with Affixes

of a masc.

40
ib.

Affixes

Example of a

34
36

Demonstrative Pronouns

22

24

58

60

CONTENTS.

xjv

PAGE

Verbs which have a guttural

for a rad. letter

63

The Present Tense, &c.

IRREGULAR VERBS
Verbs ]si or wa_2
Verbs

C6

^
70

^D]

Paradigm of

Paradigm of ,Xj
Verbs

Q-^-

Verbs

Verbs

JJ

or

77

Paradigm of

^OOD

Paradigm of

(Lyi

78
-

82

85

84

Verbs ^il

The

Objective affixes attached to

Verbs

86

Paradigm of ifc
Observations on Objective Affixes

Doubly

defective

93

95

Verbs

Quadriliteral Verbs

PARTICLES

96

ib.

99

Adverbs

100

Prepositions

Conjunctions and Interjections

ib.

SYNTAX
Syntax of Nouns

102

Construction of Adjectives

.........

Numerals

Syntax of Pronouns
...... Verbs

Prepositions

Number

ib.

117

Ellipsis

APPENDIX
St John's
Analysis

115
116

Particles

Enallage of Persons and

106

109

......
......

104
105

Gospel, Chap.

n.
-

118

124
-

127

ERRATA.

Page

14, line 2, for

Pi-**) read
X

............

last line, for

and

......

34, lines 17

......

63, line 12, for

ftl
18,

Pf--|

read

ft]

no brackets.

from

this

last

but one.
......

66, last line, for

O^IZ]

read

remark read from

this

last

remark

THE

Syrians in common with many other

Eastern nations, read from the right-hand to the left,
$.

1.

and have the same number of

consonants, as the Hebrews.

The

letters,

following Table exhibits

and
numerical values.
powers
'orms.

which are

their forms,

all

names,

INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS.

Care must be taken

to

between the

distinguish

following letters, which have nearly the same figure,

and

differ chiefly in their

One

The

to another

letter is joined

drawn from

zontal line

exceptions to

magnitude.

its

hori-

in

oi^.

extremity;

are

this

by a small

and L, which when

joined to another letter assume the forms

All the letters except

may be joined to
The nine letters
a

the eight

>

,**._,ro2).Q.

>..

additional

alter their figure

i.

and are called

finals.

and A
i

at

word.

terminating

and

stroke,

The

are
five

the end of a word,

retain their usual power,

They

but assume the forms ^, \,

following

<n o

o.^i>j^._.CDfc2)Ow.

So j

The

the following letter of the

word, receive a slight

written

01

as,

or

^o,

.,

\j.

characters are frequently

compound

used.

As

Letters

changed
tion;

for

Olaph-Lomad

^L

Lomad-Olaph

tf

Lomad-Lomad

\\

of

one

the

same

another in

for

X)

organ
the

are

process

frequently
of deriva-

Grammarians have divided the whole

Alphabet

into classes

according to the organ of speech by which

they are enounced.

VOWELS.
Gutturals

DIPHTHONGS.

VOWELS.

Vowels may be divided into two classes: pure, i.e.

those which complete their syllables: and impure,
those

i.e.

which do not complete the syllable with-

out the addition of a terminating consonant.

Pure vowels are

Ma-leph.

When

followed

a quiescent

by

or

Eihekel

_i

li.

(sAo

as

K'tho-bo.

*QO1

Ne-puk.

ft

Impure
-_

as

in

jL

cad.

Vowels are

J&^

tida-mo.

Men.

i-do-tho.

Final syllables are often, as in

lously

^V
so also

long,

on

A-pin, where

occurs

^1 L^L .oV
^Ajf,
~

The Greek

Hebrew, anoma-

account perhaps of the

accent;

vowels

are

with

two

as,

consonants,

&c.

more frequently used in

modern books.
3.

There are

several

Vau and Yud, which

with the

Diphthongs.

diphthongs made by the letters

own powers coalesce

vowel
and
form
one syllable.
preceding

Vau makes

four

losing their

diphthongs aw, eu,

iu, ou.

PROPERTIES AND CHANGES OF CONSONANTS.

The

occurs in the beginning, middle and end

first

of words and

^20 V

as,

produced by the vowel

is

au-kel, he Jed,

ho-nau, this

The

The

is.

third

The

Esh-teu,
iu

effected

as, |I?oo-

as,

by
4.

o_,

as,

it.

chevotso

preceding

o_,

as,

preceded by another

is

Shou-do-yo, promise.

and

ai

diphthongs,

when

is

Yud makes two

..

by

fourth ou

*>;

will drink

N'shad-riu, he will send him.

before

preceding

second eu, by the vowel * preceding

,

o with

Tsau-mo, the fast,

]k>oJ

OJC7I

oi:

ai

by

G'laith, thou hast revealed: oi is

before

as,

vj<ji

hoi, she.

and Changes of Consonants.

Properties

Consonants possess various properties and undergo

certain changes arising from the influence of vowels;
or other causes, which

The

letters

_.

we proceed

when they

to mention.

are not pronounced;

but rest in the sound of the vowel on the preceding

letter are called quiescent.

Olaph

final

V^\t the men

rests
:

or *

in

as,

l^ul the

man,

was

except the four verbs ]v>^ he

77

77

77

impure, ]*^ he was comforted,

}}.

he polluted, ]]aZ]
T,

he was decorated.

as,

Olaph

in

the

^"jio

to

eat,

middle of a word
fiojiD

to

say.

rests in

Yud

is

* or

*;

sometimes

PROPERTIES AND CHANGES OF CONSONANTS.

in *;
changed into Olaph quiescent

as,

^]So to beget,

<r

for

* or
*;
usually rests in

Yud
L>]

^5

is,

^^

as,

he begun,

but.

i*

Vau

deprived of a vowel

iooo

escent in *; as,

fulcrum

as the

mater

lectionis of this

is

it

vowel

Vau

is

In foreign words

quiescent in the vowel *;

most part quiIt is also used

ioou day.

rise,

as

or,

for the

is

the

termed,

technically
as,

frequently

found to be

.CDO-^ Peter, ^cooJolZ

as,

ft

throne.

The

letters

_,,

other consonant, which

when they

are placed after an-

without a vowel, cannot be

is

pronounced; but they are nevertheless written for the

sake of orthography or etymology.
In such instances
these letters are said to be otiose.

wh en

Olaph in the pronouns ^Ltf and ^Ajf,

added to participles

are

tense

present

and

is

^AjJ ,A&o

otiose;
kot-loten,

Vau and Yud

letter

preceding

a^o
fern.

as,

ye

slay, masc.

the end of

has no

and

also

fern.

when

the

otiose;

as,

a word,

are

vowel,

kot-litun,

^.VfcA

^Aj]

they slew, masc.

Vtal,

^Ao^o

Yud
thou;

in

the sake of forming the

for

in

is

fctul,

likewise

certain

V o
fr

Vtal, they slew,

slay thou, imper. fern.

otiose

affixes;

in
as,

the pronoun

^Aj]

.^\<J>

my

malk,

at,

king,

PROPERTIES AND CHANGES OF CONSONANTS.

And

tftho-bek, thy book.

and adverbs;
It

is

as,

.V-

in

some substantives

shel, tranquillity.,

when?

^Ak)],
that

many grammarians

supposed by

Yud

pronounced in ancient times and this supposition

support from the usage in Arabic and Hebrew ;
have

Ta\i6a

New Testament

also in the

Mark

KOV/ULI,

for

pafifiovvi,

John xx.

Consonants are sometimes omitted in writing;

P

end

U^],

"
-

for

man

first

radical

as, jjl one,

- -

in the

^,

Heb. TH^-

>.

as,

compound words;

on

^&]

for

*>")

The

although.

Words which have

and *^-L he perceived,

same

off;

the middle

occasions lose one of

many

fall

as,

t>

N of Hebrew words sometimes drops

Vau and Yud

and

for *^_3\

radical doubled,

thus,

especially in

16.

t>

]Z;_a

we

and other similar expressions.

41.

v.

derives

are pronounced chali and akxari;

/^X^., ^pN, which

we have

was

them

nest from

same manner

off in nearly the

Hebrew, which may

situations as in

be immediately observed by inspecting the paradigms

of the classes of verbs beginning with these letters.
Letters are sometimes added to words for the sake
of euphony.

Thus, Olaph

beginning with

Yud;

as,

is

prefixed to

^] hand

many words

for ]^,

]ka*1 day

for

Olaph prosthetic occurs

as,

^L]

also in the verbs

he drunk, and

_A^
x

>^Al

fc

he found.

and

CHANGES OF THE VOWELS.

have also l^jJt hero from 1O3J, where the

We

seems
in

to

be a

Nun

a duplication of the

is

forte

Dagesh

In some words of Greek

Hebrew and Chaldee.

there
oridn
O

the

for

compensation

on
;

as, .cDOjJJoio

synod, for joorJQic.

number of Hebrew words become Syriac

words by the change of one or more of their letters.
is

great

changed into

*Z

...

V
1

j^

as,

2HT

gold,

n!)S

rock,

;ftttf

snow,

...

OT

...

or j

yn

he run,

*4<3l5

nbj

^ e revealed,

\it or

TT

^>

I
y

^D

...

1&3.
fash,
T T

...

Qi^

<M>O

...

HV^

^e

sometimes into

fected

The
is

words

of

by vowels;

characteristic of

*'~

man ^ere^

Changes of the Vowels.

5.

Inflexions

;mn

are

vowels

certain

different

numerous

in

forms

of

cases

ef-

being selected

as

the

correspondence between Syriac and

same

word.

Hebrew vowels

as follows:

Pethocho

(v)

to

Patach (-);

as,

^Q

his

generally

to

om^ji,

king.

The
the

Revotso

vowel

Hebrew

as,

(*)

jonsZ,

corresponds
TipBTi

thau shalt

visit.

CHANGES OF THE VOWELS.

i

Chevotso

Zekofo

Hebrew ~;

to the

( )

Kamets T

to

(?)

nrr>v for
itpy.

as,

as,

^oj]

man,

DIK
TT

he revealed.

Etsotso

Kibbuts;

(*) to

Cholem, Kametschatuph, Shurek and

]_JCLO, holiness,

as,

^o

Enp;

^b

#.

^O

Olaph in the beginning of a word, and also Ee

the same situation, when it is before 01, instead of

in

being according to analogy without a vowel, will receive

the most part

a vowel,

for

5CTLL for

5CJLL.

Yud

observes

the

or

as,

^3)

for

^D]

same rule at the beginning of

a word, and takes the vowel

i
;

as,

ioAj orphan, for

* X

ioA...
*

The foregoing rule holds good also for the letters

Olaph, Vau and Yud when they begin a syllable the
;

vowel in such places

if it

remitted to the preceding

letter,

has been previously without one; except when

the Olaph,
in the
ciples

is

same

Vau

Yud

or

syllable.

may be

is

followed by two consonants

full exhibition

of these prin-

seen by looking at the irregular verbs.

When

two consonants come together at the beginning of a syllable, which is sometimes the case in
the beginning of a word,

in consequence of prefixing

prepositions or conjunctions not having a vowel;

in

the middle of a word from inflexion

consonant will receive a vowel

but also

as,

^->

for the
for

the former

most part T~

also

vn -

in heaven,

CHANGES OF THE VOWELS.

10
7

for

""
J2--)

the letter,

A^oZl*

for

A^&oZ]

A^XZ.

for

This

she was
analo-

is

Shevas
gous to the Hebrew, when the former of two
coming together in the beginning of a syllable, is
generally changed into

T.

Vowels are sometimes

away;
it

is

as,

Z^os> the feminine of

7^0^ thou hast

3rd.

thus

isol

,Q^ he

it

001

may make

lau,

he

for ocn

is

Hebrew ought

and'

Jjcji

liar,

and

But

visited.

to

as,

have a Dagesh

are preserved;

is

state,

as,

for o<n

this for

U^.?;

ocri

as,

QJOT

ocn

- ^

when

changed into Pethocho

a diphthong with o;

cast

is

only be added;

letter

Zekofo in nouns of the definite

followed by

vowel

people; in the definite state ]v>v;

vowels

the

final

2nd. if the consonant from

visited;

the analogy of the

forte

if a

1st.

preserved,

when another

away:

added to a word, the

is

syllable

cast

so

it

is

that

ILj da-go-

ho-nau,

this is,

]jcn.

Transposition of vowels takes place; especially in

nouns of one syllable; thus,

jA^,

man

]i^iA, ^OJJD holiness definite state ]_ijaD

examples

will

definite

state

many

other

be given in the Chapter on nouns; also

the prepositions

Lomad become

VXLO
^Loo^

and

*>jao

with

and io'^o^, and

the

prefix

in certain

THE DIACRITIC POINTS, KUSHOI AND RUKOK.

compounded

">L

for

The

6.

The

a transposition

particles

takes place;

as,

until.

Diacritic Points, Kushoi

and Rukok.

Syrians have no marks corresponding to the

Sheva and Dagesh forte of the Hebrews

use a point for the letters

This point when

away the

situated above a letter takes

and when placed below preserves

aspiration

it is

and

hardness,

signifies

but they

A^n,-^.

it is

In the former case

it.

II

called

the

in

IQQ Kushoi which

latter

Rukok,

J^DOJ

softness.

There

much

is

difference of opinion respecting these

It is sufficient to observe that

points.

for the Ai2,_,,L_o letters in the

lene

Hebrews

words.
is

viz.

without a vowel

of

jugations

if

verbs;

A^ID-^D

1st.

as,

OLSU-D Ken-pe, his wing.

letters

as,

that

same,

or

^L

he brake.

of the

supply

4th.

It is used

from the absence of the

when the second and

to

be one

radical

radical in verbs beginning with

of the second,

and ethpaal con-

to supply the defect arising

the

used

same manner as Dagesh

3rd. In the second radical of the pael

first

is

In the beginning of
2nd. In the middle of a word after a letter

of the

which

Kushoi

any

Yud

or

Nun

or

third radicals are

other

similar

defect.

According to Amira and the old grammarians it never

doubles a letter ; but on the other hand it must be said
that the Eastern

Syrians in this respect followed the

RIBUI.

THE DIACRITIC POINTS,

12

have also Papftl, Master,

analogy of the Hebrew, we
John iii. 2. and in the writings of St Paul we have
not admitted,

where
important to state that in such cases
would be implied, the preceding vowel will complete

then
it

If this duplication be

Father.

A/3/3a,
it

is

the syllable; thus, jjol tab-bar or ta-bar.

The Rukok

is

placed under a

Aas^s

letter; if

it

be without a vowel and in the middle of a word;

as

fMrn>. wisdom.

much

But the

insertion of these

points

modern editions of the Syriac

Scriptures and other Books and it is unnecessary to
say any thing more on the subject.
is

neglected in

Ribui.

7-

nouns and verbs have

Many

both numbers.
to

In such cases

employ some mark of

it

same

the

form in

was found necessary

For

distinction.

this purpose

Grammarians have invented the

sign

consisting of two horizontal* dots

() placed above the

word, to denote the plural

Ribui (**QA$)
x

The

number.

following

words will illustrate the use of this sign.

^

'

p0A_, orphan,

**

|ioAj orphans.

lAo

book,

books.

f|

was

covered,

fmZ.] were

covered.

he arrived,

Ribui

is

^x-^O

placed obliquely in

they arrived,

and J^s

(fern.)

thus,

X ^

13

LINES.
'

noun ending

plural

of the sign Ribui

the

since

_*
^ i

in

has no need

or
>>

number

is

a noun

of multitude

already in-

dicated by the termination.

It is sometimes used with

Of
as

DP

a flock of sheep,

to

distinguish

from ]iL

it

a sheep.
If

be placed over the letter Rish j one of the

coalesces with the point belonging to Rish ;

it

points
as,

fco^ a herd of oxen.

Lines.

8.

small

line

found

sometimes

is

and

above

sometimes beneath a letter of a word.

It

found

is

above

letter

principally

in

the

following instances,
1.

In abbreviated words;

2.

When
as,

are

letters

as,

for

l^fO
x

used to express numbers

13.

-^-

In the Particle of Exclamation

3.

holy*

Of

o]

to

distinguish

When

it

the

called

is

linea

beneath

not read and

is

occultans.

Barth, a daughter.

letter

it

directs

therefore generally

Thus,

2*o

Bath not

It is found,

as ]* iv>

writings,

o], or.

In nouns with the middle radical doubled

(i)

Ol

from the particle

found

is

that such letter

it

for

and

t>

Manna, |1V a

stag.

QJCTI

that

is,

especially in the

occurs

frequently

in

ecclesiastical

Commentaries of Ephraim Syrus.

LINES.

(2)

With Olaph
many

instances;

another-,

especially

in

as

often

is

it

substantive verb

(s)

beginning of a word

the

in

^S\ a man, ^j^]

as,

the

in

used

in

as,

\i]

With Dolath when

(a)

He

With

place

]i]

)j],

as

of the

am.

without a vowel

is

and placed before Thau;

(4)

the

"

it

pronoun

as,

new.

J2j*

in the following cases,

In affixes; as

.mnnVvn Ms kings:

^oi_,;_o

he called him.
(b)

In the verb ]oai was; when

when

dant,

when

it

it

the

is

assists

in

it

is

redun-

forming the imperfect

and plusperfect tenses

as,

"jooi

^oioZul he
x

was,

")ocn
*

he had

.^

he was

visiting,

.^^

"jooi

in

But when

visited.

of to

sense

or

copula,

logical

be,

to

exist,

it is

used in the

the

line

is

not

found.
(c)

In the pronouns ooi and v^oi; when they

are put for the logical copula

my
(d)

body

as,

ooi

^j

is.

In words derived from the Greek,

X

Rome.
(e)

In the verb

(s)

With

oau

Loin ad

in

he gave.

some forms of the verb

7
;

as,

J]jl

departing,

fern.

15

LINES.

With Nun

(6)

^Aj),

AJ],

in the four pronouns

^pAj], ^.-.AJ]

and in some nouns

as, ]AI

om

the ship.

Rish in L^> a daughter.

(7)

When

a line

is

mood

of the imperative

such

that

implies

found

under a

in

letter

a verb

of a passive conjugation

letter

is

deprived of

its

it

vowel as

Ethkatl
Marhetono and Mehagyono.

9.

The
ed

to,

application of these lines

is

very

little

attend-

and therefore no particular notice of them

necessary.

They

and emphasis of

Marhetono

is

serve principally to

mark the

is

division

syllables in poetry.

a small line above a consonant, which

ought to have a vowel, but

is

to be pronounced without

it.

The Mehagyono

is

a line beneath a letter which

being without a vowel denotes that it is to be pronounced with one, for the most part with short (*);
as

AVy.j with Men.

10.

Other Diacritic Points.

sometimes used which, by its position

either above or below the word, will determine the
point

is

and meaning; when without it and

without the vowel points, the word would be ambigu-

true pronunciation

ous: thus, oil, for o\^ to him:

oil,

for

oiS

to

her.

OTHEll DIACRITIC POINTS.

Jg

This was apparently the ancient Syriac usage prior

It is 'freto the introduction of the Greek vowels.
as a note of Interrogation, Exclamation,
quently used

Admiration,

Command,

For various

&c.

this point performs, see the

Appendix.

also certain signs

There are

which

offices

of a sentence, and subdividing

it

marking the end

into clauses, of which
for

the following are the principal.

(1)

At

the end of a period are found four points

"
'

'
'

CO.

(i)

(2)

Two

from the right

points placed obliquely

hand

towards

and
.

]-

are
"i

*A

the

equivalent
vjo_kl

,_.?

left,

our

to

clause,

colon

thus,

When

li-w

saw

finish

Jesus

the multitudes.

These points are sometimes put

N. B.

as

a sign of interrogation.
(3)

Two

points placed obliquely from the

hand

to the right, thus (), split the clause

into different members,

to our

comma

and are equivalent

or semicolon.

These points are

One

situations.

Matt.

xii.

10.

point frequently ends a period.

The

11.

These

(:)

sometimes found

after a long interrogation, see

(4)

are fre-

They

quently placed perpendicularly

N. B.

left

Letters

letters are differently

Olaph

is

_,.

pronounced in different

pronounced as Yud.

ACCENT.

When

(1)

17

preceded by another Olaph;

it is

as,

7 "

When

(2)

air.

Oyar,

5]]

it is

out a vowel

When

(3)

it

followed by another Olaph with-

the second letter of the

is

as,

ticiple peal;

]|Kn m'loyo, fulness.

as,

par-

^oK Tso-yem, fasting.

.*-*

Vau

pronounced as v when

is

as,

syllable;

begins a word or

it

o va, o ve, a vi: in other places

it

has

the sound of u or w.

Yud
1

the beginning of a word with

not pronounced.

is

its

in

vowel

as, .o

only the sound of

It preserves

IneJe, lie sucked,

Hence we

Ikar, he was
X

K I

heavy.

the vowel

find that before a

Yud

of that kind,

sometimes placed and the vowel belonging

Olaph

is

to the

Yud

is

to the

transferred

hand, from the Hebrew

-p,

Olaph

written

is

nunciation of either word

12.

is

thus,

]j_/j.
I

]^X a

The

pro-

the same.

decent.

Grammarians have given

few rules for placing

the Accent.

In words of two syllables;

1.

ble

terminate in

syllable
]k> Jt
2.

if

the

first

sylla-

consonant without a vowel; this

has the accent;

as,

]lv>( Rdm-sho, evening.,

gdrmo, bone.
If on the contrary the final letter of the word

be without a vowel, then the accent

is

put on the

ACCENT.

18
second syllable;

as,

I-led, he begat,
yXj
n z

^<y>
;

Po-ked,

TI

Should each syllable be formed in that manthen each is affected with the accent; as, /og*

visiting.

ner,

Pek-ddth, she has

3.

bles,

mate;

visited.

In words consisting of more than two

the accent
as,

]A^>

is

sylla-

generally placed on the penulti-

Po-rdch-tho, bird,

]A\o]iD Me-Ml*

tho, meat,

13.

This

is

fZojuZtiD Marth-yo-nn-tho, admonition.

The Method of expressing Numbers.

and by the assistance

Numbers of any magnitude may be

done by the

of a few marks.

letters

expressed, as in the following Table.

*

READING EXERCISES.
14.

19

Reading Exercises.
MATTH.

913.

VI.

,-,_/ J
.7

*^

t)

]J]

in

o>

n?

V)

o_c]

o>

>7i>

nr> i

'

77

\v7

l>7."*7

The same

]]Q

7
.

\
^

^cn -^

-7;

n*-^

.>

/>

^4k>

in English Characters.

A-bun

dvash-ma-yo neth-ka-dash sh'moc. Ti-the

mal-cu-thoc neh-ve tsev-yo-noc ai-ka-no d'vash-ma-yo

oph bar-ho. Hav Ian lach-mo d'sun-ko-uan yau-mo-no.

Vash-buk Ian chau-bain ai-ka-no doph ch'nan sh'vakn
l'cha-yo-bain.

men

bi-sho

V'lo

tha-lan

me-tul

l'nes-yu-no

d'di-loc

hi

e-lo

mal-cu-tho

pa-tson
v'chai-lo

v'tbesh-buch-tho 1'olam ol-min.

LUKE XXII. 6365.

7

OOC7I

.^~An

v^Q

OOOi

OOOl

Ujiji
OOO1

The same

in English Characters.

Vgav-re da-chi-din vau 1'ye-shu m'-vaz-chin vau beh,

vam-cha-pen vau leh. V'mo-chen vau leh al a-pau
vom-rin

eth-na-bo

ma-nu

m'choc

vach-ron-yo-tho

sa-gi-yo-tho m'gad-pin van vom-rin a-lau.

22

NOUNS.

THE

15.
consist

Vv.

are those which

simplest forms of nouns

of the

only

letters

sacrifice.
king, **>^>?
*

composing the root; as,

Such words are evidently

in their primitive state.

The augmented
augmented by one
which to

disciple

and

the

consist

will

more of the

letters

memory may he

an altar from OO^DV

the

of
}

called

root

JXD

*_.

j L,

^AjoSo)

sacrifice:

.
m

vnV

v>\ he learned.

from

These

or

the

assist

^^^D

Thus,

forms

abbreviations of words

are probably

letters

signification

of

them

qualifies

that

of the

primitive word to which they are united.

Nouns having

(i)

with the

first

radical

and (o-)

with the second, are generally nouns signifying persons

as,

the

]Soo_!i5
first

a friend; whilst those having (o*) with

radical,

stract nouns

Two
t

as,

Jlo

as,

or

ending in

V>oo

holiness,,

o*,

Zo-, llo*, are ab-

]2o^aiJ. strength.

words are sometimes compounded

in

sense;

2*o a

joined together

voice.

as,

Sometimes the two words are

]AA\v^

lord of enmity,

i.

e.

an

21

NOUNS.

enemy.

great

in Scripture

of

compound words occurring

may be found by

Schaaf and

of

number

referring to the Lexicons

under

Castell

words

the

]ioj

ft

^-.5

*}$

Gender.

16.

There are two genders

Of

&c.

the masculine and feminine.

the masculine are,

The names

(i)

Luke,

Names

(2)

viV

Of

men and

of

their

Canaan,

and mountains;

rivers,

_j>5a_.

as,

\*&\ musicians.

]j(ji2 priest,

of nations,

offices;

as,

Jordan.

the feminine gender are the names of women,

women, countries, cities and names of

the double members of the human body.
the

offices

The

of

feminine gender of nouns

These terminations are

the termination.
as,

\j^LL

also

is

praise,

oA

>

[ goodness,

a part.

The nouns

not

o,

^,

11,

.^joZ" confession,
x

Ai"vn

],

known by

ending with any of

the foregoing letters and not included in the preceding

paragraph, are generally masculine.

The

feminine gender of adjectives

masculine

the

the latter;

ending in
as,

.^i

by the

thus,

pure,

addition

of

}^[ good from

quiescent
fern.

convert

it

is

]'

~*^[

into

derived from

to

the end

masc.

of

Those

moveable;

NOUNS.

22

termination

fern,

obedient,

fern.

5ol

as,

Yud

insert

few adjectives

v'W

the

immediately before

small, fern.

|l5ol

^W

V)
*

-Vn.
-H

termed common, such

The

as, ]i

most part the same as

.<y>m

both

^S? and

earth,

Words

tongue,

i\ cloud, &c.

StaOqKr],

an(^

")2p

and

y"u$

|i,5]

soul, are fern.

Greek do

from the

derived

foregoing rules

as,

day, are masc.

JSOQ_,

<^

same gender

the

words, when

The same

Hebrew.

in

have

Qp and

book,

J\

indeed for distinguishing gender are for the

rules

occurring in

genders and are therefore

are used in both

Some nouns

observe the

not

but generally retain their own gender

as,

fern.

Number.

17-

There are two numbers, the singular and the plural.

Masculine nouns make the plural number, 1st. by
adding

^_,

to the singular;

as,

2nd. Those words ending in

]

or
-

and the termination

._

^l

boys,

Nouns

of

^\rr>vr>

the

fern,

or

,_.

is

\m(n

plu.

man, ^^L^. men.

^L,.

gender

throw away the

added

as,

U-

boy,

reprobated.

form

the

plural

by

'

changing the termination

^o,

and

^j into

as,

into

c*

ship,

o*

'.'

similitude, ^oSoj similitudes, Aik) portion,

r

>

usury, in

the plural

_r>*

<^

and
rr>

into

ships, r>vnj

Aik)

portions,

23

NOUNS.

of

Many
in

the

sing,

Aco)

plu.

the

and

place,

52.]

the plural

in

fern,

There are others

have the masculine form

nouns

Syriac

plu.

^oyL]

which

as,

have

throne,

fcxtfoD

the

physician,

]m'|

form

fern,

plu.

in

the

and masc.

sing,

]Aco]

wall, plu.

plu.

..on:

the

in

ell,

| vSP;

plu.

.Vn]

"\&D talent,

_*J_.

year, plu.

]i

\^]

as,

]A\Vn> tear, plu.

]m]

plural

Nouns compounded of two words sometimes admit a

"

plural in the former

sometimes in the latter

times

in

both

as,

as,

sons of

**

*)

]~A

as,

jloAi

man

men ;

or

and some-

\v*-^ enemies,

(daughters of words) words,

fables.

Some nouns

found

are

the

in

plural

form only

as,

"
]

?Vn

heavens,

*>

life,

Some nouns have

other fern.

such

as,

^]

]ICn water.

and the

double form, one masc.

oiGJ and

father, plu.

There are other nouns which are very irregular;

IS^DO]

nation, plu.

mination

.oioj.

words of a Greek origin retain the Greek

Many

in

the

plural

Soynara.

Others

resembling

the

plural; as,

]n

as,

terminate

termination
,A

as,

.>.

|kli.Oj
in

as

StaOriKt), plu.

QO\,

of

the

.onnn >A

CDOj

Greek
.^.

]Z)iQ-.0>

plu.

^ry/ua,

ter-

CD|

or

.CD,

accusative

StaOrjitas,

8cc.

STATES OF NOUNS.

24

States of Nouns.

18.

To

the absolute and constructive state

of nouns,

which the Hebrews have, the Syrians add a third,

the Definite, or as it has been more generally called,
the

and
a

This

Emphatic.
is

signification

when only an

and nouns are found

in the def. state

be expressed.

indef. sense is intended to

rules for passing from one state to another

The

before

happens however that the primary

state has been departed from in

It

of this

instances,

many

the article

to

equivalent in general

Hebrew noun.

termination

indicated by the

is

depend

either upon the gender, the number, or the final letter,

more than one of

or on

Masculine Nouns.

19-

In

the

First for

these.

number the absolute and

singular

con-

structive states are the same.

The
}'

to

state

definite

the
of

state is obtained

end of the absolute.

masculine nouns

feminine nouns have the

Those nouns ending

in the definite, the

The

is

and the absolute

state

of

same form.
in

in

changed

constructive state plural

changing the termination

by the addition of
Hence the definite

the

absolute

into

]_/.

number

is

of the

state,

formed by

absolute

into

.J

and

^_,

The

into ^_I.
def. plu. is

formed from the absolute by chang-

ing the termination

into

and

^_,

into

this

and the preceding rules will be illustrated

by some
which
will
examples,
presently follow.

STATES OF MASCULINE NOUNS.

To

ascertain the changes

25
nouns

of vowels, which

undergo in their different states of both numbers, or

which is the same thing, given the abs. state sing. num.
to find the vowels

and

their position in the constr.

and

both numbers.

def. states for

If a word consist of three consonants and a

1st.

vowel on the second consonant, which

is

a very large class of nouns, this form

the case with

equivalent to

is

one of the old forms of segolate nouns in Hebrew.

Syriac these forms are

which

is

or

^4rj

in. ^so^o

^40.

^~o_o

alt.

i.

the alternate form of

^LD

^ ^4^

n. ^^4

Now

In

\^Q

or

whenever the noun in

its

primitive form receives a syllabic augment, the alternate

form

is

We

used; thus, jA.. man, def. }l^%

therefore only

to

add the proper termination

have

to

the

alternate form to obtain the def. state sing, or the abs.

const,

and

def.

states plural*.

Thus,

Singular.
Abs. and Constr.

Def.

07

7
;

<^

morning

book

servant

wing

4>

>

>

**

*^

(*">
K

*
abs.

Exception.

and

!XXLjt^|

In

]^

def. states plural.

captive

body.

the vowel remains in

its

place

in the

STATES OF MASCULINE NOUNS.

26

Plural.
Abs.

Constr.

Def.

<TI

_;_21_

"i

mornings
books

servants

1.

*.
(->

|Vn

...

*"

9,

Vn

those nouns having

comprehends all
sonant, and remitting

it

2.

take ^

first.

the proper vowel in both places,

that in such

nouns the

*2\

The

time,

^>j

beard.

truth

the vowel

is,

"

is

and the reason of the change

last letter is

^^o

and

^^D>

a guttural or Rish.

such are ..\Vn king,

io^. bone,

husband, io-j^ anathema,

The

- <?M soul.

fourth example belongs to that class of nouns

whose forms are

5.

marked

In the third example are included those nouns whose

forms are

4.

is

on the second con-

In the second example, we have those nouns which

in the second consonant, but in inflexion, it is changed

and remitted to the

3.

to the first in the process of inflexion

such are j-Ls body, .<^v dust,

is

In the foregoing examples, that which

(l)

to *

Vn

^0 and

Nouns having

which are exhibited

the third radical Olaph, take the forms

in the

example

]^-

but ]L. manifest,

T>

covered, have their

definite

forms

Vv

STATES OF MASCULINE NOUNS.

boy y makes in the def. plu.

word

*\^ we have likewise

^^

>

sented

Vn

from the obsolete

as if

^ol^o and

All nouns of the forms

6.

as if

27

from

^00 are

repre-

the sixth example.

by

may be

^ifj herb, def. ]A.

considered as belonging to

the same class of nouns, as

because this letter

is

^ov

The Yud

has Chevotso,

never without a vowel when

it

begins

a word.

If the last consonant be a guttural or Rish,

preceded

by the vowel

^^

month, .*

Such nouns

Hebrew

Pethoco

as,

>

In these, the vowel

in the def. state sing.,

?,

and

this

Revotso

new vowel makes

and

all

is

changed

the states plu.,

a diphthong with o

or

thus;
Singular.
Abs. and Constr.

Def.

eye

day.

Plural.
Def.
.

Constr.
r

5-

2nd.

Other

as,

eye, j>ool day, correspond to the

segolate nouns.

into

of

is

stones.

heap of

instead

it

^nn

classes of

nouns are the following.

*-*,

STATES OF MASCULINE NOUNS.

28

Such nouns

1.

inflexion

admit no change of vowels in

as

thus,

Singular.
Abs. and Constr.

Def.
1

The vowel Zekofo

is

o'Aa

portion,

Nouns

6ooA;.

evi/.

immutable, and therefore monoas,

AiVn

having two or more

sylla-

with this vowel are represented by

syllables

*">

Abs.

Constr.

Def.

also

.*;

the penultimate terminate in a consonant, or if the

if

bles,

-i

ultimate syllable be perfect without the

nant, belong to this class
disciple.

vJ\c^v> explanation,

as,

terminating conso.
,

Vn\)

Some nouns wanting an absolute state may be re07

07
Me ^^g*, ]_,j] ^Ae Zzow, ]JQ_K Me serit; as, p
71

ferred to

>"|

lloio death,

pew#,

"jo^CD

winter,

the form of the definite state remains

their inflexion.

conversation,

]Zo "*

Finally, nouns which possess either of the fol-

\o

fvo^

^\

^o

def.

]1

to correspond with the

segolate
really

belong to

^n

v> magician.

2.

viz.

\rT^j-

*.

parts of

in all the

lowing forms preserve their vowels immutable,

def.

for

this

class;

Monosyllables,

nouns of many

f\r>
x

nouns

as,

\^

the vowel

A
in

few nouns appear

Hebrew, but which

carcase,

of which

syllables, the last of which

are exemplified in the following Table.

5a^l small,

is
is

or

mutable,

STATES OF MASCULINE NOUNS.

29

Singular.
Abs. and Constr.

Def.

to

species

Priest

Path.

Plural.
'

Def.

Li_M

^j-Jl

7o

Abs.

Constr.

..7

species

Prierf*

Pflrtta.

The noun .o
as if

sow,

makes

in

the plural

were derived from a different

it

in

peculiar

>mVr> m

tnus ?

consonant

the

receiving
ff

in

Olaph
Such are,

or

>mVn ^

Yud

lOT^Q-s

in

the

may

syllable,

Abs. and Constr.

seen

.07V)
>A

Plural.
Constr.
7

^>Q-

,-

is

plural

terminating

another

Singular.

07

sows

constitute

Def.

Def.

->

Nouns of more than one

3.

Also

root.

01

Abs.

class.

STATES OF MASCULINE NOUNS.

30

few nouns double the last letter in the plural;

but the linea occultans

the two letters;

the

^cJ sea,

is also

people,

the

first

iViVtl

plu.

of

V)V)

another instance.

States of Feminine Nouns.

20.

In

thus,

placed under

is

number the

singular

constructive

state,

year AJ_.

into L ; thus, ]L
changes f of the absolute

Nouns, which in the absolute state terminate in

cT

or

in the constructive, end in Zo* or

A.,

victory, constr.

ZODI

*"" usury, constr. A__25

Fern, nouns having a masc.

belly, those

abs.

and

The

ending in Z;

state

definite

as,

]lS0

If the

the

as,

of the abs.

the

abs.

terminate in

state

the

in

quiescent

the abs. be 16; then

z
;

if

def.

the

Vau becomes

in o or

addition of ]1; those ending in

7.

\1;

and

termination

*
quiescent in

make the

6.

state

4. 5.

Nouns ending
Ex.

changed into

is

")A\v

consonant takes

Ex.

ITD^.

word in

Yud becomes

which have a

nouns,

the same as that of masc. nouns

def.

word,

in the def.

def.

Ailo portion, make the

as,

of fern,

def. state the

the preceding
in

is

def.

j&iS belly,

In the
12.;

termination

constr. states the same.

masc. termination
as,

as,

8.

9.

t add

def.

by the

only V in the

STATES OF FEMININE NOUNS.

To

the

avoid

without

Facilitate

vowel,

of

concourse
or

which

the pronunciation

consonants

several

the

is

31

same

to

thing,
^

vowel, namely

or

is

placed with the second or third radical

^
7

Uk>$]

as,

widow,

A
def.

def.

A
]

\vnVj

few nouns ending in

state

fern,

assume

followed by \L>; as,

/,

in the abs. masc.

under

^n^o,

the

in the

Nun, which

def. fern. ]A

iv>..!vn

is

com-

forter.

In the plural number the constr. state

is

derived

^ and
from the abs. by changing the final
^ into
the def. is derived from the abs. by changing .into
11.

The Examples
ther illustrate

in

the following

of fern, nouns.
Singular.
Def.

Table will

fur-

what has been here said on the states

Constr.

Abs.

(JoAo

STATES OF FEMININE NOUNS.

32

Plural.
Abs.

Constr.

Def.

virgins

chariots

companions

_Q_I_J

)_Q_i_o

La
No.

In

1.

ending in

]'

which

}^T>

we

<Q^5

myriads

V^

divisions

^OliO

portions

have an

example of those

undergo no change of vowels

'

different states

beasts

^Q_t_K*

such are,

evil,

]v

nouns

in

their

an egg, ]5oL t
Vb,

2.
def.

Nouns which

additional

vowel

in

the

state singular.
3-

on the

This example represents nouns in which the vowel

1st. rad. of the abs.
sing, is removed to the 2nd.

rad. in the def.

nouns

in

4,

5.

They partake

of the character of segolate

Hebrew.
In these examples we have nouns whose termi-

nations are |I and ]o.

cast

assume an

few nouns belonging to the latter

away the vowel of the

as, ")cLKio

blow, def.

first

rad. in the def. state sing.

STATES OF FEMININE NOUNS.

This

6.

an example of nouns,

is

33

ending in

and in which no
preserve their vowels unchanged,
is

introduced;

as,

OJ_I_K

<\_^n

liberty,

o*>

which

new vowel

equality ,

....

...

utility.

Nouns represented by oJl_\2>

7-

another vowel in the plu. viz.

the 2nd rad.

8.

ends in

Yud

as,

which

is

placed on

Toi prophecy,

This

is

._,

In the plural

or

such as receive

are

the model of nouns, the abs. state of which

Yud

is

quiescent

changed into

moveable.

9.

In the nouns represented by Aik>, we have in the

plural

L taken away and O moveable placed before the plural

termination

such are,

A\v

In some instances the

sacrifice,

\\^

plu.

There are some anomalies

in the def.

21.

"JA^, sister,

The

ablution.

jla bride,

as,

^m

last letter is written twice in the

plural

as,

]lxo

plu. def. ]Zcuj||

praise, ]Av.n

Syrians have no cases, which are marked

by terminations; but the nominative and oblique cases

of the Greeks and Latins are known by the context, or
are expressed

by the constructive

state,

by the influence

of a transitive verb, or by some particle

_io, &c. preceding; thus,

uo I

Jesus departed.

words of
God.
3

God

or,

as,

ADJECTIVES.

34

foWiV
the blind

to the

tv>

king;

Jesus; ]',vnm\

to

to

man.

Hebrew

in imitation of the

oj

O/ woman.

/^

tt'/A

Sometimes we

world.

See Gen.

rw*.

See also Acts

#,

i.

see

1.

1.

i.

&c.

Adjectives.

The

22.
is

Syriac adjectives are few, but this defect

by other words, which when placed in ceruse and signification of adjecpositions obtain the

supplied

tain

tives.

For instance, the

state of construction will

supply

the force of an adjective;

ness, i.e. holy city,

Matth.

put absolutely with

prefixed

body, oo05?
in other

guished,
*j-w
lit.

jL

i.

OT

e.

as,

the fire,

as,

QoSsj

inextinguishable)
011

/^y

#o

w^om

&LJk)
X

- <***

city qfholi-

Also a substantive

5.

iv.

a spiritual body,

l^J)

ways;

>

Vjoa

as,

^a

..

].

natural

1 Cor. xv. 44.

jElj

w^^A

<QG

Also

not extin-

^o_L ^1j

^ojcn

^g showed himself alive,

(0s living.}

Adjectives are distinguished by gender, number and

states, which are the same as in the substantives.
It
is

only necessary to notice that in adjectives,

masc. def. and the fern. abs. have the same

but they are easily known one

the

substantive

or

the

verb

the

form;
from the other by

with

which

they

are

35

ADJECTIVES.

The

connected.

degrees of comparison are not to be

but are merely

found in a change of the adjective,

marked by

certain particles

The comparative

and connections.

expressed by the positive con-

is

strued with <^o either preceding or following it;

dbi

^o

>>

-10 greater than all;

added &j[ powerfully

<ji_lsoa)

or,

more

j_,Al

sometimes

is

]Aj^Lo

as,

.^^ and sharper than a

v>

liJCoSLm

_-52.?

there

as,

two edged sword, lit. very much sharper. Blessed

is he who gives ./^m ^ |jL>] _So ;_*Aj more than he

who

The

receives.

by the sense of the passage only

}r^

ISollS,

The

sometimes marked

is

comparative

as,

superlative

by adding the

often formed

is

as,

W.Vo

V\

.\A

sometimes

least;

particle

by the duplication

very, which

^^

is

equivalent
"

plu.

the

of the Hebrews;

TKE5

sometimes

r>

the elder shall be servant to the younger.

of the positive;

to

]oau ]I

again

by

]7.o !v>

most honoured;

plural;

as,

or,

as,

..

<v>

*n^5

much

by

worst,
~

as,

..

the

to

prefixed

]^\Cn^ "j^^i small among kings,

i.e.

the least

the

of kings;

Apostles,

Apostles

or as,

it

is

*^-*
X

^poijo^i

19.

V'TI

see also

of

least

ner; whosoever therefore shall break one

IJOAI

least

of those who (are) the

expressed in the following man-

literally,

or

}-*

of these

least

commandments.

two other places in this

VD

IJ^DO^
Matth.

verse.

v.

ADJECTIVES.

36

formed by the addition of \1'

the words from which they are derived;
thus,

Many
to
]

& mn

so

tive;

adjectives are

corporeal, }1)Q^ mountainous,

also

r p

]_,^i^ barbarous,
termination

is

]j

the adjective;

^o

primi-

Greek origin;

having

adjectives

PP

]".."

as,

1>j}}

aerial.

In some instances the

added to the primitive word to form

as,

}Lm-*> primary,

i.\m hairy, ]iS_>

proper.

23.

Numerals are

Numerals.

either cardinal

Ordinal.
Fern.

(](\

or ordinal

<*).

Cardinal.
Masc.

Masc.

Fern.

owe
Constr.

.-.2.52.

^jjZ _*
-

lA

^5

^3

'T four

sixth

L.

]Lm]

or

seventh

seven

u.1

.W.

V.

,W

eigAM

m n <A

K,Z

ni
nne

NUMERALS.

From

37

ten to twenty the numbers one, two, &c. are

prefixed to ten, in the following manner.

Cardinal
Masc.

Fern.

eleven

twelve

thirteen

fourteen

m777
v V>^

jy

m v7VAA
*

fifteen

m vA
1

sixteen

m v^
.

rn v>\

.rr>

seventeen

V>7

vA

eighteen

mv

nineteen.

Ordinal.

Masc.

Fern.

]'A

>r

mv

eleventh

{11

m SiZ
thirteenth.

&c.

The law

&c.

for

deriving them

from the cardinal

is

suffi-

ciently obvious.

Cardinal
joined

to

numbers

the thing

from

three

are

for

the

numbered by Apposition

in

most

part

the

abso-

NUMERALS.

38

^'^

Intestate; as,

months; ^

]LZ>?( four

ten

But

virgins.

thus in Matth.

used;

numbers

These

day which

are

occasionally

imi

)&L^&0

found

frequently

eight,

(is)

we have

is

ten

cities.

In Luke

place 6f ordinals.
the

25.

iv.

a decad of

cities, literally,

state

constructive

the

i. e.

we have

59.

i.

to

occupy the

]_liiaZ.j

]Soo_I

A^

the eighth day,

-a

hour.

Denary numbers from 20 to 90 are expressed in the

of the common gender ; thus,
.ym^ twenty,
plural and are
thirty,

sn?f

The

nine

masc.

as,

1 1

eighty,

from

..

mv

fern.

The remaining numerals

v7

ninety.

these

]A

are,

the

by adding

and ]^'

the masculine,

for

]^

V)

^.

derived

are

ordinals

termination

iVn7

seventy,

forty,

for

the

femi-

..mv twentieth.

]]VD

a hundred,

hundred, ]]SoAlLl #Aree hundred, &c. which are formed by prefixing

before

Also,

^]VJD.

plu.

Twice,
with the

the

^^s.

less

.<?>^\

or

ba2^, ooj

thrice, &c. are

noun

number of the feminine gender

^W^

thousand,

fern.

ten thousand.

sometimes expressed by cardinals,

time after it;

^\

as,

Aj

]^

once,

lit.

one time.

Words denoting
third part,

]SQJ

part

of the

a fourth part,

whole
fttvV>

are,

]'A\ol

a tenth, &c.

NUMERALS.
Multiples, as

and

cardinal

double,

number

sometimes without
in or into seven,

The days
the week,

it

__5Z

treble,

r-'^-

&c. are expressed by

with

following

as,
,_**

of the week

]A1^

39

]vo

Jo

prefixed,

seven fold,

lit.

>

or

one

double.

are,

]A

secon d day,

-^
SEC.

jJL

^r*<

day

of

PRONOUNS.
PRONOUNS

24.
sist

are sometimes separable,

of words, and sometimes inseparable.,

by certain

expressed
the end

of

following

is

nouns,

verbs,

other

or

they are

particles.

at

The

Singular.

Masc.

Com.

Fern.

Masc.

We

/,

You
i

con-

particles called affixes placed

Plural.

e.

a Table of the personal pronouns.

Com.

Fern.

e.

i.

i.

1st person.

Thou, 2d.

1J1

OO1
She

They.

He, 3d.
OO1

and ^01 are

001

pronouns;

as,

and

^QJ]

001

,___j]

a transitive verb;
them,

John

ii.

used for the demonstrative

also

1^.

that

man,

]ZAj]

most part found after

are

for

the

as,

^QJ]

Q<AO

have filled

^QJOI they

9.

25.

this,

The Demonstrative Pronouns.

fern.

.00

masc.

*,

poi

IjCJI

,-jAcn

these,

these,

^^r

^01

masc.

of both genders.

i.JOT

fern,

RELATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.

These become
pronouns

personal

by being joined to the

001 he himself, fjoi ,_,cn

reciprocal
as,

41

"jjoi

she herself.

and

"jjcn

coalesce with

"jxri

and _cn

001

we have the following compounds,

The

26*.

The

relative

is

of both

>

Hebrew

masc.

is,

nification;

The

of both

is

hath

Vn

opened

genders and

his

opened for him his eyes

Interrogatives
7

When

.~f

>

as,

eyes

77V
.rno
i

is

]v>-?

who

lit.

of both

<JLA
is

he,

is

com-

77*7
>jA) QJLiD?

who hath

and thing are

person

who, which, what?

relatives;

leu?

o i^n

numbers.

what?

used

with
P

become

]iiOj

<oSo,

]i_,f

who, which, what? of the sing. numb.

fern,

,'|

)k>, ^Q^D,

<^>,

OO1

who?

also,

<>o,

1*
and

P
01

masc.

sig-

interrogatives are,

of the thing

who

same

probably the

is

and has the same use and

of the person

Vn

It

or

af

as,

and numbers

genders

(which has sometimes the power of

nt

a relative pronoun)

up,

this

QJCTI

and Interrogative Pronouns.

Relative

prefixed to words.

is

as the

and

and then

Ijoi this is, fern.

^,01

and

as,

]^> the

^]i

of the plural.

these interrogatives, they

f

J]j

,_!05

he

who goeth not

bear which he saw.

AFFIXES.

42
must

Care
preposition

word

was

latter

27-

Before

Vn.

written

Vn

the

with

of

use

point

vowels

above

Vn

with

the
it

the

former

and

the

<sn.

The

pronominal
nouns.

confound

be taken not to

following Table exhibits

affixes,

They

which

are certain

are

added

what are
to

the

called

end of

abbreviated terminations or

inseparable particles and have the signification of possessive pronouns.

Singular.

com. gender,

my

43

NOUNS WITH AFFIXES.

n ^-? your,

masc.,

^cmXjj

fern.,

their, masc.,

their, fern.

Distributive pronouns are expressed

taken

and

away

dicated by

the

the

pronoun

distributive

thus,

only;

,_io

^OTLLLD v

them, or ^pcruiD some of them.

whosoever, ]VQ\^

pronoun

wy

or,

to

is

Also

i|

\A

composed of

i]

is

in-

some of

substantive

v^^nVA whatsoever.

or

sometimes
^o;
d

and the preposition

is

by ]-*]

or

^OAn

The

latter

aU, and iOylo something;

thing.

Other pronouns are formed by adding the affixes

7
soul or person, and IkjoLo
the nouns ] <^
i

substance,

01

.01

or
..

person;

as,

#w<7

^1o

w himself.
29-

We

come now

^i

>
/^^

w^w/,

See, also

Nouns with
to

*^^

thyself.

Jianged

himself.

"jla

John

vi.

53.

Affixes.

nouns with

affixes.

The

vowel

are
changes of nouns receiving the affixes in Hebrew
many and complicated; but in Syriac are few and
simple.

noun,

then
tion

The
which

takes
f.

following
is

the

first

affixes

is

put
in

an example of a masculine
in

the

definite

the place of the

state

and

termina-

NOUNS WITH AFFIXES.

44

Singular.

}sD

Def. State.
1st. pers.

sing.

com.

O\V>
o .

2nd

masc.

2nd

fern.

3rd

masc.

3rd

fern.

1st.

pers. plu.

masc.

2nd

fern.

3rd

masc.

3rd

fern.

nty king

^.nNV)

thy

nn\V)

thy

no

our

com.

2nd

king

^on"l>

your

"nVf) your

^.

^vn^\Vf>

^CTinVn

their
their.

Plural.
1st.

pers. sing.

2nd

com.

^ xV>

masc.

>

^^^>

-^
.

7 .

n n\Vi

2nd

fern.

3rd

masc.

.rnnnxVi

3rd

fern.

1st. pers. plu.

com.

2nd

masc.

2nd

fern.

3rd

masc.

rn

nV;^

y .

3rd

1.

The word

being

otiose.

fern.

.o\V)

Vvn n\Vn
.

is

kings

/////

thy
'

^ ZA

her

n n\V>

>rn

my

n\Vo

your
their
their.

pronounced JKfo/%;

the

NOUNS WITH AFFIXES.

Nouns

2.

the

in

number

singular

which terminates in

state of

45
the

form the

]!,

definite

of the

affix

second and third

person singular in ,_,, and the

first

ac

plural

persons
'.

boy,

their
is

definite;

of the

affixes

persons plu.

mentioned
.

....

77v>
~>

4.

lose

5.

affixes

those

N
I

affixes

from

abs.

state; as,

^ois,

retain

the

with

the

and second and third

priest.

Again, those in

are

the
it

abs.

o^JDyk)

altar,

ioj

some nouns, namely, monysyllables ;

vowel * in the abs. state; and
the

in

with the
as,

l^ k),

]J

as,

altar.

There

which

sons;

^001

J.

my

have

the

my

<^j<j\h

as,

thus,

rule.

person sing,

persons;

which

first

your boy,

which takes the

]JOID

as,

,_icru

?
on the last sylhaving the vowel
and any other vowel on the preceding syllable;
is preserved
with the affixes of the above-

lable,

<ooij,

-?

state

abs.

the

->

^ A.\^
X

boy,

an exception to this

the

the

\ [ my
I

Those nouns having the

3.

and

^O^LI,

]lo Lord,

boy.

}&,

in

definite.

of the

affixes
def.

Such nouns preserve

above-mentioned per-

blood,

]ioj

Some nouns

in the plural

both

def.

in the

and

my

>vn^

number

blood.

receive

the

They

are

const, states.

which terminate in the absolute

state

in

the definite in
Note,

]I

and the constructive in

A\Vn has two

7

2nd. kings of; as,

]y}

significations.

n\Vn kings of

1st.

!.

my

the earth.

kings.

NOUNS WITH AFFIXES.

46

\$

Three nouns, namely, ]]' father,

brother,

the affixes in an irregular manner.

father-in-law, take
7

1st.

pers.

sing.

com.

my father

i*~)|

X 7

2nd ..........

masc.

^ao]
0,

2nd ..........

w^-SO^l

fern.

*.

3rd ..........

masc.

3rd ..........

fern.

thy

......

thy

......

his

......

her

......

v_(JIO_r2J
*

'

OlO^j
X 7

1st.

pers.

com.

plu.

\Q^I
*

2nd ..........

masc.

our ......

-X7

^O-2OO|

your ......

X 7

2nd ..........

no

fern.

3rd ..........

masc.

-V|
*,

^poioo]
9*

3rd ..........

The
way;

30.
for

that fen_v.

except

See obs.

nouns take

two

other

makes

the
.

their ......

Oldo]

fern.

your ......

their ......

.Vn^.

my

same

the

in

affixes

father-in-law.

p. 45.

4,

In feminine nouns the same affixes are used

both numbers;

to the singular

namely,

number

those which

are

of masculine nouns.

annexed

They

are

put to the end of feminine nouns in the constructive

state in

the

and third
definite

person singular, and in the second

first

persons

state

in

plural,

the other

having been taken away.

ence

is,

that

in

the

and

at

parts,

The

the
the

reason

pronominal

end of their
termination
of this

affixes

differ-

mentioned

they were placed to the definite state of the noun,

there would
be a concourse of several consonants

if

without a vowel.

NOUNS WITH AFFIXES.

The
with

following

is

of feminine nouns

an example

affixes.

Singular.
abs.

family const.

I*"* ;

1st. pers.

sing.

2nd

A*"*i;

def.

com.

-*Arb;_

masc.

^AiD;_

my family
/////

2nd

fem.

"^A'-v

thy
7

3rd

masc.

OlA*"");

his

3rd

fem.

OlAo^j*

her

\A^i-

OMr

1st. pers.

plu. com.

2nd

masc.

2nd

fem.

masc.

^OMr

^OI)Ao;-

nAo.

^oMr

4k

3rd

*>

their

^OCTlAo^

77
3rd

fem.

^-aOlA^iJ

M>.

P/wra/.
7

1st. pers. sing.

com.

-iA3;_

2nd

masc.

^iAo;_

my families
/////

2nd

fem.

_ju2A^^

/////

7)

masc.

3rd

t>

fem.

3rd

com.
masc.

2nd

fem.

masc.

3rd.

fem.

Aer
7

our
7

^our

^QDA^");
>

nAo.
**

3rd

^A*^;
<\

2nd

O"lAp;..
7

1st. pers. plu.

his

(7lAiD;_

^<w
7

^nrnA*^.

jOlAsi^

MezV

MV.

NOUNS WITH AFFIXES.

48

affix

remains in the others

it

^Z^ my
^L^

as,

from the

the

transfers

*_,

to the following letter; thus,

first

but

the

with

]2*o

daughter;

thy daughter,

ooZj^i your daughter.

Numerals and

31.

Numerals

Particles with Affixes.

nouns

also receive the affixes of masculine

7

in the plural

thus, vo<JujZ these two,

numher;

masc.,

_<JL/Z>Z these two,

fern.,

^porl'^LlZ

these

^pCT-iAirri]

these four, ^nrn .A Ivn^> these jive,

these six,

rn

/Avol

these seven.,

masc.,

three,

ten.

When

the singular affixes are annexed, they have

power of possessive pronouns, and possess there-

the
fore

another

ten,

.y/.fnv

For example,

signification.

thy ten,

very frequently in

^/z^V

^poiZ^iiA

and we

his
find

Testament m7 r^v;; /,?

New

the

ten,

rn7 : rr>v

twelve, speaking of the twelve disciples of Christ.

A
wo

in,

number of

great
.

.-. in

me,

from, rnivn from

^ooij^ms after
affixes

of

i^/br^ m^,

masc.
vr>[

in thee
iv>

him,

^ to,

nouns

plu.

^-ow

Some

&c.

affixes

^\

to you,

as,

w^,

Amo

particles

as,

^k>

of,

and

others.

/?er,

take

io^o before,

ip/br^ thee; so likewise,

upon, .o>K>. /br, instead

t

the

them,

. .

particles take

^1

the

v/o

ow or

VERBS.

IN

32.
is

Syriac, as in

Hebrew, the root of the verb

the 3rd pers. sing. numb, masculine gender of the

first

Most of the

conjugation.

The

are quadriliteral.

under the second

The

roots are triliteral, a few

roots

triliteral

have a vowel

and make only one

letter,

different forms of the verb,

syllable.

which express various

modifications of the original sense, are usually called

They amount

conjugations.

have an

active,

and

four a

to

passive,

of which four

and sometimes a

derive their

They

reciprocal signification.

eight,

names from

the verb VMy\. and are contained in the following table,

from which the characteristic of each conjugation

may

be observed.
Act.
1

Peal

Pael

Pass.

\Ls>

Ethpeel

gs

Ethpaal

\2>}

Ethtaphal

Eshtaphal

Aphel

Shaphel

The
the

Peal conjugation

Hebrews

plest form

Wv<*

that

is,

it

and meaning.

is

the

same

as the

expresses the verb in

Kal of
its

sim-

VERBS.

50
Ethpeel

and

the passive of the preceding conjugation,

is

has the syllable

like the other passive conjugations

L] prefixed*.
n

Pael

the Piel of the Hebrews,

is

Peal conjugation

fication of the

makes

transitive

it

as, JD>I

is

signi-

intransitive, the

was

lie

when the

Pael

just, Pael *ojf he

T

sometimes

justified;

greater energy

he sought, Pa. he sought

dili-

This conjugation has a causative sense in some

gently.

verbs

as,

expresses the Peal sense with

it

as,

he bought,

^i
To

^{

he caused

to

buy,

i.

e.

sometimes assigned the sense

of commanding, permitting and declaring what is expressed by the Peal, and sometimes these two conjuhe sold.

the Pael

is

gations have the same signification.

Ethpaal

As

is

the passive of the preceding conjugation.

the Pael, in

cause

to

instances, signifies to

many

do whatever

is

indicated

make

or

by the Peal; the

Ethpaal will necessarily signify to be made

which is denoted by the Peal, and hence

to do,

that

is

that

it

the Peal and Ethpaal conjugations in some verbs possess the

same meaning;

he was

made

Professor

to think,

Lee

ment of the verb

in his

|Z|

fie

as,
i.

e.

.^I
lie

->

he thought, .ol

thought.

Heb. Gram., supposes L]

came; that

T.7]

it

was

to

be a frag-

originally written in

but in process of time it was

pronounced and afterwards
written with the verb, the sense of which it
See in
qualified.
his Chap, on Heemanti nouns, his account of the force of this
and other particles which are prefixed to
primitive words.
full;

51

VERBS.

In

sense

it

Hiphil of the Hebrews.

to the

Aphel corresponds

usually causative of Peal

is

remembered; Aph.
he commemorated.

he caused

^DJ]

to

as,

pj he

be remembered;

found to possess the

It is also

sig-

nification of desiring, permitting, declaring, exhibiting,

&c. whatever is indicated

by the Peal

as,

he

-(\V")

permitted, or granted power, Vv^nv1 he exhibited trouble.

In some instances
7

as,

jau]

The

shone.

it

has an intransitive meaning

it

characteristic

is

prefixed to

the root.

The

and are acknowledged by

much

follow are of

It

use,

Those which

Grammarians.

is

the passive of the preceding con-

formed from the Aphel by prefixing

and changing the Olaph, the charac-

is

the particle L],

teristic of

frequent

rarer occurrence.

The Ethtaphal
jugation.

all

of very

are

preceding conjugations

the Aphel conjugation, into Thau.

of this form are seldom found.

See

Examples

Mark

24.

xiii.

(Philox. vers.) the sun ^^_K!AJ shall be darkened.

The Shaphel

is

conjugation

generally considered to

have the same signification as the Aphel;

by prefixing

Aphel take

By many
to

to

and

like

formed

the Pael and

under the second radical instead of

persons

quadriliteral

the root,

it is

this

verbs;

conjugation has been

but

it

is

referred

found so frequently,

much more

so than the Ethtaphal, that Michaelis

others have

made

it

?.

and

a separate conjugation of triliterals.

VERBS.

52

Examples

are,

.*^- he made

he inflamed, ^Vnl ^

or caused to serve,

matfe perfect.

Eshtaphal is the passive of the preceding conjugation, and is formed from it by prefixing L], transposing
the L with the
radical into

o,

and changing

under the second

?.

The Eshtaphal conjugation

form

in

agrees

with

the

tenth conjugation of Arabic verbs.

If the

first

radical of a verb be

m,

i,

^*;

.,

it

is

transposed with Z of the particle L] in the Ethpeel and

Ethpaal conjugations;
of

.r^-7]

After
as,

1,

-n^A*] he was

as,

instead

left,

.rX7\rW) he ivas lifted up, instead of .rXn-J'j

the L

is

changed into

5,

and

after

into

^;

-A^.] he was crucified.

^]] he was conquered,

Verbs are either regular or irregular. The former

class includes all those verbs which
preserve their radi-

unchanged throughout all their inflexions, the latter

those, which lose or undergo a change of one or more

cals

radicals.

There

are

two tenses,

Their forms are

determine

the

^c

past

the

and ^QJ^QJ

and

fut.

than they do in Hebrew.

The

and

preterite

and

times

future.

these

more

forms

accurately

present tense

may be

expressed by the active participle with the aid of the

personal

pronouns.

By means

verb two other tenses are

perfect and plusperfect,

be afterwards given.

also

defined;

of which

of

the

auxiliary

namely, the imsome account will

VERBS.

The

different

53

and genders are

numbers, persons

formed by prefixes and

affixes

to

joined

the

of

root

the verb as in the Hebrew.

The Imperative form

sense.

negation or prohibition

future tense and the particle

The

used

is

Infinitive

in

is

in

active,

neuter,

affirmative

expressed by the

is

not placed before

}]

it.

nature an abstract noun,

its

and as such receives the pronominal

an

an

or passive

sense;

affixes.

It

has

and when added

to the verb will give intensity to the signification.

33.

Before we proceed to give the tables of the

different classes of verbs, it is desirable to present the

reader
]6oi

with

the

he was,

their forms

of the

tenses, &c.

and of

A.,]
x

is,

substantive verb

which are peculiar in

and because the former

is

much used

the general conjugations.

Prceterite
Person.
1

Sing.

Tense.

Number.

AjOOl

Gender.

/ was

com.

AjOOl

thou wast

masc.

_A_iOCTI

thou wast

fern.

|OOT

he was

masc.

ZoCTl
Plural

she

was

fern.

Number.

2
2

__OCTI

we were

^pjOQl you were

_A_OO1

com.
masc.

you were

fern.

OOCT1

they were

masc.

-iO<n

they were

fern.

in

VERBS.

54

Future.
Gender.

Singular.

Person.

OOT

shall or will be

com.

MOM

sAaft or wilt be

masc.

MOM

*Aa// or wz7/ be

fern.

foOTJ

he shall or

]ocnZ.

*/?e

]oOTJ

^OOOlZ.

__iOCTlZ

OOU

__OOTJ

?z;z7/

shall or

be

masc.

n7/ 6e

fem.

be

com.

Pluial.

tve shall or mill

_?/e

*Afl//

or mill be

ye shall or w7/ be
<Ae

shall or wz7/ 6e

<Aey *Aa// or will be

masc.

fem.

masc.

fem.

Injfattioe.

Singular.

2 fcjOOl, or AjOOT

be thou

masc.

_j_iGcn

6e <Aow

fem.

Plural.

^O^jOOl
.

6e ^e

masc.

6e

fem

^-ZUOOI

j(c

55

VKIIBS.

Present Tense.
Gender.

Singular.

ft] ]j]
X

lam

com.

thou art

masc.

/AoM or/

fern,

Ae

masc.

OO1 Aj]
I

jCTI

vjAj]
X

OOT OO1
_i01 w_O1

she

is

is

fern.

Plural.

com.

ye are

r-j-J

^-*Aj|

//c

masc.

are

fern.

^QJOl _iOO1

they are

masc.

_iOOl

i/ey are

fern.

1O1

Participle.
Singular,

jocn
%

being or

masc.

being or

?*

fern.

i>

(-iCCn

Plural.

_iOOl

6eiw' or are

masc.

6ezn^ or are

fern.

_iOOl

The
place

of

personal pronouns are frequently

the

substantive

verb

after

used in the

a participle, by

which means the present tense of verbs may be exWe have also
pressed, as will be afterwards seen.

56

VERBS.

the personal pronoun in such an instance

he

is

In these

good.

cases,

ployed in preference to

We

34.

the

come next

Hehrew

and

^OJCTI

to

A^

and

^]

are

is

the same as

It takes the affixes in the

HP.

em-

vry

which

is,

ocn

as,

following

manner.
Person.

Plural.

***

Singulan

ore

^eare

^-A-1

thwart

fern.

masc.

x
7

she

If to

with

its

affixes

A,]

fem.

is

be joined the verb

}o<n,

the imperfect tense will be

formed; thus, A.OOI
thou wast, ]ocn
^cruL] he was.
i

The

verb

to have,
A.J signifies

hy Lomad with the pronominal

there is

for me,

i.

e.

when

affixes;

it is

followed

_\

as,

have.

Plural.
Singular.

Behave

^\>

A.)

Gender

I have

com.
masc.

have

^^

A,]

thou hast

,.,
they have

oil A.]

, fe

fem.

mas ,
fem

VERBS.

57
y

The

form

negative

and AJ]; when

it is

is

\j

contraction

joined with the pronominal

of

]]

affixes,

we
me,

on

ohtain

i.e.

the following,

have

for the others.

verb,

we

have,

we are

We

^JL^L

not,

V A^JL

there is

A_i_S

I am

not for

thou hast not,

Or by annexing the
not,

and

affixes to

^Lt^L

so

the

thou art not,

c.

will

now

conjugations,

&c.

35.
its

not,

give a paradigm of
as

^JD

in all

an example of the inflexion

of regular verbs in general.

CONJUGATION OF REGULAR VERBS.

58
Peal.

Ethpeel.

Pael.

masc.

Praet. 3.
3.

fern.

2.

masc.

2. fern.
1.

com.

Plur. 3. masc.

0X40

0X40

3. fern.

2.

masc.

2. fern.
1.

com.

Infinitive.

Imper.

masc.

^040

fern.

masc.

Plur.

fern.

Fut.

3.

masc.

2. fern.
1.

com.

Plur. 3. masc.
3.

fern.

2.

masc.

2. fern.
1.

com.

Part. act.

0^40

_l_Xo4o

^40 AJ

masc.

3. fern.
2.

0X040

^040!

Ethpaal.

EXAMPLK

^D

59

he slew.

Ethtaphal.

Aphel.

Eshtaphal.

Shaphel.

\^

>

rTVfri

V\

j\

<vT>

V ^A Jf

\ f\oA

1<

m Vn

KEGULAK VERBS.

Observations on Regular

36.

The

The

second has

the

a vowel,

sometimes

has

it

mind;

of the

.no ?

Hushed,

he

.^-

trembled,

root

for

^OITD

cleaved,

most part

laid

qualities,

he

Also verbs whose middle radical

is

as,

radical is

^Aj

he

written

he

^5

he

inhabited.

Olaph;

as,

^|_
T

whose

also

under the second;

Vau

feminine gender,

third

person,

sometimes omitted and the verb

is

^Lo ^ eV

as,

happens to

s^ew fern.
'>

The same

of the masculine gender.

is

occasionally

The

reason

that these letters are never pronounced.

Nun

paragogic

is

added

the masc. and fern,

plural

number;

^0^4^
The

which

>v

it

some instances both

in

genders of the third person,

but more

frequently

particle is

energy or certainty to
is found to occur.

Some

verbs are

oj^Ll

lie

found.

to

third pers. plu. masc.

force of this

of giving

as,

of the

number

plural

as,

">

ZCTLO

set.

The Yud

to

have frequently

sensa-

is

Yud

he

Those

he enquired, *o]rc he was hoary.

first

verbs

or

slept,

^-

down,

but

v;

intransitive

he ceased,

^i

without

generally

the

affections,

as,

he

is

especially in

*;

and verbs denoting the

tions

Prceterite.

of the

letter

first

Verbs.

the

and

latter;
fern.

supposed to be that
the

expressions

in

found to have Olaph prosthetic;

REGULAR VERBS.

by

6l

The numbers and

persons of this tense are formed

affixing a particle

of one of the personal pronouns

A

to the radical letters;

thus,

-A

f r

^pA\4

The Future.
This Tense seems to be formed in the active con-

by

jugations

abbreviated

certain

prefixing

mood

the personal pronouns to the imperative

*

an d

^>CLJD

^o^o)* for
"

A*

^o^o

for

\>o_&-o2

thus,

an d

'

In

the

passive

used instead of

Verbs having

whose

third

few

conjugations

of the particle
*<

radical

submit

verbs

same forms are

the
2.1.

under the middle radical of the

the future take

praeterite, in

\i]
*

of

*.

-X

t>

forms

is

a
to

which they receive; thus,

as,

guttural

no

rule

^>21

,-4^1
or
as

will

those also

Rish
to

take

the

receive,

?.

vowels

which

has the same vowels as the Heb.

The

sometimes

end;

thus,

The

and third persons singular feminine

admit Yud Otiose or paragogic at the

second

>\Ko7 and

as in
praeformative letters are not four

Hebrew;

namely, ]JTN; ^ ut on ly three; namely, ^2], The third

for
of both genders take
person sing, and plu.
.

probably from

IJOT.

REGULAR VERBS.

62

the third pers. sing. masc. and the

is

person plu.

which

but the context will determine the person

to be taken.

is

ro*

The verb

which

is

-m

part,

thus, praet

regular;

except

&L]

for * through

he obeyed, receives

&

whole of the Ethpeel conjugation

the

first

the

imper.

infin.
i

*\

^L]

g^AVn.
x

Infinitive.

The

of all

Infinitive

prseformative.

The

Peal

is

Mem

conjugations has

the

The

masculine.

others

have the termination o and are feminine.

Imperative.

The

observation on the vowel placed over the second

radical of the future holds

make

Ojm

ye, o^kjj

good in the imperative

as,

In the Ethpeel and

sleep ye.

Ethpaal conjugations, the middle radical has no vowel

and under it is placed the tinea occultans. This peculiarity

has probably arisen from the general practice of

people to utter a

command

in a hasty

and an abrupt

manner.

Nun

paragogic

is

sometimes found with the forms

of the imper. in the Peal, Pael and

Aphel conjugations

as,

^oXo_^D for n\o

(\n .

Participles.

The
*

Participle

active

Peal

without the Vau, which

brew

participial

from

Vau

not

noun Kal.
being

used

is

is

always

written

inserted in the

This circumstance
with

the

vowel

P;

as

He-

arises

but

REGULAR VERBS.
with

the contrary the

i

with the vowel

as,

passive

The

fcr>.

has

participle

participles

of

the other conjugations are derived from the prse-

all

by prefixing Mem.

terite

On

*.

63

of the

particle

the passive and

ted and

the

part.

From

i.

omit-

is

Mem.

remark must

be exempted some
conjugation, which retain the

Aphel
another

to

on

21.

last

the

permitting

In

slaying.

sometimes takes the vowel

frr>
x

Luke

Olaph when

one

e.

that,

.m
especially on intrans. verbs; as, ^

this

of

verbs

i.

or ]LD; so

,_lb,

Aphel conjugations the Olaph

first rad.;

astonished,

slayeth,

vowel taken by the

its

The

letter is very probably

pronoun ^2,

he who

is

VV^Avn

This

letter

This

live.

is

is

prefixed

also

>

as,

]0->

the case in the fu-

ture.

The Olaph

of the

Aphel conjugation

is

changed

77

^^oU^o

in the

Ethtaphal into Z;

This

likewise true in the whole conjugation.

is

37-

few

for

The

Hebrews.

as

the

which

<n,

oo > ^ or

Peal

for

radical.

ciple

the

In

Peal,

worshiping,

for

^4lASo.

gutturals produce a few anomalies and only a

the Syrians have not so

changes
is

as,

most

5,

part

great

Verbs,

the

vowel

other

conjugations

they

have

he commemorated.

third

radical

of

have in the future and imperative

the

o^n^io

the

a variety of vowel

in

the

glorying,

under

the

and the

active

of

as,

place

ojio

he

"*;

middle

mocked,

parti-

REGULAR VERBS.

g4

The

verbs

polluted,

same

in

To

he consoled,

he

]v>^

dejiled,

]].

he

and Ethpaal conjugations, have the

of the vowels as the gutturals which are
Pael

the

changes

mentioned in the preceding paragraph.

The Present Tense

38.

(form

^^40)

them;

thus,

is

formed by the participles

and the personal pronouns placed

after

Singular.

I am slaying

M5

\3\

thou art slaying

thou art slaying

OOT Vi^

he

_i01

she

]'

fc

is

slaying

is

slaying.

Plural.

\ fco

n>e

V^o
i

ye are slaying

are slaying

>
>

^Aj"!
-

masc.

&c.
7
i

y>

\"

\^r

n>e

are slaying

V fern.

ye are slaying
)

The

third

act. part, in

pers.

is

plu.

expressed simply by the

the plural number.

These auxiliary pronouns are sometimes contracted

r

and

affixed to the verb

as,

A\ fro

slaying, second pers. sing. masc.

The
form

substantive

^40 w iH

verb

and

added

to

.A'V/VO

thou art

fern.

the

participial

sometimes express the imperfect tense;

IRREGULAR VERBS.
he was slaying.

as,

\4o

]ooi

added to

the praeterite

pluperfect tense;

as, "jocn

But

this

if

verb be

sometimes make the

will

it

65

^>!&o he

had

slain.

pluperfect tense will not always be determined

this

manner:

in

The

auxiliary

the

verb

context

perfect

is

sometimes happens that the

thus found with the praeterite, when
for

not

will

permit it to signify the plusuch case the praeterite or im-

In

tense.

it

perfect tense will be expressed.

IRREGULAR VERBS.

39-

classes of verbs deviate

Large

going paradigm of

^^o

and present many

in the process of conjugation.

nearly

same

the

causes

by gutturals, which
the letters
or

^,

They
Hebrew

have been

by the

irregularities

are produced

in

as

fore-

first

namely,

already noticed;
radical

by

being

by

Nun;

by the second and third radicals being the same.

Indeed the same

the

from the

classes

of

irregular

verbs

exist

in

Hebrew, Chaldee, Syriac, Arabic and the whole

of that family of languages.

We

have

designate the

seen

that

conjugations.

the

verb

The

V\v<^

classes

is

employed

to

of irregular verbs

VERBS |a OR
are

also

the letters

of

the

verbs

^ ^

^Ia

in

first

the

"K "^>
which
^
is

In

1.

in

this

accounting for the

it

class;

he was anxious,

he

}.

or ^,.

which exist

that

or

Olaph

and not

&

as,
*2>I],

In the middle of a word Olaph or

the preceding letter cannot be both

This

}}

yXj.

5.

2.

for

is

anomalies

begot,

>

o or

<^.

be observed

to

is

"^

is

beginning a word must have a vowel;

Yud

See

\& or

or j

the same and finally

third radicals

Verbs

for

stand
l^>>

which

those the last radical of which

40.

by one

sake of brevity

middle radical of

or the second and

the

thus,

of

radical

those

for

denoted

usually

the consequence of what

is

in

forms

those

where

two

Yud

without vowels.

is

in

stated

(1)

Yud would

begin

a syllable and would consequently require a vowel

much
3.

as at the

This vowel of the Olaph or

is

made

to

the

Yud

is

generally

but when an ad-

end of the word

Olaph or

Yud

begotten,

oXo]Z]

begotten.

retains

its

vowel;

thus,

they were corroded,

avoid

to

the concourse of several letters without vowels

as

beginning of a word.

remitted to the preceding letter;

dition

without

consonants

vowels come together; the Olaph or

and

^Z]

the

he was

L^lL] I was

VERBS ja OR

67

e*

In the Aphel, Shaphel and their passive con-

4.

changed into Vau

which coalesces with the preceding ? and makes the
the

jugations,

diphthong au;
5.
first

is

as,

Yud

and

Olaph

as,

person singular;

Yud

Olaph or

are

^02]

dropped in the

shall eat for

shall beget.

Verhs

6.

<*

are

In

Peal

the

*>

is

Olaph
vowel

is

but

if

jiol

say

*,

the

thou

jl*")

? ; as,

vowel

be

^o^f

the

?,

similar

eat thou masc.

rule

first

is

is

"<;

as,

observed in

namely, when the second vowel is

and when the second is ?, the first is x.
;

The Olaph
is

is

first

masc.

the first is *

jugations

of the

In the pass, participle it is

in those cases where the second

second

the

the future tense

8.

the vowel

conjugation,

in the praet.

In the imper.

?.

exceptions

(5).
7.

and

Pael

the

in

regular

Ethpaal conjugations, which are therefore

to

future

and Ethpaal con-

in the Ethpeel

sometimes changed into Z;

he took, ^tl^^L] he lamented.

as,

^LL]* from

Indeed Olaph pre-

t\

ceded by

Thau

is

frequently changed into

Thau

for

the sake of euphony.

9.

Olaph

in general in

or
*

Yud
or

i.

in the middle of a

The

latter is

word

rests

sometimes chang-

ed into the former.

52

VERBS ]& OR

gg

The

departed, makes

he

verb, ^f)

CH

its

imperative

mood

of the Peal conjugation thus,

oil

The

^]

of

has the linea occultans as often as

it

4V

ought to have a vowel from the analogy of the regular

In such
verb, and Zain by the same rule is without one.
cases

of

the vowel

Lomad

remitted

is

to

Zain;

as,

Ai^fj
*

she departed.

In the passive part. Peal the radical

receives

the

Rom.

18.

ii.

Yud

in

vowel

oau

the verb

because the second radical

vowel

is

remitted to the

The Yud
]

of

instead

*;

the

inf.

verbs

and

taught,

not pronounced and therefore

its

In the imper. we have

first.

*")

he sucked.

so,

and

set, fut.

takes
thus,

Heb. PP^?, Arab.

beginning with
fut.

conjugation

changed into

is

Peal;

as,

Yud

he

.\.

no need of the vowel x

has

is

characteristic

n he believed;

Some

some verbs

remains in the Aphel conjugation in the verbs

he ejaculated, .o

as the

.<?>

as>

he was faithful, in the

Aphel
Oi

in

reject

he

this

knew,

radical in
inf.

15^;
*

VKKBS _0.

Verbs ^_a.

41.

The
are

anomalies

belonging

to

principal

one

the

only few;

Nun

in certain situations

ever

Nun

this
is

class

the

and the rule

end of a

the

at

is

69

is

syllable

of

verbs

rejection
this;

of

when-

and without

a vowel according to the analogy of the regular verb,

it

is

rejected.
for

Ne-puk

We

have

therefore

aa2LU Nen-puk.

In the imper. Peal, the

the beginning of the word;

it

Nun

.r><y>vn

is

as, *oo2>

Peal
for

thrown away at
for

oaaj.

The

perhaps the difficulty of prowith rapidity in such a situation and it

reason of this elision

nouncing

inf.

fut.

is

has therefore been neglected in writing.

The

Ethpeel,

Pael

and Ethpaal conjugations of

these verbs are quite regular in all their forms.

Verbs of
and

this

its passive

The

class are

not found in the Shaphel

conjugation.

vowel of the second radical in the

fut.

and

imper. Peal observes generally the same rule as regular

verbs

thus,

^nu

he

cut,

.^g>i

he breathed,

CONJUGATION OF VERBS
Peal.

Prset. Sing. 3.

Pael.

Ethpeel.

Ethpaal

masc.

3. fern.
2.

masc.

2.

fem.

1.

com.

Plur. 3. masc.
3.

fem.

2.

masc.

2.

fem.

I.

com.
X

Infinitive.

Imper. Sing. masc.

fem.
Plur. masc.

fem.
Put. Sing. 3. masc.

Plur.

Part, act

pass.

3.

fem.

2.

masc.

2.

fem.

1.

com.

3.

masc.

Si.

fem.

2.

masc.

2.

fem.

1.

com.

EXAMPLE ^\o

he eat.

71
Shaphel.

Ethtaphal.

Aphel.

Eshtaphal.

Also]

AXiof

Aloof

*.

Nn
P

Nno
i

^ Nno
i

\no aZ

^r>

17

vvno

a.

V>

XnnA

*\")

T>

m Vi

CONJUGATION OF VKKBS,
Peal.

Praet.

Sing.

3.

Ethpeel.

masc.

3. fern.

2.

masc.

2. fern.
1.

com.

Plur. 3. masc.
3.

fern.

2.

masc.

2. fern.
1.

com.

Infinitive.

Imper. Sing. masc.

fern.

-A

Plur. masc.
fern.

Fut. Sing.

3.

masc.

A.AJ*

3. fern.

2.

masc.

2. fern.

Plur.

1.

com.

3.

masc.

Ar

3. fern.
2.

masc.

2. fern.
1.

Part.

act.

pass.

com.

A*

<*

EXAMPLE

ll

he begot

Ethtaphal.

Aphel.

73
Shaphel.

.
t

\0

Eshtaphal.

m.

.SolAS

*.

OL

VERBS

74

he fixed, take the vowel *;

he adhered,

but ^inj

There are a few excep?.

flowed down, have
which takes * in the
tions; as, A*>J he descended,

ifa

it

fut.

and imper.

it

rule for the removal of

The
to

this

does not apply

when the second and

class,

third

nor when the middle radical

the same;

are

radicals
is

of

verbs

Nun

whose
one of the quiescent letters; nor in some verbs

second radical

.o\m

is

He.

he ascended

is

anomalous and takes some of

7

from

forms

.OPO

inf.

Olaph
casionally

verb

obsolete

the

its

.rmi;

as,

mx>

imper.

fut.

characteristic

of

the

retained with the

Aphel

conjugation
as,

prefixes;

L]L

is

oc-

thou wilt

bring down from

42.

r>v

Verbs

or

v.

having Vau and those having Yud for

their middle radical letter differ so little from each

Verbs

in

other

their

conjugations;

both comprehended

in

one

that

class.

may

be

letters

are

they

These

sometimes placed in such situations as to lose their

consonantel

power and

defects

in

consequence arise

where that power is lost.

1.
Vau deprived of a vowel for the most part
rests in the vowel -\
In such a case whenever another

in those forms of the verb

vowel
the
for

is

Vau

required by the analogy of the regular verb

is

usually changed into

ioaoZZ], Avn. n

for

Yud;

as,

VERBS

Vau

2.

When

r>

75

the most part takes the vowel

for

therefore another vowel

analogy of the regular verb

or

Yud;

changed into Olaph or

required by the

is

Vau

the

or

taken away

is

for

i-oo

as,

for

In the Aphel conjugation, the

into Yud; the vowel * which belongs
S.

changed into
ceding letter;

*,

and

as,

sn

this
.

r^

vowel

is

Vau is changed
to Vau is also

remitted to the pre-

for

There are some verbs, which preserve the o

and Ethpaal conjugations

as,

in

he disturbed

JQJ

the Pael

he

ioiL]

was

disturbed.

Vau

In the part. Peal the

is

pronounced Yud.
the vowel
;

or Rish

When
"

is

is

changed into Olaph and

the third radical

changed into

v.

See

is

a guttural

^.

37-

Throughout the Bthpeel conjugation L of the sylThislable L] is doubled, except in the 2nd pers. fut.
is

the same as in Chaldee, except in

guage the duplication

The

is

the latter lan-

made by Dagesh

forte.

verbs of this class are not found in the Sha-

phel and Eshtaphal conjugations.

There are some verbs having the middle radical Vau,

which are not conjugated after the paradigm; namely,
(i)

Those which have Olaph

third radical; as, "jo*

he adhered.

or

Yud

for

he was equal,

the

VERBS

Such verbs;

(2)

^.QTD he desired, ^o^]' he

as,

i>

acted unjustly.

In some verbs a difference of signification

by the middle radical

wise

jcLw

as,

was

it

Vau

is

marked

being moveable or other-

white, 5o>l he saw.

Verbs having Yud for the middle radical letter,

the forms of the Peal conjugapreserve it in some of
tion; for instance,

Ao^o in the

praeterite.

Plural.

In the

fut.

vowel except

Singular.

Peal the preformative letters have no

that which belongs to the

first

person

singular.

From

verbs of this class quadriliteral forms are fre-

quently derived and

make two

namely, Palpel and

its

passive Ethpalpal; as,

made a commotion, from

5.

In
the

additional conjugations;

viof,

\jfii

he

he exalted, from

^o&i

See quadriliteral verbs.

]

Yud

....

is

he lived, whenever a preformative

taken away and

ceding consonant

as,

inf.

its

is

annexed,

vowel remitted to the pre-

\tl^o for

.'

>

vvr>

VERBS

|i,

Verbs

43.

77

]J

].

There are a few anomalies in these

are not so

verbs,

but they

to require a para-

numerous nor of a kind

Most of them may be accounted for on the

principle stated in J. 40
namely, that Olaph remits its

digm.

vowel

the

to

without a vowel.

he was good,

put on the

ACD

Agreeably to this

^so

he was

shoe.

he enquired; imper.

old, ^Vj_

So

was previously
law we have *z>\4

which

letter

preceding

also

Ethpeel we have

in

Olaph is sometimes placed before the

we have indeed the following forms,

first

radical

In Aphel we have,

put on

he did badly, Jrcf he

^*

^]^(

*>[( he did

the shoes,

well.

In Pael and Ethpaal conjugations Olaph

into

Yud

as,

^.

is

changed

he prepared, ~^'-fi] he was pre-

pared.

44.

Verbs

jj].

comprehends the two classes of Hebrew

verbs terminating in N and n, and the three classes
This

class

of Arabic verbs ending in

'

(^

In the consideration of these verbs, we observe

1st.

When

the Olaph

is

they receive an addition to the end,

either taken

away

or

changed into Yud;

78

CONJUGATION OF VERBS

EXAMPLE

79

Ethpaal.

Ethtaphal.

Aphel.

Palpel.

EthpalpaJ.

..

Zl
ut in Ethpeel.

A Vn

oVn

V>

ol

Vo

ol

..*
Z.(

o/f V

nV>

X .7
<*i|

OlO-lDJ

SZf
7

^*f

iZf

07

9.

77..
.

V)

r>Vn

nZ.

.7
.

><vT>

77..

7*7

nj

o/

^.VnAn

7]

ix^^nj
7
.

V)

.-

O//

Vn

o7

v .^:^;
X

oVn

.nVn

7 *

o//i*

oZ

7 . .

VERBS

80

.\

thus, AiLt,

that Olaph

is

beginning a

This

|]

from the circumstance

arises

seldom found in the middle of a word

quiescent in

or

syllable,

the middle of

a syllable.
2nd.

form the

Participles

.'

P
'.

jlji> fem.

gender according

Chapter on Nouns;

to the rules given in the

fern.

fern,

as,

JL^.

v>
,.

in the 3rd. pers. sing, praet. of all the

I
conjugations, except Peal, becomes Yud quiescent in ;
3rd.

as,

Olaph

*tt

The

4th.

iufin.

subject to the

is

1st.

but

rule;

in other respects it is regular.

In the imper. Peal and Ethpeal sing, masc.,

5th.

Olaph
x
,

is

and

-^-\t

away.

have

fut.

Before

the

ol

the

the

in

in

other

thus,

?;

conjugations

In the fem.

o.

in

makes

In the plural forms the 3rd.

^,.

in

all

tense

but before the

moveable;

In

rests

away

In the

6th.

in

with

taken

is

But

^juX^Z].

a diphthong

it rests

makes a diphthong with

it

Olaph remains and

rad.

in the former

changed into Yud;

in the latter

and

affixes

affix

the

conjugations;

participles,
^o

and

^ Olaph

<_,

passes

thus,

rests

Olaph
it

is

taken

into

Yud

as,

plu.

praet.

and _

Peal
for

ojl

of the

third

~tf.

person

we

In a few in-

VERBS

81

]].

stances in the Philoxenian version

when the

served

affixes

Some

they untied

the Olaph

annexed

are

him ; Mark

xi.

to

is

them

pre;

as,

4.

verbs in Peal change Olaph into

Yud and

are declined as the prseterite of the other conjugations;

thus,
Plural.

>r-KJ

The

verb

Singular.

^A_l

is

not of the Aphel conjugation as

is

manifest from the vowel

It

is

being under the Olaph.

probably the Peal conjugation with Olaph pros">

thetic.

few verbs

of this

class

numb. masc. of the imper. ;

In the 3rd.
imper.

Peal,

pers.

some

plu.

verbs

as,

prset.

take

have

^L]

in

drink.

and 2nd.
the

the sing.

pers.

paragogic

plu.

forms

CONJUGATION OF VERBS

82
Peal.

Praet. Sing. 3.

Ethpeel.

Pael.

masc.

3. fern.

2.

masc.

2. fern.

1.

com.

Plur. 3. masc.
3. fern.

2.

masc.

2. fern.
1.

com.
*

Infinitive.

Imper. Sing.

masc.
fern.

Put. Sing.

3.

masc.

3. fern.

2.

masc.

2. fern.

Plur.

1.

com.

3.

masc.

3. fern.
2.

masc.

2. fern.
1.

com.

Part. act.
pass.

Vn

masc.
fern.

Plur.

EXAMPLE

he revealed.

11

'

i\ '

Shaphel.

Ethtaphal.

Aphel.

Ethpaal.

83

^ 11 I

^J

w->Z!\ i

Eshtaphal.

>

o^
t

.0

*.

T
.

V>

S JL m V)

Ni'

FiM

&

I
J8
?h

^i
.?

^>

\.V

^^O

"S

A_a_]

62

84

VERBS

\yv>.

Verbs

45.

\i^,

second and third radicals

Verbs which have the

the same lose the middle radical in the Peal, Aphel,

The

Ethtaphal, Shaphel and Eshtaphal conjugations.

vowel of the middle radical expunged

the

With

first.

quite

of this defect and

The

regular.

the whole inflexion

the act. part. Peal;

peculiarity in
is

the exception

remitted to

is

and

Pael

Ethpeel,

Ethpaal

conjugations retain hoth the radicals and are in every

But

respect regular.

two

for the

last conjugations the

Palpel and Ethpalpal forms are most frequently used

as,

^^5

he drew, \\s\s he agitated,

;_^J.

he mag-

nified.

The

and

according to the rule laid

v,

forms in the reg.

for these

on the second

Peal receive

fut.

vowel * or

the

radical

down

imper.

verbs;

thus,

ICLCU
TV

he will

spoil,

In the

^JJj he will desire.

act. part.

ed into Olaph
.CD]*'

is

Peal the middle radical

but

it

pronounced Ro-yes

made

to

the end

vowel

is

taken away;

^A

is

Verbs

as,

,_AU

When
the

part.;

^.m^
it

have

Olaph

preserve

both

of

for

them

in

changthus,

an addition

^-VQ.

Sji
the

Yud

Olaph with

preserves

masc. and

which

irregular verbs.

11.

J.

as,

for

as

pronounced

of this

an exception;

the plural

radicals

is

is

the

The

is

its

verb

Olaph in

fern.

second

inflexion;

and
see

third

doubly

85

OBJECTIVE AFFIXES.
In
tained

Aphel the middle radical

the part.

but

has

it

the

linea

occultans

sometimes

is

as,

re-

\\fcvr>

shadowing.

The Olaph
sometimes

characteristic

retained

with

the

of

the

Aphel

preformatives

conjugation
as,

is

n-i^/)vn\

to love.

46.

The

Objective Affixes attached to

We

have already seen

are added to verbs to

besides

others

these,

may be

called

the

she has slain thee.

it

that

Verbs.

different

mark the person and number;

are

frequently

objective

affixes

which

attached,
thus,

^.^J^Q

If the verb be intransitive then

must be translated with some preposition

serve its

affixes

We

connection with the pronoun.

to

pre-

will first

give a Table of these Affixes.

When

a consonant precedes the

(.ill

affix.

77

Sing.

imper.)

(^_,

Phi.

imper.)

01

2nd. pers. masc.

Sing.

3rd. pers.fem. Proet.

and Nun

preced.

Phi.

3rd. fern, plu.)

3rcl - fern, plu.)

CONJUGATION OF VERBS

86
Peal.

Praet. Sing. 3.

Ethtaphal.

vf

masc.

4=r

3. fern.

2.

Aphel.

ML,

masc.

2. fern.

Plur.

1.

com.

3.

masc.

3. fern.

2.

masc.

2. fern.
1.

com/

Infinitive.

Imper. Sing. masc.

fern.

Plur.

masc.

o^ZZl

fern.

Put. Sing.

3.

masc.

3. fern.

pass.

ICLQJ

EXAMPLE }^o he
Sbaphel.

destroyed.

Eshtaphal.

Palpel.

n]

77

>

o]

~>Vn

Ethpalpal.

OBJECTIVE AFFIXES.

38

Vorvel preceding.
Plu.

Sing.

01 (CTU)

It

of a reguonly necessary to give examples

verbs receive the affixes in
because

is

lar verb

irregular

The

nearly the same manner.

chief exception consists

Olaph for the third radical ;

of which on account of some striking peculiarities
must be taken in the proper
notice
particular

in those verbs which have

It is

places.

necessary to extend the para-

also not

for the others

digm beyond the Peal conjugation
Whatever deviations there are
are inflected like it.
:

will

be given.

The

first

and

through both the

both numbers

second persons

of

do

take

tenses

affixes

of the same person,

would

be

which

reciprocal

not

the

objective

otherwise the signification

is

expressed

usually

by

certain conjugations.

In the
forms

is

the

<->

and

pers.

V Q one
j\

plu.

two

has

fern,

also a masc. paragogic

sec.

do not receive the

the

simple and

each of them takes the

paragogic;

Verbs of the

them

third
y

(\

other the

There

prset.
7

pers. plu.

affixes

^obi

the

affixes.

form

^Q Vfr

praet.

of both genders

and _oi; instead of

are used the separate pronouns ^QJ]

and

>

OBJECTIVE AFFIXES.

Prceterite.

47.

^^Q

3rd. pers. sing. masc.

A he has
ihee, masc.,

2/OM,

1]

nVfrA

......

......

^!^D

slain me,

Srrf.

thee,

......

Atfr,

he has slain.

_S^o

......

.^\^o
*

masc.,

AM, oiS^jD
.

89

......

fern.,

fern.,

yow,

^QJ]

us,

^4

......

^ool^o

......

m\fro

......

them,

masc.,

fern.

them,

pers. sing. fern.

AX^D

*Ae has slain.

ft

^_j^o

she has slain me,

......

#^,

masc.,

wjjDA^^o

......

you,

masc.,

^^AlL^D

......

him,

a\t^o

masc., ^

i")

AS^jo

......

......

Q&o

#^^,

......

......

her,

them,

......

us,

fern.,

you,

^oDAlL

fern.,

^QJ]
fern.

masc.

them, masc.,

i]

^*

2wrf.

ZL^JD

...... fern.

pers. sing. fern. ^

masc.,

jj]

^M^o

her, .QJ]
^

i>

^ew,

fern.

OBJECTIVE AFFIXES.

90

1st.

thee, masc.,

them, masc.,

A^uQ

^sAX^o

......

thee, fern.,

inA^o

......

you,

masc.,

&\fon
*
*

pers. sing.

them,

fern.,

fern.

or
*

US,
......

thee, masc.,

no V

fr

......

yow, masc.,

......

him, rnoVfro

......

..*''
>

I
)

r.\ |\o

fem., ^o

you, fem.,
^

......

A^r,

......

^wz,

oV^r)

^Oj]

masc., v

\ j\n

nn \ K o

^^,

......

^r,

fem.

The

other

form

takes the affixes of the 2nd. pers. sing. masc.

3rd. pers. plu. fem.

US,
,

masc.,

>n\^\A

......

thee,

fem.,

-h

you, masc., V

.n\ 5-o

Am,

......

oOLftuD

affixes of

......

A^r.

yow, fem.,

The

other

form

the 2nd. pers. sing. masc.

2nd. pers. plu. masc.

US,

him, auo^u

takes

the

OBJECTIVE AFFIXES.

2nrf.

91

pers. plu. fern.

.A\ fto
rn

......

wztf,

IsJ. j9er*. phi.

y

.j\ |\o
fern.,

#^,

......

^oAiJ^o

......

masc.,

you, masc.,

m\
.

r>
^v

......

niV^o

......

fem.,

.rn

\ n
j\

Am,

......

rn

\^ r>

Infinitive.

masc.,

......

^\ftr>vn
*

.^V^ovn

masc.,

thee, fem.,

......

you, fem.,

Imperative.

\n

r>

......

7e

sing.

Vr>

US, ^

.m

fem.

\n o
,

......

fem.

M^ ^ .rnr>
9

thee,

you,

OBJECTIVE AFFIXES.
Plu. numb. 2nd. pers.
......

me, <o^or>

......

us,

^,

gio\on ^r.

him,

2wd. pers. fern.

Future Tense.
\>d (^ni.

3rd. pers. sing. masc.

US,

Ai/w,

......

^-i

>

Vfrrii

thee-, fern.,

......

^.^\QQI

masc.,

.^\j\m

thee, masc.,

......

you,

^OTO \ Q n

fern.,

her.

2nd. pers. sing. fern.

r>7

w^,

......

3C

......

......

__i_l_xX^D2.

him, mi"

US,

>

3rrf. per*.
p/M. TMOJC.

me,
,

masc.,
,

wjjuo\^Qj

masc.,

#^,

......

niAV^i
*

fern.,

......

^pVi

^ow,

T.

icn

>

io\5ni

......

him,

OUQ^^QJ

.....

he?'.

fern.,

OBSERVATIONS ON OBJECTIVE AFFIXES.

3rd. pers. fern.

iX n

me,
masc.,

you, masp...

//,

......

mKfrrM

......

ft

......

.AiXftoi*

Wtf,

fern.,

yoM, fem.,

.rn

him,

when they

affixes;
is

found

seldom

are

Participles

with the

objective

are, the modification they undergo

the same as that for nouns.

Observations.

48.

with

Prceterile

It

that

will

the

be observed from the foregoing examples,

and nouns have

verbs

thus,

changes;
to

Affixes.

^JD
which

when

it

the other persons of the sing,

to,

r^i

o receives
first

and

*-*

retained

is

letters

put back on the

is

of the fem.

and second persons

^n

f^\v

coming

In the third person plural

together without a vowel.

of both genders the

<J1

>

the vowel

on the second radical to avoid three

vowel

the affixes remits

takes

similar

is

the same

nearly

is

first letter,

taken away.

plu. preserve

The

both vowels un-

changed.

Verbs having
places where

? is

"

for the second rad. retain it in those

found in

Verbs having Olaph

may be

referred to

v,

or
;

Yud

for

for

the

first

whenever ,0

and Yud
Olaph has
Olaph and Yud have the same.

of a vowel, there

has

^uD

^uo

is

i
;

radical

destitute

when

<a

96

QUADRILITERAL VERBS.

two consecutive

letters

ject to defect.

It will be sufficient to consider a few

can be at the same time sub-

instances of doubly irregular verbs, which

may be

divided

into the following classes.

Verbs with the

1st.

third

Olaph;

as, Jnj

Nun and

radical a

first

he injured, Ethpeel,

^]
I

changed into Yud.

is

Olaph

Nun

final

is

dropped;

the

where

IS

where the
Aphel ^jz],
x

so, ]<-TM

he tempted, imper. Aph.

7.7

oro]

Verbs having

2nd.

Olaph

as,

]1]

he came,

the
fut.

and third

first

Peal

which possesses

]Z]j,
*

radicals

T*

the defects both of

Those with

3rd.

third

Olaph;

as,

the

JL.

radical

first

]ku he swore,

A .vn.

ii

he will swear,

]So]k> to

Yud and

the

have sworn,

swear.

Verbs having the second and third radicals

4th.

]]L he forbade, whence 3rd. pers.

Olaph.

o]o

^"j and

inf.

}]^) imper. *4a.

fl

he

prset.

laboured,

plu.

Aph.

^llj we will wake thee wearied.

it

]]_

fective

is Jit,

and a few others are altogether de-

and anomalous.
50.

Quadriliteral Verbs.

The

Syrians have some verbs composed of more

than three letters;
they are not numerous, and as in

Hebrew and Arabic,

are chiefly derived from triliteral

QUADRILITEKAL VERBS.
roots.

of a

are formed

by the addition or repetition

and undergo little or no alteration when
and affixes are annexed.

They
letter,

the prefixes

By

I.

of the

the repetition of one or two of the letters

triliteral

root,

and

chiefly

in those

cases

middle radical

Vau

see $ 42,

45

dragged along, from

he

thus,

>L.

he

dragged,

he was exasperated, from jio he was

1 he did often, or practised, from
or

when

and third radicals are the same, or the

the second

i_^J.

97

made.

\^IJ"\ he

was made,

or

became

bitter.

he did,

lazy,

from

*^-' he was
It will be seen from these and
lazy.
v
the following examples, that the general effect of the

to give increased intensity to the signi-

is

duplication

fication of the original word.

II.

are

Instances of two of the radicals being repeated,

sn^An^J

he dreamed for a long time, from ^olLw

he dreamed, V\^\o\ he stained, from

^oa,

io^icl

he

ft

exalted, from ioo> he

III.
as,

Some appear

.vyo^.*)

was

high.

compounded of two verbs

he thought basely, from \jib. he was base,
to be

tt

and

jjL

IV.

he quarreled.

By

of a word.

the addition of a letter to the beginning

96

QUADRILITERAL VERBS.

two consecutive

letters

ject to defect.

It will be sufficient to consider a

can be at the same time sub-

instances of doubly irregular verbs, which

may be

few

divided

into the following classes.

Verbs with the

1st.

Nun and

radical a

first

third Olaph; as, jnj he injured, Ethpeel,

final

changed into Yud.

is

Olaph

Nun

dropped;

as,

]Z]

he came,

the
fut.

W).- where

Aphel *^s], where the

so, ]frn

Verbs having

2nd.

Olaph

is

the

he tempted, imper. Aph.

first

Peal

and third
]Z]j,

radicals

which possesses

the defects both of

Those with

3rd.

third

^D] and

Olaph;

as,

first

radical

]ku he swore, A.v>.

i
ii

he will swear,

}so)k> to

Yud and

have sworn,

swear.

]]L he forbade, whence 3rd. pers.

Olaph.

the

Verbs having the second and third radicals

4th.

ote

the

JL.

inf.

floSo imper.

^.

J]

he

prset.

laboured,

plu.

Aph.

ihee wearied.

]]_,

fective

t* Jit,

and a few others are altogether de-

and anomalous.
50.

Quadriliteral Verbs.

The

Syrians have some verbs composed of more

than three letters;
they are not numerous, and as in

Hebrew and Arabic,

are

chiefly derived

from

triliteral

QUADRILITEKAL VERBS.
roots.

of a

are formed

by the addition or repetition

and undergo little or no alteration when
and affixes are annexed.

They
letter,

the prefixes

By

I.

of the

the repetition of one or two of the letters

triliteral

and

root,

chiefly

in those

middle radical

he

Vau

42, 45

see

when

dragged along, from

L he did
made.

thus,

he was exasperated, from

or

cases

and third radicals are the same, or the

the second

jJtfJt

97

^rLw he was

5^k?

often, or practised,

l^**?} he
lazy.

was made,

It

will

or

he

>L.

dragged,

he was

from

^^

became

bitter.

he did,

lazy,

from

be seen from these and

the following examples, that the general effect of the

is

duplication

to give increased intensity to the signi-

fication of the original word.

II.

are

Instances of two of the radicals being repeated,

v^vX

7]

he dreamed for a long time, from sr>^..

he dreamed, *\e*\&\ he stained, from

exalted, from iooj he

Some appear

III.

was
to

^oa,

iojioj

he

high.

be compounded of two verbs;

as,

.vvn^.

and

;_.

IV.

\sio.

he was base,

he quarreled.

By

of a word.

he thought basely, from

the addition of a letter to the beginning

QUADR1LITERAL VERBS.

98
So

(1)

^T>V he made poor,

as,

^rnvJ] he be-

came poor, from the Arabic ^A**j he was poor.

o;

(2)

(3)

The

as,

letter

of a word;

*oaijjm he hastened,

as,

^vnV)

Vau

as,

plexed, from the root

from

taught, from v>\ A# learned.

/je

sometimes inserted in the middle

is

j.oo!

he burned, from

^# twisted, ^onv/] ^

^ bound;

,^

Anrn

>i^

joer-

expected,

^><y>
:

Sometimes we have

as,

v_i;

^,

>

from

^^.

io;

i*

rnVo

as,
5

as,

and

^-

At
,_*;

^^ persevered, from

J.

.A

^^

we

#zefe

treated familiarly, from A

from

A^i

^g was strong.

find sometimes the letter

domestic,
.

.A

A7")

^^

w^

house, ^_>L*JL he sub-

*
?,

.>

he revolved.

the end of a word

as,

rn

under, beneath.

It is unnecessary

to give

more examples; we

will

only observe that in the process of conjugation, these

verbs follow in general
triliterals.

the principles laid

down

for

ADVEKBS.

PARTICLES.

51.

Under

99

term may be comprehended words which

are used in explaining, modifying and connecting the
this

parts of a sentence.

principal

Adverbs,

fore,

They embrace,

there-

and

Inter-

Conjunctions

Prepositions,

jections.

Adverbs.

Of

1st.

time.

f once, together, ^*te>] when

lli-jlo in the end, at length,

^DJ^

V&oL] yesterday,

afterwards,

-n

then,

now,

)^oi

jso^oaX before,
IsooASo

as long

at

any

as,

li^oo!

*~^

to-day,

1^k>

immediately,

time,

fl^s,^
i

not

how long ? ^cn^

]k5

^-ip.ai
x

already,

now,

to-morrow,

J_!LO

yet,

until now,

suddenly.

Of

2nd.

place.

of

where?

]IL]

}s here, hither,

]nvr>

hence,

41

whither ? which

way ? _oi^ ]k?A

hitherto,

2.'

thither.

Adverbs of various kinds.

7

]_LL.')

^oz(;?

only,

.^^

,A\Vv>-

greatly,
fjioXXov,

powerfully,

jc

especially, more.

guic&ly,

VV.\A

/eV^, ^..

72

vA

PREPOSITIONS AND CONJUNCTIONS,

100

IT

^]

said) namely, especially,

where? which

truly, oo^l

is

so,

>

whether? L^so]

^oj

A!^K]~

lastly,

divinely,

cam,

! <^>

cA

]],

^r*/, ZoiljZ,

jVi^.

"

wholly, ^OJ^D effectually, really,

Ml

^^o

thence,

'

from whence ? VV.nVn wow,

from

^LoZjoi

7
]

have

formed from the adverb

and the personal pronoun 001

as

(for Ztiote

r^ivn formerly, Ak>]s

swiftly,

wo#, IOT

}]

secondly,

A_i)Aj>i justly.

Prepositions.

Some
&c.,

are

between,

5^o

/?er,

\\nnoS

^job

Those most com^o,

wzV^, ^SD

with,

^^/bre,

^^^
ADOJ

^0^5

ZoIZ

because

before,

from,

]^,

without,

.^K>. for,

^io

against,

oL

against,

ZcA

to,

nouns

verbs,

.^

or Ai

against,

",

to

prefixed

and others are separate words.

monly used

or

are

prepositions

ft-

]J5

5^,

^J

of,

Zoa w^r,

;_,.

or

Conjunctions and Interjections.

These are

^*

J31
*

^o#,

or,

^],

Zc^],

unless,

cA

j^

o]

Isif

cA

*,

j/*

]]f

wo#,

but yet, however,

d\\a
.]

if,

_,_

but,

Jo
7a/>

CONJUNCTIONS AND INTERJECTIONS.

for,

as,

because,

,_,?

$e

but,

when,

iojj

lest

101

by chance,

fl

^_i_3C7i

therefore,

wc?,
o

truly,

JJ!D

when, ~->o,

\V

ti

^^
i

>n therefore, ^L.

f

therefore,

-r

/^^, jioA wwm, cal

^o.
t

The

CO.

Interjections are ]<n behold, o], &}

^

_o^ O #^^

wj(Ti

woe !

^^

O!

before

SYNTAX.

Syntax of Nouns.

52.

THE
must

noun which

precede

that

put in a state of construction

which qualifies it or limits its
is

signification; thus, oiiol

7o

^D^

the

womb of his

of

my

goods.

\f* division

mother,

This

is

the

what takes place in Greek and Latin, where

the second noun is the one whose form is modified
reverse of

and

this modification is

noun

absolute

is

state,

a preposition

termed the genitive

case.

often found in the constructive

when

followed by another having

it is

prefixed

for the

^rni

as, ]2>}^>

acceptors of

ft

faces,

e.

i.

where we

hypocrites;

have

Ami

for

'

*>rfti

Matth.

xvi. 3.

i^>

]
<M

women, where we have

.

for

J'-e^A

^-^3

Aiu^
x

for

Tim.

i.

10,

where we have

i.

The

2.

iii.

sometimes separated from the noun

1

Luke
]^-^
x

denying kindness
2 Tim.

blessed

AIL.}JQ

among

ft

e.

for

28.

ungrateful,

preposition

as, )-p

A^J

i.

is

SYNTAX OF SUBSTANTIVES.

The

definite state in its

primary

103

office is

edly intended to express a definite sense, i.e.

undoubtused

it is

to direct the attention to a

particular object or objects

known

either

their

by

described previously by some

hour was come,

A^k> the

occurs in

It
is

may be

as

used,

brew Bible with

the

put in

def.

Hebrew

the

I am

]A^i-. ]^\ }j]

its

Syriac version.

in

article

He-

the

same

the

are

numerous instances where

the

in

article

the vine.

seen that syr. nouns

also

state

From

}h

as,

Hebrew

the

observed by comparing

may be

it

comparison,

circumstance

the cases where

all

or

preeminence

universality,

corresponding

words

is

omitted.

The
in

state

def.

Hebrew the

such cases

very

constructive

found,

frequently

where

would be employed;

in

usually prefixed to the following word;

is

>

is

but not always

as,

1jU feast of the passover,

Vl^)j
J*
T.

John

xiii.

John

xi. 4.

valent

to

1.

]a&<>

]?w.n~>7

the

glory

God,

of

This construction may be equi"UJN in Hebrew, which serves sometimes

see $ 21.
b

as a circumlocution for the constructive state.

The
state.

proper names of

nate with

men do

few appear to have

the radical Olaph

it,

as,

not admit a definite

because they termi]<*

-^ Peter

but

such nouns are in the absolute state.

of excellence the Syrians have not;

except a few instances which are found in the verplural

SYNTAX OF ADJECTIVES.

104

Old Testament, and which may be conse-

sion of the

See Ps.

quently regarded as Hebraisms.

The
or

sity,

repetition of a

noun sometimes denotes

as,

multitude;

tongues, Acts x. 46
v.

Mark

<^v

^]

~>

^oii

>

with

divers

John

in various times,

affected with

penny, Matth. xx.

0cA

_L,5

-^

diver-

many

evils,

It denotes also a distributive sense;

17.

ii.

v. 1.

as,

9.

In the Philoxenian version some diminutive nouns are

x

found.
as,

are denoted

They

)jo^

o>

little

a small fountain

son,

is

the same as

identical with

]rnn.

lamb; ]fnno\n a

Zi##/e

by the termination

in.

dog.

a /z^/e waw, ]A

in

.coo*;
i

a /z^/e waw, ]ibo^k)]

There

Greek termination

the

or

^p

little

no doubt that

is

and that

ov,

vV>

.Q*

mo*

is

the Latin ending us.

53.

Construction of Adjectives.

whether they are used as qualifying

words, or whether they are employed as predicates,
agree generally with their substantives in gender and
number. The exceptions to this rule are the same as
Adjectives,

in Hebrew.

When
the logical
is

an adjective has the

copula

office

being expressed or

put in the absolute state with the

number

as its substantive

my

of the predicate,

and before

sin is greater than

understood,

it

same gender and

it;
......

as,

^01 ^,1

Gen.

iv.

13.

105

SYNTAX OF NUMERALS.

An

adjective

which

it

usually found after the substantive,

is

unclean

]_^o5 the

ffigM

as,

qualifies;

spirit.

Some
is

when an

exceptions to this rule exist:

made

precedence of

When
the plural

added

as,

]xns

them,

in

it

See Rom.

of

a pleonastic use

placed in

is

all is placed before its

xvi. 21.

substantive,

the pronominal

]- i^ 01X0 all the multitude, Acts xv. 12.

*

to

and an

together,

number and masc. gender.

The word ^3

come

substantives

several

and indulges

takes

it

substantive.

its

adjective or participle

affixes;

adjective

the important word in the sentence,

it

all the chief priests,

^anXo

the chief priests, Matth.

4.

ii.

he took all Asia, Bar. Heb.

lit.

m\^\

\^so]

of them

all

^Q

p. 39.

Numerals.

54.

Cardinal numbers sometimes precede the thing

bered,

and sometimes follow

be, to place the

as,

^v^i
i
v^

^L

six water pots

and

The

it.

emphatic word
two men, Acts

rule appears to

in the sentence;

first

10.

i.

num-

]^>t>

]'i

John

of stone,

ii.

6.

So

also

tt

'J

^^

when thou-

sands are to be numbered, the same observation applies

to the

numeral which numbers them

as,

<*^

1 v.

/.

Jive thousand,
xiv.

Mark

vi.

44.

and ]^LoL ]^^\ Matth.

21.

Cardinal numbers are frequently found to occupy the

place of ordinals.
lit.

the

In Luke

day which

is

i.

eight,

59.
i.

we have

e.

the

iv^

eighth

]^ol

day ;

so

SYNTAX OF PRONOUNS.

106

v- ASA

also,

Matth. xx. 3

in three hours,

In

Matth. xv. 33.

many

in the constructive

the year

lit.

six hours,

e.

i.

the sixth hour,

numbers are

places cardinal

and the noun numbered precedes

used for ordinals,

year,

A^

v*

in the third hour,

e.

i.

state

of

one,

]^

as,

Dan.

i.

to

Al_*_S,

21.

the first

]]k>

Ai

i\

year of six hundred and one, i. e. in

the six hundredth and first year, Gen. viii. 13.
AJ_

}^o

M^j5]o

Heb.

A^

]]SD

*'# hundredth

The noun

p. 100.

after the

ber

the

z'w

lit.

>

numeral; see Gen.

and fourth

is

vii.

occasionally expressed

11.

in a few instances put before

is

constructive state

ten cities,

I'ALiySo

as, in
lit.

Matth.

Bar.

year,

iv.

a decad of

cardinal

noun

its

in the

we have

25.

num7!rnv

cities.

In designations of weights and measures, the noun

which expresses the weight, &c. is sometimes omitted,

though not

so frequently as in

a thousand
e

Hebrew

of silver, Gen.

(shekels]

.o>m-^ .<^^

as,

xx. 16; where the

word jloZ

understood.

is

55.

The

logical

Syntax of Pronouns.

copula, as has been already stated, is

frequently expressed by one or

other of the personal

pronouns, and that with the linea occultans:

as, \2\

But when

am, ^LK.

existence

ly

is

this without

him was

life,

Vi\7 ^1*^

we are

disciples.

meant, the substantive verb

the linea occultans;

John

i.

4.

as,

]ooi

is

used,
v

1.

jj")

and

01^ in

SYNTAX OF PRONOUNS.

107

of the Syriac language

peculiarity

with in the redundant use of

is

be met

to

such

pronouns; in

its

cases as,
1

are placed before Dolath of

when they

Affixes

the genitive

translated into our language

the

lit.

Jesus.

jl>o5<nj
x

as,

fame of him who

fame of

no use when

at least they are of

is

KQ -

cnsVi

.;

Jesus,

i.

e.

the

the daughter

oiZf^

of Herodias.
2.

The

refers is

it

when the noun

of the verb,

affix

after

placed

as,

it;

to which

omina 5^o
ft

m-

sent, cut

and he

e.

as,

him (I speak as
child,

When

Matth.

to) the child,

the

hour,

the preposition
as,

fovno

iii.

1.

i.

4.

e.

}A

VQ

that by faith.

is

observed;

in

the

as,

hour.

\h*

aih>

Sometimes

^OCTUD but in the days,

affix

Matth.

^oL oiSnL with him, with Christ,

with Christ,

001 goeth

he took the

redundant as well as the

is

Rom.

from these, 1 Tim. i.

The pronoun ooi in
^lf

e.

particle

he took

annexed to a preposition, a

is

i. e.

^_, ?

i.

lit.

14.

ii.

the affix

Matth.

head,

VXV m\ol

similar construction
it,

(I mean) his head,

cut off his

sent,

to it;

prefixed

in

off

Sometimes the noun has a

10.

xiv.

3.

it

t\

i.

and he

.;

to

vi. 8.

Vrn

vn

6.

such instances;

the

belly;

001

as,

SYNTAX OF PBONOUNS.

The pronouns he himself and

the same, the Syrians

have not, but they are expressed by a

locution

as,

the

placed between

particle

same

these

2.

sacrifices,

as,

Heb.

By

the juxta-position of the pronouns

as,

2.601

]A^1

day was

An

with

a repetition of the personal pronoun

By

1.

circum-

little

affix

John

the sabbath,

and

0010

OCTI

"jibol

v.

annexed to the word

1.

x.

OCTI

OCTI

that

same

9.

^-,5

is

frequently

employed as a possessive pronoun, J. 28 when the sentence would be rather ambiguously expressed by placing
;

the affix to the noun or the verb

thine is the kingdom, Matth.
^

J]

he came

John

they belong

to his

own and

thus,

added to the noun

time,

when the

case
as,

]^\ my

V.;

.V

.;

^VQ

47.

/{

^^

.^i

pronoun
noun to which

in thy eye,

John

#,

his

own received

11.

i.

this is especially the

v.

]Z]

These possessive pronouns serve

give a particular energy to the word to which

not,

also to

13; 01^,50

v^

ft

.mnV^o

him

vi.

]2.rnVp

as,

is
it

in

iv.

John

affix

my

is

vii.

8.

likewise

words, John

?t

Luke

vi.

42.

34.

some instances found before the

refers,

and

able interval from it; thus,

is

placed at a consider-

SYNTAX OF VERBS.
its foundations

109

are in his holy mountain, Ps. Ixxxvii.

1,

i. e.

the foundations

Such construction

of

\Li} occurs in

the earth.

the version of

principally in

exists

v. 2.

the Old Testament, and on that account

may

perhaps

be regarded merely as a Hebraism.

An

interrogative is sometimes preceded

by a noun

in the constructive state

ter
is

of whom

to

Vp.1

received f ...1 Sam.

the

to

the

from

<_So

Zj-o the

daughwhich

or

noun

of the

state

def.

and Dolath prefixed

AiLmj _!>>

An

the

it,

,_io

Gen. xxiv. 23.

art thou ?

equivalent

used,

as, _Aj"j

is
as,

interrogative;

hand of whom have I

13.

xii.

oblique case of the relative Dolath

is

indicated

by connecting with the Dolath a personal pronoun put

in that case
to

to

whom, oiS ..... j

whom, OLD

to

cnl^

as,

to

whom ;

irn^

^QJCTL^ to them,

010 ......

in him,

ji

them,

him, oiX to her,

in

...... >

56.

Syntax of

verb agrees with

and person

Mary

as,

")2.]

anointed, \

Nouns which

in

whom.

Verbs.

Agreement of the Verb with

whom, ^ vn~>

in

its

^o_a_,

^^

its

Subject.

subject in gender,

number

Jesus came,

aX^

the disciples asked.

are used only in the plural number,

'

receive a verb either in the

sing, or plu.

as,

]ooi

"-

will

HO

SYNTAX OF VERBS.
.

in him

and

was

John

life,

i.

4;

7<i"

.10*

i
|

|5<JIQJ

^i1^"
i

men, same

the life is the light of

[oaJoO

^OJL.ZL.1

t>

The former

place.

ad sensum, and the

latter
grammatically termed construct
found
other
are
Several
ad
construct
exceptions
formam.
is

to the foregoing

much

quent, are of
in

which although not so

rule,

general

fre-

the same character as those which exist

Hebrew.

When

come

several substantives

ing to them

is

put

together, the verb belong-

numb. masc. gender.

in the plu.

Occasional uses of the Tenses.

Events of future occurrence, which are considered

as certain

to

happen, have this certainty represented

by the verb being placed in the

praeterite

the people sitting in darkness ]^l

(have seen) great

Isaiah

light,

"JJOIQJ

ix.

1.

tense

oi*j shall see

}L]

U-r-^
I

f)

Ti

].

}2.ok>

^o
1

ft

<nX

1*

t>

\\]

he cometh not

to

con-

i*

demnation, but shall pass

v.

as,

from death

to

life,

John

24.

There are a few instances

in which the praeterite

of the verb ]6ai, followed by a

participle or an adjective,
7

represents the imperative

go thou

A-.OOI

also (and) do the same,

application of the tense

to

as,

the sentence.

For

is

Jiioi Aj]

Luke

x. 37.

\\
^

This

undoubtedly to give emphasis

as a

praeterite

is

employed to

express our belief that some future event will certainly

take place, so is it
readily seen that on the same principle this tense

may be

regarded as the emphatic form

of the imperative, whenever

it is

so applied.

SYNTAX OF VERBS.

The

Ill

tenses, especially the future, either alone or in

connection with one or more particles in

many

cases

express a potential, subjunctive, or hypothetical sense.

^

-X

"

i>

would not slay you, Jud.

although

cw

o^L if ye had saved them

<pA__K.]
^

iX.

^QJ]

]}

should walk, Psal.

say? Prov. xx.

for

employed

these

-io]j

the participle with the

praeterite of the substantive verb

quently

xxiii.

But

9-

19

viii.

perhaps more

is

purposes;

as,

]Lfl

fre-

olL
<K

_Ajoai if thou hadst known, John

Use of the

An

intensity to

it,

Infinitive.

connected with

infinitive

or denotes

10.

iv.

what

is

verb

finite

to

be certain, fixed or continual;

I will greatly

as,

..

m] o

die,

Gen.

iii.

4.; ]ocn

;_

""

accurately depicted, Gal.

an

nifying will,
fixed;

as,

mO^

iii.

]1

Ik) hath

1.

governed by some verb sigpower or command, it has generally ^ prei

>.o,vo jjjLi'jo and how
v\v>\ |L5o]
infinitive is

>

know
^ *^ W ^
"jooi
-

xiv. 5.

multiply, Gen. xxii. 17.; ^oZoioZ AlDk?

ye shall not surely

When

adds

signified by the verb

the

way ? John

him

to

OTJ^ 001

feed swine, Luke

and he wished
falo
-j
i>

xiv. 5.

to slay

xv. 15.

him, Matth.

SYNTAX OF VERBS.

Use of the Imperative.

not only employed to express a

command, but also an exhortation, admonition or a per-

The

mission;
see also

is

imperative

as,

John

Mark

The

xi. 15.,

OH\CTI

^ol\

&/ wsg-o

thither;

38.

i.

imper. of the verb }1]%

frequently found in

is

connection with a finite verb in the fut. tense

o v^.

]i^

#w^

I^CTIO

"jl

thus,

come we will make

WOM;

a covenant,

i.

Gen. xxxi. 44

now come

wc?

e.

us make a covenant,

let

ol cawe we will go, John

^>{Jj

xi.

7.

We

have also the imper. in such constructions as

the following ; 1 will give you the best of the land of

]L^

Egypt,

<AaD]o and eat ye the fat of

criiiOQ_

the land, Gen. xlv. 18.

live,

this

e.

i.

Q_!_KO O^CLL

do and ye shall

live,

Gen.

do and

this

]?CTI

xlviii.

18.

Participles.

The
of
it

participle

i.

e.

has no time

it

own; but partakes of every time with which

may be connected. Thus, pres. most frequently.
fut.

as,

i.

25.

-^
X

->iv> _\
T

.AV^

"j^ ^.S "j^J

^2.Aj"f,

001. ]jcn ^-&!o

t\

Tl

of

thee

thy wife

The

is

holy,

shall bear
as,

Behold

Lord, A.vnn ...... \-D> fallen and dead,

x
*

Judges

thee

their

35.

001

that which shall be born

Therefore

Luke

iii.

timeless;

its

The

to

is

son,

Gen.

Participles,

xvii. 19.

when they

Praet.

are taken as such,

and

SYNTAX OF VERBS.

113

not for the present tense, have placed before them for
the most part,
A

]Ad>

~>

>

Tim.

v.

The

the

^DyaAio

particle

the

or

prefix

wandering from house

to house,

some instances found

in the constructive for the absolute state.

they are followed by a noun

ing into the ditch, Prov.

at the gate,

Gen.

xxiii.

Mark

sitting,

as,

12.

i.

10.

In such cases
.^ulj descend-

l^oTi
0770
.

]^5Z

V)v

oA-i5

entering' in

.n\\ "j^ he

14.

ii.

Verbs.

Regimen of

as,

13.

active participles are in

saw Levi

transitive verb exercises an influence over a

noun

pronoun which follows it, either immediately or

The
mediately and which limits its signification.
or

noun

or pronoun
*

tion

as,

John

,Av
1.

iv.

I)-;

may be without or with a preposien

"j^vnV/ he made many disciples,

^o^o^

|_ok3

commanded you? Mark

may

call the righteous,

x.

What

]lk),
3.

Mark

ii.

la_,?ti

has
li-o)?

Moses
that

17.

Verbs which are doubly transitive; such as transitive verbs in those conjugations which are causative,
exercise

nouns
to

this
as,

influence over

]_ocA
KO^J
j

be clothed with a

]vvV

1'AiJ..

ledge, Eccles.

}ooi
xii.

two such

rn - ^^s.

garment offine

nouns or pro-

he commanded him
linen,

Gen.

xli.

42.

-<^^> he taught the people know9.

SYNTAX OF VERBS.

114

Verbs

It

uncommon

not

is

verb

another

adverb

2 Cor.

viii.

him, Phil.

which

to

15.

ii.

cnis^?

9-

^^

]fco

.ooiiai

^k)Aj *imo2.Aj

parable,
K

ft?

has

put

before

of

office

taken

an

much,

hath greatly exalted

i-i^t-cof

Luke

spake

verb

performs the

it

U>1

thy flock, Gen. xxx. 31.

to

see

to

^^clj who

Wr>>

as,

used for Adverbs.

will

again feed

->\^

^amoT Again he

11.

They entreated

xix.

that

it

should not be spoken

-R

them any more,

Hebr.

xii.

cnXaj^-*

19-

^-^1

he changed the letter craftily, Bar. Heb. p. 100.

Miscellaneous

The

ordinary
sense

reflexive

]1

instances done
as,

method of expressing a
by a

united to the

<**i

is

*<*}]

Observations.

verb with the noun

transitive

affixes.

reciprocal or

But

it

is

also

in

some

by means of the passive conjugations;

he turned himself, Matth.

ix.

22.

See also

John

viii. 6,

7, 59.

Neuter verbs have sometimes a passive

]L&

as,

xxi. 8.

wander

to
yiL,

for to be deceived,

signification

irXavaaOat,

he burnt for ivas burnt, Matth.

Luke

xiii.

30.

^Aj

he fell for he was cast down, John iii. 24.

n\rn he ascended for was extracted, tvas torn up, as
91

trees

which are torn up by their

l

roots.

SYNTAX OF PREPOSITIONS.

Compound words

115

Greek are translated into Syriac,

in

by simple words, either alone

conjunction with

or in
'

another word or particle

xxvi. 5.

Zjiol

i\

i\

>

foreknowing, Acts

^.

Mark

predicted,

23.

xiii.

^oi5

i*

he ran before him, or did outrun him, John

cniOj-a

xx. 4.

AlOpD
*

as,

so with

others.

many

Syntax of Prepositions.

57.

Prepositions are employed in connection with verbs

thus,

found with verbs signifying

is

deny, also
*o;

as,

M?/W

XX

A-^0//

of sense

verbs

many

_i5<U5

who

shall confess me,

A*

to confess or

construed with

are

cnZoloo ]v^l

deny me,

me

let

]^

^ jdsinjj

not see

*h

?\

death.

The

preposition

is

used with

verbs of enter-

ing or ascending;

]l5Z v ^>

as,

^^i 5?

does not enter by the door, John x.

with

verbs

covered,

of

covering

Matth.

or

xvii. 5.

whoever

1, 2.

commanding;

_r>^ ^e

as,

commanded,

2 Chron. xxxvi. 23.

AJ^
as,

with verbs

GW

light

separated ]An

and

yL*3

of separating or

^\

the darkness, Gen.

with

verbs

of

"j^oioj
i.

distinguishing;
.

~>

between

the

4.

coming;

as,

]1]

^^

cze,

Mark

i.

7.

of going,

as,

^>j]
*

^^ departed, John

vi. 2.

1 Cor. xiv. 1.

82

SYNTAX OF PARTICLES.

116

The

V\^oA\

prepositions

^1

against,

against,

with, and many others are frequently used with verbs;

^ V\Aoo\ ^n^nn n7 ]j> resist not evil, see also
as, ]1
.

Matth. xxvi. 62.

xxv. 5.

Hebr.

Acts

The

V\

\\

~.

vii.

as,

\A^

Acts

nouns expresses

very badly; or diversity,

there

wc?

and

little

by

23.

Particles.

Syntax of

]n\A ]A\ ^#r

Rom.

repetition of adverbs like that of

intensity;
as,

14.

&c.

vi. 6.,

58.

iv.

continuation

or

as,

little.

Adverbs sometimes qualify nouns by being placed

g

before

them

in the

water,

little

The

constructive state

)Ii5^DQ_I

particle

^_iAr> a

few

placed before

]J

as,

v> VV

*,

t>

signification

adjectives

assigns

part cause

it

which

^>.

]J

foolish.,

denote threats, for the most

^ to be prefixed

far be

be

so

to the next

word

as,

^,0

us!

to

as,

immortal.

)J

Interjections,

and

i>

IZo-iJiD

woe

them

to

\r>

days.

privative

to

prefixed

from him
59-

The

it

is

construed with

the verb

as,

rcnjj

of the person,

ov^ mlj far

that he should do, Job xxx. 10.

Enallage of Persons and Number.

enallage of persons does not occur so frequently

in Syriac as in

Hebrew, and especially

as in the

Hebrew

ENALLAGE.

Psalms

ELLIPSIS.

117

but some instances are met with in the Syriac

as,

Scriptures;

o}'

.<-><*vn

"jj^o^

A_i_lL

y^L

^io

^JOT

oi^iL Jjj l^-Jr^ wherefore thou art inexcusable,

man, whojudgeth his neighbour; where we have m. -^

*

Rom.

for --:^>"

Also the 1st

ov\

^jjio

J-.OJ
I

the 3rd person for the 2nd.

1. i.e.

Mark

3rd in

for the

IJJD

ii.

David himself

therefore

my Lord, where we

have

^-0

for

Enallage of number we have in Hab.

60.

37. ^_i-2cn 001

xii.

Lord.

his

cn^k)

him

calls

15.

ii.

Ellipsis.

This figure occurs the most frequently in the omis7

of the

sion
his

substantive

name was Joseph;

like him, Bar.

which

it

verb;

<nZoD>

Heb. 328. 12.

.g>mn

as,

A . Vi

oiSo*o

]' those

who

]l_^

once have

vi.

sworn, where _oi

stood, Ps. Ixxxix. 35.

"jAjiar^KiJO

eat not that which

acquired

Isaiah

i.

(are)

sometimes necessary to supply in order to

is

3.

^oJ J

I^Ht if a man shall beget a hundred, namely

.

and

There are other words

complete the sense; as a subs, in Eccles.

]]k>

22.

is

]Aij

Jj]

is

sons.

under-

^2]

]J

by fraud and fvrce,

APPENDIX.
IT

is

.10, that a simple point

stated in

The

times used for various purposes.

have

heen

is

some-

practice of the

employ a
point, which hy its position ahove or helow the letter to which it is annexed, would determine the true
Syriac

writers

signification

to

appears

of a

to

word that would otherwise, in the

ahsence of the vowels, remain ambiguous.

It

is

pro-

signification of this point defined in

bable that the

some degree the kind of vowel intended to be supplied, and thus served as a guide in the pronunciation.

The

following instances of its application, taken princi-

pally

De

from

Grammars

the

of

Amira,

Hoffman and

Dien, will illustrate the nature and utility of this

sign.

1^1

ljj|

\rA

],-.}

(\l-\
IM

2. |

who?
hand.

coming.

:
|Z.|

he came.

U1

O
O

{1

on

U^,O

U1
1
i

a sign.

*"

o
O

n*")

{A HO

wretched.
evil.

weeping, part. fern.

mourning.

APPENDIX.
001

on

001

001

he.

she.

masc.

1r"
/,

fern.

Ae became white.
white.

Oil

oil

to her.

Oil

Oil

to him.

,-So

^JaD

who?
from.

work,
servant.

working.

(JQA

unjust.

JJQA

iniquity.

]]ck

t/aw<.

year,
.sleep.

APPENDIX.

120

that this
appears from the foregoing examples
that when it
point performed the office of vowels ;
was placed above the letter, it denoted for the most
It

one of the vowels

part

denoted

letter, it

",

v,

or

*.

point was further

This

and when beneath the

p,

used

sing. fern,

has

this

was put be-

praeterite,

The

numb, being excepted.

sing.

it

the

denoted

All the persons of the

1.

the

it

letter,

distinguish

When

persons and tenses of verbs.

neath the

to

the

third

first

of

person

point frequently on the left-hand

side of the last letter Z.

The

2.

point

and

infinitive

whenever any

found.

is

3.

imperative

All

persons of

the

the

future,

of each

first

number being excepted.

When

it

is

above

placed

letter

in

verbs

it

denotes
1.

The

first

2.

The

active

person of the prseterite.

participle;

^\&D ^4o, Pael ^4nSo

letters

o w*

requires

it

as

in

^H^;
to

be

Peal conjugation
unless one

placed

of the

below;

as,

i>CL_niO Or
I

3.

The
of

^40

The

first

person of both numbers of the future.

paradigm of the Peal conjugation

exemplify what has been now stated.

following
will

121

APPENDIX.

Prceterite.
Fern.

Masc.

3rd pers. sing.

2nd
lst

3r

P ers p u

1st

.........

Imperative.
sing.

plu.

Future.
Fern.

Masc.

3rd pers. sing.

2nd .........
1st

.........

3rd

..... plu.

2nd .........

Participles.
act.

pass.

APPENDIX.

122

This point in some places

is

found with one

and in other places with another

word.

The

distinction

is

letter of the

produced only by

letter,

same

its situation

above or below the word.

The Names of

We

give here

the

the Months.

names of the Lunar Months,

which occur very frequently in the Scriptures.

October,

__;_

November,

t>

December,

January,

February,
7

\'

3>f

March,
April,

j]

May,

vO;_.V--

June,

August,
September.

APPENDIX.

The Estrangelo

The Estrangelo
They are found in
cipally ornamental,

The

123

Characters.

characters

are

the most ancient.

the oldest Syriac

and often used

MSS.,

for Titles of

following Table exhibits their forms:

are prin-

flD

END OP THE APPENDIX.

Books.

124

JOHN'S GOSPEL,

ST.

CHAPTER

II.

Zooi

uo .

O 2

OO1

iQ_^C

(OOl

.ZoOl
-

Cu_*_Q

Uo m

..

^iQ__i5

r-lQ
^

OliDjO

iij

^ N^T

i.

T
-

^Vft

>V

.^

.<
s

V V). m?

;Jx

.]AiZ

001

"

IOOT

po

^01^

|Jo

.OaAjlo

fovr><r>

.A

>

vi,j

A\k\

iio]

.^OCTll.

];^>->

i
y

OOCTIJ

P..

^QJOI

v>

0001

10

3l?

t^o

OA^io

|4

I^QjL

*ool

;\n

ol

JOHN'S GOSPEL, CHAP.

ST.

171

oo_
X

-X

vx?o]o

]1

V ..?
v^

OO01

.7

.*<

^Q._.^C'O

L-i

-X

^00~lj ^

-O

Ti

Vn/r>

_-i 3C-l^

|5O^L

"

07

\o

11

i>

vv

rn

125

ii.

. .

t^>

^^

1m \

"

><nn |

..

v_OlQ_K JO

UlLo (c

'

Vn\/n

-l

(OOl

s^-Lj

CO

14

os>*^j>|O

J.o

ViQ

CLIO

15

,_{O

o\on

Vrn

Tk

."J2.3Q-.U

^s

^^,

>

oi^inN

^^o]?

7
:

m]
17
1>

P7

Vn] ^AjjD? OU-L^J

-P

*CuAu>

77

V>?

16

^Qjcrvlo

auo.ns^

1<

7
-

pal

.jioi

Ti

.]jQ- o

llaysViNo

._i^AJj

]Jo

1>

7l77-

.mn_ .^n\7

o^5Z]o 17

71*7
is

19
i>

;>o

nV>

]j]

-tlDo..

"jA^A^o

no
:|j<n

jliuai

20

o5oAco

126

AJ]

JOHN'S GOSPEL, CHAP. n.

ST.

So. o^n

..

.Vnn

]A^AX

AjJQ

|1^ iO1

JjCTl

i
f

22

UiL.cn ^LL

.aii-fr-aj

yyy

^]

]ocn

^_,j

-x
"A

v>

riiX

-X

-?

oai 21

n i V^ IOTP

.]OOT

"jocn

GOT 24

OCTIJ

JOTJCDJ

23

^aioAj]

\L^lD

<TM

^OCTvL

p<>
w^j]

^kljOllD

-^

^<y>

^.

Jo

oai

V\n

lp

>

1>

p-xpyp

]o<n

locn

"JOOI
"

25

..

.o^j^

i\o\

oai

^L

CTL!

ANALYSIS.

1.

]vv

and ]iDaI the

^ool,

is

definite

form of the

noun

masc.

19.

of

"jASZj
5

on the day, compounded of the

and, X on or upon, equivalent to

Vau

conjunction

^1

And

\n

>

prefixed,

three,

i.

e.

sometimes used

are

numbers with

cardinal

third,

for ordinals,

54;

$.

here the sign of the genitive.

2.001

]6<n

was, third pers. sing.

of the

subs, verb

tense.

praet.

")7oAvn feast, a
the verb "jA^, see

fern,

noun

from

def. state derived

15.

ftAo in Cana,

]i

fern,

of

composed

and ]L^o

in,

a proper name.
"jAi~

^vn
i

under the

Nun

derived from

is

\ ,Q of

cnlolo

noun

def.

state,

the linea occultans,

7o

Galilee,

and

fern,

$.

and

]1

..

his mother, o a conjunction,

f.

55.

def. state,

line

It is

8.

a proper name.

"jio")

fern.

"*

fl

noun

the

he judged.

]1

city,

and the

suffix 01

which

is

pleonastic,

ANALYSIS.

128

an adverb.

there,

Zoi was,

subs, verb,

tinea occultans, because

2.

*2)}o

ooi

lie,

word

fern.,

with the

the logical copula,

it is

J.

8.

find also, o a conj. ^"f a conjunction.

a personal pronoun used with the following

as reciprocal,

un-

3rd pers. sing,

JOSMS

55. p. 108.

\.

jw

from

Saviour,

Hiphil

jpafirr

he saved.
.

.mrTV<vn\7n #w</ Az* disciples,

-

.
.

Vn\7

disciple,

noun.

a masc.

form

Def.

is

\vn\7 from the verb

i

The

Vn\ he learned.

sign

numb.

indicates the plu.

_cno

the affix third pers. sing, to a plu. noun.

is

^^Z] was
Ethpeel

conj.

o-iS to

it,

lowing word,
3.

from ]^D.

which
J.

the verb jjn^,

shows that

is

redundant, referring to the

fol-

55.

the pluperfect tense

jjiujo

"Jon

a verb, third pers. sing. masc.

invited,

<J.

38.

it assists

in

The

line

Peal conj. of

under the

forming a tense,

01 of ]6oi
8.

1JV>

>

wine,

def.

state masc.,

Arab.

/*4^

it

fer-

&]

fern.

mented.
o

and she

says, part. act. of the verb

gen. Peal conj.;

the Olaph

is

the vowel Zekofo which

belongs to
remitted to the preceding letter,
40.
j>.

ANALYSIS.

redundant in

to kirn,

129

this place.

'

his mother, see ver.

L^ A

>

there is not for them,

^\

i.

e.

they have not,

compounded of
4.

jioj

act.

rtzV/j,

and

not,

J]

is.

A^l

Peal conj. masc. gen. of

part.

the verb -io.

have
-

I to

V and

.\

do with thee?
-

^V

pers. sing. fern,

W$

annexed

<).

to

is

$.

26.

and second

noun,

fern,

what

i.e.

an interrog. pronoun,

]sb

a man, the

into L, see

to thee ?

affixes of the first pers. sing,

]ZAyf woman,

from

me and

]<D tt^al to

def.

changed

Heb.

form.
in

nttfK

the Syr. word

4.
?

an adverb,

V\

n_ v yet,

compounded of

,A

and

or

221 has come, third pers. sing. fern. Peal conj. of the

verb

jZl

this is a

my

wjAi^

doubly defective verb,

fern,

hour,

noun, abs.

$.

state

49.

1^

const.

state

Ai^

which with

the affix of the

sing,

5.

becomes _>AiJ,

oiSol

]jlo]

30.

see ver. 3.

first

pers.

ANALYSIS.

I^-vn'l

the servants.

to

and

noun,

def. state,

conj.

of the verb

is

}*

IQ^Ivn

iOyk)

masc.

derived from the partic. Pael

-<^

he served; the

whatsoever he saith.

over ^o

is

numb.

the sign Ribui, and denotes the plu.

iioj>

is

any thing

^0,10

which; or whatsoever.
to

annexed

to

Av

second

the

the

Etsotso,
.

second

pers.

plu.

numb.

^.

do,

verb

affix

you, pron.

plu.

pers.

regular

masc.

vowel under the

Revotso in

word

this

of the

imper.

is

sec.

an

rad. is

anomaly,

36.
6.

Jiocn

there were.

A_.1

thus frequently used.

of the verb

,_,)

"jooi

is

A.,)

pleonastic,

and

is

Jlooi third pers. plu. fern, praet.

but, Gr. 3e a conj.

there, adverb.

water pots,
,

Heb.

of

def.

form plu. numb, of the noun

].
stone, this is

one of the ways of expressing

an adjective by means of a noun,

six, a card.

numb.

fern.

22.

gen.

ANALYSIS.

"

cm which were placed,

Oi"

fern.

part.

pass.

131

gen. plu.

>

rel.

vn

pron.

numb, of the verb ^orb he

placed; see paradigm of ioo.0

>^\ for the purification.

def.

from the

state,

verb

to

IDJ

noun

fern,

l^ujDjZ.

be pure.

]^JOOT_.?
x.

of

the Jews,

a sign of the gen.

which contain,
.^wj? containing, or
act.

Peal conj.

part.

numb.

is

two.

form

two each, that

v^

verb rL]

rel.

pron.

fern.

l^}'

gen. plu.

the sign Ribui.

^jjZ

,__,j2.

of the

is,

noun

masc.

firkins,

each water pot contains

plu.

numb.

def.

is

the dot over o was probably put to distin-

or,

o)
7

guish this part, from o] the interjection.

]AX2. three,

numb.

a card.

oVvn

7.

Jill,

imper. second pers. plu. numb. Peal

conj. of the verb jlso

he

filled.

"

them, governed by the verb

i]

Q^D,

see

56.

T>

water, plu. noun def. form masc. gen.

"^r

It is

used only in this form.

]jLA]

of

in.

in

the water pots;

has the signification

See Schaaf's Lexicon.

92

ANALYSIS.

composed of the

until,

lie

of the verb

New
V\

Root

ye, imper. second pers. plu.

numb.

\iSi

It occurs only in this place in the

Test.

>nVn now, an adv.

T

and

otL]o
of ]L]

and

ascended.

OLO^I draw

8.

,_L

prefixed.

an adverb with

to the top,

Heb. rby

particles

bring, the second pers. plu.

this verb is

^
;

it

is

jso

and

V\

numb, imper.

doubly irregular, or defective,

..V to the

masc. noun

compounded of

governor of the feast,

49.

.*

frequently used with another noun,

as in the present instance,

]n<^m from .^Anm

to recline,

masc. noun def. state.

a^lo and
Peal conj.

praet.

they brought,
tense.

third

pers.

plu.

numb.

See above.
i

9.

fio

^OL^ he

and when, composed

tasted, third pers.

of o and,

prset.

as.

sing. Peal

this verb has the vowel Revotso, for

reasons, see

001 a pers. pron.,

^CLJOI

and

they, referring to

is

conj.;
.

36.

redundant in this place.

}.;<<>.

133

ANALYSIS.

"jooi

was knowing,

*fl

Peal conj. of the verb

01 denotes ]ooi

knew, the imperf. tense

i. e.

vi^_,

the tinea occultans under

to assist in

forming the imperf. tense.

a preposition.
^16 from,
7

an adverb.

whence,

It

is

used

and

with

without an interrogation.

he called, third

)-jD

conj.

See

ver. 2.

l^

to the

numb,

sing.

pers.

prcet.

noun

bridegroom, masc.

def.

Peal

state,

Heb. tnn.
'

10.
is

V*5

every man.

i]

the latter word

frequently joined to another, in which case the Olaph

disappears;
state of

rst,

Qq

s s

i.

son of man,

or

man;

the def.

is

i"

as,

the same as

an

adj.

irpioTov,

an adverb.

masc. gen. def. state;

abs. state

or

hringeth,

the

act.

numb. masc. gen. of the verb

part.
\L]

Aph.

conj.

sing.

he came; this verb

-n

deviates from

changing

the

class

this letter into

whose

Yud.

first

rad.

is

Olaph

in

ANALYSIS.

134
5

when, after

]ib

that,

by the

]io followed

rel.

has frequently an adverbial signification.

7

OjO?! they

had drunk

numb,

pers. plu.

the Olaph

is

of the verb

prast.

conj. third

Aph.

sufficiently,

")o5

remitted to the Dolath,

the vowel of

40.

then, an adverb.

JjLV that which,

an
i^^p worse,

vjor_,2.}^j

sing.

rel.

adj.

pron.,

masc.

thou hast kept

it,

$.

26.

the def. form

gen.;

is

Peal conj. second pers.

numb, of the verb ;Jj; the

suffix

dundant, referring to the following word,

_cnl
J.

re-

is

55.

i*criX ]k?A until now, adverb.

^01

11.

^01 a

}L]

this is;

IXTI

"jjcn

demons, pron.

fern.

pers. pron. in the place of the substan. verb,

sign,

or miracle,

a noun fern.

gen. def.

gen.
{.

25.

state,

Heb. niN.
,

ij

an ordinal number

which he

did-,

fern,

gender.

Peal conj. third pers. sing.

praet.

^jolo
conj.

and he made known,

third

pers.

sing, praet.

or

manifested,

tense of vx^

the

Aph.

Yud

is

ANALYSIS.

changed into Vau,

the conj. o

135

the vowel

40.;

is

remitted to

>

\ji^o^ masc. noun

his glory.

the abs. state

....no

is

^.

19

the root

def. state

is

praised, Pael conj.

oikuoio
phi.

numb,

w</ they believed,

Aph.

of the verb J^D]

praet.

conj.

It

is

third pers.
irregular in

the Aph. conj. being formed as the Heb. Hiphel.

is

generally construed with

aid

in him,

a prep,

or ^>

en

It

affix

third pers.

sing.

masc.

5^>

12.

^X

]jai

\e

after, a preposition.

a dem. pron.

is

numb.

i.c*^

^aioJjlo

to

wc?

jj.

the sing,

36.

Capernaum, a proper name.

Ai#

brethren,

noun masc. gen.

is

]^1

plu.

"

?
;

praet.

found in the place of Pethocho,

being an intrans. verb,

numb.

gen. sing.

descended, Peal conj. third pers. sing,

the vowel Revotso

s^>n K.

fern.

plu.

abs.

state.

tf :

def.

state

0001 they were, third pers. plu.

stan. verb "Jon.

numb, of the sub-

ANALYSIS.

V\

\n

the

connected \vith

few, adverb

following

noun,

58.
7

noun

]ZiDQ_. days,

we have

mination, in the sing,

13.

and

L.;-OO

numb.

plu.

near,

def.

ter-

state fern,

i>oal, def. ]ibo_*.

an

adj.

masc.

def.

gen.

from the verb

state |Aj(_o

*o^.

Ibcn was, substan. verb.

ll^-a passover, masc. noun. def. state.

that this word in Greek
pels signifies joy,

he rejoiced.

and derives

it

says

in all the Gos-

therefore from o^l^)

vj

Gram, where he gives a

Pref. to his

New

of Syriasms in the

he ascended.
j.

Wo^a, found

Amira

list

Testament.
Revotso under the second

rad.,

36."

O^L]O and

14.

he found, Peal conjugation with

Olaph
v

prosthetic,

nj> that

36, constructed with ^>.

were

selling, or selling, act. part. Peal.

}'ioL
i

oxen, masc. noun def. state, sing.

is

put for Z,

and
this

sheep.

J.

4,

One

Greek

TOV/DOV,

}5o2.

Heb.

Lat. taurus.

point of the sign Ribui in

and the preceding word coalesces with the

point

of the letter Rish,

f.

7.

ANALYSIS.

137

doves; according to Schaaf from n^*

and

]igi v vVrXr>

money changers; the

the

^> is con-

i\

o^A1

structed with

the root

is *zil

whence jlaJoL

money.
.

to

QA'

sitting";

the Dolath

b$ taken as such,
15.

denotes the participle

56.

$.

whip, Greek

llitrS

noun

cord, inasc.

def.

Heb. 7in, Eng-

state,

lish cable.

and

and

all

of them compounded of

third pers.

dropped
p

to

sing,
for

praet.

e.

i.

he drove, Aph. conj.

of the verb

the reason given in

oAj.
.

The Nun

41.

temple, masc.

]ls_,ai

,_]o

X,

^001.

.o<^f he caused to depart,

^

is

o,

and he poured

Vau,

J.

noun

def. state.

out.

The vowel

* is

remitted

40.

^OCTU^JOL

^Aeir

money,

i.

e.

the

money

of

the

changers.

<oouJoAio
by metathesis

wc?

#Ar

TjoaTre^a.

overturned.

tables.

"jjoAa masc. def. state

ANALYSIS.

138
16.

'"i

Vn ;

conj. of the verb

no

^L\

hence,

i.

e.

rnA.

o\

Peal

conj.

,_Lo

imper.

from, ]s here.

#/ w#&

not

by the

generally expressed

it;

B.

tense.

fut.

prohibition

The

suffix

is

01

55.

pleonastic,

Pael

]]o

is

plu.

masc.

part.

second pers. plu.

take,

of the verb V\A

>So

act.

setting,

the house

of him ;

"(A\

is

a masc.

noun

->

derived from

The

night.

Zos
suffix

the genitive,

/^ remained, or tarried the

or ArS
01

is

before Dolath

pleonastic

55.

$.

merchandise, a

17.

the

#df

ojisZIo

noun, from

fern,

remembered,

they

being changed into

which

is

written

Root

o^o

state,

from

being before

^
>

Heb.

~DT

Ae wrote.

o/" it;
T

Ethpeel

i^jAD pass. part. Peal

I

3C

conj.

4.

?,

;_..]

the

third pers. plu. praet. of the verb ^>j.

conj.

of

/o

]i

masc. noun def.

/^ envious-, the affix

of the gen.,

55.

is

pleonastic,

ANALYSIS.

*\rf hath

eaten me,

139
*

vowel

the

belonging to

Olaph is taken away when the object, affix is annexed,

and v belonging to ,JD is remitted to the Olaph, $. 48.

niv ^<?y answered, from

18.

prat.; Heb.

third pers. plu.

)JJL

ruy.

showest, act. part. Pael conj.,

It

,Jl to MS.

is

composed of

root *^o_^.

and r ?

first

pers.

plu. affix.

oJoAco destroy, imper. Peal conj. second pers.

19-

of the verb jXco

plu.

act.

i>o_k_a!o }j]

Jj|

part.

Aphel

raise

will

of the verb

conj.

^CL^C^D

up;

is

iooo; the second

pron. is put in the place of the substantive verb

part, in this instance denotes future time,

V*>

the

56.

..

20.

the

* *

* AJIO

v^;]l after forty

and

six years

in this place has the signification of after, see

Acts

xxiv. 17.
-

^?] was

built,

niasc. gen. praet.

21.

"|ocn

i&>}

Ethpeel

conj.

third

pers.

sing.

of the verb ]Lo.

was speaking,

or

spake;

]oai

has

the linea occultans, because with the act. part, jiof

forms the imper. tense of

oi;_,,L_2>5

of

Iris

body

AD")

the

8.

$.

mark

ceded by a noun in the def. state

it

of the gen. pre-

"|La

masc. noun

ANALYSIS.

140
Chaldee

V***& corporeal, the

*riJ3;

adj.

and

carnally, the adv.

22.

AJUO house of the dead, for sepulchre,

]A'.'vn

numb.

pass. part. plu.

def. of A >^n

that this, to the demons,

]XTI?

pron.

is

understood

the noun

]6<7i

in

i&] he

had spoken

]bcn in

this place

forming the pluperfect tense of the verb

jio)

assists

$.

38.

01 C-> .mo. see ver. 11.

AD"])

which he had .mid, this verb denotes the plu-

perfect tense in this place.

r

23.

]ooi .*cno /u] was,

with

to L*]

its affixes,

the imperf. tense

"JAA feast, masc. noun

i*
lie

'

the subst. verb being joined

def.

is

state, root

visited,

second conj. JO^c he feasted.

1] ?

wflwy, adj. plu.

tr>
yt

7/e

o]>jj

numb,

def.,

$.

34.

Arab.

from the verb

multiplied.

^ew

cation of when.

24.

formed,

viojul

/^^y

/iJ

wg;

has here the

See Schaaf 's Lexicon under this

^_*>

ocn

But Jexus

himself, sec

signifiletter.

$.

55.

141

ANALYSIS.

m
to

<?M

them;

^ooi\ ]ooi
"jocn

joined to

is

imperf. tense of the verb

the part.,

^D] Aph.

the verb a reciprocal sense,

^k>

trusted

]J

^vn.rn<sn

f.

himself

and makes the

conj.

]-

<^\

gives

56, p. 114.

Etsotso has not here

because.

?iot

its

usual accom-

panying
]ooi

25.

letter

Vau,

$.

knew, imperf. tense of the verb

")cxn

-ri

JOLOU should

$.

are

vx^_,

im

-<^i
conj. of the verb

sions

2.

^
m

testify.

frequently

needecl,

imperf.

tense,

Peal

Optative and subjunc. expres-

by the future tense,

put under 01 because in

expressed

56; the vowel Pethocho

is

the prset. this letter has Revotso.

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a collection of
of the GREAT MASTERS, BRITISH

$fUttStrel6;
MUSIC

from the FINEST

EDITIONS.

WORKS

and FOREIGN; arranged as Solos, and Concerted Pieces, for Private

Performance, with Accompaniments for the Piano-Forte. Two handsome
Folio Volumes, Half-bound, Price Two Guineas.

psalter;
in Metre, with

^jsalms of

or,

APPROPRIATE TUNES.
JOHN HULLAH.

Dairiti,

Edited by

This Work is preparing for publication on the same plan as the Editor's Part
Music. It will appear in separate Parts, for the different Voices, as well as in Score ;
besides which, there will be a Folio Edition, with a compressed
Accompaniment for
the Organ or Piano-Forte.
Of the separate Voice Parts and the Score, Cheap Editions will be issued, in
order that a UNIFORM VERSION of the
Psalter, with Music, may be brought within the
reach of even the humblest classes of society.

JOHN HULLAH.

jHUStC, edited by

HULLAH'S PART MUSIC is Published Monthly, in SCORE and

in SEPARATE VOICE PARTS each Monthly Number con;

taining an equal portion of Sacred and Secular Music.

CLASS B.,

CHILDREN.

CLASS C.,

MUSIC

in

SCORE

for

the

VOICES

of

WOMEN

and

Price 8d.

MUSIC IN SCORE

new Number

VOICES

for the

of each of the Classes B.

and C.,

is

of

MEN.

Price 8d.

published every second

Month, alternately with CLASS A.

CLASS A., SACRED MUSIC for
VOICES. The Score, bound
and lettered, price Os. The Separate Voice
Parts, (Soprano, Alto, Tenor, and

FOUR

Bass,) 3*. each,

bound and

lettered.

CLASS A., SECULAR MUSIC for

VOICES. The Score, price
9j., bound and lettered. The Separate Voice Parts,
(Soprano, Alto, Tenor, and
3*.
bound
and
lettered.
Bass,)
each,

FOUR

CLASS A. may also be had as published in

Numbers, containing each an equal
portion of both Sacred and Secular Music.
Price, of the SCORE, 2s. 6d. per Number
and of the SEPARATE VOICE PARTS, tW. each. In
every case, the Separate Voice Parts
the Score of the same Number or
Volume, exactly correspond. Nos. I to VII
are already published, and a new Number
appears oil the 1st day of every second
Month, alternately with Classes B. and C.

HULLAH'S PART MUSIC,

lies,

Schools,

numerous

and Amateur

(though equally well adapted for the use of Famiis published with a
particular view to the

Societies,)

UPPER SCHOOLS, now

forming in every part of the Kingdom, from

instructed in Singing on the Method of
Wilhem, as adapted to
English use by Mr. Hullah, under the Sanction of the Committee of
Privy Council on

among the Pupils

Education,

JOHN W. PARKER,

PUBLISHER,

WEST STRAND.

University of California

SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY

FACILITY
Return this material to the library
from which it was borrowed.

QL

jf

KEC-D

fiL

JAN 1719W5
OCT

1158011659793

000 072 980