Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Professor Carl Thayer
Presentation to
Centre of Defence and Strategic Studies
Centre of Defence and Strategic Studies
March 11, 2010
Learning Objectives
Learning Objectives
Examine the history of
revolutionary developments in
l i d l i
the Asia‐Pacific Region after the
First World War
First World War
Compare and contrast the causes
and dynamics of major
revolutionary and ideological
developments in the region
Learning Objectives
Learning Objectives
Consider the intertwining of
nationalism and communism,
i li d i
both pre‐ and post‐
independence
Analyse the difference outcomes
between communist
between communist
insurgencies in the region
Learning Objectives
Learning Objectives
Evaluate if there is a difference
between countries that were
forged through a struggle for
independence and those that
independence and those that
were not.
Defining Revolution
Defining Revolution
• Revolving nature of political systems in
ancient Greece
• Transformation of society to create a more
equitable order
equitable order
• Ideology mated with revolution to produce
major political change
major political change
Key Definitions
Key Definitions
• Revolution
Revolution – overthrow and replacement of
overthrow and replacement of
one governmental system by another that is
accompanied y widespread changes in politics
accompanied y widespread changes in politics
social relations and economic ownership.
• Ideology –
Ideology a set of views and concepts, which
a set of views and concepts which
when taken together serve as a guide for ation
and vision of the future Critical worldview
and vision of the future. Critical worldview
that promotes change.
Communist Ideology
Communist Ideology
• Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
– The Communist Manifesto
– Das Kapital
Das Kapital
• V. I. Lenin
– Imperialism the Highest Stage of Capitalism
• Josef Stalin
– Communism is Soviet power plus the
electrification of the whole country
Revolutionary Developments Since
the First World War
• Bolshevik Revolution (October 1917)
• 3rd Communist International (1919‐43).
– The COMINTERN intended to fight "by all
available means, including armed force, for the
overthrow of the international bourgeoisie and for
the creation of an international Soviet republic as
a transition stage to the complete abolition of the
t iti t t th l t b liti f th
State."[
Chinese Revolution
Chinese Revolution
• Chinese
Chinese Communist
Communist
Party (1921)
• 1st United Front CCP‐
United Front CCP
KMT (1921‐27)
• Failed Urban
F il d U b
Strategy (1927‐35)
– Peasant movement in
Hunan Long March - Yunan
– Civil war
Civil war Mao in ascendancy
Chinese Revolution
Chinese Revolution
• Japanese aggression and 2nd United Front
Japanese aggression and 2 United Front
(1937‐46)
• Civil War (1946‐49)
Civil War (1946 49)
– Protracted three‐stage war against Japan
• People’s Republic of China (October 1949)
( )
– Mao’s New Democracy (1940) set two stages, New
Democracy and Socialism.
– Agrarian Law (1950)
People’ss Republic of China
People Republic of China
• Land Reform (1950
Land Reform (1950‐53)
53)
– Classification: landlords, rich peasants, middle
peasants poor peasants landless worker
peasants, poor peasants, landless worker.
– People’s Tribunals: landlords denounced
• First Five‐Year Plan (1953‐57)
First Five Year Plan (1953 57)
– Industrialization
– Agricultural collectivization
A i lt l ll ti i ti
• Great Leap Forward (1958)
French Indochina
French Indochina
• North – coal and tin
mines
• Central Highlands:
Central Highlands:
coffee, tea, rubber
planatations
• South – large rice
estates rubber
estates, rubber
plantations
Nguyen Ai Quoc (Ho Chi Minh)
Nguyen Ai Quoc (Ho Chi Minh)
F
Founding
di off F
French
hCCommunist
i tPParty
t 1920
Second World War
Second World War
• Japan occupies Indochina (September 1940)
Japa occup es doc a (Sep e be 9 0)
• Preparation for armed insurrection
– Viet Minh united front formed (1941)
( )
– National democratic or two‐stage revolution
• August Revolution 1945
g
– Seizure of power throughout the country
– Declaration of Independence September 2, 1945
• Kuomintang Army occupies North Vietnam
– Indochinese Communist Party dissolves itself
Vietnamese Revolution
Vietnamese Revolution
• 1930 Indochinese Communist Party founded
1930 Indochinese Communist Party founded
• 1940‐45 Japanese occupation
– Viet Minh national democratic revolution
Vi t Mi h ti ld ti l ti
– August Revolution 1945
• Resistance War Against the French (1946‐54)
– 1947 protracted war
– 1949 Chinese communists win power
– Chinese advice and support
Resistance War Against France
Resistance War Against France
• KMT Army leaves, French return
KMT A l F h t
• Resistance War against France 1946‐54
– 1947 protracted war
– 1949 Mao triumphs in Chinese civil war
– 1950 Border Campaign
– 1950‐53 Korean War
– 1954 Battle of Dien Bien Phu
Democratic Republic of Vietnam
p
1955‐75
Communist Ideology
Communist Ideology
• Marxism
– End exploitation of man by man
– State to control means of production
– ‘from
from each according to his ability, to each according to
each according to his ability to each according to
his need’
• Leninism
– Vanguard party and professional revolutionary
– Dictatorship of the proletariat
• Stalinism
St li i
– Central planning and large‐scale industrialisation
– Communism
Communism = Soviet power + electrification
Soviet power + electrification
Land Reform, 1953‐56
Land Reform, 1953 56
• Population Classification (from China)
– Landlords
L dl d
– Rich peasants
– Middle peasants
– Poor peasants
– Landless
• Land Redistribution (and its excesses)
( )
– Farm animals and farming implements
Average Land Holdings
hectares per person
Rich
c .21 .21
Middle .126
126 .168
168 .161
161
peasant
Poor
P .049
049 .101
101 .144
144
peasant
Samlaut
Rebellion
1967 Norodom
Sisowath
King/Prince Sihanouk
Vietnamese
Vi t
Communist
sanctuaries
established
in Cambodia
- Ho Chi
Minh Trail
1968 Tet
Offensive
Cambodia: ‘Coup’
Cambodia: Coup March 1970
March 1970
• Operation Menu ‐ US
bombs sanctuaries
• Sihanouk visits Soviet
Union and China
• Sirik Matak and Lon
Nol depose Sihanouk
• Establish Khmer Sirik Matak and
Republic, 1970‐75
M h lL
Marshal Lon Nol
N l
Democratic Kampuchea 1975‐79
Democratic Kampuchea 1975 79
Brother Number One
Brother Number One
• Saloth Sar aka Pol
Pot
• Sister a royal
courtesan
• Studied electronics
St di d l t i
in France
• Visited Yugoslavia
Visited Yugoslavia
• Restore greatness
of Angkor
Khmer Rouge Regime
T Mok
Ta M k ‘the
‘th butcher’
b t h ’
Deuch head of S21
S21 Interrogation
Centre
Killi Fi
Killing Fields
ld
Eastern Zone Rebellion 1978
Khmer
Rouge
g Pol Pot
Ideology in Burma, 1962‐88
• Military‐run Revolutionary Council
y y
seizes power
– Constitution suspended
Constitution suspended
– Political parties banned
• The Burmese Way to Socialism ‐
The Burmese Way to Socialism 1962
– Central command economy
– Elimination of foreign ownership in business
– State‐sanctioned religion
Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma
Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma
• Burma Socialist Program Party (BSPP)
– Leninist
Leninist‐style
style political party elitist/cadre
political party elitist/cadre
• The System of Correlation of Man and
Hi E i
His Environment ‐
t 1963
– BSPP ideology codified/autarky
• BSPP transformed into mass party 1971
• New Constitution 1974 (socialist republic)
New Constitution 1974 (socialist republic)
End of the Socialist Republic
End of the Socialist Republic
• BSPP apparatus steadily weakens
• Sept. 1987 collapse of socialist economy
ll f l
– Demonetization measures devastate economy
– Savings wiped out
– 1987 student demonstrations erupt in Rangoon
and spread throughout country
– Aug. 8, 1988 (‘8888’) student general strike
• State Law and Order Restoration Council
– Union of Burma
Outcomes of Communist
Insurgencies
• Philippines
– Huk Rebellion (1947‐July 1950 )
– New People
New People’ss Army (1969‐)
Army (1969 )
• Indonesia
– Partai Komunis Indonesia (PKI, 1924)
( )
– 1926 revolution suppressed
– 1948 Madiun
– 1965 GESTAPU
Outcomes of Communist
Insurgencies
• Burma
– Communist Party of Burma (1939)
– Waged armed struggle from 1948‐89
Waged armed struggle from 1948 89
• Malaysia
– Communist Party of Malaya (1930)
( )
– The Emergency 1948‐60
– Ceased armed struggle in 1989
• Naxilites in India (1967), Maoists in Nepal (1994)
Consequences of Revolution in the
20thh Century
• Divided
Divided China, Unified Vietnam
China Unified Vietnam
• One‐party regimes remain in power in China
and Vietnam
and Vietnam
• China and Vietnam failed economic policies
– Late 1970s Chinese economic reforms
– 1986 Doi Moi (renovation) Vietnam
– Both high growth rate economies
• Ideology transformed
gy