Water put into a freezer compartment in your fridge goes

to a state of less molecular disoder and freezes...?

...Is this an exception to the entropy principle? (Explain)
No, As the refrigerator cooled the water it heated the outside air. The gain in entropy outside the
refrigerator is greater than the loss of entropy in the water.

Water evaporates from a salt solution and leaves behind

salt crystals?
I'd like to add one more thing to the previous answer:
What provided the heat so the water could evaporate? The sun, perhaps? The sun is a massive
nuclear reactor pumping vast amounts of energy, and entropy, into space. Having a free
energy source like this right next door allows all sorts of ordered processes to take place on
the earth's surface without violating any laws.
There's a common fallacy that life on earth must violate the second law of thermodynamics.
Somehow the proponents of this fallacy have completely forgotten about the sun

No, because the evaporated water vapour is highly disordered.

Thus, the total entropy in the universe has either increased or remained the same.

Using both the first and the second laws of

thermodynamics...?
The Second Law allows potential energy to be converted completely into thermal energy (it is doing
the reverse that is not possible.)
This statement may seem to violate the First Law of Thermodynamics, because if 100% of the
electrical energy is converted into thermal energy, then none is left over to be emitted as light energy.
So I guess you're going to have to assume that the light emitted is eventually absorbed and thus
converted into thermal energy

In buildings that are being heated electrically, is it

wasteful to turn on all the lights? Is turning on all?

If by "heated electrically" you mean heated with electric resistive heaters, then no, it isn't wasteful. All
the light energy which isn't used well is converted to heat upon striking black objects in the building.
The same amount of electricity is used, whether it is used by the light or by the heater. I would
mention that resistive heating for buildings is wasteful in and of itself, since the electricity was
produced through a "thermal bottleneck" from the fuels needed to run the power plant.
If by "heated electrically" you mean that there is a heat pump cycle operating to heat the building, then
yes, it is a waste. It takes less electricity input to get heat output from a heat pump, and thus that
energy is better spent operating the heat pump than the building lights.
------------------For air conditioning, it is extremely wasteful to run excessive lights. Heat is "trash" when air
conditioning is used. The lights just make extra "trash" for the air conditioning units to handle. And for
each unit of heat pumped out of the building by the air conditioning, it takes an amount of electrical
input to operate the air conditioner.

16. he room temperature will go up. The reason is because in order to cool, the refrigerator has to use
energy to create a temperature gradient. The coils on the back of the refrigerator get hot, while the
inside gets cold. If the refrigerator is in an isolated room, and it has the door open, you will be using
energy to cool one side of the refigerator and heat the other side. Since the heating is always more
than the cooling (due to the 2nd law of thermodynamics) the temperature of the room will increase.

14. efficiency: = 1 - Tc/Th = Wnet/Qin,

decreasing temperature of the sink is better; since, increasing temp of reservoir requires additional
heat input.

8. this does not violate the first law, however it violates the second law of thermodynamics which has
to do with the direction of a process. the first law has no restriction on the direction of a process.