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my
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Physio
logy
THE HUMAN
RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
* It is the system, consisting of tubes and is
responsible for the exchange of gases in
Humans by filtering incoming air
and transporting it into the microscopic
alveoli where gases are exchanged
* Your respiratory system provides the energy

needed by cells of the body to function

according to their designated tasks.

THE NOSE
The nose is

the

body's

primary organ of smell and

also functions as part of the
body's respiratory system.
Air enters the nose through
the external nares (nostrils).
The interior of the nose
consists of a nasal cavity
divided by a nasal septum.

The
throat is
cone-shaped
It provides
anaentrance
for air in which air is filtered by
coarse hairs leading
inside the
nostrils.
passageway
from
the
oral
and2nasal
cavities
in the and internal
It has
portions
: the external
head to
The external portion -is supported by a framework of bone
the esophagus and larynx.
and cartilage covered with skin and lined with mucous
The
pharynx chamber serves
membrane.
both respiratory and digestive
The internal portion - is a large cavity in the skull, merging
functions. Thick fibers
with the external nose anteriorly and communicating with
throatand
posteriorly.
of the
muscle
connective
tissue attach the pharynx to

THE
PHARYNX
the base
of the skull and
surrounding structures.

 It is composed of:
Nasopharynx uppermost portion
Oropharynx middle portion

Also known
as voice box
Laryngopharynx
lowermost portion
Glottis opening between vocal
It is a common passageway for air and food and it
cordsprovides a resonating chamber for speech sounds.
It is an enlargement in the
airway
The term
pharynxto
may
superior
thealso be used to describe a
differentiated
portion to
of the
the invertebrate alimentary canal.
trachea
and inferior
In some invertebrate species, the structure is thick and
pharynx.
muscular. It is occasionally eversible (rotated or turned
It outward)
helps keep
and particles
may havefrom
multiple functions for exam.
THE LARYNX
entering the trachea and also
houses the vocal cords.
It is composed of a
framework of muscles and
cartilage bound by elastic
tissue.

Thyroid cartilage
Largest hyaline cartilage
The trachea,
Adams
applecommonly
known as the windpipe ,
Epiglottis
isaSuperior
tube about
4 inches
long
opening
of the
larynx
and less than
Routes food to the larynx and
air an
toward
trachea. in most
inch the
in diameter
people.
The trachea begins just
under the larynx (voice box)

Thyroid cartilage

THE
And
runsTRACHEA
down behind the
breastbone (sternum).
The trachea then divides
into two smaller tubes

The trachea is composed of about 20 rings of

tough cartilage. The back part of each ring is
made of muscle and connective tissue. Moist,
smooth tissue called mucosa lines the inside of
the trachea. The trachea widens and lengthens
slightly with each breath in, returning to its resting
size with each breath out.

THE
TheBRONCHI
Bronchi are the two
main air passages
into the lungs.
They are composed of the:

* Right Primary Bronchus

- leading to the right lung.
* Left Primary Bronchus
- leading to the left lung.

THE BRONCHI TREE

The bronchial tree consists of branched tubes
leading from the trachea to the alveoli.
The bronchial tree begins with the two
primary bronchi, each leading to a lung.
The branches of the bronchial tree from the trachea
are right and left primary bronchi;
these further subdivide until bronchioles
give rise to alveolar ducts which terminate in alveoli.
It is through the thin epithelial cells of the alveoli
that gas exchange between the blood and air occurs.

THE LUNG

The paired soft, spongy, coneshaped lungs separated medially

by the mediastinum and are
enclosed by the diaphragm and
thoracic cage.
2 layers of serous membrane, collectively known as
pleural membrane, enclose and protect each lung.

* Parietal Pleura
- outer layer attached to the thoracic cavity
* Visceral Pleura
- inner layer covering the lung itself.

THE LOBES OF THE LUNGS

The right lung has three lobes.

The left lung has two lobes.
Each lobe is composed of
lobules
that contain air passages,
alveoli, nerves,
blood vessels,
lymphatic vessels, and connective
tissues.

THE PLEURAL CAVITIES

* A layer of serous membrane,
between the visceral pleura and
the parietal pleura.
It contains a lubricating fluid
secreted by the
membranes that prevents
friction between the membranes
and allows their easy movement
on one another during breathing.
Tiny, delicate air sacs deep
within the lungs, where the
gas/blood exchange occurs.
Oxygen from inhaled air
passes through the walls of
ALVEOLI
alveoliTHEand
enters the
bloodstream while carbon
dioxide passes out in the
same
With that
can imagine
having bunch of grapes with
wayyouwhen
air is
each grape indicating and alveolus.
exhaled.
Alveolar
are 2 or more
They
are sacs
cup-shaped
out alveoli that share a
common lined
opening.
pouching
by
epithelium
This is where
primary by
exchange of gases occurs.
and the
supported
a thin elastic basement