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Revolution and Ideology in the 

Revolution and Ideology in the


Asia‐Pacific Region

Professor Carl Thayer
Presentation to 
Centre of Defence and Strategic Studies
Centre of Defence and Strategic Studies
March 11, 2010
Learning Objectives
Learning Objectives
Examine the history of 
revolutionary developments in 
l i d l i
the Asia‐Pacific Region after the 
First World War
First World War

Compare and contrast the causes 
and dynamics of major 
revolutionary and ideological 
developments in the region
Learning Objectives
Learning Objectives
Consider the intertwining of 
nationalism and communism, 
i li d i
both pre‐ and post‐
independence

Analyse the difference outcomes 
between communist
between communist 
insurgencies in the region
Learning Objectives
Learning Objectives

Evaluate if there is a difference 
between countries that were 
forged through a struggle for 
independence and those that
independence and those that 
were not.
Defining Revolution
Defining Revolution

• Revolving nature of political systems in 
ancient Greece
• Transformation of society to create a more 
equitable order
equitable order
• Ideology mated with revolution to produce 
major political change
major political change
Key Definitions
Key Definitions
• Revolution
Revolution – overthrow and replacement of 
overthrow and replacement of
one governmental system by another that is 
accompanied y widespread changes in politics
accompanied y widespread changes in politics 
social relations and economic ownership.
• Ideology –
Ideology a set of views and concepts, which 
a set of views and concepts which
when taken together serve as a guide for ation 
and vision of the future Critical worldview
and vision of the future. Critical worldview 
that promotes change.
Communist Ideology
Communist Ideology
• Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
– The Communist Manifesto
– Das Kapital
Das Kapital
• V. I. Lenin
– Imperialism the Highest Stage of Capitalism
• Josef Stalin
– Communism is Soviet power plus the 
electrification of the whole country
Revolutionary Developments Since 
the First World War
• Bolshevik Revolution (October 1917)
• 3rd Communist International (1919‐43).
– The COMINTERN intended to fight "by all 
available means, including armed force, for the 
overthrow of the international bourgeoisie and for 
the creation of an international Soviet republic as 
a transition stage to the complete abolition of the 
t iti t t th l t b liti f th
State."[
Chinese Revolution
Chinese Revolution
• Chinese
Chinese Communist 
Communist
Party (1921)
• 1st United Front CCP‐
United Front CCP
KMT (1921‐27)
• Failed Urban 
F il d U b
Strategy (1927‐35)
– Peasant movement in 
Hunan Long March - Yunan
– Civil war
Civil war Mao in ascendancy
Chinese Revolution
Chinese Revolution
• Japanese aggression and 2nd United Front 
Japanese aggression and 2 United Front
(1937‐46)
• Civil War (1946‐49)
Civil War (1946 49)
– Protracted three‐stage war against Japan
• People’s Republic of China (October 1949)
( )
– Mao’s New Democracy (1940) set two stages, New 
Democracy and Socialism.
– Agrarian Law (1950)
People’ss Republic of China
People Republic of China
• Land Reform (1950
Land Reform (1950‐53)
53)
– Classification: landlords, rich peasants,  middle 
peasants poor peasants landless worker
peasants, poor peasants, landless worker. 
– People’s Tribunals: landlords denounced
• First Five‐Year Plan (1953‐57)
First Five Year Plan (1953 57)
– Industrialization
– Agricultural collectivization
A i lt l ll ti i ti
• Great Leap Forward (1958)
French Indochina
French Indochina
• North – coal and tin 
mines
• Central Highlands: 
Central Highlands:
coffee, tea, rubber 
planatations
• South – large rice 
estates rubber
estates, rubber 
plantations
Nguyen Ai Quoc (Ho Chi Minh)
Nguyen Ai Quoc (Ho Chi Minh)

F
Founding
di off F
French
hCCommunist
i tPParty
t 1920
Second World War
Second World War
• Japan occupies Indochina (September 1940)
Japa occup es doc a (Sep e be 9 0)
• Preparation for armed insurrection
– Viet Minh united front formed (1941)
( )
– National democratic or two‐stage revolution
• August Revolution 1945
g
– Seizure of power throughout the country
– Declaration of Independence September 2, 1945
• Kuomintang Army occupies North Vietnam
– Indochinese Communist Party dissolves itself
Vietnamese Revolution
Vietnamese Revolution
• 1930 Indochinese Communist Party founded
1930 Indochinese Communist Party founded
• 1940‐45 Japanese occupation
– Viet Minh national democratic revolution
Vi t Mi h ti ld ti l ti
– August Revolution 1945
• Resistance War Against the French (1946‐54)
– 1947 protracted war
– 1949 Chinese communists win power
– Chinese advice and support
Resistance War Against France
Resistance War Against France

• KMT Army leaves, French return
KMT A l F h t
• Resistance War against France 1946‐54
– 1947 protracted war
– 1949 Mao triumphs in Chinese civil war
– 1950 Border Campaign
– 1950‐53 Korean War
– 1954 Battle of Dien Bien Phu
Democratic Republic of Vietnam
p
1955‐75
Communist Ideology
Communist Ideology
• Marxism
– End exploitation of man by man
– State to control means of production
– ‘from
from each according to his ability, to each according to 
each according to his ability to each according to
his need’
• Leninism
– Vanguard party and professional revolutionary
– Dictatorship of the proletariat
• Stalinism
St li i
– Central planning and large‐scale industrialisation
– Communism 
Communism = Soviet power + electrification
Soviet power + electrification
Land Reform, 1953‐56
Land Reform, 1953 56
• Population Classification (from China)
– Landlords
L dl d
– Rich peasants
– Middle peasants
– Poor peasants
– Landless
• Land Redistribution (and its excesses)
( )
– Farm animals and farming implements
Average Land Holdings
hectares per person

Classification Before After

Landless .02 .15

Poor peasant .05 .14

Middle .12 .17

Rich
c .21 .21

Landlord .65 .10


Land Controlled (in hectares)
( )
Classifica- Land owned Land Land owned
tion before owned/used after land
before reform

Middle .126
126 .168
168 .161
161
peasant

Poor
P .049
049 .101
101 .144
144
peasant

Landless .026 .081 .141


Land Reform Errors
Land Reform Errors
• Land
Land reform combined with security 
reform combined with security
campaign after partition
• Public trials and denunciations
Public trials and denunciations
• Quotas of ‘wicked landlords’ executed
• Many cadres imprisoned on basis of class 
Many cadres imprisoned on basis of class
background – homes and property seized
• Peasant revolt (Quynh Luu district)
Peasant revolt (Quynh Luu district)
• Rectification of Errors campaign
Dissent and Its Repression
Dissent and Its Repression
• Nhan Van‐Giai Pham Affair (1956‐57)
– 1956 Khrushchev’s denunciation of Stalin
– Reaction to imposition of communist controls and 
ideological orthodoxy
– Artists, writers and intellectuals
– Nhan Dan (The People) – party newspaper
– Uprisings in Poland and Hungary
– Sino‐Soviet dispute
Agricultural Producers’ 
Cooperatives (collectives)
• Low‐level APCs
– Means of production pooled
– Income based on ‘shares’
• High‐level APCs
– Land socialized (collective ownership)
– Work brigades and teams based on gender and 
age
– Income based on work points
• No communes in Vietnam (like China)
N i Vi t (lik Chi )
Remuneration (per task per mau)
Remuneration (per task per mau)
• 250 points helping in rice  • 118 minding a buffalo
nursery all year
ll • 80 points harrowing
• 240 points helping in a  • 65 points manure hauling 
crèche all year ((3,500 kg)
, g)
• 210 points weeding • 50 points bailing out 
• 210 points growing  water 
duckweed • 25 points tending 
25 points tending
• 180 points ploughing,  nurseries (young rice 
digging plants)
• 180 points lifting young  • 20 points making small 
rice plants  dykes 
p
• 145 points harvestingg pp
• 15 crop protection and 
combating insects
Scale Per Working Day
Grade 1 sweeping yards, feeding pigs 6 points

Grade 2 draining water, making baskets 7 points

Grade 3 hoeing and weeding food crops, 8 points


fishing
Grade 4 digging, bailing water, minding herd 9 points
of bufflaloes or oxen
Grade 5 ploughing, harrowing, planting, 10
manuring clearing, lifting water points
Other Economic Sectors
Other Economic Sectors
• Handicrafts collectivized
• Industry nationalised 
– State Owned Enterprises  (SOEs)
• Central Planning
– Three
Three‐Year
Year Plan, 1958
Plan 1958‐60
60
• Soviet and Chinese aid
– 1st Five‐Year Plan, 1961‐65
1st Five Year Plan 1961 65
• Heavy industry
Vietnam War, 1960‐75
,
• Resolution
Resolution No. 15 (1959)
No. 15 (1959)
• Ho Chi Minh Trail
• National Liberation Front of South Vietnam 
N ti l Lib ti F t f S th Vi t
(1960) [Viet Cong]
• Guerilla War (1961‐64)
• Conventional War (1965‐73)
( )
• North versus South (1973‐75)
Air War, 1965‐68
Air War, 1965 68 and 1972
and 1972
• Political system frozen in 
place
• Industry destroyed
• Dependent on Soviet and 
Chinese aid
• Women assume village 
leadership positions
• Provincial autarky
• Backtracking on  socialism
Communism in Cambodia

Samlaut
Rebellion
1967 Norodom

Sisowath

King/Prince Sihanouk
Vietnamese
Vi t
Communist
sanctuaries
established
in Cambodia
- Ho Chi
Minh Trail
1968 Tet
Offensive
Cambodia: ‘Coup’
Cambodia:  Coup  March 1970
March 1970

• Operation Menu ‐ US 
bombs sanctuaries
• Sihanouk visits Soviet 
Union and China
• Sirik Matak and Lon 
Nol depose Sihanouk
• Establish Khmer  Sirik Matak and
Republic, 1970‐75
M h lL
Marshal Lon Nol
N l
Democratic Kampuchea 1975‐79
Democratic Kampuchea 1975 79
Brother Number One
Brother Number One

• Saloth Sar aka Pol 
Pot
• Sister a royal 
courtesan
• Studied electronics 
St di d l t i
in France
• Visited Yugoslavia
Visited Yugoslavia
• Restore greatness 
of Angkor
Khmer Rouge Regime

Nuon Chea Ieng Sary - Pol Pot - Son Sen


Khieu Samphan
Brother No 2

T Mok
Ta M k ‘the
‘th butcher’
b t h ’
Deuch head of S21
S21 Interrogation
Centre
Killi Fi
Killing Fields
ld
Eastern Zone Rebellion 1978

Khmer
Rouge
g Pol Pot
Ideology in Burma, 1962‐88
• Military‐run Revolutionary Council 
y y
seizes power
– Constitution suspended
Constitution suspended
– Political parties banned
• The Burmese Way to Socialism ‐
The Burmese Way to Socialism 1962
– Central command economy
– Elimination of foreign ownership in business
– State‐sanctioned religion
Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma
Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma

• Burma Socialist Program Party (BSPP)
– Leninist
Leninist‐style
style political party elitist/cadre
political party elitist/cadre
• The System of Correlation of Man and 
Hi E i
His Environment ‐
t 1963
– BSPP ideology codified/autarky
• BSPP transformed into mass party 1971
• New Constitution 1974 (socialist republic)
New Constitution 1974 (socialist republic)
End of the Socialist Republic
End of the Socialist Republic
• BSPP apparatus steadily weakens
• Sept. 1987 collapse of socialist economy
ll f l
– Demonetization measures devastate economy
– Savings wiped out
– 1987 student demonstrations erupt in Rangoon 
and spread throughout country
– Aug. 8, 1988 (‘8888’) student general strike
• State Law and Order Restoration Council
– Union of Burma
Outcomes of Communist 
Insurgencies
• Philippines
– Huk Rebellion (1947‐July 1950 )
– New People
New People’ss Army (1969‐)
Army (1969 )
• Indonesia
– Partai Komunis Indonesia (PKI, 1924)
( )
– 1926 revolution suppressed
– 1948 Madiun
– 1965 GESTAPU
Outcomes of Communist 
Insurgencies
• Burma
– Communist Party of Burma (1939)
– Waged armed struggle from 1948‐89
Waged armed struggle from 1948 89
• Malaysia
– Communist Party of Malaya (1930)
( )
– The Emergency 1948‐60
– Ceased armed struggle in 1989
• Naxilites in India (1967), Maoists in Nepal (1994)
Consequences of Revolution in the 
20thh Century
• Divided
Divided China, Unified Vietnam
China Unified Vietnam
• One‐party regimes  remain in power in China 
and Vietnam
and Vietnam
• China and Vietnam failed economic policies
– Late 1970s Chinese economic reforms
– 1986 Doi Moi (renovation) Vietnam
– Both high growth rate economies
• Ideology transformed
gy

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