FACTORS THAT AFFECT ILLUMINATION

The concept of lighting design as a tool in a larger interior design plan is a

relatively new phenomenon that has enjoyed strong growth thanks to recent
scientific advances in the production of artificial light. A century ago, a
crystal chandelier in the centre of the room was considered the non plus
ultra of electric light fixtures; that chandelier was itself a technological
advancement over the candle-holding predecessor from which its name is
derived. Today, numerous lighting options exist from a variety of sources.
The formerly omnipresent and comparatively inefficient incandescent bulb is
being replaced by light produced from fluorescent, lightemitting diodes
(LED), and high-intensity discharge (HID) sources. As in every other aspect of
design, new technology is spurring creativity on the field.
One of Switzerlands leading companies in its field, Zurich-based dlite
lichtdesign adroitly embraces the latest possibilities in lighting design. It has
realised a number of notable projects around the country with an artistic flair
to complement the functionality of lighting needs, as shown to great effect in
the implementation of Christoph T. Hunzikers brilliantly original lighting
design for Zurichs Leutschenpark. Other dlite lichtdesign projects include
everything from highway viaducts to public swimming pools and museum
buildings.
Perhaps it is the play of Alpine colours and light that encourages thinkers to
see lighting in new ways. Switzerlands neighbour to the east is a surprising
locus for research and development of new techniques in lighting design. As
any visitor to Lobmayrs dazzling Krntner Strae showroom in Vienna can
tell you, the Austrians have known a thing or two about lighting for a long
time. The interest in lighting continues today in the quietly innovative Tyrol
region, where just outside Innsbruck lies the modest headquarters of one of
the worlds leading light design companies, Bartenbach Lichtlabor. A round
building constructed with maximum thought to natural daylight, the
Bartenbach Lichtlabor headquarters is itself a prime example of the use of
light in the most energy-efficient manner possible. For both natural and
artificial light applications, the company undertakes extensive research
before applying it to the clients needs; sometimes it invents research tools
for its own use. A white dome sitting at one end of an expansive room
enables Bartenbach Lichtlabor to replicate the daylight at any given time of
day on any point on Earth. This artificial sky, six metres in diameter, allows
for viewing three-dimensional models of buildings to observe the effects and
results of exterior lighting strategies in ways not possible in digital
simulation.
One of Bartenbachs most ambitious projects was a plan to use large
heliostats (turning mirrors) to ref lect winter sunlight into the Alpine town of
Rattenberg, where the nearby Rat Mountain blocks direct sunlight in the

coldest months of the year. With its artificial sky, Bartenbach Lichtlabor has
been able to take on some very large projects ranging from imposing edifices
making statements of power to sacred buildings where lighting must be
particularly sensitive to the spirituality of the venue. From the intimate public
rooms of Zurichs stunning Widder Hotel to the Roche Convention Center in
Buonas (ZG) and the even larger Basel Trade Fair, Bartenbach Lichtlabor has
a wellestablished presence in Switzerland though, as is the case with
welldesigned lighting systems, you may not have even noticed.
ESTIMATING ILLUMINATION AND BRIGHTNESS
This paper describes a new method for estimating the illumination
distribution of a real scene from a radiance distribution inside shadows cast
by an object in the scene. First, the illumination distribution of the scene is
approximated by discrete sampling of an extended light source. Then the
illumination distribution of the scene is estimated from a radiance
distribution inside shadows cast by an object of known shape onto another
object in the scene. Instead of assuming any particular reflectance properties
of the surface inside the shadows, both the illumination distribution of the
scene and the reflectance properties of the surface are estimated
simultaneously, based on iterative optimization framework. In addition, this
paper introduces an adaptive sampling of the illumination distribution of a
scene. Rather than using a uniform discretization of the overall illumination
distribution, we adaptively increase sampling directions of the illumination
distribution based on the estimation at the previous iteration. Using the
adaptive sampling framework, we are able to estimate overall illumination
more efficiently by using fewer sampling directions. The proposed method is
effective for estimating an illumination distribution even under a complex
illumination environment
CLASSIFICATION OF THE LIGHTING SYSTEM
In the previous topic Artificial Lighting types and design, I explain the
different sources of Artificial lighting and indicate the two forms of it; indoor
and outdoor lighting, also I show that the indoor lighting fixtures can be
divided to many categories according to the following:
The light function.
Lamp type.
Installation method.
The percentage of light output above and below the horizontal.
The building type.
I explained the first factor in the previous Topic and today I will explain the
other factors that categorize the light fixtures as follows:

WHAT IS SIGNAL?
A signal as referred to in communication systems, signal processing, and
electrical engineering "is a function that conveys information about the
behavior or attributes of some phenomenon". In the physical world, any
quantity exhibiting variation in time or variation in space (such as an image)
is potentially a signal that might provide information on the status of a
physical system, or convey a message between observers, among other
possibilities.[2] The IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing states that the
term "signal" includes[3] audio, video, speech, image, communication,
geophysical, sonar, radar, medical and musical signals.
Other examples of signals are the output of a thermocouple, which conveys
temperature information, and the output of a pH meter which conveys
acidity information.[1] Typically, signals are often provided by a sensor, and
often the original form of a signal is converted to another form of energy
using a transducer. For example, a microphone converts an acoustic signal to
a voltage waveform, and a speaker does the reverse.
The formal study of the information content of signals is the field of
information theory. The information in a signal is usually accompanied by
noise. The term noise usually means an undesirable random disturbance, but
is often extended to include unwanted signals conflicting with the desired
signal (such as crosstalk). The prevention of noise is covered in part under
the heading of signal integrity. The separation of desired signals from a
background is the field of signal recovery,[4] one branch of which is
estimation theory, a probabilistic approach to suppressing random
disturbances.
Engineering disciplines such as electrical engineering have led the way in the
design, study, and implementation of systems involving transmission,
storage, and manipulation of information. In the latter half of the 20th
century, electrical engineering itself separated into several disciplines,
specialising in the design and analysis of systems that manipulate physical
signals; electronic engineering and computer engineering as examples; while
design engineering developed to deal with functional design of manmachine
interfaces.

WHAT IS ALARM?
An alarm device or system of alarm devices gives an audible, visual or
other form of alarm signal about a problem or condition. Alarm devices are
often outfitted with a siren.
Alarm devices include:

burglar alarms, designed to warn of burglaries; this is often a silent

alarm: the police or guards are warned without indication to theburglar,
which increases the chances of catching him or her.

alarm clocks can beep, buzz or ring off as an alarm at a set time to
wake a person up or for other reminders

distributed
control
systems (DCS),
found
in nuclear
power
plants, refineries and chemical facilities also generate alarms to direct the
operator's attention to an important event that he or she needs to
address.

alarms in an operation and maintenance (O&M) monitoring system,

which informs the bad working state of (a particular part of) the system
under monitoring.

first-out alarm

safety alarms, which go off if a dangerous condition occurs. Common

public safety alarms include:

civil defense siren also known as tornado sirens or air raid sirens

fire alarm systems

fire alarm notification appliance

"Multiple-alarm fire", a locally-specific measure of the

severity of a fire and the fire-department reaction required.

smoke detector

car alarms

autodialer alarm, also known as community alarm

personal alarm

tocsins a historical method of raising an alarm

Alarms have the capability of causing a fight-or-flight response in humans; a
person under this mindset will panic and either flee the perceived danger or
attempt to eliminate it, often ignoring rational thought in either case. We can
characterise a person in such a state as "alarmed".
With any kind of alarm, the need exists to balance between on the one hand
the danger of false alarms (called "false positives") the signal going off in
the absence of a problem and on the other hand failing to signal an actual
problem (called a "false negative"). False alarms can waste resources
expensively and can even be dangerous. For example, false alarms of a fire
can waste firefighter manpower, making them unavailable for a real fire, and
risk injury to firefighters and others as the fire engines race to the alleged
fire's location. In addition, false alarms may acclimatise people to ignore
alarm
signals,
and
thus
possibly
to
ignore
an
actual

emergency: Aesop's fable of The

problem.

Boy

Who

Cried

Wolf exemplifies

this

WHAT IS COMMUNICATION?
Communication is when information is passed from a sender to a recipient
using a medium. There are different media that can be used:

Visual communication (using body language or gestures)

Communicating with sounds (like human language, but may also be

the barking of a dog)

Communication using touch

Using smell

Using writing
Communication can be good spoken (a word) or non-spoken (a smile).
Communication has many ways, and happens all the time. Not only humans
communicate, most other animals do too. Some communication is done
without thinking, such as by changing in posture.
Another form of communication tries to change somebody's mind. In an
extreme case it can be propaganda.
DIFFERENT KINDS OF SIGNALLING SYSTEM?
Signaling System is an international telecommunications standard that
defines how network elements in a public switched telephone network
(PSTN) exchange information over a digital signaling network. Nodes in an
SS7 network are called signaling points.
SS7 is used for these and other services:
Setting up and managing the connection for a call
Tearing down the connection when the call is complete
Billing
Managing call forwarding, calling party name and number display, three-way
calling, and other Intelligent Network (IN) services
Toll-free (800 and 888) and toll (900) calls
Wireless as well as wireline call service including mobile telephone
subscriber authentication, personal communication service (PCS), and
roaming
SS7 messages contain such information as:
How should I route a call to 914 331-4985?
The route to network point 587 is crowded. Use this route only for calls of
priority 2 or higher.
Subscriber so-and-so is a valid wireless subscriber. Continue with setting up
the call.
In 2014, security researchers in Germany demonstrated that attackers could
exploit security holes in SS7 to track cell phone users' movements and
communications and eavesdrop on conversations.

PEC PROVISION IN INSTALLING SIGNAL AND ALARM SYSTEM

Service entrance conductors shall be installed in accordance with the
applicable requirements of this Code covering the type of wiring method
used and limited to the following methods:
1. Open-wiring on insulators
2. Rigid Metal Conduit (RMC)
3. Intermediate Metallic Tubing (IMT)
4. Electrical Metallic Tubing (EMT)
5. Service-Entrance Cables
6. Wireways
7. Busways
8. Auxiliary gutters
9. Rigid Non-Metallic Conduit (RNMC)
10. Cable Bus
11. Mineral-Insulated Metal-Sheated Cable
12. Type MC Cables
PROTECTION:
Service entrance conductors subjected to physical damage shall be
protected in any of the following ways or methods:
1. By RMC
2. By IMC
3. By RNMC suitable for the location
4. By EMT
5. Type MC cable or other approved means