Ex No 1

Study and Identification of Peripherals

30-11-2012

Aim: To study and identify the different hardware peripherals in a computer.

Description: Hardware components of a modern personal computer.
Mother board:
The motherboard is the main component inside the case. It is a large rectangular
board with integrated circuitry that connects the other parts of the computer
including the CPU, the RAM, the disk drives (CD, DVD, hard disk, any others) as
well as any peripherals connected via the ports or the expansion slots.
Computer monitor:
A monitor or display (also called screen or visual display unit) is an electronic
visual display for computers. The monitor comprises the display device, circuitry,
and an enclosure. The display device in modern monitors is typically a thin film
transistor liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD) thin panel, while older monitor s a
cathode ray tube about as deep as the screen size.
Central processing unit:
The central processing unit (CPU) is the portion of a computer system that
carries out the instructions of a computer program, to perform the basic
arithmetical, logical, and input/output operations of the system. The CPU plays a
role somewhat analogous to the brain in the computer. The term has been in
use in the computer industry at least since the early 1960s.The form, design and
implementation of CPUs have changed dramatically since the earliest examples,
but their fundamental operation remains much the same.

CPU

Power supply unit

Random access memory

Random-access memory:
Random access memory (RAM) is a form of computer data storage. Today, it
takes the form of integrated circuits that allow stored data to be accessed in any
order with a worst case performance of constant time. Strictly speaking, modern
types of DRAM are therefore not random access, as data is read in bursts,
although the name DRAM / RAM has stuck. However, many types of SRAM,
ROM, OTP, and NOR flash are still random access even in a strict sense. RAM is
often associated with volatile types of memory (such as DRAM memory
modules), where its stored information is lost if the power is removed. Many
other types of non-volatile memory are RAM as well, including most types of
ROMand a type of flash memory called NOR-Flash. The first RAM modules to
come into the market were created in 1951 and were sold until the late 1960s
and early 1970s
Expansion card:
The expansion card (also expansion board, adapter card or accessory card) in
computing is a printed circuit board that can be inserted into an expansion slot of
a computer motherboard or backplane to add functionality to acomputer system
via the expansion bus.
Power supply unit:
Power supply unit (PSU) converts mains AC to low-voltage regulated DC power
for the internal components of the computer. Modern personal computers
universally use a switched-mode power supply. Some power supplies have a
manual selector for input voltage, while others automatically adapt to the supply
voltage.
Optical disc drive:
In computing, an optical disc drive (ODD) is a disk drive that uses laser light or
electromagnetic waves near the light spectrum as part of the process of reading
or writing data to or from optical discs. Some drives can only read from discs, but
recent drives are commonly both readers and recorders, also called burners or
writers. Compact discs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs are common type of

Keyboard

Hard disk drive

optical media which can be read and recorded by such drives. Optical drive is the
generic name; drives are usually described as "CD" "DVD", or "Blu-Ray", followed
by "drive", "writer", etc.
Hard disk drive:
A hard disk drive (HDD; also hard drive, hard disk, or disk drive) is a device for
storing and retrieving digital information, primarily computer data. It consists of
one or more rigid (hence "hard") rapidly rotating discs (often referred to as
platters), coated with magnetic material and with magnetic heads arranged to
write data to the surfaces and read it from them.
Hard drives are classified as non-volatile, random access, digital, magnetic, data
storage devices. Introduced by IBM in 1956, hard disk drives have decreased in
cost and physical size over the years while dramatically increasing in capacity and
speed.
Computer keyboard:
In computing, a keyboard is a typewriter-style keyboard, which uses an
arrangement of buttons or keys, to act as mechanical levers or electronic
switches. Following the decline of punch cards and paper tape, interaction via
teleprinter-style keyboards became the main input device for computers.
Despite the development of alternative input devices, such as the mouse,
touchscreen, pen devices, character recognition and voice recognition, the
keyboard remains the most commonly used and most versatile device used for
direct (human) input into computers.
Mouse:
In computing, a mouse is a pointing device that functions by detecting twodimensional motion relative to its supporting surface. Physically, a mouse
consists of an object held under one of the user's hands, with one or more
buttons. It sometimes features other elements, such as "wheels", which allow
the user to perform various system-dependent operations, or extra buttons or
features that can add more control or dimensional input. The mouse's motion
typically translates into the motion of a cursor on adisplay, which allows for fine
control of a graphical user interface.

Optical disc drive

Motherboard

Chassis:
A computer case is also known as computer chassis, cabinet, box, tower,
enclosure, housing, system unit or simply case. It is the enclosure that contains
most of the components of a computer. Computer cases are usually constructed
from steel or aluminum. Plastic is sometimes used and other materials such as
wood and even logo blocks have appeared in home built cases.
CMOS RAM:
Nonvolatile memory refers to a small memory on PC motherboards that is used
to store BIOS setting. It is called CMOS. The use is to keep the real time going and
to start BIOS.

Result:
Thus parts of computer are identified and studied.

Ex No 2

PC Assembly and Disassembly

8-12-2011
Aim:To understand how to assemble and disassemble a PC.
Things to get in place:

Set of screw drivers

Pliers

Brush

Wire markers

Lay out

Disassembly of a PC:
Removing the Cover
The standard way of removing tower cases used to be to undo 4-6 screws on the
back of the case, slide the cover back about an inch and lift it off.
Don't Force Anything. If it has to be forced, it will probably break. If there are no
screws on the back of the case for the cover, check the plastic faceplate on the
front. Some pry off to reveal screws or release levers (remember, careful
inspection). If everything on the front has its own bezel around it (including the
LEDs) then maybe the plastic front pops off (or maybe the case slides off the
front).
If you notice a separation between the sides and the top, then they must come
off separately. Make sure any screws removed are for the cover. You don't want
to unscrew the power supply by accident and have it fall inside your computer.
That's a bad thing.
After the case is removed, place it in a safe place, where it won't get knocked of a
table, kicked or stepped on and bent.

Removing Adapter Cards

Check the card for any cables or wires that might be attached and decide if
it would be easier to remove them before or after you remove the card.
Undo the screw that holds the card in place.
Grab the card by its edges, front and back, and gently rock it lengthwise to
release it. Do not wiggle it side to side as you can break the card, the slot,
or the solder. Sometimes it helps to grasp the inside corner of the card
with one hand and place a finger from the other hand under the
associated port out the back of the computer to pry up the one end of the
card.
Once the card is removed, you may want to record any jumper settings
you see, just in case one is accidentally dislodged. Try to store the card in
an antistatic bag. If you don't plan on replacing the card then a cover
should be installed over the slot opening.
Removing Drives
They usually have a power connector and a data cable attached from the device
to a controller card or a connector on the motherboard. CD-ROMs may have an
analog cable connected to the sound card. The power will be attached using one
of two connectors, a large Molex connector or a smaller Berg connector for the
floppy drive. The Molex connector may need to be wiggled slightly from side to
side while applying gentle pressure outwards. The Berg connector may just pull
straight out or it may have a small tab that has to be lifted with a tiny flat
screwdriver.
If a bay is removable, you may have to remove some screws or unclip a lever
then slide the bay back and off. If the bay is not removable, there should be
access ports on the other side of the case that allow for access to those .Now you
can remove the screws and slide the drive out the back of the bay. If the drive
slides out the front of the case, then remove the screws and gently slide it
forward.

Assembling a PC:
Step 1: Installing the motherboard
Make sure you have all the components in place and a nice, clean and big enough
place to work with.
Put your antic-static wrist strap on to prevent your components from getting
affected. Make sure your hands are clean before starting. First we will be
installing the motherboard which is a piece of cake to install.

Open the side doors of the cabinet

Lay the cabinet on its side

Put the motherboard in place

Drive in all the required screws

Step 2: Installing the CPU

CPU is the heart of a computer so make sure you handle it properly and do not
drop it or mishandle it. Also try not to touch the pins frequently so that they do
not get dirty. Get hold of your motherboard and CPU manual. You need to place
the CPU on the dotted white patch of the motherboard in a particular fashion for
it to fit properly. There is a golden mark on the CPU to help you assist. Consult
both your motherboard and CPU manual to see which position it fits exactly or
you could also use try all the 4 positions.

Lift the CPU lever on the motherboard

Place the CPU properly on the motherboard

Pull down the lever to secure the CPU in place

Step 3: Installing the heat sink

After installing the processor we proceed to installing the heat sink. There are
different kinds of heat sinks that are bundled with the processor and each has a
different way of installation. Look into your CPU manual for instructions on how
to install it properly.

Place the heat sink on the processor

Put the jacks in place

Secure the heat sink with the lever

After this you will need to connect the cable of the heat sink on the
motherboard. Again look into the motherboard manual on where to connect it
and then connect it to the right port to get your heat sink in operational mode.
Step 4: Installing the RAM
Installing the RAM is also an easy job. The new RAM i.e. DDR RAMs are easy to
install as you dont have to worry about placing which side where into the slot.
The older ones, SDRAMs are plagued by this problem.
If you want to use dual channel configuration then consult your manual on which
slots to use to achieve that result.

Push down the RAM into the slot

Make sure the both the clips hold the RAM properly

Step 5: Installing the power supply

We will now install the power supply as the components we install after this will
require power cables to be connected to them. There is not much to be done to
install a PSU.

Place the PSU into the cabinet

Put the screws in place tightly

Step 6: Installing the video card

First you will need to find out whether your video card is AGP or PCI-E. AGP
graphics cards have become redundant and are being phased out of the market
quickly. So if you bought a spanking new card it will certainly be a PCI-E.

Remove the back plate on the cabinet corresponding to the graphics card

Push the card into the slot

Secure the card with a screw

Plug in the power connection from PSU (if required)

High-end graphics cards need dedicated power supply and if your graphics card
needs one then connect the appropriate wire from PSU into the graphics card.
Step 7: Installing the hard disk
Hard disk is another fragile component of the computer and needs to handle
carefully.

Place the hard drive into the bay

Secure the drive with screws

Connect the power cable from PSU

Connect the data cable from motherboard into the drive

If your hard drive is a SATA one then connect one end of SATA cable into the
motherboard and other into the SATA port on the hard disk. If your hard disk is
PATA type then use the IDE cable instead of the SATA cable.

Step 8: Installing optical drive

The installation an optical drive is exactly similar to a hard drive.

Place the optical drive into the bay

Drive in the screws

Connect the power cable and data cable

Tip: When installing multiple optical drives take care of jumper settings. Make
sure you make one as primary and other slave by using the jumper. This is not
applicable if the drives are SATA drives.
Step 9: Connecting various cables
First we will finish setting up internal components and then get on to the
external ones. You will need to consult your motherboard manual for finding the
appropriate port for connecting various cables at the right places on the
motherboard.

Connect the large ATX power connector to the power supply port on your
motherboard

Next get hold of the smaller square power connector which supplies power
to the processor and connect it to the appropriate port by taking help from your
motherboard manual

Connect the cabinet cables for power,reset button in the appropriate port
of the motherboard

Connect the front USB/audio panel cable in the motherboard

Plug the cable of cabinet fans

Step 10: Installing the OS and drivers

We are done with the hardware part. Now get your favorite OS disks ready and
the CD that came with your motherboard.

Set the first boot device to CD/DVD drive in BIOS

Pop in the OS disk

Reboot the PC

Install the OS

Install drivers from motherboard CD (applicable only to Windows OS)

RESULT:
Thus Assembling and Disassembling of a PC is done and understood.