Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
GATE
General Aptitude
Vol 1 of 10
R K Kanodia
Ashish Murolia
Acknowledgements
We would like to express our sincere thanks to all the co-authors, editors, and reviewers for their efforts in
making this project successful. We would also like to thank Team NODIA for providing professional support for
this project through all phases of its development. At last, we express our gratitude to God and our Family for
providing moral support and motivation.
We wish you good luck !
R. K. Kanodia
Ashish Murolia
Syllabus
GATE Electronics & Communications
Small Signal Equivalent circuits of diodes, BJTs, MOSFETs and analog CMOS. Simple diode circuits, clipping,
clamping, rectifier. Biasing and bias stability of transistor and FET amplifiers. Amplifiers: single-and multi-stage,
differential and operational, feedback, and power. Frequency response of amplifiers. Simple op-amp circuits. Filters.
Sinusoidal oscillators; criterion for oscillation; single-transistor and op-amp configurations. Function generators and
wave-shaping circuits, 555 Timers. Power supplies.
IES Electronics & Telecommunication
Transistor biasing and stabilization. Small signal analysis. Power amplifiers. Frequency response. Wide banding
techniques. Feedback amplifiers. Tuned amplifiers. Oscillators. Rectifiers and power supplies. Op Amp, PLL, other
linear integrated circuits and applications. Pulse shaping circuits and waveform generators.
**********
Contents
Noun
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2
1.3
Common Noun
1.2.1
Collective Noun 1
1.2.2
Abstract Noun
1.2.3
Material Noun
Proper Noun
1.4 Gender 1
1.5 Number 2
1.6
Case
Examples 5
Chapter 2 proNoun
2.1 Introduction
2.2
Personal Pronoun
2.3
Reflexive Pronoun
2.4
Demonstrative pronoun
2.5
Indefinite pronouns
2.6
Distributive pronouns
2.7
Relative pronouns
2.8
Interrogative pronouns
7
8
8
9
Examples 10
Chapter 3
verb
3.1 Introduction 12
3.2
3.3
3.2.1
Transitive Verb
12
3.2.2
Intransitive Verb
Characteristics of verb
3.3.1 Voice
12
12
12
12
3.3.2 Mood
13
3.3.3 Tense
13
3.4
Subject-Verb Agreement
15
3.5
15
Examples 19
Chapter 4
Adverb
4.1 Introduction 21
4.2
Kinds of adverb
4.3
Uses of Adverb 21
21
Examples 23
Chapter 5
Adjective
5.1 Introduction 25
5.2
Uses of Adjective
25
5.3
Kinds of adjective
25
5.4
5.3.1
Adjective of Quality
25
5.3.2
Adjective of Quantity
25
5.3.3
Adjective of Number
26
5.3.4
Demonstrative Adjective
26
5.3.5
Interrogative Adjective
26
5.3.6
Emphasising Adjective
26
5.3.7
Exclamatory Adjective
26
Comparison of adjectives
26
Examples 28
Chapter 6 preposition
6.1 Introduction
30
6.2
Kinds of Preposition
30
6.3
Uses of Preposition
30
Examples 32
Chapter 7
Conjunction
7.1 Introduction
34
7.2
Coordinating Conjunctions
34
7.3
Subordinating Conjunctions
34
7.3.1
34
7.3.2
35
7.3.3
35
7.4
Correlative Conjunctions
7.5
Uses of Conjunction
35
35
Examples 37
Chapter 8
Article
8.1 Introduction
8.2
Use of
A and An
8.3
Use of
The
39
39
39
Chapter 9 Voice
9.1 Introduction 40
9.2
Active Voice
9.2.1
40
9.3
Passive Voice
9.4
40
40
9.4.1
40
9.4.2
40
9.4.3
40
9.4.4
41
9.4.5
41
9.4.6
41
9.4.7
41
9.4.8
41
9.4.9
41
40
Chapter 10 Narration
10.1 Introduction 43
10.2 Direct and indirect speech
43
43
Chapter 2
Syllogism
Chapter 3
Reading Comprehension
Chapter 4
21
Chapter 5
30
Chapter 6
44
Chapter 7
Sentence Completion
62
Chapter 8
Sentence Improvement
Chapter 9
Spelling
102
Chapter 10 Synonyms
108
Chapter 11 Antonym
137
13
92
158
163
168
Number System 1
Chapter 2
Number Series
15
Chapter 3
28
Chapter 4
Percentage
36
Chapter 5
Average 52
Chapter 6
68
Chapter 7
73
Chapter 8
85
Chapter 9
102
117
Chapter 11 Interest
132
Chapter 12
Age 147
Chapter 13 Clock & Calender
Chapter 14 Time and Work
169
158
186
200
217
Algebra
230
249
265
280
308
323
***********
293
Eighth Edition
GATE
Engineering Mathematics
Vol 2 of 10
RK Kanodia
Ashish Murolia
To Our Parents
Acknowledgements
We would like to express our sincere thanks to all the co-authors, editors, and reviewers for their efforts in
making this project successful. We would also like to thank Team NODIA for providing professional support for
this project through all phases of its development. At last, we express our gratitude to God and our Family for
providing moral support and motivation.
We wish you good luck !
R. K. Kanodia
Ashish Murolia
Syllabus
Engineering Mathematics (EC, EE, and IN Branch )
Linear Algebra: Matrix Algebra, Systems of linear equations, Eigen values and eigen vectors.
Calculus: Mean value theorems, Theorems of integral calculus, Evaluation of definite and improper integrals, Partial
Derivatives, Maxima and minima, Multiple integrals, Fourier series. Vector identities, Directional derivatives, Line,
Surface and Volume integrals, Stokes, Gauss and Greens theorems.
Differential equations: First order equation (linear and nonlinear), Higher order linear differential equations with
constant coefficients, Method of variation of parameters, Cauchys and Eulers equations, Initial and boundary
value problems, Partial Differential Equations and variable separable method.
Complex variables: Analytic functions, Cauchys integral theorem and integral formula, Taylors and Laurent
series, Residue theorem, solution integrals.
Probability and Statistics: Sampling theorems, Conditional probability, Mean, median, mode and standard
deviation, Random variables, Discrete and continuous distributions, Poisson, Normal and Binomial distribution,
Correlation and regression analysis.
Numerical Methods: Solutions of non-linear algebraic equations, single and multi-step methods for differential
equations.
Transform Theory: Fourier transform, Laplace transform, Z-transform.
********** .
Contents
Chapter 1
Matrix Algebra
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2
Multiplication of Matrices
1.3
Transpose of a Matrix
1.4
Determinant of a Matrix
1.5
Rank of Matrix
1.6
Adjoint of a Matrix
1.7
Inverse of a Matrix
1.7.1
Elementary Transformations
1.7.2
1.8
ECHELON FORM
1.9
NORMAL FORM
Exercise
Solutions
20
Chapter 2
4
4
2.1 Introduction 39
2.2 Vector 39
2.2.1
Equality of Vectors
39
2.2.2
2.2.3
2.2.4
39
2.3
2.4
Exercise
42
Solutions
51
chapter 3
40
40
40
40
3.1 Introduction 65
3.2
3.3
3.4
Cayley-Hamilton Theorem
3.4.1
65
66
67
3.5
3.6
Similarity OF Matrices
Exercise
69
Solutions
80
chapter 4
68
4.1 Introduction 99
4.2
4.3
Limit of a Function
99
4.2.1
99
4.2.2
99
4.2.3
4.2.4
Continuity of a Function
4.3.1
100
100
4.4 Differentiability
Exercise
102
Solutions
115
chapter 5
101
Exercise
140
Solutions
147
chapter 6
139
Rolles Theorem
6.3
6.4
Exercise
164
Solutions
168
chapter 7
163
163
Partial Derivatives
Partial Derivatives
7.2.1
67
175
7.3
Total Differentiation
7.4
176
175
7.5
7.6
Eulers Theorem
Exercise
177
Solutions
182
chapter 8
176
176
Definite Integral
Definite Integral
8.3
8.4
Double Integral
Exercise
193
Solutions
202
chapter 9
191
192
192
Directional Derivatives
9.3
Differential Calculus
9.4
9.5
Divergence of a Vector
9.6
Curl of a Vector
9.7
9.8
Laplacian Operator
225
9.9
Integral Theorems
226
Divergence theorem
9.9.2
9.9.3
9.9.4
Helmholtzs Theorem
227
Solutions
234
223
224
225
9.9.1
Exercise
223
225
226
226
Differential Equation
247
248
248
249
250
250
252
254
254
254
257
Solutions
266
283
283
284
285
287
289
Solutions
300
317
317
Exercise
319
Solutions
325
337
337
338
255
Eulers theorem
339
339
340
342
Solutions
347
341
358
358
357
359
359
362
363
364
366
367
Solutions
380
362
363
366
405
405
406
408
410
Solutions
420
409
361
439
440
441
443
444
Solutions
453
443
Chapter 17 Probability
17.1 Introduction 469
17.2 Sample space
17.3 Event
469
469
470
470
471
471
472
472
472
473
473
473
476
Solutions
491
515
516
516
517
517
518
518
519
518
518
519
520
521
521
521
522
522
526
Solutions
533
523
Chapter 19 Statistics
19.1 Introduction 543
19.2 Mean
543
19.3 Median
544
19.4 Mode
545
545
547
Solutions
550
546
555
555
555
556
557
558
559
559
562
Solutions
565
560
569
569
570
Exercise 21
571
Solutions 21
579
597
597
598
599
600
601
602
604
Solutions
608
600
601
599
617
618
618
619
619
619
619
620
623
Solutions
628
621
***********
620
Eighth Edition
GATE
Network Analysis
Vol 3 of 10
RK Kanodia
Ashish Murolia
To Our Parents
Acknowledgements
We would like to express our sincere thanks to all the co-authors, editors, and reviewers for their efforts in
making this project successful. We would also like to thank Team NODIA for providing professional support for
this project through all phases of its development. At last, we express our gratitude to God and our Family for
providing moral support and motivation.
We wish you good luck !
R. K. Kanodia
Ashish Murolia
Syllabus
GATE Electronics & Communications
Networks:
Network graphs: matrices associated with graphs; incidence, fundamental cut set and fundamental circuit matrices.
Solution methods: nodal and mesh analysis. Network theorems: superposition, Thevenin and Nortons maximum
power transfer, Wye-Delta transformation. Steady state sinusoidal analysis using phasors. Linear constant coefficient
differential equations; time domain analysis of simple RLC circuits, Solution of network equations using Laplace
transform: frequency domain analysis of RLC circuits. 2-port network parameters: driving point and transfer
functions. State equations for networks.
Network Theory
Network analysis techniques; Network theorems, transient response, steady state sinusoidal response; Network
graphs and their applications in network analysis; Tellegens theorem. Two port networks; Z, Y, h and transmission
parameters. Combination of two ports, analysis of common two ports. Network functions : parts of network
functions, obtaining a network function from a given part. Transmission criteria : delay and rise time, Elmores and
other definitions effect of cascading. Elements of network synthesis.
**********
Contents
Chapter 1
1.1
basic concepts
1.2.1 Charge 1
1.2.2 Current 1
1.2.3 Voltage 2
1.2.4 Power 3
1.2.5 Energy 4
1.3
Circuit Elements 4
1.3.1
1.3.2
1.3.3
1.3.4
5
5
5
1.4 Sources 5
1.4.1
1.4.2
Independent Sources
Dependent Sources
Exercise 1.1
Exercise 1.2
18
solutions 1.1
23
solutions 1.2
30
Chapter 2
5
6
basic laws
2.1 Introduction 37
2.2
Kirchhoffs Law
2.4.1
2.4.2
37
39
40
40
41
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.7.1
2.7.2
2.7.3
2.7.4
2.7.5
41
42
44
45
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.10.1
2.10.2
2.11
46
46
Non-Ideal Sources 48
Exercise 2.1
49
Exercise 2.2
67
solutions 2.1
78
solutions 2.2
101
Network Graph
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.2.3
3.2.4
3.2.5
3.3
3.4
127
129
3.3.1
130
127
128
3.4.1
3.4.2
3.5 Tie-set
3.5.1
3.5.2
3.5.3
131
132
133
Tie-Set Matrix
134
Tie-Set Matrix and KVL
134
Tie-Set Matrix and Branch Currents
135
3.6.1
3.6.2
3.6.3
3.6.4
Exercise 3.1
140
Exercise 3.2
149
solutions 3.1
151
solutions 3.2
156
chapter 4
Nodal Analysis
159
4.3
Mesh Analysis
161
139
46
4.4
Exercise 4.1
164
Exercise 4.2
173
solutions 4.1
181
solutions 4.2
192
chapter 5
163
Circuit Theorems
Source transformation
5.4.1
5.5
Thevenins Theorem
5.5.1
5.5.2
5.5.3
5.6
213
214
Nortons Theorem
5.6.1
5.6.2
5.6.3
214
216
217
218
5.7
5.8
5.9
Reciprocity Theorem
5.9.1
5.9.2
221
5.10
Substitution Theorem
222
5.11
Millmans Theorem
223
5.12
Tellegens Theorem
223
Exercise 5.1
224
Exercise 5.2
239
solutions 5.1
246
solutions 5.2
272
chapter 6
219
221
221
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.2
6.2.1
6.2.2
Capacitors in Series
Capacitors in Parallel
299
301
299
297
219
6.3.1
6.3.2
6.3.3
6.4
302
6.4.1
6.4.2
Inductors in Series
Inductors in Parallel
303
304
307
Exercise 6.2
322
solutions 6.1
328
solutions 6.2
347
7.2.1
7.2.2
Source-Free RC Circuit
Source-Free RL circuit
359
359
362
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.5.1
7.5.2
7.6
7.8
Complete Response :
367
Complete Response in terms of Initial and Final Conditions
368
7.6.1
7.6.2
7.7
365
Complete Response
369
Complete Response in terms of Initial and Final Conditions
370
7.7.1
7.7.2
370
Exercise 7.1
373
Exercise 7.2
392
Solutions 7.1
397
Solutions 7.2
452
370
372
469
8.3
472
8.4
8.5
475
475
8.6
8.7
Exercise 8.1
478
Exercise 8.2
491
solutions 8.1
495
solutions 8.2
527
chapter 9
476
477
Characteristics of Sinusoid
541
9.5.1
9.6
548
549
9.8.1
9.8.2
9.8.3
9.8.4
9.8.5
9.9
548
9.7.1
9.7.2
9.7.3
9.8
548
9.6.1
9.6.2
9.7
Admittance
546
549
550
552
Nodal Analysis
552
Mesh Analysis
552
Superposition Theorem
553
Source Transformation
553
Thevenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits
553
Exercise 9.1
556
Exercise 9.2
579
solutions 9.1
583
solutions 9.2
618
627
10.2
Instantaneous Power
627
10.3
Average Power
10.4
628
629
10.5
Complex Power
10.5.1
630
10.6
Power Factor
10.7
10.7.1
631
632
634
10.8
AC Power Conservation
636
10.9
636
Exercise 10.1
638
Exercise 10.2
648
solutions 10.1
653
solutions 10.2
669
683
11.2.1
11.2.2
11.3.1
11.3.2
11.4
683
Y -connected Load
T-connected Load
683
686
688
688
689
689
691
692
693
11.5
11.6
Exercise 11.1
697
Exercise 11.2
706
solutions 11.1
709
solutions 11.2
722
694
729
12.2
Mutual Inductance
12.3
Dot Convention
12.4
12.5
12.5.1
12.5.2
12.6
729
730
732
732
733
734
731
12.7
12.7.1
12.8
12.8.1
12.8.2
12.9
Coefficient of Coupling
736
737
739
12.9.1
740
Reflected Impedance
Exercise 12.1
742
Exercise 12.2
751
solutions 12.1
755
solutions 12.2
768
735
737
738
13.3
Transfer Functions
777
13.2.1
778
Series Resonance
Parallel Resonance
Passive Filters
13.4.1
13.4.2
13.4.3
13.4.4
13.5
13.3.1
13.3.2
13.4
777
778
784
788
788
789
790
791
13.6 Scaling
13.6.1
13.6.2
13.6.3
792
793
Magnitude Scaling
793
Frequency Scaling
793
Magnitude and Frequency Scaling
Exercise 13.1
795
Exercise 13.2
804
solutions 13.1
807
solutions 13.2
821
794
14.2.1
14.2.2
14.2.3
14.3
827
14.3.1
827
829
829
830
14.4
14.4.1
14.5
14.5.1
14.5.2
14.5.3
14.7
831
831
832
833
834
Exercise 14.1
836
Exercise 14.2
850
solutions 14.1
853
solutions 14.2
880
831
s -domain 834
14.6
14.7.1
830
835
Impedance Parameters
15.2.1
15.2.2
15.2.3
15.3
887
Admittance Parameters
15.3.1
15.3.2
15.4.1
15.4.2
15.4.3
Equivalent Network
895
Input Impedance of a Terminated Two-port Networks in Terms of Hybrid Parameters
Inverse Hybrid Parameters
896
Input Impedance of a Terminated Two-port Networks in Terms of ABCD Parameters
15.7
15.8
Series Connection
Parallel Connection
Cascade Connection
Exercise 15.1
904
Exercise 15.2
920
solutions 15.1
924
solutions 15.2
955
895
897
15.6
15.8.1
15.8.2
15.8.3
893
894
Transmission Parameters
15.5.1
889
891
15.5
887
898
900
900
901
902
***********
899
898
Eighth Edition
GATE
Electronics Devices
Vol 4 of 10
R. K. Kanodia
Ashish Murolia
To Our Parents
Acknowledgements
We would like to express our sincere thanks to all the co-authors, editors, and reviewers for their efforts in
making this project successful. We would also like to thank Team NODIA for providing professional support for
this project through all phases of its development. At last, we express our gratitude to God and our Family for
providing moral support and motivation.
We wish you good luck !
R. K. Kanodia
Ashish Murolia
Syllabus
GATE Electronics & Communications
Energy bands in silicon, intrinsic and extrinsic silicon. Carrier transport in silicon: diffusion current, drift current,
mobility, and resistivity. Generation and recombination of carriers. p-n junction diode, Zener diode, tunnel diode,
BJT, JFET, MOS capacitor, MOSFET, LED, p-I-n and avalanche photo diode, Basics of LASERs. Device
technology: integrated circuits fabrication process, oxidation, diffusion, ion implantation, photolithography, n-tub,
p-tub and twin-tub CMOS process.
IES Electronics & Telecommunication
Electrons and holes in semiconductors, Carrier Statistics, Mechanism of current flow in a semiconductor, Hall
effect; Junction theory; Different types of diodes and their characteristics; Bipolar Junction transistor; Field effect
transistors; Power switching devices like SCRs, GTOs, power MOSFETS; Basics of ICs - bipolar, MOS and CMOS
types; basic of Opto Electronics.
**********
Contents
Chapter 1
Semiconductors in Equlibrium
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2
Semiconductor models
1.2.1
Bonding Model
1.2.2
1
2
1.3 Carriers 2
1.3.1
1.4
Carrier Properties 3
Intrinsic semiconductor
1.5 Doping 3
1.6
1.5.1
n -type Semiconductor
1.5.2
p-type Semiconductor
Compensated semiconductor
1.7.1
1.8
1.9
1.8.1
1.8.2
1.9.1 Insulator
10
10
1.9.2 Semiconductor 10
1.9.3 Metal
10
10
11
12
12
13
14
14
17
Exercise 1.2
24
Exercise 1.3
27
solutions 1.1
31
solutions 1.2
47
Solutions 1.3
60
Chapter 2
2.1 Introduction 65
2.2
2.3
15
Carrier drift
65
2.2.1
2.2.2
Drift Current
Carrier mobility
65
66
67
2.3.1
68
2.3.2
2.3.3
69
2.4 Conductivity 69
2.5
Resistivity
69
2.6
Carrier Diffusion
70
2.6.1
2.6.2
2.6.3
Diffusion Length
70
2.7
71
2.8
71
70
72
73
2.11.1 Absorption
74
2.11.2 Emission
74
70
75
76
76
76
74
Exercise 2.1
77
Exercise 2.2
86
Exercise 2.3
92
Solutions 2.1
98
Solutions 2.2
111
Solutions 2.3
125
chapter 3
PN Junction Diode
3.2.1
3.4
pn -junction 133
134
3.3.1
3.3.2
3.3.3
3.3.4
136
3.4.1
3.4.2
3.4.3
3.4.4
Electric Field
3.4.5
Junction Capacitance
137
137
138
3.5.2
3.7
138
138
138
139
pn junction 139
3.6.1
Diffusion Resistance
140
3.6.2
3.9
137
3.5.1
3.5.4
136
137
3.6
135
3.8.1
Zener Breakdown
141
3.8.2
Avalanche Breakdown
141
Turn-on transient
141
142
144
145
3.11 THYRISTORS
146
TRIAC
146
150
3.13 Diac
151
Exercise 3.1
153
Exercise 3.2
163
Exercise 3.3
169
solutions 3.1
182
solutions 3.2
202
Solutions 3.3
220
chapter 4 BJt
4.1 Introduction 233
4.2 Basic structure of bjt
4.3
4.4
4.2.1
4.2.2
Transistor biasing
235
4.3.1
Active Region
236
4.3.2
Saturation Region
4.3.3
Cut-off Region
4.3.4
4.6
4.7
234
236
236
237
4.4.1
4.5
233
238
240
4.5.1
241
4.5.2
241
4.5.3
242
4.5.4
242
4.6.1
4.6.2
4.6.3
Early voltage
245
246
4.8.1
Punch-Through Breakdown
4.8.2
Avalanche Breakdown
246
246
243
245
243
4.9
Exercise 4.1
249
Exercise 4.2
261
Exercise 4.3
266
solutions 4.1
274
solutions 4.2
294
Solutions 4.3
308
chapter 5
247
MOSFET
5.3
5.4
5.5
Energy Band Diagram for MOS Capacitors with the p-type Substrate
318
5.3.2
Energy Band Diagram for MOS Capacitors with the n -type Substrate
319
5.4.1
320
5.4.2
320
5.5.1
321
5.5.2
321
322
5.7
323
5.9
318
5.3.1
5.8
317
Threshold Voltage
5.7.1
323
5.7.2
323
324
5.8.1
324
5.8.2
324
5.8.3
325
5.9.1
326
327
329
330
332
332
334
Exercise 5.1
335
Exercise 5.2
345
Exercise 5.3
351
solutions 5.1
355
solutions 5.2
372
Solutions 5.3
389
chapter 6 Jfet
6.1 Introduction 393
6.2 Basic concept of JFET
393
6.2.1
n -channel JFET
393
6.2.2
p-channel JFET
394
6.4
6.3.1
6.3.2
Device characteristic
394
395
397
6.4.1
397
6.4.2
398
6.5
6.6
Transconductance of JFET
399
6.7
399
6.8
6.7.1
Depletion Legnth
399
6.7.2
399
399
6.8.1
6.8.2
Exercise 6.1
401
Exercise 6.2
405
Exercise 6.3
407
solutions 6.1
412
solutions 6.2
422
Solutions 6.3
428
chapter 7
399
Integrated Circuit
433
434
400
398
7.4
Epitaxial Growth
436
7.5.1
Dry oxidation
436
7.5.2
Wet oxidation
436
7.6
7.7
Diffusion of impurities
437
7.7.1
Diffusion Law
438
7.7.2
7.7.3
438
438
7.8
Ion Implantation
439
7.9
440
7.9.1 Evaporation
440
7.9.2
Sputtering
440
7.9.3
441
442
444
Exercise 7.2
452
Exercise 7.3
453
Solutions 7.1
458
Solutions 7.2
464
Solutions 7.3
465
442
***********
442
Eighth Edition
GATE
Analog Circuits
Vol 5 of 10
RK Kanodia
Ashish Murolia
To Our Parents
Acknowledgements
We would like to express our sincere thanks to all the co-authors, editors, and reviewers for their efforts in
making this project successful. We would also like to thank Team NODIA for providing professional support for
this project through all phases of its development. At last, we express our gratitude to God and our Family for
providing moral support and motivation.
We wish you good luck !
R. K. Kanodia
Ashish Murolia
Syllabus
GATE Electronics & Communications
Small Signal Equivalent circuits of diodes, BJTs, MOSFETs and analog CMOS. Simple diode circuits, clipping,
clamping, rectifier. Biasing and bias stability of transistor and FET amplifiers. Amplifiers: single-and multi-stage,
differential and operational, feedback, and power. Frequency response of amplifiers. Simple op-amp circuits. Filters.
Sinusoidal oscillators; criterion for oscillation; single-transistor and op-amp configurations. Function generators and
wave-shaping circuits, 555 Timers. Power supplies.
IES Electronics & Telecommunication
Transistor biasing and stabilization. Small signal analysis. Power amplifiers. Frequency response. Wide banding
techniques. Feedback amplifiers. Tuned amplifiers. Oscillators. Rectifiers and power supplies. Op Amp, PLL, other
linear integrated circuits and applications. Pulse shaping circuits and waveform generators.
**********
Contents
Chapter 1
Diode Circuits
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2
Diode
1.2.1
1.2.2
1.2.3
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
3
3
1.5.1
1.5.2
4
6
1.6.1 Clippers 6
1.6.2 Clampers 8
1.7 Voltage multiplier circuit
1.8
1.7.1
Voltage Doubler 10
1.7.2
Rectifier circuit
11
11
1.8.1
1.8.2
Classification of Rectifiers
12
12
15
16
18
Exercise 1.2
36
Exercise 1.3
42
solutions 1.1
47
solutions 1.2
90
16
14
2
2
Solutions 1.3
111
2.2.1
117
2.2.2
118
2.2.3
2.4
2.5
117
119
2.3.1
2.3.2
120
2.3.3
Common-Collector Configuration
122
119
122
2.4.1
122
2.4.2
123
123
2.6.1
2.6.2
2.6.3
2.8
125
128
129
2.7.1
Stability factor
2.7.2
Early effect
Exercise 2.1
132
Exercise 2.2
147
Exercise 2.3
155
Solutions 2.1
159
Solutions 2.2
201
Solutions 2.3
224
chapter 3
129
130
bjt amplifiers
126
3.3.1
Current Gain
230
3.3.2
Voltage Gain
230
3.3.3
Input Impedance
229
230
231
118
3.3.4
3.4
Output Impedance
231
232
3.4.1
232
3.4.2
233
3.4.3
233
235
3.6.1
3.6.2
3.6.3
236
237
3.7.1
Cut-off Frequency
Exercise 3.1
241
Exercise 3.2
254
Exercise 3.3
260
solutions 3.1
265
solutions 3.2
295
Solutions 3.3
315
chapter 4
238
239
fet biasing
4.3
4.4
4.2.1
321
4.2.2
Characteristics of JFET
322
321
4.3.1
323
4.3.2
325
4.3.3
326
4.3.4
326
4.4.1
328
4.4.2
329
4.4.3
330
328
323
331
4.6.1
331
4.6.2
332
4.6.3
Enhancement Mode NMOS device with the Gate Connected to the Drain
Exercise 4.1
334
Exercise 4.2
347
Exercise 4.3
354
solutions 4.1
358
solutions 4.2
388
Solutions 4.3
408
chapter 5
fet amplifiers
5.3
5.2.1
Transconductance
413
5.2.2
Output Resistance
414
414
5.3.1
414
5.3.2
5.3.3
5.3.4
5.3.5
5.3.6
5.5
Exercise 5.2
432
Exercise 5.3
438
solutions 5.1
442
solutions 5.2
467
Solutions 5.3
483
chapter 6
421
General Consideration
487
418
420
5.4
Exercise 5.1
415
6.3.1
487
6.3.2
488
6.3.3
488
422
333
6.3.4
6.4
Push-Pull Stage
489
6.5
Classes of amplifiers
490
491
492
493
6.6.1
6.6.2
494
494
6.7.1
Junction Temperature
495
6.7.2
Thermal Resistance
495
6.7.3
Exercise 6.1
496
Exercise 6.2
508
Exercise 6.3
513
solutions 6.1
517
solutions 6.2
539
Solutions 6.3
551
chapter 7
Operational Amplifier
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
555
555
7.3.1
556
7.3.2
556
7.4.1
Inverting Amplifier
556
7.4.2
7.4.3
Unity Follower
7.4.4
Summing Amplifier
7.4.5
558
558
7.5.1
Unity Follower
7.5.2
Inverting Amplifier
7.5.3
559
560
560
7.6.1
7.7
7.8
7.7.1
Differential Inputs
7.7.2
7.7.3
Output voltage
7.7.4
562
562
562
562
7.8.1
7.8.2
Exercise 7.1
565
Exercise 7.2
578
Exercise 7.3
587
Solutions 7.1
591
Solutions 7.2
619
Solutions 7.3
644
chapter 8
Op - Amp Application
Inverting amplifier
649
8.3
Non-inverting Amplifier
8.4
650
651
651
8.8
8.9
8.10 Integrator
654
Logarithmic amplifier
655
8.13
Exponential Amplifier
656
656
657
657
659
661
658
Exercise 8.2
679
Exercise 8.3
684
solutions 8.1
688
solutions 8.2
734
Solutions 8.3
751
chapter 9
Active Filters
9.3
Active filter
757
9.2.1
757
9.2.2
9.2.3
759
760
9.3.1
9.3.2
9.3.3
9.3.4
765
9.5
765
9.6
9.7
Sensitivity
Exercise 9.1
767
Exercise 9.2
778
Exercise 9.3
781
solutions 9.1
786
solutions 9.2
813
Solutions 9.3
818
762
766
10.2.1
Negative Feedback
821
822
822
823
823
10.3.4
824
Transresistance Amplifier
822
824
826
826
827
10.7.1
Colpitts Oscillator
827
828
830
Exercise 10.2
840
Exercise 10.3
844
solutions 10.1
849
solutions 10.2
873
Solutions 10.3
878
828
829
***********
Eighth Edition
GATE
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION
Digital Electronics
Vol 6 of 10
R. K. Kanodia
Ashish Murolia
MRP 490.00
To Our Parents
Acknowledgements
We would like to express our sincere thanks to all the co-authors, editors, and reviewers for their efforts in
making this project successful. We would also like to thank Team NODIA for providing professional support
for this project through all phases of its development. At last, we express our gratitude to God and our Family
for providing moral support and motivation.
We wish you good luck !
R. K. Kanodia
Ashish Murolia
Syllabus
GATE Electronics & Communications
Boolean algebra, minimization of Boolean functions; logic gates; digital IC families (DTL,
TTL, ECL, MOS, CMOS). Combinatorial circuits: arithmetic circuits, code converters,
multiplexers, decoders, PROMs and PLAs. Sequential circuits : latches and flip-flops,
counters and shift-registers. Sample and hold circuits, ADCs, DACs. Semiconductor memories.
Microprocessor(8085): architecture, programming, memory and I/O interfacing.
IES Electronics & Telecommunication
Transistor as a switching element ; Simplification of Boolean functions, Karnaguh map
, Boolean algebra, and applications; IC logic families : DTL, ECL, TTL, NMOS, CMOS
and PMOS gates and their comparison; Full adder , Half adder; IC Logic gates and their
characteristics; Digital comparator; Multiplexer Demultiplexer; Flip flops. J-K, R-S, T and
D flip-flops; Combinational logic Circuits; Different types of registers and counters Waveform
generators. Semiconductor memories.A/D and D/A converters. ROM an their applications.
**********
Contents
Chap 1 Number System and Codes
1.1
Introduction 1
1.2
1.2.1
1.2.2
2
2
1.3
Number Systems
1.3.1
1.3.2
1.3.3
1.3.4
1.4
1.4.1
1.4.2
1.4.3
1.4.4
1.4.5
1.4.6
1.4.7
1.4.8
Decimal-to-Binary Conversion
5
Decimal-to-Octal Conversion
6
Decimal-to-Hexadecimal Conversion
7
Octal-to-Binary conversion 7
Binary-to-Octal Conversion 7
Hexadecimal-to-Binary Conversion 8
Binary-to-Hexadecimal Conversion 8
Hexadecimal-to-Octal and Octal-to-Hexadecimal Conversion 8
1.5.1
1.5.2
1.5.3
1.5.4
Binary
Binary
Binary
Binary
Addition
9
Subtraction
Multiplication
Division
9
9
9
1.6
Complements of Numbers
1.7
1.7.1
1.7.2
1.7.3
1.8
Sign-Magnitude Representation
1s Complement Representation
2s Complement Representation
13
1.8.1
1.8.2
1.8.3
1.8.4
13
13
14
15
1.9.1
1.9.2
11
11
11
12
1.10
10
15
Octal Arithmetic
16
16
16
15
15
1.11
Decimal Arithmetic
17
17
18
20
21
21
1.15
22
1.16
Gray Code
23
25
Exercise 1.2
31
Exercise 1.3
33
solutions 1.1
41
solutions 1.2
53
Solutions 1.3
58
23
24
24
Introduction 63
2.2.1
2.2.2
Logic Levels
Truth Table
63
63
64
2.3.1
2.3.2
2.3.3
2.4
2.5
66
2.4.1
2.4.2
2.4.3
2.4.4
2.4.5
2.4.6
2.4.7
2.4.8
2.4.9
2.4.10
2.4.11
2.4.12
2.4.13
68
Complementation Laws
66
AND Laws
66
OR Laws 66
Commutative Laws
67
Associative Laws 67
Distributive Law 67
Redundant Literal Rule
67
Idempotent Law
67
Absorption Law
67
Consensus Theorem
67
Transposition Theorem
68
De Morgans Theorem
68
Shannons Expansion Theorem
64
65
2.5.1
69
68
2.5.2
2.5.3
2.6
Logic Gates
2.6.1
2.6.2
2.7
70
75
75
77
2.9.1
2.9.2
2.10
69
69
Logic Levels
70
Types of Logic Gates
Universal Gate
2.7.1
2.7.2
2.8
Principal of Duality
69
Relation Between Complement and Dual
79
80
80
84
Exercise 2.2
105
Exercise 2.3
107
Solutions 2.1
117
Solutions 2.2
144
Solutions 2.3
148
82
82
Introduction 155
3.2
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.3
Sum-of-Products (SOP)
Product-of-Sum (POS)
158
155
156
156
159
161
3.7
3.8
3.8.1
3.8.2
3.8.3
3.9
Plotting a K-map
3.9.1
3.9.2
3.9.3
162
Structure of K-map
163
Another Structure of K-map
Cell Adjacency
165
165
166
160
162
3.10
3.10.1
3.10.2
3.10.3
3.10.4
166
3.11
3.12
3.13
3.14
166
170
171
3.16
Exercise 3.1
173
Exercise 3.2
186
Exercise 3.3
188
solutions 3.1
192
solutions 3.2
223
Solutions 3.3
228
171
Introduction 231
4.2
231
4.3.1 Half-Adder
4.3.2 Full-Adder
232
233
237
4.6
238
4.6.1
4.6.2
4.6.3
238
239
239
4.7
Carry Generation
Carry Propagation
Look Ahead Expressions
Serial Adder
240
4.8.1
4.8.2
241
242
4.9.1
4.9.2
4.9.3
4.9.4
4.10
2-to-1 Multiplexer
245
4-to-1 Multiplexer
245
Implementation of Higher Order Multiplexers using Lower Order Multiplexers
Applications of Multiplexers
247
Demultiplexer
247
248
249
247
Decoder 251
253
Priority Encoders
256
4.14
Code Converters
257
4.15
Parity Generator
259
262
Exercise 4.2
281
Exercise 4.3
284
solutions 4.1
291
solutions 4.2
314
Solutions 4.3
318
252
253
253
254
260
260
Introduction 323
5.2
5.3
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.4
5.4.1
5.4.2
5.5 Flip-Flops
5.5.1
5.5.2
5.5.3
5.5.4
5.6
324
327
S-R Flip-Flop
D-Flip Flop
J-K Flip-Flop
T Flip-Flop
327
328
329
331
Triggering of Flip-Flops
5.6.1
5.6.2
5.6.3
5.6.4
5.6.5
5.6.6
325
326
332
Level Triggering
332
Edge Triggering
332
Edge Triggered S - R Flip Flop
Edge Triggered D Flip-Flop
Edge Triggered J - K Flip-Flop
Edge Triggered T -Flip-Flop
334
336
337
339
5.7
5.8
Application of Flip-FLops
5.9
Register
5.9.1
5.9.2
343
Buffer Register
Shift Register
343
344
342
324
250
5.9.3
5.10
345
Counter 345
348
349
Exercise 5.1
352
Exercise 5.2
369
Exercise 5.3
372
solutions 5.1
383
solutions 5.2
402
Solutions 5.3
407
345
346
348
Introduction 413
6.2
6.3
6.4
416
418
6.4.1
6.4.2
6.5
413
Circuit Operation
418
Drawbacks of RTL Family 418
6.5.1
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.8.1
6.8.2
6.8.3
Totem-pole Output
Open-collector Output
Tri-state Output 423
419
421
422
422
423
6.9
TTL Subfamilies
424
6.10
425
428
427
6.12.1
6.12.2
6.12.3
6.12.4
6.13
NMOS Inverter
430
NMOS NAND Gate
431
NMOS NOR Gate
432
Characteristics of MOS Logic
433
6.13.1
6.13.2
6.13.3
6.13.4
6.13.5
6.14
429
429
CMOS Inverter
434
CMOS NAND Gate
434
CMOS NOR Gate
435
Characteristics of CMOS Logic
436
Advantages and Disadvantages of CMOS Logic
Exercise 6.1
439
Exercise 6.2
455
Exercise 6.3
458
solutions 6.1
465
solutions 6.2
485
Solutions 6.3
490
437
437
Introduction 495
7.2
7.2.1
7.3
DAC circuits
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.4
7.5
496
496
497
497
7.4.1
7.4.2
7.4.3
499
Sample-and-hold circuit
498
Quantization and Encoding
Parameters of ADC
499
AdC circuits
500
Astable multivibrator
7.6.1
7.6.2
7.6.3
7.7
495
496
Analog-to-digital converter
7.5.1
7.5.2
7.5.3
7.5.4
7.6
Parameters of DAC
503
504
507
507
7.7.1
7.7.2
508
510
433
7.8
Schmitt trigger
7.8.1
7.8.2
511
Exercise 7.1
515
Exercise 7.2
532
Exercise 7.3
535
Solutions 7.1
541
Solutions 7.2
564
Solutions 7.3
568
512
513
chapter 8 Microprocessor
8.1
Introduction 571
8.2 Microcomputer
571
Microprocessor operation
572
572
573
Microprocessor architecture
8.6
573
573
574
574
8.5.1
8.5.2
8.5.3
8.5.4
8.5.5
576
Instruction set
8.6.1
8.6.2
8.6.3
8.6.4
8.6.5
577
Exercise 8.1
589
Exercise 8.2
602
Exercise 8.3
605
Solutions 8.1
609
Solutions 8.2
621
Solutions 8.3
625
577
***********
Eighth Edition
GATE
RK Kanodia
Ashish Murolia
Acknowledgements
We would like to express our sincere thanks to all the co-authors, editors, and reviewers for their efforts in
making this project successful. We would also like to thank Team NODIA for providing professional support for
this project through all phases of its development. At last, we express our gratitude to God and our Family for
providing moral support and motivation.
We wish you good luck !
R. K. Kanodia
Ashish Murolia
Syllabus
GATE Electronics & Communications:
Definitions and properties of Laplace transform, continuous-time and discrete-time Fourier series, continuous-time
and discrete-time Fourier Transform, DFT and FFT, z-transform. Sampling theorem. Linear Time-Invariant (LTI)
Systems: definitions and properties; causality, stability, impulse response, convolution, poles and zeros, parallel and
cascade structure, frequency response, group delay, phase delay. Signal transmission through LTI systems.
Contents
Chapter 1
1.1
1.2
Signal-classification
1.2.1
1.2.2
1.2.3
1.2.4
1.2.5
1.4
1.5.1
1.5.2
1.5.3
1.5.4
1.5.5
1.5.6
1.5.7
1.6
Exercise 1.1
16
Exercise 1.2
41
Exercise 1.3
44
Exercise 1.4
49
solutions 1.1
56
solutions 1.2
79
Solutions 1.3
84
Solutions 1.4
85
13
15
Chapter 2
2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5
2.1.6
2.2
93
2.2.1
2.2.2
95
95
2.3
2.4
2.4.1
2.4.2
2.4.3
2.4.4
2.5
100
101
2.5.1
2.5.2
103
103
2.6.1 Cross-Correlation
103
2.6.2 Auto-Correlation
105
2.6.3 Correlation and Convolution
2.7
2.7.1
2.7.2
2.7.3
114
Exercise 2.2
133
Exercise 2.3
135
Exercise 2.4
138
Solutions 2.1
149
Solutions 2.2
179
Solutions 2.3
186
Solutions 2.4
187
chapter 3
3.1
109
112
3.1.1
203
110
111
109
101
94
3.2
Signal Classification
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.2.3
204
3.3.1
3.3.2
3.3.3
3.3.4
3.3.5
3.3.6
3.3.7
3.4
3.5.1
3.5.2
3.5.3
3.5.4
3.5.5
3.5.6
Exercise 3.2
241
Exercise 3.3
244
Exercise 3.4
247
solutions 3.1
249
solutions 3.2
273
Solutions 3.3
281
Solutions 3.4
282
chapter 4
212
212
213
213
214
214
4.2.1
4.2.2
4.3
211
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3
4.1.4
4.1.5
4.1.6
4.2
210
Exercise 3.1
4.1
207
Addition of DT Signals
208
Multiplication of DT Signal
208
Amplitude scaling of DT Signals
208
Time-Scaling of DT Signals
208
Time-Shifting of DT Signals
209
Time-Reversal (folding) of DT signals
Inverted DT Signals
211
3.6
204
292
287
286
215
4.4
4.4.1
4.4.2
4.4.3
4.4.4
4.4.5
4.5
293
293
294
4.5.1
4.5.2
Systems in Parallel
System in Cascade
295
295
295
4.6.1
4.6.2
4.6.3
4.6.4
4.6.5
Cross-Correlation
296
Auto-Correlation
296
Properties of Correlation
297
Relationship Between Correlation and Convolution 299
Methods to Solve Correlation 299
4.8.1
4.8.2
4.8.3
304
Exercise 4.2
317
Exercise 4.3
320
Exercise 4.4
323
solutions 4.1
329
solutions 4.2
353
Solutions 4.3
361
Solutions 4.4
362
chapter 5
300
301
303
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.2
5.3
Region of Convergence
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.4
375
375
376
376
5.4.1
5.4.2
292
5.5
5.5.1
5.5.2
5.5.3
5.5.4
5.5.5
5.5.6
5.5.7
5.5.8
5.5.9
5.5.10
5.5.11
5.5.12
5.5.13
5.6
386
5.6.1
5.6.2
5.7
Linearity 384
Time Scaling
384
Time Shifting
385
Shifting in the s -domain(Frequency Shifting)
Time Differentiation
386
Time Integration
387
Differentiation in the s -domain
388
Conjugation Property 389
Time Convolution
389
s -Domain Convolution 390
Initial value Theorem 390
Final Value Theorem
391
Time Reversal Property 391
Response of LTI Continuous Time System
Impulse Response and Transfer Function
393
394
393
5.8.1
5.8.2
5.8.3
Parallel Connection
Cascaded Connection
Feedback Connection
395
395
396
396
5.9.1
5.9.2
5.9.3
5.9.4
Exercise 5.1
404
Exercise 5.2
417
Exercise 5.3
422
Exercise 5.4
426
solutions 5.1
442
solutions 5.2
461
Solutions 5.3
473
Solutions 5.4
474
chapter 6
397
399
THE Z-TRANSFORM
6.1.1
397
394
6.1.2
z -Transform 494
6.2
Existence of
6.3
Region of Convergence
6.3.1
6.3.2
6.4
6.5
503
z -Transform 503
Linearity 503
Time Shifting
504
Time Reversal
505
Differentiation in the z -domain
Scaling in z -Domain 506
Time Scaling
506
Time Differencing
507
Time Convolution
508
Conjugation Property 508
Initial Value Theorem 509
Final Value Theorem
509
6.6.1
6.6.2
6.7
z -Transform 500
Properties of
6.5.1
6.5.2
6.5.3
6.5.4
6.5.5
6.5.6
6.5.7
6.5.8
6.5.9
6.5.10
6.5.11
6.6
The Inverse
6.4.1
6.4.2
494
506
z -Transform 511
511
512
6.7.1 Causality
513
6.7.2 Stability 513
6.7.3 Stability and Causality 514
6.8 Block Diagram Representation
6.8.1
6.8.2
6.8.3
6.8.4
6.9
Relationship Between
Exercise 6.1
520
Exercise 6.2
536
Exercise 6.3
538
Exercise 6.4
541
solutions 6.1
554
solutions 6.2
580
Solutions 6.3
586
Solutions 6.4
587
514
515
516
z -Transform 513
chapter 7
7.1
Definition 607
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.3
7.4
Linearity 612
Time Shifting
612
Conjugation and Conjugate Symmetry
Time Scaling
613
Differentiation in Time-Domain
614
Integration in Time-Domain
614
Differentiation in Frequency Domain 615
Frequency Shifting
615
Duality Property
615
Time Convolution
616
Frequency Convolution 616
Area Under x (t)
617
7.3.13
7.3.14
7.3.15
7.3.16
612
618
619
Exercise 7.1
622
Exercise 7.2
634
Exercise 7.3
641
Exercise 7.4
645
Solutions 7.1
658
Solutions 7.2
672
Solutions 7.3
688
Solutions 7.4
689
chapter 8
8.1
610
611
612
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4
7.3.5
7.3.6
7.3.7
7.3.8
7.3.9
7.3.10
7.3.11
7.3.12
7.4.1
7.4.2
7.5
608
Definition 705
621
620
8.1.1
8.1.2
8.1.3
705
8.2
8.3
8.3.1
8.3.2
8.3.3
8.3.4
8.3.5
8.3.6
8.3.7
8.3.8
8.3.9
8.3.10
8.3.11
8.3.12
8.3.13
8.4
706
Linearity
707
Periodicity
707
Time Shifting
708
Frequency Shifting
708
Time Reversal
708
Time Scaling
709
Differentiation in Frequency Domain 710
Conjugation and Conjugate Symmetry
Convolution in Time Domain 711
Convolution in Frequency Domain
Time Differencing
712
Time Accumulation
712
Parsevals Theorem
713
Transfer Function & Impulse Response
Response of LTI DT system using DTFT
711
8.6
8.6.1
Exercise 8.2
735
Exercise 8.3
739
Exercise 8.4
742
solutions 8.1
746
solutions 8.2
760
Solutions 8.3
769
716
716
714
714
715
Properties of DFT
714
z -Transform 715
8.5
8.7
710
8.4.1
8.4.2
707
722
717
Solutions 8.4
chapter 9
9.1
770
Introduction to CTFS
9.1.1
9.1.2
9.1.3
775
775
778
9.2
780
9.3
783
9.4
9.5
9.5.1
9.5.2
9.6
787
787
787
Exercise 9.1
790
Exercise 9.2
804
Exercise 9.3
806
Exercise 9.4
811
solutions 9.1
824
solutions 9.2
840
Solutions 9.3
844
Solutions 9.4
845
861
861
862
862
861
788
870
Exercise 10.2
880
Exercise 10.3
882
Exercise 10.4
884
solutions 10.1
886
solutions 10.2
898
Solutions 10.3
903
Solutions 10.4
904
864
905
905
907
908
911
Exercise 11.2
919
Exercise 11.3
922
Exercise 11.4
925
solutions 11.1
928
solutions 11.2
937
Solutions 11.3
941
Solutions 11.4
942
909
***********
GATE
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION
Vol 8 of 10
Eighth Edition
GATE
Control Systems
Vol 8 of 10
RK Kanodia
Ashish Murolia
To Our Parents
Acknowledgements
We would like to express our sincere thanks to all the co-authors, editors, and reviewers for their efforts in
making this project successful. We would also like to thank Team NODIA for providing professional support for
this project through all phases of its development. At last, we express our gratitude to God and our Family for
providing moral support and motivation.
We wish you good luck !
R. K. Kanodia
Ashish Murolia
Syllabus
GENERAL ABILITY
Verbal Ability : English grammar, sentence completion, verbal analogies, word groups, instructions, critical
reasoning and verbal deduction.
Numerical Ability : Numerical computation, numerical estimation, numerical reasoning and data interpretation.
Engineering Mathematics
Linear Algebra : Matrix Algebra, Systems of linear equations, Eigen values and eigen vectors.
Calculus : Mean value theorems, Theorems of integral calculus, Evaluation of definite and improper integrals, Partial
Derivatives, Maxima and minima, Multiple integrals, Fourier series. Vector identities, Directional derivatives, Line,
Surface and Volume integrals, Stokes, Gauss and Greens theorems.
Differential equations : First order equation (linear and nonlinear), Higher order linear differential equations with
constant coefficients, Method of variation of parameters, Cauchys and Eulers equations, Initial and boundary
value problems, Partial Differential Equations and variable separable method.
Complex variables : Analytic functions, Cauchys integral theorem and integral formula, Taylors and Laurent
series, Residue theorem, solution integrals.
Probability and Statistics : Sampling theorems, Conditional probability, Mean, median, mode and standard
deviation, Random variables, Discrete and continuous distributions, Poisson, Normal and Binomial distribution,
Correlation and regression analysis.
Numerical Methods : Solutions of non-linear algebraic equations, single and multi-step methods for differential
equations.
Transform Theory : Fourier transform, Laplace transform, Z-transform.
Electronics and Communication Engineering
Networks : Network graphs: matrices associated with graphs; incidence, fundamental cut set and fundamental
circuit matrices. Solution methods: nodal and mesh analysis. Network theorems: superposition, Thevenin and
Nortons maximum power transfer, Wye-Delta transformation. Steady state sinusoidal analysis using phasors.
Linear constant coefficient differential equations; time domain analysis of simple RLC circuits, Solution of network
equations using Laplace transform: frequency domain analysis of RLC circuits. 2-port network parameters: driving
point and transfer functions. State equations for networks.
Electronic Devices : Energy bands in silicon, intrinsic and extrinsic silicon. Carrier transport in silicon: diffusion
current, drift current, mobility, and resistivity. Generation and recombination of carriers. p-n junction diode,
Zener diode, tunnel diode, BJT, JFET, MOS capacitor, MOSFET, LED, p-I-n and avalanche photo diode, Basics
of LASERs. Device technology: integrated circuits fabrication process, oxidation, diffusion, ion implantation,
photolithography, n-tub, p-tub and twin-tub CMOS process.
Analog Circuits : Small Signal Equivalent circuits of diodes, BJTs, MOSFETs and analog CMOS. Simple diode
circuits, clipping, clamping, rectifier. Biasing and bias stability of transistor and FET amplifiers. Amplifiers: singleand multi-stage, differential and operational, feedback, and power. Frequency response of amplifiers. Simple opamp circuits. Filters. Sinusoidal oscillators; criterion for oscillation; single-transistor and op-amp configurations.
Function generators and wave-shaping circuits, 555 Timers. Power supplies.
Digital circuits : Boolean algebra, minimization of Boolean functions; logic gates; digital IC families (DTL, TTL,
ECL, MOS, CMOS). Combinatorial circuits: arithmetic circuits, code converters, multiplexers, decoders, PROMs
and PLAs. Sequential circuits: latches and flip-flops, counters and shift-registers. Sample and hold circuits, ADCs,
DACs. Semiconductor memories. Microprocessor(8085): architecture, programming, memory and I/O interfacing.
Signals and Systems : Definitions and properties of Laplace transform, continuous-time and discrete-time Fourier
series, continuous-time and discrete-time Fourier Transform, DFT and FFT, z-transform. Sampling theorem.
Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) Systems: definitions and properties; causality, stability, impulse response, convolution,
poles and zeros, parallel and cascade structure, frequency response, group delay, phase delay. Signal transmission
through LTI systems.
Control Systems : Basic control system components; block diagrammatic description, reduction of block diagrams.
Open loop and closed loop (feedback) systems and stability analysis of these systems. Signal flow graphs and their
use in determining transfer functions of systems; transient and steady state analysis of LTI control systems and
frequency response. Tools and techniques for LTI control system analysis: root loci, Routh-Hurwitz criterion, Bode
and Nyquist plots. Control system compensators: elements of lead and lag compensation, elements of ProportionalIntegral-Derivative (PID) control. State variable representation and solution of state equation of LTI control
systems.
Communications : Random signals and noise: probability, random variables, probability density function,
autocorrelation, power spectral density. Analog communication systems: amplitude and angle modulation and
demodulation systems, spectral analysis of these operations, superheterodyne receivers; elements of hardware,
realizations of analog communication systems; signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) calculations for amplitude modulation
(AM) and frequency modulation (FM) for low noise conditions. Fundamentals of information theory and channel
capacity theorem. Digital communication systems: pulse code modulation (PCM), differential pulse code modulation
(DPCM), digital modulation schemes: amplitude, phase and frequency shift keying schemes (ASK, PSK, FSK),
matched filter receivers, bandwidth consideration and probability of error calculations for these schemes. Basics of
TDMA, FDMA and CDMA and GSM.
Electromagnetics : Elements of vector calculus: divergence and curl; Gauss and Stokes theorems, Maxwells
equations: differential and integral forms. Wave equation, Poynting vector. Plane waves: propagation through various
media; reflection and refraction; phase and group velocity; skin depth. Transmission lines: characteristic impedance;
impedance transformation; Smith chart; impedance matching; S parameters, pulse excitation. Waveguides: modes
in rectangular waveguides; boundary conditions; cut-off frequencies; dispersion relations. Basics of propagation in
dielectric waveguide and optical fibers. Basics of Antennas: Dipole antennas; radiation pattern; antenna gain.
**********
Syllabus
**********
Contents
Chapter 1
Transfer Functions
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2
1.3
Control System
1.2.1
1.2.2
1.4.1
Basic Formulation
1.4.2
1.4.3
1.5.1
5
5
1.6.1
1.6.2
1.6.3
Exercise 1.1
12
Exercise 1.2
33
Exercise 1.3
37
solutions 1.1 45
solutions 1.2 86
Solutions 1.3 93
Chapter 2
Stability
2.1 Introduction 99
2.2
Transfer function 3
1.6
2.3 Stability 99
99
10
10
2.3.1
2.3.2
2.3.3
100
100
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.5.1
Routh-Hurwitz Criterion
2.5.2
Nyquist Criterion
2.5.3
99
100
103
103
2.6.1
Rouths Tabulation
2.6.2
2.6.3
Exercise 2.1
106
Exercise 2.2
115
Exercise 2.3
120
103
chapter 3
Time Response
3.4
3.3.1
3.3.2
176
3.3.3
177
3.3.4
3.4.1
3.5
175
178
179
180
3.5.1
3.5.2
183
3.5.3
184
175
3.6
3.7
3.8 Sensitivity
Exercise 3.1
187
Exercise 3.2
198
Exercise 3.3
208
184
185
185
chapter 4
Root locus
287
4.2.1
287
4.2.2
288
4.3
4.4
4.5
Root sensitivity
Exercise 4.1
292
Exercise 4.2
310
Exercise 4.3
314
289
291
5.3
369
5.2.1
5.2.2
5.2.3
Polar plot
372
370
370
371
5.4.1
5.4.2
5.4.3
373
5.6
372
375
5.5.1
375
5.5.2
5.5.3
376
5.6.1
Pole-Zero Pattern
377
5.6.2
5.7
5.8
378
379
5.8.1
379
5.8.2
380
5.8.3
5.9.1
M -Circles
381
5.9.2
N -Circles
382
383
Exercise 5.1
384
Exercise 5.2
406
Exercise 5.3
411
chapter 6
376
6.3.1
Proportional Controller
492
6.3.2
381
6.4
6.3.3
6.3.4
6.3.5
Compensators
Lead Compensator
6.4.2
Lag Compensator
501
6.4.3
Lag-Lead compensator
502
505
Exercise 6.2
515
Exercise 6.3
517
496
497
498
6.4.1
Exercise 6.1
495
498
chapter 7
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
559
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
Comparison between Transfer Function Approach and State Variable Approach 561
State-space representation
560
561
7.3.1
7.3.2
563
7.4.1
7.4.2
565
7.5.1
Characteristic Equation
7.5.2
Eigen Values
565
7.5.3
Eigen Vectors
566
7.5.4
Similarity transformation
7.6.1
565
566
562
566
563
7.7
566
Output Controllability
567
568
7.9
7.9.1
568
7.9.2
569
Exercise 7.1
571
Exercise 7.2
599
Exercise 7.3
601
***********
Eighth Edition
GATE
Communication Systems
Vol 9 of 10
Acknowledgements
We would like to express our sincere thanks to all the co-authors, editors, and reviewers for their efforts in
making this project successful. We would also like to thank Team NODIA for providing professional support for
this project through all phases of its development. At last, we express our gratitude to God and our Family for
providing moral support and motivation.
We wish you good luck !
R. K. Kanodia
Ashish Murolia
Syllabus
GATE Electronics & Communications:
Random signals and noise: probability, random variables, probability density function, autocorrelation, power spectral density. Analog
communication systems: amplitude and angle modulation and demodulation systems, spectral analysis of these operations, superheterodyne
receivers; elements of hardware, realizations of analog communication systems; signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) calculations for amplitude
modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM) for low noise conditions. Fundamentals of information theory and channel capacity
theorem. Digital communication systems: pulse code modulation (PCM), differential pulse code modulation (DPCM), digital modulation
schemes: amplitude, phase and frequency shift keying schemes (ASK, PSK, FSK), matched filter receivers, bandwidth consideration and
probability of error calculations for these schemes. Basics of TDMA, FDMA and CDMA and GSM.
GATE Instrumentation
Signals, Systems and Communications: Periodic and aperiodic signals. Impulse response, transfer function and frequency response of firstand second order systems. Convolution, correlation and characteristics of linear time invariant systems. Discrete time system, impulse
and frequency response. Pulse transfer function. IIR and FIR filters. Amplitude and frequency modulation and demodulation. Sampling
theorem, pulse code modulation. Frequency and time division multiplexing. Amplitude shift keying, frequency shift keying and pulse shift
keying for digital modulation.
IES Electrical
Communication Systems Types of modulation; AM, FM and PM. Demodulators. Noise and bandwidth
considerations. Digital communication systems. Pulse code modulation and demodulation. Elements of sound
and vision broadcasting. Carrier communication. Frequency division and time division multiplexing, Telemetry
system in power engineering.
Contents
Chapter 1
Random Variable
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2
Probability
Random Variable 2
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.6.3 Variance
4
5
1.6.7 Covariance 6
1.6.8 Correlation Coefficient
1.7
1.7.3
Gaussian Distribution
11
Exercise 1.2
26
Exercise 1.3
33
solutions 1.1
34
solutions 1.2
61
Solutions 1.3
81
Chapter 2
10
Random process
2.1 Introduction 82
2.2
Random process
82
83
83
84
84
85
2.4
Ergodic Process 85
2.5
2.6
86
87
87
88
2.7
88
2.8
Linear System
Exercise 2.1
90
Exercise 2.2
100
Exercise 2.3
106
solutions 2.1
107
solutions 2.2
128
Solutions 2.3
148
87
89
chapter 3 noise
3.1 Introduction 149
3.2
3.2.1
External Noise
149
149
151
3.4
152
152
153
3.4.4 Relation Between Effective Noise Temperature and Noise Figure 154
3.4.5 Noise Characterization of Cascaded Linear Devices 154
3.4.6 Attenuator Noise Temperature and Noise Figure
3.5
White Noise
3.6
Narrowband Noise
156
156
157
Exercise 3.1
159
Exercise 3.2
168
Exercise 3.3
174
solutions 3.1
177
solutions 3.2
193
Solutions 3.3
211
chapter 4
155
Amplitude Modulation
156
Amplitude Modulation
213
214
214
215
Modulation Efficiency
216
217
219
220
220
221
222
222
222
223
223
221
SSB-SC AM Signal
224
224
225
225
Noise in AM System
227
227
228
230
Exercise 4.2
242
Exercise 4.3
248
solutions 4.1
253
solutions 4.2
279
Solutions 4.3
296
chapter 5
228
Angle Modulation
Angle Modulation
299
5.3
300
300
300
5.4
Modulation Index
300
5.5
301
302
302
5.6
5.7
5.7.1 Narrowband FM
303
5.7.2
303
Wideband FM
303
Superheterodyne Receiver
Exercise 5.1
306
Exercise 5.2
318
Exercise 5.3
324
solutions 5.1
329
solutions 5.2
352
Solutions 5.3
368
303
305
Sampling Process
371
372
6.4
372
373
373
374
374
6.5.1 Sampling
376
6.5.2 Quantization
376
6.5.3 Encoding
377
6.6
6.7
378
378
378
380
6.9
Delta Modulation
380
381
Multilevel signaling
381
383
383
383
384
383
383
384
386
Exercise 6.2
395
Exercise 6.3
401
solutions 6.1
407
solutions 6.2
427
Solutions 6.3
446
Information
449
Information Rate
7.5
Source Coding
450
451
452
452
452
452
Shannon-fano coding
453
451
452
453
454
454
455
455
457
Exercise 7.2
466
Exercise 7.3
471
Solutions 7.1
473
Solutions 7.2
491
Solutions 7.3
507
chapter 8
456
510
8.4
510
510
512
512
454
8.5
8.6
513
514
514
8.6.1 Relations between Bit and Symbol Characteristics for Multilevel Signaling
8.6.2 M-ary Phase Shift Keying (MPSK) 515
8.6.3 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
516
517
8.7
8.8
520
Exercise 8.2
527
Exercise 8.3
531
solutions 8.1
534
solutions 8.2
548
Solutions 8.3
559
chapter 9
Spread spectrum
561
562
562
562
562
562
563
563
563
564
564
9.6
565
9.7
565
567
Exercise 9.2
572
Exercise 9.3
576
solutions 9.1
578
solutions 9.2
587
Solutions 9.3
597
563
565
564
518
515
Eighth Edition
GATE
Electromagnetics
Vol 10 of 10
RK Kanodia
Ashish Murolia
To Our Parents
Acknowledgements
We would like to express our sincere thanks to all the co-authors, editors, and reviewers for their efforts in
making this project successful. We would also like to thank Team NODIA for providing professional support for
this project through all phases of its development. At last, we express our gratitude to God and our Family for
providing moral support and motivation.
We wish you good luck !
R. K. Kanodia
Ashish Murolia
Syllabus
Electromagnetics :
Elements of vector calculus: divergence and curl; Gauss and Stokes theorems, Maxwells equations: differential
and integral forms. Wave equation, Poynting vector. Plane waves: propagation through various media; reflection
and refraction; phase and group velocity; skin depth. Transmission lines: characteristic impedance; impedance
transformation; Smith chart; impedance matching; S parameters, pulse excitation. Waveguides: modes in rectangular
waveguides; boundary conditions; cut-off frequencies; dispersion relations. Basics of propagation in dielectric
waveguide and optical fibers. Basics of Antennas: Dipole antennas; radiation pattern; antenna gain.
IES Electrical
EM Theory
Electric and magnetic fields. Gausss Law and Amperes Law. Fields in dielectrics, conductors and magnetic
materials. Maxwells equations. Time varying fields. Plane-Wave propagating in dielectric and conducting media.
Transmission lines.
**********
Contents
1.2.1
Representation of a Vector
1.2.2
Unit Vector
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.3.1
Scaling of a Vector
1.3.2
Addition of Vectors
1.3.3
Position Vector
1.3.4
Distance Vector
MULTIPLICATION OF VECTORS 3
1.4.1
Scalar Product
1.4.2
1.4.3
Triple Product
1.4.4
COORDINATE SYSTEMS
3
4
5
6
1.5.1
1.5.2
1.5.3
11
1.6.1
Coordinate Conversion
11
1.6.2
1.6.3
Transformation of a Vector
12
13
1.7.1
13
1.7.2
13
1.7.3
13
1.8
INTEGRAL CALCULUS
13
1.9
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
14
1.9.1
Gradient of a Scalar
14
1.9.2
Divergence of a Vector
15
1.9.3
Curl of a Vector
15
1.9.4
Laplacian Operator
16
11
17
17
17
17
Exercise 1.1
18
Exercise 1.2
25
Exercise 1.3
29
Exercise 1.4
31
solutions 1.1
35
solutions 1.2
50
Solutions 1.3
61
Solutions 1.4
63
Chapter 2
ELECTROSTATIC FIELDS
2.1 Introduction 67
2.2
2.3
2.4
ELECTRIC CHARGE
67
2.2.1
Point Charge
67
2.2.2
Line Charge
67
2.2.3
Surface Charge
67
2.2.4
Volume Charge
68
COULOMBS LAW
68
2.3.1
2.3.2
Principle of Superposition
69
69
2.4.1
2.4.2
70
2.4.3
71
2.5
2.6
GAUSSS LAW
2.6.1
2.7
2.8
2.9
68
71
72
Gaussian Surface
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
69
72
73
2.7.1
Potential Difference
73
2.7.2
Potential Gradient 73
2.7.3
Equipotential Surfaces
73
2.8.1
2.8.2
2.8.3
ELECTRIC DIPOLE
75
74
74
74
2.9.1
2.9.2
2.9.3
Exercise 2.1
76
Exercise 2.2
84
Exercise 2.3
89
Exercise 2.4
91
solutions 2.1
99
solutions 2.2
114
Solutions 2.3
127
Solutions 2.4
129
chapter 3
75
75
75
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
142
3.4.1
Electric Susceptibility
142
3.4.2
Dielectric Constant
142
3.4.3
143
3.5.1
143
3.5.2
144
3.5.3
144
CAPACITOR
144
3.6.1 Capacitance
3.6.2
3.7
141
145
3.7.1
Uniqueness Theorem
Exercise 3.1
147
Exercise 3.2
156
Exercise 3.3
161
Exercise 3.4
163
solutions 3.1
172
solutions 3.2
186
Solutions 3.3
200
Solutions 3.4
201
145
145
142
chapter 4
MAGNETOSTATIC FIELDS
213
4.2.1
Magnetic Flux
213
4.2.2
214
4.2.3
214
4.2.4
Relation between Magnetic Field Intensity (H) and Magnetic Flux Density (B)
214
4.3.1
215
4.3.2
215
4.4
4.5
4.6
216
4.5.1
217
4.5.2
217
4.5.3
4.5.4
4.5.5
MAGNETIC POTENTIAL
219
4.6.2
219
220
Exercise 4.2
226
Exercise 4.3
232
Exercise 4.4
235
solutions 4.1
240
solutions 4.2
254
Solutions 4.3
272
Solutions 4.4
274
chapter 5
217
218
218
218
4.6.1
Exercise 4.1
216
5.3
MAGNETIC FORCES
281
5.2.1
5.2.2
5.2.3
5.2.4
5.2.5
281
282
282
282
282
214
5.4
MAGNETIC TORQUE
5.4.1
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
284
MAGNETIZATION IN MATERIALS
284
284
5.5.1
5.5.2
Relation between Magnetic Field Intensity and Magnetic Flux Density 284
5.5.3
285
285
5.6.1
5.6.2
5.6.3
MAGNETIC ENERGY
5.7.2
Exercise 5.1
289
Exercise 5.2
300
Exercise 5.3
306
Exercise 5.4
308
solutions 5.1
313
solutions 5.2
331
Solutions 5.3
347
Solutions 5.4
349
chapter 6
287
287
287
5.7.1
MAGNETIC CIRCUIT
285
287
287
287
6.2.1
355
6.2.2
356
6.3
6.4
357
6.4.1
6.4.2
6.4.3
6.5 INDUCTANCE
6.6
355
357
357
357
6.5.1
Self Inductance
357
6.5.2
Mutual Inductance
358
6.6.1
6.6.2
359
357
6.6.3
6.7
361
363
6.7.1
6.7.2
6.7.3
Exercise 6.1
365
Exercise 6.2
374
Exercise 6.3
378
Exercise 6.4
381
solutions 6.1
390
solutions 6.2
404
Solutions 6.3
413
Solutions 6.4
416
chapter 7
363
363
364
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
425
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
426
7.4.1
428
7.4.2
7.4.3
7.4.4
7.4.5
Intrinsic Impedance
7.4.6
Loss Tangent
428
429
429
429
429
430
7.5.1
Attenuation Constant
430
7.5.2
Phase Constant
7.5.3
Propagation Constant
7.5.4
7.5.5
Intrinsic Impedance
7.5.6
430
430
431
431
7.6.1
Attenuation Constant
7.6.2
Phase Constant
432
431
431
7.7
7.8
7.9
7.6.3
Propagation Constant
432
7.6.4
7.6.5
Intrinsic Impedance
7.6.6
432
432
7.7.1
Attenuation Constant
433
7.7.2
Phase Constant
7.7.3
Propagation Constant
7.7.4
7.7.5
Intrinsic Impedance
7.7.6
433
433
434
434
7.8.1
Poyntings Theorem
7.8.2
434
434
434
WAVE POLARIZATION
436
7.9.1
Linear Polarization
436
7.9.2
Elliptical Polarization
436
7.9.3
Circular Polarization
436
438
7.11 NORMAL INCIDENCE OF UNIFORM PLANE WAVE AT THE INTERFACE BETWEEN TWO
DIELECTRICS 438
439
439
440
440
7.13 OBLIQUE INCIDENCE OF UNIFORM PLANE WAVE AT THE INTERFACE BETWEEN TWO
DIELECTRICS 440
440
441
442
444
Exercise 7.2
451
Exercise 7.3
454
Exercise 7.4
459
Solutions 7.1
474
Solutions 7.2
489
Solutions 7.3
498
442
442
Solutions 7.4
chapter 8
502
TRANSMISSION LINES
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.2.1
Primary Constants
525
8.2.2
Secondary Constants
526
525
527
8.3.1
8.3.2
Reflection Coefficient
529
8.4.1
529
8.4.2
529
8.4.3
8.4.4
529
529
530
8.5.1
8.5.2
8.5.3
8.6
8.7
SMITH CHART
8.8
528
530
530
530
531
532
8.7.1
532
8.7.2
533
8.7.3
533
534
8.8.1
8.8.2
Bounce Diagram
Exercise 8.1
537
Exercise 8.2
545
Exercise 8.3
549
Exercise 8.4
551
solutions 8.1
567
solutions 8.2
586
Solutions 8.3
597
Solutions 8.4
599
chapter 9
WAVEGUIDES
535
535
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.3.1
TE Mode
624
9.3.2
TM Mode
625
9.3.3
TEM Mode
625
RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDE
623
626
9.4.1
TM Modes
626
9.4.2
TE Modes
628
9.4.3
CIRCULAR WAVEGUIDE
630
9.5.1
TM Modes
631
9.5.2
TE Modes
632
WAVEGUIDE RESONATOR
9.6.1
TM Mode
633
9.6.2
TE Mode
633
9.6.3
Quality Factor
634
Exercise 9.1
635
Exercise 9.2
640
Exercise 9.3
644
Exercise 9.4
646
solutions 9.1
656
solutions 9.2
664
Solutions 9.3
675
Solutions 9.4
677
629
632
687
687
689
689
691
691
692
693
693
694
694
694
695
695
696
696
694
696
697
697
698
698
698
699
700
Exercise 10.1
701
Exercise 10.2
707
Exercise 10.3
710
Exercise 10.4
711
solutions 10.1
719
solutions 10.2
731
Solutions 10.3
740
Solutions 10.4
741
***********
698
CHAPTER 6
6.1
Introduction
Maxwells equations are very popular and they are known as Electromagnetic
Field Equations. The main aim of this chapter is to provide sufficient
background and concepts on Maxwells equations. They include:
Faradays law of electromagnetic induction for three different cases:
time-varying magnetic field, moving conductor with static magnetic
field, and the general case of moving conductor with time-varying
magnetic field.
Lenzs law which gives direction of the induced current in the loop
associated with magnetic flux change.
Concept of self and mutual inductance
Maxwells equations for static and time varying fields in free space and
conductive media in differential and integral form
6.2
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Vemf =
# E : dL ...(6.2)
L
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Page 137
Chap 6
Time Varying Fields and
Maxwell Equations
6.3
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Lenzs law
The negative sign in Faraday equation is due to Lenzs law which states that
the direction of emf induced opposes the cause producing it. To understand the
Lenzs law, consider the two conducting loops placed in magnetic fields with
increasing and decreasing flux densities respectively as shown in Figure 6.1.
(a)
(b)
Figure 6.1: Determination of Direction of Induced Current in a Loop according to Lenzs Law
(a) B in Upward Direction Increasing with Time (b) B in Upward Direction Decreasing
with Time
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6.4
According to Faradays law, for a flux variation through a loop, there will
be induced emf in the loop. The variation of flux with time may be caused
in following three ways:
Vemf =
#E
L
: dL =
# ^u # B h : dL
L
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Page 139
Chap 6
6.5
Inductance
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Suppose a coil with N number of turns carrying current I . Let the current
induces the total magnetic flux passing through the loop of the coil. Thus,
we have
N \ I
or
N = LI
or
L = N
I
where L is a constant of proportionality known as self inductance.
Expression for Induced EMF in terms of Self Inductance
If a variable current i is introduced in the circuit, then magnetic flux linked
with the circuit also varies depending on the current. So, the self-inductance
of the circuit can be written as
L = d ...(6.4)
di
Since, the change in flux through the coil induces an emf in the coil given by
Vemf = d ...(6.5)
dt
So, from equations (6.4) and (6.5), we get
Vemf = L di
dt
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#B
12 =
S1
: dS
We define the mutual inductance M12 as the ratio of the flux linkage on coil
1 to current I2 , i.e.
M12 = N1 12
I2
where N1 is the number turns in coil 1. Similarly, the mutual inductance M21
is defined as the ratio of flux linkage on coil 2 (produced by current in coil
1) to current I1 , i.e.
M21 = N2 21
I1
The unit of mutual inductance is Henry (H). If the medium surrounding
the circuits is linear, then
M12 = M21
.
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6.6
Maxwells Equations
The set of four equations which have become known as Maxwells equations
are those which are developed in the earlier chapters and associated with
them the name of other investigators. These equations describe the sources
and the field vectors in the broad fields to electrostatics, magnetostatics and
electro-magnetic induction.
Page 141
Chap 6
Time Varying Fields and
Maxwell Equations
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#
# D : dS = # dv
S
(Integral form)
# B : dS = 0
(Integral form)
This is the Gauss law for static magnetic fields, which confirms the nonexistence of magnetic monopole. Table 6.1 summarizes the Maxwells
equation for time varying fields.
Table 6.1: Maxwells Equation for Time Varying Field
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1.
2.
3.
Integral form
d # E = 2B
2t
2 B : dS
#
# E : dL =2
t
Faradays law of
electromagnetic
induction
d # H = J + 2D
2t
# H : dL = # cJ +22Dt m : dS
Modified Amperes
circuital law
d : D = v
# D : dS
4.
Name
# dv
Gauss
law
Electrostatics
# B : dS = 0
d:B = 0
of
Gauss law of
Magnetostatic (nonexistence of magnetic
mono-pole)
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1.
2.
3.
4.
d#e = 0
d#h = J
d : D = v
d:B = 0
Name
# E : dL = 0
Faradays
law
of
electromagnetic induction
# H : dL = # J : dS
# D : dS = # dv
# B : dS = 0
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quantities. Using these relations, we can directly obtain the phasor form of
Maxwells equations as described below.
Page 143
Chap 6
Time Varying Fields and
Maxwell Equations
(Differential form)
# E : dL = j # B : dS
s
(Integral form)
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L
# H : dL = # ^J + jD h : dS
L
(Differential form)
(Integral form)
# D : dS = #
S
vs
dv
(Integral form)
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Page 144
Chap 6
Time Varying Fields and
Maxwell Equations
# B : dS = 0
or,
(Integral form)
1.
Integral form
d # Es = jBs
# E : dL = j # B : dS
Faradays law of
electromagnetic induction
# H : dL = # ^J + jD h : dS
Modified
circuital law
2.
4# Hs = Js + jDs
3.
4.
a
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vs
i. n
dv
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# B : dS = 0
d : Bs = 0
6.7
# D : dS
4: Ds = vs
Name
Amperes
Gauss
law
Electrostatics
of
Gauss
law
of
Magnetostatic
(nonexistence of magnetic
mono-pole)
.
w
w
1.
*Shipping Free*
d # e =2B
2t
Integral form
Name
2 B : dS
#
# E : dL =2
t
L
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2.
3.
d # h = 2D
2t
# H : dL = # 22Dt : dS
d:D = 0
# D : dS = 0
# B : dS = 0
4.
d:B = 0
Page 145
Chap 6
Time Varying Fields and
Maxwell Equations
S.N. Differential
Form
1.
Integral Form
Name
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w
d#e = 0
# E : dL = 0
# H : dL = 0
# D : dS = 0
# B : dS = 0
2.
d#h = 0
3.
d:D = 0
4.
d:B = 0
Thus, all the four Maxwells equation vanishes for static fields in free
space.
1.
Integral form
d # Es = jBs
# E : dL = j # B : dS
Faradays
law
of
electromagnetic induction
# H : dL = # jD : dS
Modified
circuital law
# D : dS = 0
# B : dS = 0
2.
d # Hs = jDs
3.
d : Ds = 0
4.
d : Bs = 0
Name
Amperes
**********
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EXERCISE 6.1
Page 146
Chap 6
Time Varying Fields and
Maxwell Equations
MCQ 6.1.1
A perfect conducting sphere of radius r is such that its net charge resides
on the surface. At any time t , magnetic field B (r, t) inside the sphere will be
(A) 0
(B) uniform, independent of r
(C) uniform, independent of t
(D) uniform, independent of both r and t
MCQ 6.1.2
.
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MCQ 6.1.3
Assertion (A) : A small piece of bar magnet takes several seconds to emerge
at bottom when it is dropped down a vertical aluminum pipe where as an
identical unmagnetized piece takes a fraction of second to reach the bottom.
Reason (R) : When the bar magnet is dropped inside a conducting pipe,
force exerted on the magnet by induced eddy current is in upward direction.
(A) Both A and R are true and R is correct explanation of A.
(B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(C) A is true but R is false.
(D) A is false but R is true.
MCQ 6.1.4
Self inductance of a long solenoid having n turns per unit length will be
proportional to
(A) n (B) 1/n
(C) n2 (D) 1/n2
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MCQ 6.1.5
Page 147
Chap 6
Time Varying Fields and
Maxwell Equations
A long straight wire carries a current I = I 0 cos (wt). If the current returns
along a coaxial conducting tube of radius r as shown in figure then magnetic
field and electric field inside the tube will be respectively.
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Assertion (A) : Two coils are wound around a cylindrical core such that the
primary coil has N1 turns and the secondary coils has N2 turns as shown in
figure. If the same flux passes through every turn of both coils then the ratio
of emf induced in the two coils is
Vemf 2 = N2
Vemf 1
N1
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MCQ 6.1.8
MCQ 6.1.9
MCQ 6.1.10
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MCQ 6.1.11
If the loop is pulled away from the straight wire at a velocity of 5 m/s then
the induced e.m.f. in the loop after 0.6 sec will be
(A) 5 volt (B) 2.5 volt
(C) 25 volt (D) 5 mvolt
MCQ 6.1.12
If the loop is pulled downward in the parallel direction to the straight wire,
such that distance between the loop and wire is always 3 m then the induced
e.m.f. in the loop at any time t will be
(A) linearly increasing with t
(B) always 0
(C) linearly decreasing with t
(D) always constant but not zero.
MCQ 6.1.13
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Page 149
Chap 6
Time Varying Fields and
Maxwell Equations
(A) VA = VB (B) VA = VB
(C) VA = RA (D) VA = RA
VB RB
VB
RB
Q 14 and 15 :
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MCQ 6.1.14
If a uniform magnetic field B = 2 Tesla pointing out of the page fills entire
region then the current I flowing in the bar will be
(A) 0 A (B) - 40 A
(C) 4 A (D) - 4 A
MCQ 6.1.15
MCQ 6.1.16
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Page 150
Chap 6
Time Varying Fields and
Maxwell Equations
MCQ 6.1.17
.
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MCQ 6.1.18
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Page 151
Chap 6
Time Varying Fields and
Maxwell Equations
A current filament located on the x -axis in free space with in the interval
0.1 < x < 0.1 m carries current I (t) = 8t A in ax direction. If the retarded
vector potential at point P (0, 0, 2) be A (t) then the plot of A (t) versus time
will be
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Q 21 and 22 :
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MCQ 6.1.22
MCQ 6.1.23
MCQ 6.1.24
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a
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What will be the circulation of the induced electric field around the loop ?
(A) 16 (B) 8
x
x ^x + 2h
x ^x + 2h
8
(C)
(D)
16
x ^x + 2h
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Q 25 to 27 :
MCQ 6.1.25
1 a
(C) - 2 cos ta (D)
2 sin t
MCQ 6.1.26
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MCQ 6.1.28
Magnetic flux density, B = 0.1t az Tesla threads only the loop abcd lying in
the plane xy as shown in the figure.
Page 153
Chap 6
Time Varying Fields and
Maxwell Equations
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V1
V2
V3
(A) 66.7 mV
33.3 mV
66.7 mV
(B) 33.3 mV
66.7 mV
33.3 mV
(C) 66.7 mV
66.7 mV
33.3 mV
(D) 33.3 mV
66.7 mV
66.7 mV
Q 29 and 30 :
MCQ 6.1.29
If the angular velocity, w = 2 rad/ sec then the induced e.m.f. in the loop
will be
(A) 2 sin q V/m (B) 2 cos q V/m
(C) 4 cos q V/m (D) 4 sin q V/m
MCQ 6.1.30
MCQ 6.1.31
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i. n
Q 32 and 33 :
Consider the figure shown below. Let B = 10 cos 120t Wb/m2 and assume
that the magnetic field produced by i (t) is negligible
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MCQ 6.1.32
MCQ 6.1.33
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EXERCISE 6.2
Page 155
Chap 6
QUES 6.2.1
QUES 6.2.2
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QUES 6.2.3
QUES 6.2.4
QUES 6.2.5
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QUES 6.2.6
QUES 6.2.7
A magnetic core of uniform cross section having two coils (Primary and
secondary) wound on it as shown in figure. The no. of turns of primary
coil is 5000 and no. of turns of secondary coil is 3000. If a voltage source of
12 volt is connected across the primary coil then what will be the voltage (in
Volt) across the secondary coil ?
QUES 6.2.8
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QUES 6.2.9
QUES 6.2.10
An infinitely long straight wire with a closed switch S carries a uniform current
I = 4 A as shown in figure. A square loop of side a = 2 m and resistance
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QUES 6.2.11
Page 157
Chap 6
Time Varying Fields and
Maxwell Equations
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QUES 6.2.12
QUES 6.2.13
In a certain region a test charge is moving with an angular velocity 2 rad/ sec
along a circular path of radius 2 m centred at origin in the x -y plane. If
the magnetic flux density in the region isB = 2az Wb/m2 then the electric
field viewed by an observer moving with the test charge is ____ V/m in
a direction.
Q 13 and 14 :
In a non uniform magnetic field B = 8x2 az Tesla , two parallel rails with
a separation of 20 cm and connected with a voltmeter at its one end is
located in x -y plane as shown in figure. The Position of the bar which is
sliding on the rails is given as
x = t ^1 + 0.4t2h
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QUES 6.2.14
QUES 6.2.15
QUES 6.2.16
QUES 6.2.17
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QUES 6.2.19
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EXERCISE 6.3
Page 159
Chap 6
MCQ 6.3.1
Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the codes given
below (Notations have their usual meaning)
List-I
List-II
1.
d : D = rv
Faradays law
2.
d:B = 0
Gausss law
3.
d # E =2B
2t
4.
d # H = J + 2D
2t
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
Codes :
a b c d
(A)
4 3 2 1
(B)
4 1 3 2
(C)
2 3 1 4
(D)
4 3 1 2
MCQ 6.3.2
MCQ 6.3.3
MCQ 6.3.4
A closed surface S defines the boundary line of magnetic medium such that
the field intensity inside it is B . Total outward magnetic flux through the
closed surface will be
(A) B : S
(B) 0
(C) B # S
(D) none of these
MCQ 6.3.5
The total magnetic flux through a conducting loop having electric field
E = 0 inside it will be
(A) 0
(B) constant
(C) varying with time only
(D) varying with time and area of the surface both
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MCQ 6.3.6
MCQ 6.3.7
MCQ 6.3.8
.
w
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o
.c
a
i
d
o
n
i. n
MCQ 6.3.9
MCQ 6.3.10
MCQ 6.3.11
MCQ 6.3.12
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MCQ 6.3.13
MCQ 6.3.14
MCQ 6.3.15
Page 161
Chap 6
Time Varying Fields and
Maxwell Equations
(B) 1
(D) none of these
(A) B = H (B) B = H
MCQ 6.3.17
i. n
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a
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w
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**********
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EXERCISE 6.4
Page 162
Chap 6
Time Varying Fields and
Maxwell Equations
MCQ 6.4.1
GAte 2009
MCQ 6.4.2
GAte 2008
MCQ 6.4.3
GAte 2007
MCQ 6.4.4
GAte 2003
MCQ 6.4.6
GAte 1998
MCQ 6.4.7
Ies ec 2012
MCQ 6.4.8
Ies ec 2011
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i. n
o
.c
a
i
d
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n
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w
w
The unit of d # h is
(A) Ampere
(C) Ampere/meter 2
MCQ 6.4.5
GAte 1998
y
A magnetic field in air is measured to be B = B 0 c 2 x 2 ay 2
ax
x +y
x + y2 m
What current distribution leads to this field ?
[Hint : The algebra is trivial in cylindrical coordinates.]
(A) J = B 0 z c 2 1 2 m, r ! 0 (B) J = B 0 z c 2 2 2 m, r ! 0
0 x + y
0 x + y
(C) J = 0, r ! 0 (D) J = B 0 z c 2 1 2 m, r ! 0
0 x + y
(B) Ampere/meter
(D) Ampere-meter
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MCQ 6.4.9
Ies ec 2011
Assuming that each loop is stationary and time varying magnetic field B
, induces current I , which of the configurations in the figures are correct ?
Page 163
Chap 6
Time Varying Fields and
Maxwell Equations
i. n
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(A) 1, 2, 3 and 4
(C) 2 and 4 only
MCQ 6.4.10
Ies ec 2011
MCQ 6.4.11
ies eC 2009
MCQ 6.4.12
ies eC 2009
MCQ 6.4.13
ies eC 2009
MCQ 6.4.14
ies eC 2009
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Page 164
Chap 6
(A) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of
A.
(B) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation
of A.
(C) A is true but R is false
(D) A is false but R is true
MCQ 6.4.15
ies eC 2007
MCQ 6.4.16
ies eC 2006
MCQ 6.4.17
ies eC 2006
Two conducting thin coils X and Y (identical except for a thin cut in coil
Y ) are placed in a uniform magnetic field which is decreasing at a constant
rate. If the plane of the coils is perpendicular to the field lines, which of the
following statement is correct ? As a result, emf is induced in
(A) both the coils
(B) coil Y only
(C) coil X only
(D) none of the two coils
Assertion (A) : Time varying electric field produces magnetic fields.
Reason (R) : Time varying magnetic field produces electric fields.
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(B) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
(C) A is true but R is false
(D) A is false but R is true
i. n
a
i
d
o
.c
Match List I (Electromagnetic Law) with List II (Different Form) and select
the correct answer using the code given below the lists :
o
n
.
w
w
List-I
List-II
1.
4: D = rv
Faradays law
2.
4: J =2h
2t
c.
Gauss law
3.
4# H = J + 2D
2t
d.
Current
4.
4# E =2B
2t
a.
Amperes law
b.
Codes :
a b c d
(A)
1 2 3 4
(B)
3 4 1 2
(C)
1 4 3 2
(D)
3 2 1 4
MCQ 6.4.18
ies eC 2004
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Two metal rings 1 and 2 are placed in a uniform magnetic field which is
decreasing with time with their planes perpendicular to the field. If the rings
are identical except that ring 2 has a thin air gap in it, which one of the
following statements is correct ?
(A) No e.m.f is induced in ring 1
(B) An e.m.f is induced in both the rings
(C) Equal Joule heating occurs in both the rings
(D) Joule heating does not occur in either ring.
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MCQ 6.4.19
ies eC 2003
Which one of the following Maxwells equations gives the basic idea of
radiation ?
d # H = 2D/2t
d # E = 2B/2t
4 (B)
4
(A)
d # E = 2B/2t
d : D = 2B/2t
d:D = r
d:B = r
3 (D)
(C)
4
d:D = 0
d # H = ^2D/2t h
MCQ 6.4.20
ies eC 2001
(A) d # H = 2D + J (B) d # E = 2H
2t
2t
Page 165
Chap 6
Time Varying Fields and
Maxwell Equations
(C) d : D = r (D) d : B = 0
MCQ 6.4.21
ies eC 2001
Match List I (Maxwell equation) with List II (Description) and select the
correct answer :
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
List I
a.
b.
c.
d.
# B : dS = 0
# D : dS = #v rv dv
B $ dS
# E : dl = # 2
2t
J)
: dS
# H : dl = # 2(D2+
t
List II
1.
2.
The mmf around a closed path is equal to the conduction current plus
the time derivative of the electric displacement current through any
surface bounded by the path.
The emf around a closed path is equal to the time derivative is equal
to the time derivative of the magnetic displacement through any
surface bounded by the path.
3.
4.
The net magnetic flux emerging through any closed surface is zero.
Codes :
a b c d
(A)
1 3 2 4
(B)
4 3 2 1
(C)
4 2 3 1
(D)
1 2 3 4
MCQ 6.4.22
Ies eE 2012
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MCQ 6.4.23
Ies ee 2009
MCQ 6.4.24
Ies ee 2009
MCQ 6.4.25
Ies ee 2009
Magnetic field intensity is h = 3ax + 7yay + 2xaz A/m. What is the current
density J A/m2 ?
(A) - 2ay (B) - 7az
(C) 3ax (D) 12ay
A circular loop placed perpendicular to a uniform sinusoidal magnetic field
of frequency w1 is revolved about an axis through its diameter at an angular
velocity w 2 rad/sec (w 2 < w1) as shown in the figure below. What are the
frequencies for the e.m.f induced in the loop ?
.
w
w
o
.c
a
i
d
o
n
i. n
MCQ 6.4.27
Ies ee 2008
MCQ 6.4.28
Ies ee 2006
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MCQ 6.4.29
Ies ee 2007
Page 167
Chap 6
Time Varying Fields and
Maxwell Equations
i. n
o
c
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a
i
d
o
n
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w
w
w
Which one of the following equations is not Maxwells equation for a static
electromagnetic field in a linear homogeneous medium ?
(A) d : B = 0 (B) d # D = v0
(C) # B : dl = 0 I (D) d2 A = 0 J
c
MCQ 6.4.31
Ies ee 2004
Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the codes given
below :
List I
List II
Continuity equation
1. d H = J + 2D
#
2t
Amperes law
2.
Displacement current
3. d E =2B
#
2t
Faradays law
4.
a
b
J = 2D
2t
2r
d # J = v
2t
Codes :
a b c d
(A)
4 3 2 1
(B)
4 1 2 3
(C)
2 3 4 1
(D)
2 1 4 3
MCQ 6.4.32
Ies ee 2002
The magnetic flux through each turn of a 100 turn coil is (t3 - 2t) milliWebers where t is in seconds. The induced e.m.f at t = 2 s is
(A) 1 V
(B) - 1 V
(C) 0.4 V (D) - 0.4 V
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MCQ 6.4.33
Ies ee 2004
List II
1. d : A = 0
d#A ! 0
b
2. d : A ! 0
d#A = 0
c
d
3. d : A ! 0
4. d : A = 0
Codes :
a b c d
(A)
4 2 3 1
(B)
4 2 1 3
(C)
2 4 3 1
(D)
2 4 1 3
MCQ 6.4.34
Ies ee 2003
o
n
.
w
w
Ies ee 2003
V =
MCQ 6.4.36
Ies ee 2002
# D : ds = #v rdv
MCQ 6.4.35
d#A = 0
i. n
o
.c
a
i
d
d#A ! 0
dfm
dt
#l x : dl = #s (d # x) : ds
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MCQ 6.4.38
Ies ee 2002
Page 169
Chap 6
Time Varying Fields and
Maxwell Equations
For linear isotropic materials, both e and h have the time dependence e jwt
and regions of interest are free of charge. The value of d # h is given by
(A) se (B) je
(C) e + je (D) e - je
Which of the following equations is/are not Maxwells equations(s) ?
2r
(A) d : J = v (B) d : D = rv
2t
(C) d : E =2B (D) # H : dl = # b E + 2E l : ds
2t
2t
s
i. n
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a
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w
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MCQ 6.4.40
Given that d # H = J + 2D
2t
Ies ee 2001
MCQ 6.4.41
Ies ee 2001
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MCQ 6.4.42
Ies ee 2001
Consider coils C1, C2, C 3 and C 4 (shown in the given figures) which are placed
in the time-varying electric field e (t) and electric field produced by the coils
C l2, C l3 and C l4 carrying time varying current I (t) respectively :
i. n
o
.c
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
a.
List II
1. d : D = r
Gausss law
b. Amperes law
2. d E =2B
#
2t
c.
3.
P = E#H
4.
F = q ^E + v # B h
Faradays law
d. Poynting vector
5. d H = J + 2D
#
c
2t
Codes :
a b c d
(A)
1 2 4 3
(B)
3 5 2 1
(C)
1 5 2 3
(D)
3 2 4 1
**********
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solutions 6.1
Page 171
Chap 6
Time Varying Fields and
Maxwell Equations
SOL 6.1.1
SOL 6.1.2
i. n
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w
w
Vab =
# E : dl
a
Thus, the positive terminal of voltage will be a and Vab will be positive.
SOL 6.1.3
Suppose the current I in the magnet flows counter clockwise (viewed from
above) as shown in figure. So near the ends of pipe, its field points upward.
A ring of pipe below the magnet experiences an increasing upward flux as
the magnet approaches and hence by Lenzs law a current will be induced in
it such as to produce downward flux.
Thus, Iind must flow clockwise which is opposite to the current in the magnet.
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Chap 6
Time Varying Fields and
Maxwell Equations
SOL 6.1.4
SOL 6.1.5
o
.c
a
i
d
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n
.
w
w
i. n
F =
# B : dS
= (0 nI) (a2)
where
a " radius of solenoid
Induced emf in a loop placed in a magnetic field is defined as
Vemf = dF
dt
where F is the total magnetic flux passing through the loop. Since the
resistance R is looped over the solenoid so total flux through the loop will
be equal to the total flux through the solenoid and therefore the induced emf
in the loop of resistance will be
Vemf = a2 0 n dI
dt
Since current I flowing in the solenoid is constant so, the induced emf is
Vemf = 0
and therefore the induced current in the loop will be zero.
SOL 6.1.6
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Chap 6
Time Varying Fields and
Maxwell Equations
i. n
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a
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w
w
w
Thus, the ratio of the induced emf in the two loops are
Vemf 2 = N2
Vemf 1
N1
Now, in Reason (R) : a primitive transformer is similar to the cylinder core
carrying wound coils. It is the device in which by choosing the appropriate
no. of turns, any desired secondary emf can be obtained.
So, both the statements are correct but R is not the explanation of A.
SOL 6.1.8
Jd
SOL 6.1.9
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SOL 6.1.10
SOL 6.1.11
F =
o
n
S
o
.c
a
i
d
# B : dS
i. n
I +a 1
(area of the square loop is dS = adr )
= 0
(ad)
2
Ia
+a
= 0 ln b
2
l
The induced emf due to the change in flux (when pulled away) is given as
Ia
+a
Vemf = dF = 0 d ;ln b
2 dt
lE
dt
Ia
d 1 d
Therefore,
Vemf = 0 c 1
2 + a dt dt m
dr
Given
= velocity of loop = 5 m/s
dt
and since the loop is currently located at 3 m distance from the straight
wire, so after 0.6 sec it will be at
r = 3 + (0.6) # v (v " velocity of the loop )
= 3 + 0.6 # 5 = 6 m
(30) # 2 1
1
So,
Vemf = 0 #
: 8 (5) 6 (5)D (a = 2 m, I = 30 A )
2
.
w
w
= 25 # 107 volt = 2.5 volt
SOL 6.1.12
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SOL 6.1.13
Page 175
Chap 6
Time Varying Fields and
Maxwell Equations
Vemf = k
and the current through R1 and R2 will be
Iind = k
R1 + R 2
Now according to Lenzs law the induced current I in a loop flows such as
to produce a magnetic field that opposes the change in B (t).
i.e. the induced current in the loop will be opposite to the direction of
current in solenoid (in anticlockwise direction).
So,
VA = Iind RA = kRA
RA + RB
and
VB = Iind RB = b kRB l
RA + RB
i. n
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a
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w
w
w
SOL 6.1.14
F = B : dS = Blx where l is separation between the
rails
Now the induced emf in a loop placed in magnetic field is defined as
Vemf = dF
dt
where F is the total magnetic flux passing through the loop. Therefore the
induced emf in the square loop is
Vemf = d (Blx) = Bl dx ( F = Blx )
dt
dt
Since from the given figure, we have
l = 5 m
B = 2 T
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Chap 6
Time Varying Fields and
Maxwell Equations
SOL 6.1.15
o
.c
ia
d
o
F =
i. n
= 8ay 6z @50 = 40ay N
i.e. The force exerted on the sliding bar is in opposite direction to the
motion of the sliding bar.
SOL 6.1.16
n
.
w
w
F =
# B : dS
S
= 6 7.5 cos (120pt 30c) az@ (1 # 1) ( az )
= 7.5 cos (120pt 30c)
Now, the induced emf in the square loop is given by
Vemf = dF = 7.5 # 120p sin (120pt 30c)
dt
The polarity of induced emf (according to Lenzs law) will be such that
induced current in the loop will be in opposite direction to the current I (t)
shown in the figure. So we have
I (t) =Vemf
R
(R = 250 + 250 = 500 W)
= 7.5 # 120p sin (120pt 30c)
500
= 5.7 sin (120pt 30c)
SOL 6.1.17
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Page 177
Chap 6
Time Varying Fields and
Maxwell Equations
Solving it we get
i2 = M I1 e^R/Lht for 0 < t < T
L
i. n
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.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
Solving it we get
SOL 6.1.18
F =
# B : dS
S
= B : S = 60.2 cos wtax@ : 60.5 (1 y) ax@
= 0.1 61 0.5 ^1 cos wt h@ cos wt (y = 0.5 ^1 cos wt h m )
= 0.05 cos wt ^1 + cos wt h = 0.05 ^cos wt + cos2 wt h
So, the induced emf in the loop is
Vemf = dF
dt
and as determined by Lenzs law, the induced current will be flowing in
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Chap 6
Time Varying Fields and
Maxwell Equations
= 0.01w sin wt ^1 + 2 cos wt h
SOL 6.1.19
or,
= 1.5 # 10 4 sin ^3 # 108 t 0.2x h ay
Now, from maxwells equation we have
d # e =2B
2t
2B = d e
or,
#
2t
2E
= y az
2x
i. n
o
.c
a
i
d
= ( 0.2) # ^1.5 # 10 4h cos ^3 # 108 t 0.2x h ay
= 3 # 103 cos ^3 # 108 t 0.2x h ay
Integrating both sides, we get the magnetic flux density in the medium as
o
n
.
w
w
B =
# 3 # 10 cos ^3 # 10 t 0.2x ha
3
= 3 # 108 sin ^3 # 108 t 0.2x h ay
3 # 10
= 105 sin ^3 # 108 t 0.2x h ay Tesla
Therefore the magnetic field intensity in the medium is
105 sin ^3 # 108 t 0.2x h
B
B
h =
=
=
r 0
2 # 4p # 107
Thus
h = 4 sin ^3 # 108 t 0.2x h ay A/m
3
w
SOL 6.1.20
r = 2
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time as
I (t) = 8t A
So, the retarded vector potential at the point P will be given as
0 I ^t R/c h
ax dx
A =
4 R
where R is the distance of any point on the filamentary current from P as
shown in the figure and c is the velocity of waves in free space. So, we have
Page 179
Chap 6
Time Varying Fields and
Maxwell Equations
dx
F
c
4 0.1 x2 + 4
0.1
R=
= 8 # 107 t 8ln ^x + x2 + 4 hB0.1 8 # 10 8 6x @0.01.1
3 # 10
0.1
= 8 # 107 t ln e 0.1 + 4.01 o 0.53 # 1015
0.1 + 4.01
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
= 8 # 108 t 0.53 # 1015
or,
A = ^80t 5.3 # 107h ax nWb/m (1)
So, when A = 0
t = 6.6 # 109 = 6.6 n sec
and when t = 0
A = 5.3 # 107 nWb/m
From equation (1) it is clear that A will be linearly increasing with respect
to time. Therefore the plot of A versus t is
NOTE
Time varying potential is usually called the retarded potential.
SOL 6.1.21
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Chap 6
Time Varying Fields and
Maxwell Equations
SOL 6.1.22
i. n
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a
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d
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w
V = y ^x ct h volt
and retarded vector potential,
A = y a x t k ax Wb/m
c
Now the magnetic flux density in the medium is given as
B = d # A
2A
= y az = at x k az Tesla (1)
c
2y
=^x ct h ay yax + yax = ^ct x h ay (3)
So, the electric flux density in the medium is
D = e0 e ( e0 is the permittivity of the medium)
= e0 ^ct x h ay C/m2 (4)
Now we determine the condition for the field to satisfy all the four Maxwells
equation.
(a)
d : D = rv
or,
(from equation (4))
rv = d : 6e0 ^ct x h ay@
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=0
It means the field satisfies Maxwells equation if rv = 0 .
(b)
d : B = 0
Now,
(from equation (1))
d : B = d : 9at x k azC = 0
c
So, it already, satisfies Maxwells equation
(c)
d # h = J + 2D
2t
Now,
d # h =2Hz ay = 1 ay =
0 c
2x
0 a
0 y
Page 181
Chap 6
Time Varying Fields and
Maxwell Equations
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
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w
w
w
= 4x b 22 dx l
x + 2 x dt
8
=
^2 h = 16
x ^x + 2h
x ^x + 2h
SOL 6.1.25
dx
b dt = v = 2ax l
# B : dS = 0
So, the induced electric field circulation for the region r < 4 m is given as
E : dl = dF = 0
dt
C
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e = 0 for r < 4 m
or,
Page 182
Chap 6
SOL 6.1.26
At any distance r from origin in the region 4 < r < 5 m , the circulation of
induced electric field is given as
E : dl = dF = d b B : dS l
dt
dt
C
= d 82 sin t ^2 42hB
dt
i. n
o
.c
a
i
d
= 2 cos t ^2 16 h
or,
E ^2h = 2 cos t ^2 16 h
2 ^2 16h cos t
E =
2
So, the induced electric field intensity at r = 4.5 m is
e = 2 (^4.5) 2 16h w cos wt
4.5
= 17 w cos wt
18
o
n
.
w
w
SOL 6.1.27
# B : dS
0
B : dS +
= 0 + ^2 sin wt h az : dS
# B : dS
4
= ^2 sin t h8 ^5 h2 ^4h2B = 18 sin t
So, the circulation of magnetic flux density for any loop in the region r > 5 m
is
dy
E : dl =
dt
E (2) = d ^18 sin t h
dt
= 18 cos t
So, the induced electric field intensity in the region r > 5 m is
e = 18 cos t a
2
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= 9 cos ta
SOL 6.1.28
Page 183
Chap 6
Time Varying Fields and
Maxwell Equations
V1 = 33.3 mV
and
V2 = 66.67 mV = 66.7 mV
Now V3 (voltmeter) which is directly connected to terminal cd is in parallel
to both V2 and V1 . It must be kept in mind that the loop formed by voltmeter
V3 and resistance 2 W also carries the magnetic flux density crossing through
it. So, in this loop the induced emf will be produced which will be same as
the field produced in loop abcd at the enclosed fluxes will be same.
Therefore as calculated above induced emf in the loop of V3 is
Vemf = 100 mV
According to lenzs law its polarity will be opposite to V3 and so
- Vemf = V1 + V3
or,
V3 = 100 33.3 = 66.7 mV
SOL 6.1.29
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
F =
# B : dS
= ^B h^S h cos q
= ^5 # 103h^20 # 103 # 20 # 103h cos q
= 2 # 106 cos q
Therefore the induced emf in the loop is
Vemf = dF
dt
= 2 # 106 d ^cos qh
dt
= 2 # 106 sin q dq
dt
dq = angular velocity = 2 rad/ sec
and as
dt
So,
Vemf = ^2 # 106h sin q ^2 h
= 4 # 106 sin q V/m = 4 sin q V/m
SOL 6.1.30
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Chap 6
Time Varying Fields and
Maxwell Equations
SOL 6.1.31
F = B : dS = ^B 0 sin t h^S h cos
So, the induced emf in the loop is
Vemf = dF = d 6(B 0 sin t)(S) cos @
dt
dt
= B 0 S d 6sin wt cos wt@ ( = t )
dt
= B 0 S cos 2wt
Thus, the maximum value of induced emf is
Vemf = B 0 Sw
SOL 6.1.32
i. n
o
.c
= p ^10 # 102h2 # ^120ph^ 10 sin 120pt h
= 12p2 sin 120pt
As determined by Lenzs law the polarity of induced e.m.f will be such that
b is at positive terminal with respect to a .
i.e.
Vba = Vemf = 12p2 sin 120pt
or
Vab = 12p2 sin 120pt
= 118.43 sin 120pt Volt
SOL 6.1.33
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
= 0.47 sin 120pt
**********
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solutions 6.2
Page 185
Chap 6
Time Varying Fields and
Maxwell Equations
SOL 6.2.1
Correct answer is 0.
As the conducting loop is falling freely So, the flux through loop will remain
constant. Therefore, the voltage induced in the loop will be zero.
SOL 6.2.2
Correct answer is - 4 .
The magnetic flux density passing through the loop is given as
B = 4z3 t2 ax
Since the flux density is directed normal to the plane x = 0 so the total
magnetic flux passing through the square loop located in the plane x = 0 is
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
F =
# B : dS
# #
y=0 z=0
where dr is width of the strip of loop at a distance r from the straight wire.
Thus,
3 I d
0 (5)
0 I
3
0
F =
b 2 l = 2 ln b 2 l = 2 ln (1.5)
2
= (2 # 107) (5) ln (1.5) = 4.05 # 107 Wb
SOL 6.2.4
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# J dt + C (C " constant)
= # 20 cos ^1.5 # 10 t h a dt + C
D =
As there is no D.C. field present in the medium so, we get C = 0 and thus,
20 sin ^1.5 # 108 t h
D =
ay = 1.33 # 107 sin ^1.5 # 108 t h ay
8
1.5 # 10
= 133.3 sin ^1.5 # 108 t h ay nC/m2
Since, from the given problem we have the flux density
D = D 0 sin ^1.5 # 108 t h ay nC/m2
So, we get
D 0 = 133.3
SOL 6.2.5
Conduction current
i. n
o
.c
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
SOL 6.2.6
SOL 6.2.7
V1 = N1 dF
dt
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V2 = N2 dF
dt
Since both the coil are in same magnetic field so, change in flux will be same
for both the coil.
Comparing the equations (1) and (2) we get
V1 = N1
V2
N2
V2 = V1 N2 = (12) 3000 = 7.2 volt
5000
N1
Again
SOL 6.2.8
SOL 6.2.9
Page 187
Chap 6
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
^15ph2 + b2 = c 6p # 108 m
3 # 10
2
2
^15ph + b = 400p2
b2 = 175p2 & b = ! 41.6 rad/m
b = 41.6 rad/m
9 2
F =
# B : dS
= Blx
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( 1)
I =Vemf =
= 0.01 A (R = 10W )
10
R
SOL 6.2.10
The current flowing in the loop is Iloop and induced e.m.f. is Vemf .
So,
Vemf = Iloop R = dF
dt
dQ
(R) = 0 ln (2) dI
dt
dt
i. n
o
.c
dQ
= 0 ln (2) dI ( R = 4 )
4
dt
dt
dQ = 0 ln (2) dI
4
Therefore the total charge passing through a corner of square loop is
0
Q = 0 ln (2) dI
4
4
= 0 ln (2) (0 4)
4
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
7
= 4 # 4p # 10 ln (2)
4p
= 2.77 # 107 C = 277 nC
SOL 6.2.11
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SOL 6.2.12
Page 189
Chap 6
Time Varying Fields and
Maxwell Equations
where
V " potential difference between two points.
d " distance between the two points.
The voltage difference between any two points in the medium is
V = V0 cos 2pft
So the conduction current density in the medium is given as
Jc = sE ( s " conductivity of the medium)
= E ( r " resistivity of the medium)
r
V cos 2ft
(V = V0 cos 2pft)
=V = 0
d
d
or,
Jc = V0
rd
and displacement current density in the medium is given as
V cos (2ft)
Jd = 2D = e2E = 2 ; 0
E (V = V0 cos 2pft)
d
2t
2t
2t
= V0 6 2ft sin (2ft)@
d
2f V0
or,
Jd =
d
Therefore, the ratio of amplitudes of conduction current and displacement
current in the medium is
Ic
JC
(V0)/ (d)
=
=
= 1
2f
Id
Jd
(d) / (2fV0)
1
=
2p # (1.6 # 108) # (54 # 8.85 # 1012) # 0.77
= 2.7
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
SOL 6.2.13
Correct answer is 8.
Let the test charge be q coulomb So the force presence of experienced by the
test charge in the presence of magnetic field is
F = q ^v # B h
and the force experienced can be written in terms of the electric field
intensity as
F = qe
Where e is field viewed by observer moving with test charge.
Putting it in Eq. (i)
qe = q ^v # B h
e = ^ah # ^2az h
where w is angular velocity and r is radius of circular loop.
= ^2 h^2 h^2 h a r = 8a r V/m
SOL 6.2.14
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Page 190
Chap 6
# B : dS
= # (8x a ) (20 # 10
F =
dxaz )
1.6 8t ^1 + 0.4t2hB
=
3
Therefore, the induced e.m.f. in the loop is given as
Vemf = dF = 1.6 # 3 ^t + 0.4t3h2 # (1 + 1.2t2)
3
dt
3
Vemf = 1.6 6^0.4h + ^0.4h4@ # 61 + (1.2) (0.4) 2@ (t = 0.4 sec )
= 0.35 volt
Since the voltmeter is connected in same manner as the direction of induced
emf (determined by Lenzs law).
So the voltmeter reading will be
V = Vemf = 0.35 volt
2
SOL 6.2.15
i. n
o
.c
o
n
.
w
w
a
i
d
Vemf = 1.6 7(0.1193) + 0.4 ^0.1193h3A 61 + ^1.2h^0.1193h2@
= 0.02344 = 23.4 mV
Since the voltmeter is connected in same manner as the direction of induced
emf as determined by Lenzs law. Therefore, the voltmeter reading at
x = 12 cm will be
V = Vemf = 23.4 mvolt
2
w
SOL 6.2.16
D = b sin ^1010 t bx h dt + C where C is a constant.
Since no D.C. field is present in the medium so, we get C = 0 and therefore,
D = b10 cos ^1010 t bx h ay C/m2
10
and the electric field intensity in the medium is given as
b
e = D =
cos ^1010t bx h ay (e = 0.12 nF/m )
e
0.12 # 109 # 1010
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Chap 6
2
= b sin ^1010t bx h az
1.2
b2
10
=
10 cos ^10 t bx h a z (1)
(1.2) # 10
We can also determine the value of magnetic flux density as :
B = h
= (3 # 105) cos ^1010 t bx h az (2)
Comparing the results of equation (1) and (2) we get,
b2
= 3 # 105
(1.2) # 1010
b2 = 3.6 # 105
b = ! 600 rad/m
SOL 6.2.17
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
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w
w
w
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b = ! 300 p rad/m
b =
So,
SOL 6.2.18
Correct answer is 7.
Let the point change located at origin be Q and the current I is flowing out
of the page through the closed triangular path as shown in the figure.
As the current I flows away from the point charge along the wire, the net
charge at origin will change with increasing time and given as
dQ
= I
dt
So the electric field intensity will also vary through the surface and for the
varying field circulation of magnetic field intensity around the triangular
loop is defined as
i. n
o
.c
a
i
d
H : dl = 6Id@enc + 6Ic@enc
where 6Ic@enc is the actual flow of charge called enclosed conduction current
and 6Id@enc is the current due to the varying field called enclosed displacement
current which is given as
d
d D : dS (1)
^e0 E h : dS = dt
6Id@enc = dt
S
S
From symmetry the total electric flux passing through the triangular surface
is
Q
D : dS =
8
S
d Q = 1 dQ = I
So,
(from equation (1))
6Id@enc = dt
b 8 l 8 dt
8
.
w
w
o
n
whereas
6Ic@enc = I
So, the net circulation of the magnetic field intensity around the closed
triangular loop is
# H : dl = 6I @
C
d enc
+ 6Ic@enc
= I + I = 7 ^8 h = 7 A (I = 8 A )
8
8
SOL 6.2.19
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and
w = 60 # 2p = 377 rad/ sec (In one revolution 2p radian
is covered)
So, the r.m.s. value of the induced voltage is
1 V
1 B Sw
emf =
0
6Vemf@r.m.s =
2
2
= 1 ^0.25 # 64 # 104 # 377h
2
= 0.4265
Since the loop has 50 turns so net induced voltage will be 50 times the
calculated value.
i.e.
6Vemf@r.m.s = 50 # ^0.4265h
= 21.33 volt
Page 193
Chap 6
Time Varying Fields and
Maxwell Equations
**********
i. n
o
c
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a
i
d
o
n
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w
w
w
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solutions 6.3
Page 194
Chap 6
Time Varying Fields and
Maxwell Equations
SOL 6.3.1
SOL 6.3.2
i.e.
H : dl = Ienc
So, for the constant current, magnetic field intensity will be constant i.e.
magnetostatic field is caused by steady currents.
SOL 6.3.3
i. n
o
.c
a
i
d
and since the magnetic flux density is equal to the curl of magnetic vector
potential
i.e.
B = d # A
So, putting it in equation (1), we get
d # e = 2 ^d # Ah
2t
or
d # e = d # b 2 A l
2t
Therefore,
e =2A
2t
o
n
.
w
w
SOL 6.3.4
# B : dS
S
# B : dS = # (d : B) dv = 0
S
(Stokes Theorem)
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dF = 0
dt
Page 195
Chap 6
Time Varying Fields and
Maxwell Equations
SOL 6.3.7
SOL 6.3.8
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
Since, the magnetic field is non-uniform so the change in flux will be caused
by it and the induced emf due to it is called transformer emf.
Again the field is in ay direction and the loop is rotating about z -axis so
flux through the loop will also vary due to the motion of the loop. This
causes the emf which is called motion emf. Thus, total induced voltage in
the rotating loop is caused by the combination of both the transformer and
motion emf.
SOL 6.3.9
SOL 6.3.10
SOL 6.3.11
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SOL 6.3.12
SOL 6.3.13
SOL 6.3.14
SOL 6.3.15
SOL 6.3.16
SOL 6.3.17
.
w
w
o
.c
a
i
d
o
n
i. n
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solutions 6.4
Page 197
Chap 6
Time Varying Fields and
Maxwell Equations
SOL 6.4.1
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
SOL 6.4.3
d : e = v
d # e =2B
2t
d # h = 2D + J
2t
So, for static electric magnetic fields
d : B = 0
d : e = v /
d # e = 0
d # h = J
d # h = J + 2D
2t
SOL 6.4.4
2B
b 2t = 0 l
2D
b 2t = 0 l
Maxwell Equations
D : dS
# H : dl = ##S bJ +2
2t l
Integral form
Stokes Theorem
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SOL 6.4.5
#l H $ dl = Ienclosed
or,
#l H $ dl = #S J : dS
#S ^d # H h $ dS = #S J : dS
d # h = J
Then, it is modified using continuity equation as
d # h = J + 2D
2t
SOL 6.4.6
SOL 6.4.7
SOL 6.4.8
.
w
w
o
.c
a
i
d
o
n
i. n
9
= lt2
at time, t = 3 s , we have
9
= l ^3h2
l = 1 Wb/s2
SOL 6.4.9
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SOL 6.4.11
SOL 6.4.12
Page 199
Chap 6
Time Varying Fields and
Maxwell Equations
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
#
= ^5 h^ 2h = 10 V
SOL 6.4.13
# H : dl = I
# ^d # H h : dS = # JdS
enc
d # h = J
SOL 6.4.14
SOL 6.4.15
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SOL 6.4.16
SOL 6.4.17
Faraday law
^b " 4h
^c " 1h
d : D = rv
2r
d : J =
2t
Gauss law
Current continuity
SOL 6.4.18
^a " 3h
d # h = J + 2D
2t
d # e = 2B
2t
Amperes law
^d " 2h
SOL 6.4.19
SOL 6.4.20
o
.c
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
SOL 6.4.21
i. n
d:D = r
d:B = 0
a.
B : dS = 0
The surface integral of magnetic flux density over the closed surface is zero
or in other words, net outward magnetic flux through any closed surface is
zero. ^a " 4h
b.
# D : dS = # r dv
v
Total outward electric flux through any closed surface is equal to the charge
enclosed in the region.
^b " 3h
c.
E : dl = 2B dS
2t
i.e. The line integral of the electric field intensity around a closed path is
equal to the surface integral of the time derivative of magnetic flux density
^c " 2h
d.
H : dS = b2D + J l da
2t
i.e. The line integral of magnetic field intensity around a closed path is equal
to the surface integral of sum of the current density and time derivative of
electric flux density.
^d " 1h
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SOL 6.4.22
SOL 6.4.23
SOL 6.4.24
Page 201
Chap 6
Time Varying Fields and
Maxwell Equations
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
= ax ^0 h ay ^2 0h + az ^0 h = 2ay
SOL 6.4.25
SOL 6.4.26
SOL 6.4.27
SOL 6.4.28
d2 V = v
where, V is the electric potential at the point and rv is the volume charge
density in the region. So, for rv = 0 we get,
d2 V = 0
Which is Laplacian equation.
SOL 6.4.29
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Chap 6
Time Varying Fields and
Maxwell Equations
SOL 6.4.30
SOL 6.4.31
Amperes law
Displacement current
Faraday law
SOL 6.4.32
^a " 4h
2r
d # J = v
2t
d # h = J + 2D
2t
J = 2D
2t
d # e =2B
2t
Continuity equation
^b " 1h
^c " 2h
^d " 3h
i. n
o
.c
a
i
d
= 100 ^3t2 2h
= 100 _3 ^2 h2 2i = 1000 mV (at t = 2 s )
= 1 V
SOL 6.4.33
o
n
.
w
w
d : e = v ! 0
^a " 4h
^b " 2h
and
d # e = 0
A steady magnetic field in a current carrying conductor have
d : B = 0
^c " 1h
d # B = 0 J ! 0
A time varying electric field in a charged medium with time varying magnetic
field have
d # e =2B ! 0
^d " 3h
2t
d : e = v ! 0
SOL 6.4.34
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SOL 6.4.35
# ^d # E h : dS = # E : dl (1)
Page 203
Chap 6
Time Varying Fields and
Maxwell Equations
SOL 6.4.36
SOL 6.4.37
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
= e + ^ jh e 0 e jt = e + je
SOL 6.4.38
SOL 6.4.39
SOL 6.4.40
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Chap 6
Time Varying Fields and
Maxwell Equations
SOL 6.4.41
SOL 6.4.42
SOL 6.4.43
i. n
d : D = r
d # h = Jc + 2D
2t
d # e =2B
2t
Amperes law
Faradays law
o
n
.
w
w
o
.c
a
i
d
Poynting vector
P = E # H
^a " 1h
^b " 5h
^c " 2h
^d " 3h
**********
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