CONSTITUTIONAL LAW I

Outline of Cases
Part I
Introduction
A. The Constitution as a social contract
Province of North Cotabato v. Government, G.R. No. 183591, Oct. 14,
2008(Puno, C.J., concurring)
B. How to read the Constitution
Francisco v. House of Rep., G.R. No. 160261, Nov.10, 2003
C. A framework for constitutional litigation
Francisco v. House of Rep., supra
D. The 1987 Constitution: Preamble and Declaration of Principles and State Policies
Bernas, The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines: A
Commentary, pp. 1-4; 35-100
Vinuya v. Romulo, G.R. 162230, April 28, 2010
PHAP v. Duque, G.R. 173034, Oct. 9, 2007
Oposa v. Factoran, G.R.101083, July 30, 1993
MMDA v. Concerned Citizens of Manila Bay, G.R. 171947-48, Dec. 18, 2008
Imbong v. Ochoa, G.R. No. 204819, April 8, 2014
E. National Territory
Bernas, pp. 5-34
F. State Immunity
Agpalo, Philippine Political Law (2005), pp. 6-15
The Holy See v. Del Rosario, 238 SCRA 524 (1994)
Most Rev. Pedro D. Arigo, et al. v. Scott H. Swift, et al.
G.R. No. 206510. September 15, 2014
Part II
Amendment of the Constitution
A. Amendment vs. Revision
B. Proposal
1. By Congress as a constituent assembly
2. By Constitutional Convention
Gonzales vs. Comelec, 21 SCRA 774 (1968)
3. By the people thru initiative (See R.A. 6735 August 4, 1989)
Santiago vs. Comelec, G.R. 127325, March 19, 1997
Lambino v. COMELEC, G.R. 174153, Oct. 25, 2006
C. Submission
Tolentino vs. Comelec, 41 SCRA 702 (1971)
D. Ratification
Part III
Judicial Review
A Separation of Powers
In Re: Laureta and Maravilla, 148 SCRA 382 (1987)
1

Demetriavs Alba, 148 SCRA 208 (1987)

B Theory and Justification of Judicial Review
Angara vs. Electoral Commission, 63 Phil. 139 (1936)
C. Justiciable and Political Questions
Miranda v. Aguirre, G.R. No. 133064, September 16, 1999
Francisco v. House of Rep., supra
Vinuya v. Romulo, G.R. 162230, April 28, 2010
D. Requisites of Judicial Review
1. Actual Case or Controversy
Imbong v. Ochoa, G.R. No. 204819, April 8, 2014, J. Leonen dissent
Prematurity:
PACU vs Secretary of Education, 97 Phil. 806 (1955)
Mariano vs Comelec, G.R. No. 119694 March 7, 1995
Montesclaros v. Comelec, G.R. No. 152295. July 9, 2002
Mootness:
Atlas Fertilizer v. Sec, DAR, G.R. No. 93100, June 19, 1997
Lacson v. Perez, G.R. No. 147780, May 10, 2001
Exceptions to Mootness:
Sanlakas v. Executive Secretary, G.R. 159085, February 3, 2004
Pimentel v. Ermita, G.R. 164978, October 13, 2005
2. Proper Party
Joyavs PCGG, G.R. 96541, August 24, 1993
Agan v. PIATCO, G.R. No. 155001, May 5, 2003
CHR Employees Assoc. v. CHR, G.R. 155336, Nov. 25, 2004
Automotive Industry Workers Alliance v. Romulo, G.R. 157509, Jan. 18, 2005
Citizen Standing:
Tanada vs. Tuvera, 136 SCRA 27 (1985)
Chavez v. PEA and Amari, G.R. 133250, July 9, 2002
Associational Standing:
KMU Labor Center vs. Garcia, G.R. 115381, Dec. 23, 1994
IBP v. Zamora, G.R. No. 141284, August 15, 2000
Executive Secretary v. CA, 429 SCRA 781, May 25, 2004
Kilosbayan v. Guingona, 232 SCRA 110 (1994)
Taxpayers Standing:
ITF v. Comelec, G.R. No. 159139. Jan. 13, 2004
Voters Standing:
Tolentino v. Comelec, 420 SCRA 438, January 21, 2004
Legislative Standing:
Ople v. Torres, 293 SCRA 141 (1998)
Governmental Standing:
People v. Vera, 65 Phil 56, November 16, 1937

Facial Challenge:
Estrada v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 148560, Nov. 19, 2001
Imbong v. Ochoa, G.R. No. 204819, April 8, 2014
3. Earliest Opportunity
Umali v. Guingona, 305 SCRA 533 (1999)
4. Necessity of Deciding Constitutional Questions
Arceta v. Mangrobang, G.R. No. 152895. June 15, 2004
Part IV
The Three Branches of Government
A. Congress
1. Composition, Qualification and Term of Office
a. Senate
b. House of Representatives
Allocation of districts
Sema v. Comelec, G.R. 177597, July 16, 2008
Macias vs. Comelec, 3 SCRA 1 (1961)
Tan vs Comelec, 142 SCRA 727 (1986)
Partylist
Veterans.Fed. Party v. Comelec, G.R. 136781, October 6, 2000
BagongBayani v. Comelec, G.R. No. 147589, June 26, 2001
BANAT v. Comelec, G.R. No. 179271, April 21, 2009;
Resolution, July 8, 2009
AtongPaglaum v. Comelec, G.R. 203766, April 2, 2013
Alliance for Rural and Agrarian Reconstruction (ARARO) v. Comelec,
G.R. No. 192803, December 10, 2013
Residency requirement
Aquino v. Comelec, 248 SCRA 400 (1995)
Marcos v. Comelec, 248 SCRA 300 (1995)
Torayno v. Comelec, G.R. 137329, August 9, 2000
2. Election
a. Regular election
b. Special election
Tolentino v. Comelec, 420 SCRA 438, January 21, 2004
3. Organizations and Sessions
a. Election of Officers
Santiago v. Guingona, G.R. 134577, November 18, 1998
b. Quorum
Avelino vs. Cuenco, 83 Phil. 17 (1949)
c. Rules of Proceedings
Pacete vs. Comm. On Appointments, 40 SCRA 58 (1971)
Arroyo vs. De Venecia, G.R. 127255, August 14, 1997
d. Discipline of members
Alejandrino v. Quezon, 46 Phil 83 (1924)
Osmena vs. Pendatun, 109 Phil. 863 (1960)
Santiago v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. 126055, April 19, 2001
De Venecia v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 130240, Feb. 5, 2002
e. Journal and Record
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1. The Enrolled Bill Theory

Casco Chemical Co. vs. Gimenez, 7 SCRA 347 (1963)
2. Probative Value of the Journal
United States vs. Pons, 34 Phil. 729 (1916)
3. Matters to be entered in the Journal
4. Journal Entry Rule vs. Enrolled Bill Theory
Astorga vs. Villegas, 56 SCRA 714 (1974)
Morales vs. Subido, 27 SCRA 131 (1969)
5. Congressional Record
f. Session
1. Regular sessions
2. Special sessions
3. Joint sessions
4. Salaries, Privileges and Disqualifications
a. Salaries
Phiconsa vs. Mathay, 18 SCRA 300 (1966)
Ligot vs. Mathay, 56 SCRA 823 (1974)
b. Freedom from Arrest
People v. Jalosjos, G.R. 132875, February 3, 2000
c. Speech and Debate Clause
Jimenez vs. Cabangbang 17 SCRA 876 (1966)
d. Disqualifications
AdazavsPacana, Jr. 135 SCRA 431 (1985)
Puyat vs De Guzman, 113 SCRA 31 (1982)
Liban v. Gordon, G.R. No. 175352, July 15, 2009
e. Duty to Disclose
5. Electoral Tribunals
Abbas vs. SET, 166 SCRA 651 (1988)
Bondocvs Pineda, 201 SCRA 792 (1991)
Codilla v. De Venecia, G.R. 150605, December 10, 2002
Pimentel v. HRET, G.R. No. 141489. November 29, 2002
6. Commission on Appointments
Daza v. Singson, 180 SCRA 496 (1989)
Coseteng vs. Mitra, Jr. 187 SCRA 377 (1990)
Guingona vs. Gonzales, 214 SCRA 789 (1992)
Drilon v. De Venecia, G.R. No. 180055, July 31, 2009
7. Powers of Congress
a. General Plenary Powers
b. Limitations on the Legislative Power
1. Substantive limitations
2. Procedural limitations
8. Legislative Process
a. Requirements as to bills
1. As to titles of bills
TiovsVideogram Regulatory Board, 151 SCRA 208
Lidasan vs. Comelec, 21 SCRA 479 (1967)
Cruz vs. Paras, 123 SCRA 569 (1983)
Tobias v. Abalos, 239 SCRA 106 (1994)
2. Requirements as to certain laws
a. Appropriation laws
4

Demetria vs. Alba, 148 SCRA 208 (1987)

Guingona vs. Caraque, 196 SCRA 221 (1991)
Belgica v. ExecutiveSecretary, G.R. 208566, November
19, 2013
Araullo v. Aquino, G.R. 209287, July 1, 2014
b. Tax laws
Tolentino vs. Sec. of Finance, G.R. 115455, Aug. 25,
1994
Lung Center v. Q. C., G.R. No. 144104. June 29, 2004
Tan v. Del Rosario, 237 SCRA 324 (2000)
Garcia v. Executive Secretary, 211 SCRA 219 (1992)
John Hay PAC v. Lim, G.R. No. 119775, October 24,
2003
c. Appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court
Fabian v. Desierto, G.R. No. 129742, September 16,
1998
b. Procedure for the passage of bills
Tolentino v. Secretary of Finance, supra
Philconsa v. Enriquez, supra
Gonzales vs Macaraig. G.R. No. 87636, Nov. 19, 1990
BengzonvsDrilon, 208 SCRA 133 (1992)
Miller vs. Mardo, 2 SCRA 898 (1961)
c. Effectivity of laws
Tanada vs. Tuvera, 136 SCRA 27 (1985)
Executive Order No. 200, June 18, 1987
d. Question Hour
e. Legislative investigation
Armault vs. Nazareno, 87 Phil. 29 (1950)
Armault vs., Balagtas, 97 Phil. 358 (1955)
Bengzon vs. Sen. Blue Rib. Comm., 203 SCRA 767 (1991)
Senate v. Ermita, G.R. No. 169777, April 20, 2006
Sabio v. Gordon, G.R. 174340, October 17, 2006
Neri v. Senate, G.R. 180643, March 25, 2008
Garcillano v. House of Representatives, G.R. No. 170338, Dec. 23,
2008
9. Other Powers:
a. Oversight
Abakada v. Purisima, GR. 166715, August 14, 2008
b. Act as board of canvassers for presidential election
Pimentel v. Joint Com., GR. 163783, June 22, 2004
c. Call a special election for Presidency
d. Decide on disability of the President
e. Legislative veto or extension for suspension of writ of habeas corpus or
declaration of martial law
f. Presidential amnesties
g. Concur in treaties
h. Declaration of existence of war
i. Delegation of emergency powers
j. Utilization of natural resources
5

k. Amendment of Constitution
l. Power of Impeachment
B. Executive Department
1. The President
a. Qualifications, election, term and oath
b. Privileges and salary
Republic v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 152154, July 15, 2003
c. Succession
1. In case of vacancy at the beginning of term
2. In Case of vacancy during term
3. In case of temporary disability
Estrada v. Arroyo, G.R. No. 146738, March 2, 2001
d. Removal
e. Prohibitions
f. Exceptions to prohibition from holding another office:
1. Vice-President as member of the cabinet
2. Sec. of Justice as member of Judicial and Bar Council
CLU vs. Exec. Secretary, 194 SCRA 317 (1991)
Cruz v. COA, G.R. No. 138489, Nov. 29, 2001
NAC v. COA. G.R. 156982, September 8, 2004
2. Powers and Functions of the President
a. Executive Power
Marcos vs. Manglapus, 178 SCRA 760 (1989)
Almario v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No.189028, July 16, 2013
Province of North Cotabato v. Government, supra
DENR v. DENR Region 12 Employees, G.R. No. 149725, August 19,
2003
b. Control of executive departments
Blaquera v. Alcala, G.R. 109406, September 11, 1998
Hutchison Ports vs. SBMA, G.R. No. 131367, Aug. 31, 2000
NEA v. COA, 377 SCRA 233 (2002)
c. General supervision over local governments/autonomous regions
Pimentel v. Aguirre, G.R. 132988, July 19, 2000
National Ligangmga Barangay v. Paredes, G.R. No. 130775,
September 27, 2004
d. Power of Appointment
Bermudez v. Torres, G.R. No. 131429, August 4, 1999
Sarmiento vs. Mison, 156 SCRA 549 (1987)
Concepcion-Bautista vs. Salonga, 172 SCRA 160 (1989)
Calderon vs. Carale, G.R. No. 91636, April 23, 1992
Manalo v. Sistoza, G.R. 107369, August 11, 1999
Soriano v. Lista, G.R. No. 153881, March 24, 2003
Pimentel v. Ermita, G.R. 164978, October 13, 2005
In Re Valenzuela, A.M. No. 98-5-01-SC, Nov. 9, 1998
De Castro v. JBC, G.R. No. 191002, March 17, 2010
De Rama v. CA, G.R. No. 131136, February 28, 2001
Matibag vs. Benipayo,.G.R. No. 149036 , April 2, 2002
Larin v. Exec. Secretary, G.R. 112745, October 16, 1997
e. Executive clemency
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Risos-Vidal v. Comelec, G.R. No. 206666. January 21, 2015

Barrioquinto vs. Fernandez, G.R. L-1278, January 21, 1949
Vera v. People, 7 SCRA 152 (1963)
Cristobal vs. Labrador, 71 Phil. 34 (1941)
Pelobello vs. Palatino, 72 Phil. 441 (1941)
In Re Lontok, 43 Phil 293 (1923)
Torres v. Gonzales, 152 SCRA 273 (1987)
f. Commander-in Chief
IBP v. Zamora, G.R. No. 141284, August 15, 2000
Sanlakas v. Exec. Sec., G.R. No. 159085. Feb. 3, 2004
Aquino v. Enrile, 59 SCRA 183 (1974)
Olaquer vs. MC No. 4, 150 SCRA 144 (1987)
Navales v. Abaya, G.R. No. 162318, October 25, 2004
Lansang vs. Garcia, 42 SCRA 448 (1971)
In Re De Villa, G.R. No. 158802, November 17, 2004
David v. Arroyo, G.R. No. 171390, May 3, 2006
g. Emergency Powers
h. Contracting and guaranteeing foreign loans
Constantino v. Cuisia, G.R. No. 106064, October 13, 2005
i. Foreign affairs
Nicolas v. Romulo, G.R. No. 175888, Feb. 11, 2009
Vinuya v. Romulo, G.R. 162230, April 28, 2010
Peoples Movement for Press Freedom, et al. v. Hon. Raul Manglapus,
G.R. No. 84642, En Banc Resolution dated April 13, 1988
Comm. of Customs vs. Eastern Sea Trading, 3 SCRA 351 (1961)
Go Tekvs Deportation Board, 79 SCRA 17 (1977)
j. Legislation
1. Address Congress
2. Preparation and submission of the budget
3. Veto-Power
4. Emergency Powers
k. Immunity from suit
Beltran vs. Macasiar, G.R. 82585, November 14, 1988
Gloria v. CA, G.R. No. 119903, August 15, 2000
3. Vice President
a. Qualifications, election, term and oath
b. Privileges and salary
c. Prohibitions
d. Succession
C. The Judicial Department
1. Judicial Power
2. The Supreme Court
a. Composition
b. Mode of Sitting
MMDA v. Jancom, G.R. 147465, April 10, 2002
People v. Gacott, G.R. No. 116049, July 13, 1995
c. Appointments and qualifications
d. No non-judicial work for judges
Meralco vs. Pasay Trans Co., 57 Phil. 600 (1932)
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Garcia vs. Macaraig, 30 SCRA 106 (1971)

e.Salary
Nitafan vs. Comm. of Internal Revenue, 152 SCRA 284 (1987)
f. Tenure
g. Removal
In Re Gonzales, 160 SCRA 771 (1988)
h. Fiscal autonomy
i. Jurisdiction
Santiago vs. Bautista, 32 SCRA 188 (1970)
Felipe vs. Leuterio, 91 Phil. 482 (1952)
j. Deliberations
Prudential Bank v.Castro. 158 SCRA 646 (1988)
Consing v. Court of Appeals, 177SCRA 14 (1989)
k. Voting
Cruz v. DENR, G.R. No. 135385, December 6, 2000
l. Requirements as to decisions
Valladolid vs. Inciong, 121 SCRA 205 (1992)
Nunal vs. COA, 169 SCRA 356 (1989)
People v. Bugarin, 273 SCRA 384 (1996)
Hernandez v. Court of Appeals, 228 SCRA 429 (1993)
Yao v. CA, G.R. No. 132428, October 24, 2000
Dizon v. Judge Lopez, A.M. 96-1338, September 5, 1997
Asiavest v. CA, G.R. No. 110263, July 20, 2001
m. Petition for Review/Motion for Reconsideration
Tichangco v. Enriquez, G.R. No. 150629, June 30, 2004
Fr. Martinez v. CA, G.R. 123547, May 21, 2001
n. Periods for deciding cases
Re: Delays in the Sandiganbayan, A.M. No. 00-8-05-SC, Nov. 28,
2001
o. Presidential Electoral Tribunal
p. Administrative powers
1. Supervision of lower courts
In re Demetria, A.M. No. 00-7-09-CA, March 27, 2001
In re Letter of PJ Vasquez, A.M. No. 08-8-11-CA, Sept. 9, 2008
2. Temporarily assign judges to other stations in public interest
3. Order a change of venue or place of trial to avoid miscarriage of
justice
People v. Pilotin, 65 SCRA 635 (1975)
Mondiguing v. Abad, 68 SCRA 14 (1975)
People v. Sola, 103 SCRA 393 (1981)
4. Appointment of officials and employees of entire judiciary
5. Promulgate rules concerning the enforcement and protection of
constitutional rights
6. Promulgate Rules Concerning Pleading, Practice and Procedure
7. Admission to the Practice of Law
Zaldivar vs. Gonzales, 166 SCRA 316 (1988)
In re :Cunanan, 94 Phil. 534 (1954)
Aguirre v. Rana, Bar Matter No. 1036, June 10, 2003
8. Integration of the Bar
In re :Edillon, 84 SCRA 554 (1978)
8

In re : IBP Elections Bar Matter No. 491 (October 6, 1989)

9 Legal Assistance to the Underprivileged
q. Report on the Judiciary
3 Lower courts
a. Qualifications and appointment
b. Tenure
De La Llana vs. Alba, 122 SCRA 291 (1983)
5. The Judicial and Bar Council
Chavez v. JBC, G.R. 202242, July 17, 2012; MR-April 16, 2013
Jardeleza v. Sereno, G.R. No. 213181, August 19, 2014
6. Automatic release of appropriation for the judiciary
Part V
The Constitutional Commissions
A. Common Provisions
Bernas, pp. 1001-1008
B. The Civil Service Commission
Bernas, pp. 1008-1035
C. The Commission on Elections
Bernas, pp. 1035-1063
D. The Commission on Audit
Bernas, pp. 1063-1073
Revised:01 June 2015