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for t < 0
(1)
Therefore, if we know He (j), then we can find both he (t) and h(t). If h(t) was not
causal, we couldnt determine h(t) from he (t) alone. We would need ho (t), the odd
part of h(t) also. What is He (j)? If h(t) is real then He (j) = <e{H(j)}. This is
shown below:
Z
Z
Z
1
1
jt
jt
He (j) =
h(t)e
dt +
h(t)ejt dt
he (t)e
dt =
2
2
Z
Z
Z
1
1
=
h(t)ejt dt +
h(t)ejt dt =
h(t) cos(t)dt = <e{H(j)}.
2
2
For he1 (t) we use the time shift property that for any to , ejto X(j) x(t to ).
Thus for he1 (t), to = 1. We have
he1 (t) = F 1 {0.5ej1 1} = 0.5(t + 1).
1
1
1
X(j) ( 0.5) +
X(j) ( + 0.5)
2
2
2
1
1
X(j) ( 1.5) +
X(j) ( + 1.5).
2
2
1
(X(j( 0.5)) + X(j( + 0.5)) + X(j( 1.5)) + X(j( + 1.5)))
2
So, X(j) is convolved with 4 shifted impulse functions. Convolving a signal with a shifted
impulse function causes the signal to be shifted and replicated about the location on the
x-axis where the impulse function is located. Thus, centered at t = 1.5, 0.5, 0.5,and 1.5,
we replicate X(j). We also need to scale these 4 replications by a factor of 12 due to the
1
. This can be seen in the figure below:
multiplication of the constants, 2
=
X(j)
0.5
2.5 1.5
1.5
2.5
a(t)
x(t)
b(t)
H(j)
p(t)
where x(t) =
given by
c(t)
q(t)
sin 2t
sin 4t
, p(t) = cos 2t, q(t) =
, and the frequency response of H(j) is
t
t
H(j)
(a) Let A(j) be the Fourier transform of a(t). Sketch and clearly label A(j).
(b) Let B(j) be the Fourier transform of b(t). Sketch and clearly label B(j).
(c) Let C(j) be the Fourier transform of c(t). Sketch and clearly label C(j).
(d) Compute the output c(t).
Solution:
(a) To find A(j), we use the multiplication property. Since a(t) = x(t) p(t), then
1
[X(j) P (j)]. We need to find X(j) and P (j). To find X(j) from
A(j) = 2
x(t), we recognize x(t) as being in O & Ws Table 4.2 Basic Fourier Transform Pairs.
It is a sinc function with W = 4. Thus,
1 for || < 4
X(j) =
(3)
0 for || > 4
X(j)
1
Because p(t) = cos 2t, P (j) = [( 2) + ( + 2)]. Since P (j) is two impulse
functions, the convolution of X(j) with P (j) results in the superposition of two
copies of X(j), one centered at = 2 and the other centered at = 2. The
resulting A(j) is shown below:
A(j)
1
0.5
(b) To find B(j), we use the convolution property. Thus, B(j) = A(j)H(j). A(j)
is a low pass filter and H(j) is a high pass filter. Multiplying the two together creates a bandpass filter. A(j) cuts off all frequencies for || > 6. H(j) cuts off all
frequencies for || < 2. The resulting signal, B(j) is shown below:
B(j)
1.0
0.5
(4)
C(j)
1
(d) To compute c(t), we multiply b(t) with q(t). B(j) is the sum of two ideal frequencyshifted unity-gain filters. Filters in the frequency domain become sinc functions in the
time domain. In addition, a frequency shift of o corresponds to multiplying by ejo t
in the time domain. Hence,
sin 2t 1 j4t sin 2t
sin 2t
1
+ e
= cos 4t
.
b(t) = ej4t
2
t
2
t
t
Therefore
c(t) = b(t)q(t) = cos 4t
sin2 2t
.
2 t2
Problem 3 O&W 4.44. In addition to parts (a) and (b), answer the following .
(c) Find the differential equation relating the input and output of this system.
Solution:
(a) We are given the following equation that relates the output y(t) of a causal LTI system
to the input x(t).
Z
dy(t)
+ 10y(t) =
x( )z(t )d x(t)
(5)
dt
where
For the second term, we have 10Y (j). For the next term, the integral, we recognize
this integral as being the convolution of x(t) and z(t). Thus, the convolution property
tells us that
F
Z(j) 1
Y (j)
=
X(j)
10 + j
(6)
We insert the function Z(j). By linearity, F {z(t)} = F {et u(t)} + F {3(t)}. The
Fourier transform for each of the terms can be found in O & Ws Table 4.2.
Z(j) =
4 + 3j
1
+ 3. =
1 + j
1 + j
3 + 2j
Y (j)
=
X(j)
(10 + j)(1 + j)
(7)
(b) The impulse response can be found by doing a partial fraction expansion of H(j) as
found in Equation( 7).
H(j) =
3 + 2j
A
B
17/9
1/9
=
+
=
+
.
(10 + j)(1 + j)
10 + j 1 + j
10 + j 1 + j
The inverse Fourier transform of the last two terms can be determined from Table 4.2
of O & W to give:
1 t 17 10t
u(t).
h(t) =
e + e
9
9
(c) To find the differential equation relating the input to the output we go back to Equation 7 and rewrite it as
H(j) =
Y (j)
3 + 2j
=
.
2
X(j)
(j) + 11j + 10
d2 y(t)
dx
dy(t)
+ 11
= 3x(t) + 2 .
2
dt
dt
dt
1 |n|
u[n
3
n
2 n
1 j2
X
X
e
1 j
1
1
1 j
jn
9
X(e ) =
e
=
e
=
=
1 j 1 e
3
3
3
1 3e
1 13 ej
n=
n=2
j
(g) We need to compute the Fourier transform of x[n] = sin( 2 n) + cos(n). To do this we
use Table 5.2 in O & W to find the Fourier transform of each term and then sum the
two transforms for x[n].
o X
n
=
(( 2l) ( + 2l))
F sin
2
j l=
2
2
F {cos(n)} =
(( 1 2l) + ( + 1 2l))
l=
X(ej ) =
X
X
(( 2l)(+ 2l))+
((12l)+(+12l))
j l=
2
2
l=
Problem 5 The following are Fourier transforms of discrete-time signals. Determine the
signal corresponding to each transform.
(a) X(ej ) = 4ej4 ej + 6 + 8ej3 16ej11
(b)
(
1,
X(ej ) =
0,
(c) X(ej ) =
0 || < 4 ,
< || < 2
4
1 + 3ej3
1 + 14 ej
8
< ||
Solutions:
(a) When the Fourier transform is a sum of exponentials, often the easiest way to find x[n]
is to use the analysis equation
X(ej ) =
x[n]ejn
n=
to match each term to what the particular value of n is. For example, in this problem
we can see that the first term, 4ej4 can only result from the n = 4 term. Thus, we
can rewrite the equation as
X(ej ) = x[4]ej(4) + x[1]ej(1) + x[0]ej0 + x[3]ej(3) + x[11]ej(11) .
We match terms to find
x[4] = 4, x[1] = 1, x[0] = 6, x[3] = 8, x[11] = 16.
x[n] = 0 for all other n.
(b) X(ej ) for this problem looks like:
X(ej )
1
2 4 0
The Fourier transform for this signal as the sum of 3 ideal low pass filters with two
of them frequency-shifted to = 3
and = 3
. Table 5.1 in O & W shows that a
4
4
frequency-shift corresponds to multiplication by an exponential in the time domain:
F
sin 4 n sin 4 n
sin( 4 n)
n
3 sin
3
j 3
n
j
n
4
x[n] = e 4
+
+e 4
= 2 cos( n) + 1
.
n
n
n
4
n
9
(c) This Fourier transform looks similar to the Fourier transform for an u[n] in Table 5.2
of O & W. We will manipulate it to look more like that. First, we separate it into two
terms so that
X(ej ) =
3ej3
1
+
= X1 (ej ) + X2 (ej ).
1 + 14 ej 1 + 14 ej
By linearity we can solve for the time signal for each transform and then x[n] =
x1 [n] + x2 [n]. X1 (ej ) matches to the transform pair mentioned above in Table 5.2 with
a = 41 . Thus,
n
1
u[n].
x1 [n] =
4
X2 (ej ) matches to the transform pair in Table 5.2 also except for the numerator term
of 3ej3 . This numerator term corresponds to a scaling of 3 and a time shift of 3.
Thus,
n3
1
x2 [n] = 3
u[n 3].
4
Problem 6 Let X(ej ) denote the Fourier transform of the signal x[n] depicted below.
2
2
5
x[n]
4
1
10
8
n
3
1
(e) Determine and sketch the signal whose Fourier transform is <e{X(ej )}.
(f) Evaluate each of the following integrals:
Z
|X(ej )|2 d
(f.1)
(f.2)
dX(ej ) 2
d d
Solutions:
j0
X(1) = X(e ) =
x[n]ej0n = 2.
n=
(b) If x[n] is real and even, X(ej ) is real and even. Since this signal is real, we just need
to make it even. If we time shift x[n] 2 steps to the left, it will be real and even. A
left time shift of 2 corresponds to multiplying the frequency spectrum by ej2 . = 2
will make the frequency spectrum real (and even).
(c) We use the synthesis equation:
Z
X(e )d = 2
1
2
X(e )e
j0
= 2x[0] = 2.
X(e ) =
x[n]e
jn
n=
x[n](1)n = 10
n=
(e) <e{X(ej )}, which is the real (and even) part of X(ej ), is the Fourier transform of
the even part of the time signal. Thus, we need to sketch xe [n] = 0.5x[n] + 0.5x[n].
This is shown below:
11
xe [n]
1
6
4
3
7
n
0.5
0.5
1
|x[n]| =
2
n=
2
|X(ej )|2 d.
Since we know x[n], we can use it in Parsevals relation to find the quantity we
are interested in. Thus,
X
|x[n]|2 = 18
n=
and
(f.2) To use Parsevals relation again, we need to define a new variable, Y (ej ) =
j )
j dX(e
. Then according to Table 5.1 of O&W,
d
F
dX(ej )
j
d
Thus,
Z
Z
Z
dX(ej ) 2
dX(ej ) 2
j 2
d =
j
d = 2 1
|Y (e )| d
d
d
2
= 2
|y[n]| = 2
n=
n=
12
|nx[n]|2 = 2 96 = 432.
Problem 7 Answer the questions asked in O&W 5.24 for the following two signals.
x1 [n]
1
3
5
5
0
2
x2 [n]
1
1
2
2
1
Solution:
(a) (a.1) We want to know if <e{X1 (ej )} = 0. This is true only if x1 [n] is purely real and
odd or purely imaginary and even. Looking at the signal, x1 [n] we see that it is
real and odd, or xe [n] = 0.5x[n] + 0.5x[n] = 0. Yes, <e{X1 (ej )} = 0.
(a.2) Because this signal is real and odd, it is purely imaginary. =m{X1 (ej )} 6= 0.
(a.3) The real part of a Fourier transform corresponds to the part of the time signal
which is real and even and the part of the time signal which is odd and imaginary.
By multiplying X1 (ej ) by ej , we can shift the signal in time. Thus, we can
shift by the correct number of units to make the signal even. Looking at the graph
of x1 [n] reveals that a time shift of = 2 will cause the signal to be even and
thus, the resulting Fourier transform, ej2 X1 (ej ) will be real.
13
R
Yes, X(ej )d = 0.
(a.5) By definition, the Fourier transform of any discrete sequence is periodic, so X(ej )
is periodic.
(a.6) Since x1 [n] is periodic,
2
X(e ) =
2ak
k
N
k=
j
where ak =
that
1
N
n=<N >
j0
X(e ) =
k=
2
2ak k .
N
From this equation, we can see that all terms will be zero except possibly 2a0 (0).
If a0 = 0 then X(ej0 ) = 0. Using the formula for ak above we see that,
1 X
x[n] = 0.
8 n=<N >
a0 =
We could also note that a0 is the DC average of the signal and from the graph we
can see that the DC average is zero. So, yes, X(ej0 ) = 0.
(b)(b.1) To determine if <e{X(ej )} = 0, we need to see if x2 [n] is real or imaginary and
even or odd. From the graph, we can see that it is real and even. Thus, X(ej )
is real and even. So <e{X(ej )} 6= 0.
(b.2) This means that =m{X(ej )} = 0.
(b.3) Since X(ej ) is already real, = 0.
(b.4) Using the same strategy employed for x1 [n], we see that x2 [0] 6= 0 so
0.
(b.5) By definition, all X(ej ) are periodic so X2 (ej ) is periodic.
X(ej )d 6=
(b.6) X2 (ej0 ) is the DC component of the signal. We can see that the DC component
is equal to zero so this condition is met. That is,
j0
X2 (e ) =
n=
14
x[n] = 0.
Problem 8 Consider the same question as asked in O&W 5.27 (a) but with X(ej ) as
depicted below
X(ej )
and with
p[n] = cos n cos(n/2).
Solution:
To sketch W(ej ), we use the multiplication property,
F
1
P (ej ) X(ej ).
2
This allows us to use circular convolution to solve the problem. X(ej ) is as shown above
and
j
P (e ) =
(( 2l) + ( + 2l))
l=
l=
((
2l) + ( + 2l)).
2
2
from the term l= ( 2l) overlap with the impulses from the term
l= ( +
2l).
These impulses and the impulses at = 2 2l cause replicas of X(ej ) that are centered
at these s. The resulting W (ej ) is shown below:
15
W (ej )
1
3
2
5
4
3
4
3
2
5
4
3
4
0.5
Problem 9 Answer the same questions as asked in O&W 5.30 (b) with x[n] as given in
that problem and for each of the following LTI unit sample responses:
(a) h[n] =
n
n
(b) h[n] =
sin(n/8) sin(n/2)
2 n2
Solution:
We are given that x[n] = sin( n
) 2 cos( n
).
8
4
(a) To determine y[n], we will use the convolution property. That is, we will compute
Y (ej ) = X(ej )H(ej ) and then we can use the synthesis equation to determine y[n]
from Y (ej ). To find H(ej ) for the given h[n], we use Table 5.1 and Table 5.2 in
O&W and find H(ej ) = H1 (ej ) H2 (ej ) where
1
for || < 16
j
H1 (e ) =
(8)
H2 (e ) =
1
for || < 12
0 for 12
< || <
3
48
3
48
< || <
> || >
4
48
4
48
(9)
(10)
X
(( 2l)(+ 2l))2
(( 2l)+(+ 2l)).
j l=
8
8
4
4
l=
It is clear that the bandpass filter doesnt allow this x[n] through it and hence Y (ej ) =
0 and y[n] = 0.
(b) Again we will use the convolution property to find Y (ej ) = X(ej )H(ej ) and then
find y[n] from Y (ej ). X(ej ) is the same as the previous problem. However,
sin( n
) sin n
8
2
= h1 [n]h2 [n].
h[n] =
2
2
n
We can use the multiplication property to find H(ej ). Here,
H(ej ) =
1
H1 (ej ) H2 (ej ).
2
H1 (e ) =
j
H2 (e ) =
1
for || < 8
0 for 8 < || <
(11)
1
for || < 2
0 for 2 < || <
(12)
5
3
8
8
17
3
8
5
8
Multiplying X(ej ) with H(ej ) gives the following spectrum for Y (ej ):
Y (ej )
8j
4 8
8j
The above figure shows that y[n] is just a scaled version of x[n]. Thus,
n 1
n
1
y[n] = sin
cos
.
8
8
4
4
Problem 10 Consider a system consisting of the cascade of two LTI systems as depicted
below
z[n]
x[n]
System 1
System 2
y[n]
1
.
1 0.25ej
For H2 (ej ), we take Fourier transforms of z[n] and y[n] as given above and then
(ej )
H2 (ej ) = YZ(e
j ) . This gives
H2 (ej ) =
10 ej
.
1 + 0.5ej
1
10 ej
.
1 0.25ej 1 + 0.5ej
(b) To find the difference equation for the whole system, we need to multiply Y (ej ) by
the denominator of the above equation and multiply Z(ej ) by the numerator of the
above equation. That is
Y (ej )(1 + 0.25ej 0.125ej2 ) = X(ej )(10 ej ).
Then,
Y (ej ) = 0.25ej Y (ej ) + 0.125ej2 Y (ej ) + 10X(ej ) 1ej X(ej ).
Because of linearity, we take the inverse Fourier transform of each term, noting that
multiplication of ejno in the frequency domain corresponds to a shift of no in the
time domain. Thus, the difference equation is
y[n] = 0.25y[n 1] + 0.125y[n 2] + 10x[n] x[n 1].
19
(c) To find the impulse response, h[n], we rewrite the equation for H(ej ) found in (a) as
the sum of two first order systems and do term by term matching to find what the
numerator values should be for each term. That is,
H(ej ) =
10 ej
A
B
=
+
j
j
j
(1 0.25e )(1 + 0.5e )
(1 0.25e ) (1 + 0.5ej )
B(1 0.25ej )
A(1 + 0.5ej )
+
(1 0.25ej )(1 + 0.5ej ) (1 0.25ej )(1 + 0.5ej )
A + B + (0.5A 0.25B)ej )
.
=
(1 0.25ej )(1 + 0.5ej )
Matching terms gives us A = 2 and B = 8. Then the inverse transform for each term
can be determined from Table 5.2:
H(ej ) =
8
2
+
j
(1 0.25e ) (1 + 0.5ej )
which gives,
h[n] = 2(0.25)n u[n] + 8(0.5)n u[n].
20