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VOL. XXIV.

BALTIMORE, JANUARY, 1909.

The wifeofLiursatat theshoulderofFinn,

Finnsatat thesideofLiur;
KingArtsatat thesideofAodh,
mien.
In an Ossianicballad calledDan Liuir,printed By thesideofAodhofmirthful

No. 1.

KING LEAR IN CELTIC TRADITION.

by J. F. Campbellin his Leabhar na Feinne' Conacharand Cormacsattogether

(1872) froma collectionmadeby Duncan KenBy thesideofAodhof thebeautiful
skin,
nedyin 1774,tradition
represents
Ossianas relating Andso on forth:
to St. Patrickan interesting
episodein thecareers Everyonethatwastheresat downtomeat.
ofKing Lear and Finn MacCumhail. The vicis- Throughthehall waswaftedthemusic
ofharps
situdesofthe ever-rankling
quarrelbetweenFinn
Andbardicsongschantedmelodiously;
and Goll, chiefof Clan Morna,a rival band of The humpedbowon everyinstrument
Was makingmirthandmusic.
Fianna, compelledFinn to betake himselfto the
he
entertained
court of Lear, where
with Thuswe whiledawaythe
was
time,
bountifulcheer,bardic songs,and the music of
Andpleasantindeedwasourstate;
harps. The feastwas interrupted
by theapproach Wantingneitherhoneynorwine,
Normelodyandthemusicof fiddles.
of Goll witha powerfulfleet. Whereuponthe
obligingand amicable Lear venturedforthwith
In suchwisewerewetillthedav ofthemeeting,
to meetGoll, whomhe suconlythreeattendants
banished;
Merry,joyous,and withsorrow
ceededin reconciling
to Finn.
Untiltherebrokeuponourview
The hostofGoll drawing
nearon thewave.
Finn foundopportunity
for requitingthe hospitalityof Lear, when one day he descriedthe
Thenit wasthatFinnspokeout:
latter,"a poor,infirm,weak,and despisedold
" I see a sightthatis unpleasant
tome:
man," a veritable"Lear's shadow,"wandering YonderI see thefleetofGoll
Sailingtowardus to Driom-feann.
about unattendedby even a poor fool,bereftof
his kingdom,and reduced to beggary. What
"And banners
I see floating
high
strangemutationshad broughthim to this low
On thepointedmastsoverDriom-bhagh;
estate, whetherblood had proved unkind, or
In thatconflict
ofbanners
aboveourheads
We havenopartnorourhostofspears."
machinationsof foes too successful,the ballad
fails to record,being more taken up with the Cormacofvictories
advisedus then;
of Finn in returning
generosity
favorforfavor.
Gave us advicethatwastrulyhard:
IIThoughwisein experience
areyouall,
The aboveballad has beenreprinted
alongwith
You threeshallprotect
us fromthatman.
the music,which is of a characterpeculiar to
Fingalian songs,by Mr. Malcolm MacFarlane Thenit wasthatLiurspokeout:
in Guthna Bliadkna (Aberdeen,Aug., 1907).
" Goll is underobligation
to me;
In the followingtranslationof this version,the Andifthemanremembers
it,
of good-will."
presentwriteris indebtedto Mr. MacFarlanefor He wouldaccountmewelldeserving
theexplanationof a numberof obscurepassages: Liur salliedoutthento meetGoll,
Finnjourniedone dayto thehouseof Liur
In company
withthirty-one
men;
The manofleastaccountamongus
Was chiefofan armyofthreenines.

Accompanied
bythreeotherson horse-back;
Andpleasantly
he salutedhim,Greatto-night
is thegloryof mytale.

"May fortune
prosperyou,0 Goll,
The bestofmenunderthesun;
1A collectionof ScotchGaelic traditional
ballads re- The bestareyouforfavorand honesty,
latingchiefly
to theOssianiccycle; see pp. 125if.
Betterfarareyouthanme.

MODERN LANGUAGE NOTES.

[Vol. xxiv,No. 1.

thedayof thespeckledhorse,
"Do youremember
?
On FraochanaboveTom-cliar
WhenI gaveto youthegrayhorse
Wouldbearyouspeedilyoverthemountain?"

"I am indeedno longerLiur,"

Said themanrenowned
forclemency;
"Preferablefartome is death
Than to be foundin hislikeness."

"Since youhavedonethustome,0 Liur,

Mosthospitable
ofmenunderthesun,
If youhavea requestto prefer,
Rise,and youwillgetit readily."

"Truly youareno otherthanLiur,"

Repliedthemanofthebeautiful
skin;
"Accordingly
youwillreceive
in full,giftforgift.
Repayment

"There wasa guestin myhouselastniglht,

"I'll giveto youcow forcow,
Fionn MacCumhail,
strongas the crustof the earth,
I'll giveto youhorseforhorse,
(obscure)
I'll giveto youshipforship,
Allowhimto departsafelyoverthemountain,
To bearyousafelyo'er thewaves.
Sincehe has eatenatmyboard."
"Every chiefon thefaceoftheearth
"Returnwhenceye came,
I'll forceto restore
yourlandtoyou;
O bravehostfromInnis-freoin;
I'll makeyoufullwealthyagain,
Andbythesoulthatlivesin mybody,
Andsendyousafelytoyourhouse."
The wordofmymouthwillnotbe broken."
to thehouseofLiur,
We all proceeded
bothhoneyand wine;
Andfoundtherein
Thoughto-dayit is coldanddesolate,
It wasoncean abodeofkings.

My kingfulfilled
everything
he promised.
Six daystheyspentthenin sportstogether;
In fairgarments
he clothedthemboth,
The wifeand heroofgreatest
fame.

sawthehouseofLiur
I myself
withinwashoneyandwine;
Andplentiful
sawafterwards
AndI myself
Liur andhishospitablewifein want.

A hundred
horsesweresentto defendhim
Andtoguidehimto hisland;
Pleasantand mirthful
wasthetime
TheFiansspentin company
withthehero.

sawafterwards
AndI myself
Wantingfoodbothmanand wife,
Makingtheirwayfromhousetohouse
Seekingwhathousewouldprovidethemmeat.

Theseweretheexchanges
thetwokingsmade,
Thustheyrepaidtheirobligations
to eachother;
Lovelywerethey,amiableandgenerous,
Full ofmercyand courtesy.

One daywhileFionnwashunting
WithhisFiannabraveonBenLuir,
Whomdid he see afaroff
But thehighkingnamedLiur.

A thousand
toyoueveryseason,
blessings
0 Oisin,hospitable
andsweetofvoice;
For thetalesso pleasant
You haverelatedto meduringmylife.

Atoncehe spedto meethim,

For theaffection
andlovehe borehim;
no oneelse to accompany
him
He permitted
ThatLiur mightbe sparedall shame.
"Long lifetoyou,0 Liur,
Bestower
offavors,obligingand kind;
Manygiftshaveyoumadeto me,
in return.
Askingnothing
"You gavetomewhileyousatat thewine
Thirty-one
cowswiththeircalves;
A youngfoolcalffollowing
eachcow,
On theheatheraboveDriom-caol.
"You gavetomeonehundred
andeightyhorses
To bearmesafelyawayfromdanger;
Andthirty-one
shipsformyequipment,
To carrymehomeoverthesea.
"Freelyyoubestowed
thosethingson me,
Withoutrefusal,without
stint;
Nordid youbespeaka price
For landandvisit,speechandpraise.'"

The normaldisregardof populartradition

for
has here operatedto reduceto a petty
congruity
kingleta sea-god whose originand nature are
as bafflingas a druidic
envelopedin an obscurity
mist. Fromthefailureof thefewmeagrereferencesto himin Irishliteratureto bodyhimforth
withwell-defined
we know littleof him
features,
beyondthat his name means thesea (Ler nom.,
Lir gen.), and that he belongsto theTuatha de
Danann, or folkof the goddessDanu. How far
the title of the IrishPoseidon,somehe justifies
times conferred on him by modern writers,is

forIrishlegendearlystripped
beyondconjecture,
himof all associationwiththe sea, bestowing
on
his son Manannanmac Lir the attributes
of a sea
divinity. In Irish poetry,however,is preserved
thememory
of his connection
witha wateryrealm.
Such a reference
is to be foundin theSongofthe

January,1909.]

MODERN LANGUAGE

NOTES.

Sea, fortheSea-KingsofDublin by iRumann,the dispersedoverthecountry,

quarteringthemselves
"Irish Virgil" 2:
in sid-brughs(fairymansions)among the hills
and mountains,
whence,still endowedwiththe
"Stormis on theplainofLir (i. e., thesea)
attributes
of
gods,
theyissuedforth,invisibleto
Bursting
o'er itsborders
here,"etc.
mortals,to workgood or evil. The evolutionof
"The ploughing
ofLir's vastplain
popularbeliefhas reducedthemto thefabledlife
Bringstobravehostsprideand pain," etc.
of the " goodpeople" of Irish fairylore. They
in Ossianiclegendsas sometimes
The vastperiodof time over whichhis existence are represented
Fiin
andtheFianna,andas somewarring
against
withthe fact thatmostof the
stretches,
together
times
their
coming
to
aid ; e. g., in the Battle
taleswhichgive him anythingmorethan a local
of
Ventry,
whither
they
resortedin responseto
habitationand a name, viz., the Ossianic,are
Finn's
appeal
for
help
against
theinvadingforces
comparatively
late, mayaccountfortheminifying
of
the
of
King
the
"Are thoseyonder
World.
withother
ofhis powersand hispossibleconfusion
the
"
of
Fianns
Erinn,
asks
the
latter. " No,"
Lirs.
the
was
"
another
of
answer,
lot
the
menofErinn
No one, to myknowledge,has approachedthe
that
not
dare
be
on
the
surface
of
the
earth,but
subjectofLir fromtheIrishside exceptO'Curry,
live
in
sid-brughs
under
the
ground,
called
Tuatha
whose article,however,is well-nighinaccessible,
de
As
Danann."
4
from
appears
this
battle,
albeing locked up, as it were,in the exceedingly
though
of
divine
origin,
they
are
not
exempt
from
scarce volumesof theAtlantisPapers.3 Hence
in parttheargument
reproducing
of thisvaluable being put to hard straits,nor even,as we learn
fromviolentdeath.
to the subjectwill be nearlyequiv- elsewhere,
contribution
The tale naturallylaid under requisitionfirst
alent to offering
new material. And sinceit is
impossibleto considerLir genealogicallyapart for material,because of its suggestivetitle and
is thatoftheTheFate oftheChildren
fromhis son Manannanmac Lir, to whosename itscurrency,
in manuscript
of
Lir,5
totheseventeenth
belonging
and fame he chieflyowes his perpetuation,
the
natureand r6le of the lattermustbe involvedin century. This modernisedstoryofferslittleto
link him with the characterwe know through
thediscussion.
of Monmouth,
unlessit be the element
It is chiefly
in con4ectionwiththe mysterious Geoffrey
that attendshisfootsteps.In
race of the Tuatha de Danann that he is most oftragicsuffering
is brought
about,notthrough
frequently
met with. This race,in the mytho- thistale thesuffering
but thlrough
treachery
dealtout
logicalperiod of Irishhistory,overranIrelandas filialingratittide,
on the children. The version
thesecondgreat migration. Accordingto pagan by thestep-mother
Irishbelief,theydescendeduponthecountry
from ofthistale extantin theBook ofFermoyis signifiManannanmacLir as preHeaven; laterChristiancoloringmade themap- cantinthatitrepresents
the
oftheTuathade Danann
over
assemblv
siding
as
in
pear having dweltformierly some northern
land,where
theyhad learneddruidery,
i. e., magic, chiefsand apportioningout the land. Among
whichtheyemployedto obscurethe sun forthree these chiefsis Lir, to whom is assignedfor a
Sid Finnachaid,i. e., the hill of
days aftertheirarrival. At any rate, all accounts dwelling-place
the
White
on the top of the Few mounField,
investthem withsuipernatural
powers. Theyin
turnhad to yield to the thirdand last bodyof tains in CountyArmagh. Apparentlythe Lir
migrators,the Milesians, from whom are de- ofthefamous"Children" is nothe whois father
scended the chief Gaelic families. Aftertheir to Manannan.
In theOssianictalesalso he comesto lightonly
disastrousdefeatsby the latterat Taillten(Teltown) and Druim Lighen (Drumleene), they as a chiefof the Tuatha de Danann race. That
2 Bards of the Gael and the Gall, Dr. George Sigerson,
2nd edit., 1907. (The) Ruimannbelongsprobablyto the
eighthcentury.
3 Note on Manannan mac Lir in AtlantisPapers, vol. iv,
'P. 226 ff.;O'Curry, 1863.

4Cath. Finntraga,edit. with translationby Kuno Meyer,

1885.
5Edit. with translationby O' Curryin AtlantisPapers,
vol. Iv, 1863. Also translatedin Joyce's Old CelticRomnances,
2nd edition, 1894.

MODERN LANGUAGE NOTES.

[Vol. xxiv,No. 1.

Accordingto O'Curry,9the onlyLir mentioned

he is identicalwiththe Lir of the precedingtale
is inferablefromthe name of his residence,Sid in thegenealogical
tracton theTuathade Danann
Finnachaid,fromhis rank,and fromthequalities in theBook ofLecan (fourteenth-fifteenth
centuattributedto him. The few additionalfeatures ries) is he who was fatherto Manannan,and this
yieldedup by thesetales are as follows. He is only in one stanza of an ancient fragmentary,
numberedamong the Tuatha de Dananns who poemquotedin thistract:
hastento the reliefof Finn at theBattleofVenManannan,sonofLir, fromtheLake,
try, where,however,he more than meets his
soughtmanybattles;
matchin his mortaladversary. The Colloquyof
Oirbsenwashis name; afterhundreds
ofvictories,
ofdeathhe died.
the Ancients8relatesthat,at a council held by
theTuatha de Danannchiefs,one ofthemis made
Now, in a poem writtenby Flann of Monasterto say, " Let Lir ofSid Finnachaidadviseus since
boice (ob. 1056) on the mannerof death of the
he is the oldestof theTuatha de Danann." In
Tuathade Danann chiefs,we findanothername
another
place mentionis madeofLir as engagedin
givento thefatherofManannan:10
feudswithsome of his brotherchiefs,in one inElloittherenowned
fell,stancemarching
to theassaultaccompanied
byhis
The greatfierce
fatherofManannan,twenty-seven
sonsand theirsons. In one ofthese
AndDonann,theperfect,
comely,
engagements,
whileseekingto avengetheslaughter
By De-Domnann
oftheFormorians.
ofhis " balefulbird" on Cailte,oneoftheFianna,
The sonofAlloidtherenowned
fell,
who was enjoyingthe hospitality
of Ilbreacmac
The illustrious,
wealthyManannan,
Manannanof Easa Ruaid (Assaroe), anotherof
In thebattlein hardCuillinn,
theTuathade Danann, Lir lost his life. Cailte,
By thehandofUillennoftheredweapons.
seeingthehostapproach,asked, " What seemsto
I " The man
The parentageand locale of Manannan are
you the mostdangerousconflict?
illuminated
by the following
passagefrom
ofgreatestvaloramongthe Tuatha de Danaun," further
century)":
said they," that is, Lir of Sid Finnachaid." the YellowBook ofLecan (fourteenth
Cailte,true to his customof choosingthe most
Manannan,the son of Alloit,a druid of the
perilouscombat,soughtout Lir, and after a Tuatha de Danann; and it was in the time of
furiousbattlecame offvictor,leaving Lir dead theTuatha de Danann he flourished.Oirbsen,
indeed,was his truename. It was thisManannan
on thefield.
thatresidedin Arann (in theFirthofClyde) and
Beforewe attemptto straighten
outhis genea- this is theplace whichis
called EmhainAbhlach
logy,it willbe welltodisposeoftwoisolatedrefer- (Emain of theApple-trees);and it was he that
ences to Lir. In the Bodleian Dinnsencasof was killed in the battleof Cuillinn,by Uillenn,
Sinann7 occur lines whichrememberhis divine son of Catir,son of Nuada of the SilverHand,
forthesovereignty
ofConnacht; and
origin: " Sinend,daughterofLodan Luchar,son in contention
when
his
grave
was
it
was
thenLoch Oirbdug,
" etc. O' Curry
ofLir, outoftheLand ofPromise,
senburstovertheland (out of the grave) so that
mentions
in his list of heroictales namedin the it was fromhim that Loch Oirbsen (now Loch
Book ofLeinster(twelfthcentury)the ThreeCir- Corrib)is named; he was thefirstManannan.
CUit8oftheHoUSeofLir". 8 But thistale of the
This was certainlythe Manannan who disattackon Lir's househas notbeenpreserved.
tributedthe Tuatha de Danann chiefsto their
hill residences; still he is not called the son of
6Acallamh na Senorach,
Irische Texte,vierteserie,1 Lir, thoughthe firststanza quoted above,where
heft; editedbyW. StokesfromtheBookofLismore
(fifhe is calledManannan,the son of Lir " fromthe
teenthcentury). The Colloquy
is a seriesof dialogues
Lake,"
seemsto identify
him withOirbsen,who
betweenCailte,one of the last of the Fianna,and St.

Patrick.
7 See Mannersand Clustoms
oftheAncient
Irish,O'Curry,
vol. It, Lecturevii, 1873.
8Lectures
on ManuscriptMaterials,App. p. 584, O'Curry,

1873.

9 Noteon Manannan
macLir in Atlantis
Papers.

10Book
ofLeinster,
fol.6a; the stanzasquotedare the
4thand the29th.
I"The Ms. H. 2, 16, T. C. D., col. 881.

January,
1909.]

MODERN LANGUAGE NOTES.

gave his name to Loch Oirbsen. This Oirbsen,

or Manannan,theson of Alloit,is again setdown
as thesonof Lir in an anonymouspoemwritten
for Raghnall Arannach (Randal of the Arann
Island), a Dublin Dane of the eleventhcentury.
In praiseofArannrunsone stanzaso:

domnann,a Fomorian. We must look to the

poemon Randal Arannachforthe trueparentage
of Lir, the fatherof Manannan,for the Lir of
theOssianictalesis spokenofas theson of Lughaidh. So concludesO'Curry'sargument.
That Manannanis a god, restlessand fickle,as
his shape as his abode,is seldom
fond
of shifting
If thehostsofthemenofthelandswereyours,
lost sightof in Irish romance. His mysterious
FromtheBoynetillyoutouchedtheTiber,
to youforhoneyand mead-joy
Moreimportant
in an isle of the sea, inacpalace lies somewhere
Emhain(i. e., Arann)of the Son of Lir, sonofMigher. cessibleto the averagenavigator,
wherehe holds
Land
as
Lord
of
of the
Promise,
the
of
sway
Therecan be no doubt thatthe " Son of Lir "
around
Other-world,
the
Honey-plain,
Happy
spokenof here was the great Manannanof EmhainoftheApple-trees. It wouldseemthenthat whoseborders
traditionand scribalcarelessnesshave confused
"Summersea-steeds
leaptandran
Far as reachtheeyesofBran.
the two Manannans,attributingthe acts,gifts,
Riversrunwithhoneyclear
and residenceof the Son of Lir to the Son of
In thefairlandofMac Lir."
Alloit. That this confusionis of ancientstanding may be seen fromthe followingitemtaken He possessedmanyfamousweapons,some which
fromthegenealogicaltractin theBook ofLecan : neverfailedto slay."8 Two of these,the " Great
Theseare thethreesonsofAlloit,son ofEladan Fury" and the " Little Fury," he loaned to
(son ofDelbaeth,son ofNeit), namely: Manan- Diarmaitin his flightwithGrainnefromthevenwhotradedbetweenErinn and geance of Finn. His horse,called "Splendid
nan themerchant,
and Albain; and it was he that used to know Mane," whichwas fleeter
thanthe windand was
the comingof the foul or the fair weatherin
as on land, together
at
on
water
home
equally
.
.
and
of
Alloit,
the sky; and Bron,the son
withhis impenetrable
armor,formedthe equipCeiti,theson of Alloit.
mentof Lugh, whenthelatter,in his capacityof
about 890
Again in Cormac'sGlossary-written
ambassador,cast the Fomoriancamp into wonofManannan:
-occurs anotherdescription
deringinquietude. His boat,namedthe "WaveManannan,son of Lir: thatis, a famousmer- sweeper,"renownedforpropellingand guiding
chant who residedin Inis Manann (the Isle of itselfat the wish of its occupants,bore the illMan); he was the best marinerthat was in
WesternEurope. . . . Inde Scoti Britoneseum fatedChildrenof Tuirennin theirquest for the
of theEast. And his shield,whichwas
deum vocaveruntmaris; ejus inde filiumesse treasures
dixerunt(i. e., Mac Lir, son of the sea); et de fashionedfromtheAncientDrippingHazel, the
nomine Manannan, Inis Manannan dicta est witheredtree on which was fixed the head of
nomen,et de nomineManann Insola Manann Balor of theEvil Eye, afterLugh had cut it off
dictaest.
at theBattle of Moytura,laterbecametheshield
Manannan mac Lir, of ofFinn.
We may then identify
the Isle of Man, and of Embain Abhlach,with
Manannanmac Lir is an important
figurein
Manannanmac Alloit,of Loch Oirbsen,in Con- theepic cycleof the Cuchullinn
tales,whichhave
nacht. He must not, however,be confounded beenapproximated
to thetimeof Christ,and also
with the Manannan, son of Athgnai,who pro- plays a considerablepart in theOssianiccycle.
tectedNaisi and Deirdrein theirexile and who In thepersonofhis ownsonMongan,ofthesixth
nursedand reinstated
theirson aftertheirdeath.12 century,
he bringsabout a re-birthof Finn, of
That theLir slainby Cailteis nottheAlloit,son thethirdcentury.
of Eladan, is clear enough,for the latter,be it
Welsh legendspresentscarcelyless hazyoutmet his death at the hands ofDe- lines of Lir. Here, too,divestedof all rememremembered,
12
The Fate oftheChildrenofUisnech;see AtlantisPapers
p. 416, O'Curry. This Manannan is called the "fourth
X
Mananntan.f

18See The Mythology

ofthe BritishIsles, p. 60, Charles
Squire,1905.

MODERN LANGUAGE NOTES.

[Vol. xxiv,No. I.

brance of his connectionwith the ocean,he is

in the fameof his sonMan- THUMMEL'S REISE AND LAURENCE
submerged
well-nigh
STERNE.
awyddanimac Llyr. Nor does the latterfigure
in ther6leof an oceandeity,butappears
entirely
Moritz August von Thiimmel'sReise in die
and a tillerofthesoil,having mittdglichenProvinzenvon Frakikreich
also as a shoemaker
imnJahre
been deposedfromhis throneby an intruder.1"1785 bis 17861 has been mentionedin a general
of his associationswiththe wayas one of the mostimportantGermanimitaSome reminiscences
Land of Promise.however,are evidentin the tions of Laurence Sterne. The followingis an
state of peace and plentyin whichhe and his attemptto show briefly
the extentand natureof
companionsdwell so long as they carryabout Thfimmel'
s relationshipto the English master
withthemthe head of his brotherBran. That and to notesomestriking
differences.
he was a masterofmagic couldbe attestedby no
Thuimmel,
like Sterne,startsout in pursuitof
less a personagethan Arthur,who was at one health,but apart fromthis initial motiveboth
timea captivein the prisonwhichManawyddan travellersare chiefly
in the opportuniinterested
of humanbones for the confinementtiesto observethe workingsof thehumanheart.
constructed
in his Underworld.
ofthosewhotrespassed
Theyrevelin sentimental
situationsand seekfirst
It has beensuggestedthat the nameLlyr Lle- in every place stimulationof the sympathetic
diath(Llyr of the Foreign Dialect) applied to emotions. Such expressionsas " Das menschand the name Iweridd licheIHerz," " Das Spiel des menschlichen
him in Welsh literature,
Her(Ireland), given to one of his wives, render zens," " IKenntnisse
des menschlichen
Herzens"
probablethe suppositionthat he mayhave been are of constantoccurlencein Thiimmel'saccount
borrowedby the Britonsfromthe Gaels subse- of his adventures. Both travellersignorecomquent to a common Celtic mythology.15The pletelythe ordinaryobjects of the sightseer's
name Llyr itselfis a sourceof confusion. The interest. The passage in which Thiimmelexof presseshis attitudeof indifference
Welsh translatedthe Latin Leir of Geoffrey
withreference
MonmouthintoLlyr.16 The formLeir looks to to thesightsof Paris seemshardlymorethanan
nowLeicesbe derivedfromlegr-ofLegraceaster,
elaborated paraphraseof Yorick's well-known
ter. The riverLegra, fromwhichthe citytook statement. He testifies
formallyat the frontier
of
its name,has been regardedas the old namne
on his returnthat the purposeof his journey
the Soar, and as extantin that of the village has been the searchforhealthand "die VerLeire, spelled Legre in theDoomsdayBook. It besserung
meinesVerstandesund Herzens."
probablypointsback to a Legereor Ligere,which
In motiveand incidentthereare frequent
sugrecallsLiger, ' theLoire.'
is askedto take
gestionsof Sterne. The traveller
He whowouldattemptto unravelthe snarl in a
lady into his carriage. He twice encounters
which the storiesof King Lear and his three maimedveteranswho are reminiscent
of Sterne's
daughtershave becomeinvolved in Welsh and
old soldiers. There is a sentimentalvisit to a
shouldconsultl'he StoryofKing
Englishtradition
tomblike Sterne's pilgrimage
to thatofAmandus
the
Lear, whereinare discussedverythoroughly
and Amanda. The beautiful woman crazed
stories,their probable origin and relation,and
throughlove and griefis a directimitationof
until once for all time fixed by
theirfortune,
Maria of Moulines. One notesfurther
thepeas17
Shakespeare.
ants' dance,Yorick-likepraiseof thepatientass,
EDWARD GODFREY COx.
a devotionto sentimentalmementoes,ruthless
Cornell
University.
of sentimental
interruptions
situationsby interthe Son of Llyr," the Mabino14See " Manawyddan,
byLady Guest,1877.
gion,translated
16Arthurian
Legends,p. 130,J. Rhys,1891.
16 CelticFolklore,vol. ii, p. 547,J. Rhys,1901.
17Published in Palestra, No. xxxv, Wm. Perrett,
Berlin,1904.

1 In ten parts, Leipzig, 1791-1805. In two contemporaryreviews Thiimmel's name is connectedwith that
of Sterne (Allg. dt. Bibliothek,VoL 108, pp. 343-349,
and GothaischegelehrteZeitungen,1791, ii, pp. 305-7).
IF'orother reviews and contemporaryopinions,see the
articleon Thiimmelin J6rdens.