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3 AUTHORS, INCLUDING:
Jos Rafael Lozada
University of the Andes (Venezuela)
42 PUBLICATIONS 30 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
Pilar Soriano
University of Valencia
34 PUBLICATIONS 122 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Ambientales, Universidad de Los Andes, Va Chorros de Milla, 5101 Mrida,
Venezuela; jolozada@ula.ve
2. Jardn Botnico de la Universidad de Valencia, Calle Quart 80, Valencia, 46008, Espaa; pilar.soriano@uv.es,
manuel.costa@uv.es
Recibido 08-ii-2013.
Corregido 02-VII-2013.
Aceptado 31-VII-2013.
Abstract: Soil-vegetation relationships in a toposequence of the Guayana Shield, Venezuela. The Guayana
Shield is one of the oldest territories in the planet and has millions of years subjected to leaching and erosion
processes that produce oligotrophic soils. This scarcity of nutrients has not avoided the development of high,
diverse and magnificent forests, where plants have adaptations to survive these difficult conditions. The aim of
this work was to characterize the physical and chemical parameters of the soils in different forest communities
of the Imataca Forest Reserve (IFR), to establish some interpretations on their origin, and some relationships
between the edaphic components and the inhabitant species. Terrestrial journeys were carried out and two pathways were traced for the interpretation of forest communities. In each community, three plots (100m x 100m)
for the ecological survey were established. In each plot, all trees, palms, and lianas were measured (dbh10cm;
dbh: diameter at breast height); four 10m x 10m understory sub-plots were evaluated, and a census of all the
spermatophyta species (dbh<10cm) was made. Soils were evaluated by means of a trial pit in each community,
and a bore in each one understory sub-plot. The obtained data were analyzed by both a detrended and a canonical correspondence analysis. Results from a total of 15 plots allowed us to identify three communities: a forest
dominated by Mora excelsa located in a narrow valley with high content of silt; a swamp forest dominated by
Catostemma commune in a sandy broad valley, and a forest in clay hills dominated by Alexa imperatricis. Most
of the soils had a pH between 3.1 and 4.5. Nutrients were in very low concentrations (N: 0-0.2%; P: 0-14ppm;
K: 0-0.3Cmol/kg) and Al in toxicity quantities. We observed that Ca/Al relationship greater than 1 meant a
neutralization of the toxic effect of Al. Besides, basal area ranged from 20.4 to 32.3m2/ha; the highest level
(top local forest development) corresponded with the C. commune community with a Ca/Al value of 2.5. This
research found an adequate relationship between soil and vegetation, as it was able to identify three communities into three distinct soil conditions. Nevertheless, edaphic constraints indicated that high forest cover must be
maintained as an essential element for the conservation of these communities. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (1): 385-401.
Epub 2014 March 01.
Key words: oligotrophic soils, soil toxicity, Imataca, tropical forests, ecosystem susceptibility.
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385
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388
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389
contenido de arcillas aumenta con la profundidad dentro del perfil. En el valle 1 la textura es
franco arcillosa; este valle es estrecho, all los
drenajes forman cauces bien definidos, de unos
6m de ancho y con paredes laterales de hasta
2m de altura. En el valle 2 el suelo es franco
arenoso, con arenas finas; este valle es amplio,
no hay un cauce definido; los levantamientos
se realizaron en la poca ms seca y aun as se
observaron frecuentes encharcamientos; tambin hay micro-suros, que es un microrelieve
con pequeas elevaciones del suelo y canales.
La mayora de las muestras analizadas son
extremadamente cidas (pH<4.5) y los cationes
cidos estn en elevadas concentraciones. En
general la relacin Ca/Al es inferior a 1, pero
en las colinas hay una cierta tendencia a que
este parmetro disminuya en los horizontes
ms profundos; sin embargo, el bv2 y el bbl
tienen los valores ms altos de relacin Ca/Al.
En general, el contenido de fsforo es bajo
(6-12ppm) a muy bajo (<5ppm) y hay una clara
tendencia a disminuir en los horizontes ms
profundos. Las cantidades de nitrgeno, carbono orgnico y materia orgnica disminuyen
con la profundidad dentro del perfil. En general
el contenido de N es bajo (0.05-0.20%) a muy
bajo (<0.05%). Los valores de C se consideran
muy bajos a medios. La relacin C/N tiene los
valores ms altos en el bv2, muy elevados en
posicin de cima y de ladera y los ms bajos en
el bv1. En general, las concentraciones de los
cationes bsicos intercambiables son bajas; sin
embargo, debe resaltarse que el valle 2 (bv2) y
el bosque bajo de ladera (bbl) presentan valores
ms elevados de Ca. El hierro tiene altas concentraciones en todos los horizontes analizados
y una cierta tendencia a disminuir en los estratos ms profundos.
Como resumen podra sealarse que en
general el pH es muy cido, pero en el bosque
de valle 2 (bv2) el calcio (Ca) alcanza la mayor
concentracin y el aluminio (Al) la menor. Con
ello, la relacin Ca/Al es bastante favorable
(2.52) y ello se refleja en que esta comunidad
presenta el mejor desarrollo, expresado con un
rea basal de 32.3m2/ha (Cuadro 2).
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391
Prof
cm
0_15
15_40
40_180
0_15
15_50
50_80
80_180
0_10
10_80
80_180
0_15
15_55
55_130
0_30
30_45
45_180
Parc
bmc
bmc
bmc
bml
bml
bml
bml
bbl
bbl
bbl
bv1
bv1
bv1
bv2
bv2
bv2
2.5Y3/1
2.5Y5/2
5Y6/1
10YR5/3
10YR5/3
2.5Y7/1
10YR4/6
10YR6/8
7.5YR5/8
10YR4/4
7.5YR5/8
7.5YR5/6
5YR4/6
10YR4/4
10YR5/6
2.5YR4/6
CodColor
30
20
40
30
Moteo
%
5Y5/6
2.5Y5/6
10YR5/6
2.5Y6/8
CodMot
14
4
18
10
22
22
26
46
56
20
48
50
44
20
28
56
31
5
11
43
27
21
7
11
9
15
13
27
35
L
%
11
13
11
55
91
71
47
51
57
67
43
35
65
39
23
21
69
59
33
2.2
1.3
0.6
4.3
1.2
1.0
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.8
0.3
0.5
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.2
Fa
a
Fa
F
FAa
FAa
FAa
A
A
FAa
A
A
A
FAa
FAa
A
L/A Text
3.7
5.8
4.3
3.4
4.2
4.4
3.5
3.9
4.4
3.3
4.3
4.5
4.4
3.4
3.1
4.4
pH
14
5
1
12
3
5
11
8
0
12
9
1
2
13
9
0
P
ppm
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.0
N
%
3.6
0.4
0.2
1.2
0.3
0.2
2.1
1.3
0.4
2.8
0.9
0.6
0.6
2.3
1.1
0.4
CO
%
15
18
38
11
9
7
12
18
13
17
11
18
22
17
12
13
C/N
6.2
0.7
0.3
2.1
0.6
0.3
3.7
2.2
0.6
4.8
1.5
1.0
1.0
4.0
4.9
0.7
MO
%
0.34
0.37
0.23
0.32
0.36
0.20
0.37
0.21
0.44
0.16
0.04
0.02
1.06
0.82
0.76
1.08
0.20
0.20
0.40
0.20
2.60
1.77
1.85
1.90
51.2
59.6
48.4
71.1
51.6
42.2
37.2
32.5
0.19
0.02
0.05
0.06
Na
1.4
4.2
6.6
0.6
0.2
0.4
0.8
0.3
2.1
0.3
0.2
0.5
0.2
503
79
115
31
540
106
370
130
45
50
227
178
46
Ca Mg Al
H CICE SAl SB
Fe
Ca/Al
%
%
ppm
Cmol/kg de suelo
0.07 0.12 0.31 0.18 0.76 1.60 3.04 26.6 22.5 0.4 750
0.05 0.10 0.16 0.11 0.72 0.20 1.34 60.4 31.2 0.2 663
0.04 0.09 0.19 0.30 0.56 0.40 1.57 38.7 38.8 0.3 80
TABLE 1
Results of soil analyzes, from trial pit samples, at the Imataca Forest Reserve, Venezuela
CUADRO 1
Resultados de los anlisis de las muestras de suelo, obtenidas en hoyos de evaluacin, en la Reserva Forestal Imataca, Venezuela
CUADRO 2
Resumen de algunas caractersticas de los suelos y del
desarrollo de la vegetacin, en un sector de la Reserva
Forestal Imataca, Venezuela
TABLE 2
Synthesis of some soil characteristics and forest
development, in a sector of the Imataca Forest Reserve,
Venezuela
Parcela
pH
bmc
bml
bbl
bv1
bv2
3.6
4.1
3.9
4.0
4.6
Ca
Al
(Cmol/kg)
0.22
0.68
0.29
0.93
0.58
0.58
0.35
0.93
0.68
0.27
Ca/Al
0.32
0.31
1.00
0.38
2.52
rea Basal
(m2/ha)
22.92
26.94
20.41
30.30
32.32
Fig. 2. Ordenamiento de las parcelas de sotobosque de acuerdo a su composicin florstica, segn el Anlisis de
Correspondencia Linealizado, en un sector de la Reserva Forestal Imataca, Venezuela.
Fig. 2. Understory plots ordering according their floristic composition, by mean of a Detrended Correspondence Analysis,
in a sector of the Imataca Forest Reserve, Venezuela.
392
Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 62 (1): 385-401, March 2014
Fig. 3. Ordenamiento de las parcelas de sotobosque, segn el Anlisis Cannico de Correspondencia, en un sector de la
Reserva Forestal Imataca, Venezuela.
Fig. 3. Understory plots ordering, using the Canonical Correspondence Analysis, in a sector of the Imataca Forest Reserve,
Venezuela.
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393
Fig. 4. Ordenamiento de las especies, segn el Anlisis Cannico de Correspondencia, en un sector de la Reserva Forestal
Imataca, Venezuela.
Fig. 4. Species ordering, according the Canonical Correspondence Analysis, in a sector of the Imataca Forest Reserve,
Venezuela.
Faramea torquata Mll.Arg. (Fartor), Protium neglectum Swart (Proneg), Bactris maraja
Mart. (Bacmar), Machaerium quinata (Aubl.)
Sandwith (Macqui) y Rinorea riana Kuntze
(Rinria). Las parcelas con altos valores de limo
(L) estn dominadas por M. excelsa (Morexc),
Adiantum petiolatum Desv. (Adipet) y Petrea
aspera Turcz. (Petasp). En los suelos con
menores contenidos de arcilla (A) y limo (L)
se encontraron Unonopsis glaucopetala R. E.
Fr. (Unogla), Brownea latifolia Jacq. (Brolat),
Ischnosiphon arouma (Aubl.) Krn. (Ischar),
C. guianensis (Cargui), Protium decandrum
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