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ABSTRACT
Power Line Communication (PLC) is a communication technology that enables sending data over existing power
cables. This means that, with just power cables running to an electronic device (for example) one can both power it up and
at the same time control/retrieve data from it in a half-duplex manner. During the last years PLC technologies have been
widely developed mainly due to new modulation techniques used for wireless telecommunication systems that can also be
applied to PLC systems. The current state of the art of PLCcommunications is presents many possibilities and
opportunities for the utilities. Besides the Distributed Energy Resources integration to the distribution grid is done by plc
with in smart grid. The aim of this paper is to make a review of the existing PLCtechnologies as well as the analysis of an
interesting range of electric applications of PLC.
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equipment. Whereas narrowband power line carrier (PLC) operates at frequencies in the 200 500 kHz range and has data
rates typically less than 128 Kbps, broadband power line carrier (BPL) operates in the 2 30 MHz range and is
theoretically capable of supporting data transfer rates of tens of Mbps, depending on the signal-to-noise ratio.
Broadband
Up to
200kbps
Over 2MHz
OFDM
Internet,
HDTV,
Audio,
Gaming
The Table given above shows the different specifications for Narrowband and Broadband PLCC and their
applications.
WORKING OF PLCC
PLCC system uses the same High Voltage transmission line connecting two sub-stations for telecommunication
purpose too.PLCC is used in all power utilities as a primary communication service to transmit speech, telemetry
and
as a rigid long conductor parallel to ground, guides the carrier waves to travel along the
transmission line. Point to point communication takes place between two SSB transceivers at both ends.
Analysis of Heavy Metals by Using Atomic Absorption Spectro-Scopy from the Samples taken around Visakhapatnam
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Line Trap
This component do not allow the transmitted HF carrier to enter inside the sub-station. (L = 0.5 to 2mH). With
out Line Trap HF carrier get by-passed to some other line on the same bus bar and may leak to ground ( a earth switch
inside the yard provided for each bay is kept closed during maintenance).
Miscellaneous Components
Additional library components include a PLC transmitter, which calculates the 50-Ohm output voltage amplitude
based on the specified power (typically 10 W for trip and 1 W for guard), PLC frequency and impedance, and the dBm
probe, which provides direct measurement of signal power in decibels referred to 1 mW.
The most immune to interference, being able to cope with severe changes in channel conditions;
ASCOM. - Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS): This kind of modulation is also known as DSCDMA, Direct
Sequence Code Division Multiple Access and it has been defined by the IEEE in the standard 802.11 for local wireless
networks. DSSS uses a pseudo-noise code to modulate the carrier, thus increasing the bandwidth of the transmission and
decreasing the spectral density power. The resulting signals spectrum is similar to the noise frequency spectrum, so every
receptor considers it noise except the one the signal is being directed to.
PLC PROTOCOLS
The Power Line has been extensively studied as the media for high frequency signal transmission for use as a
communications environment. In recent years, development of several power line communications protocols, namely X10, CEBus and LonWorks, renewed the interest on this matter.
X-10 Protocol
Analysis of Heavy Metals by Using Atomic Absorption Spectro-Scopy from the Samples taken around Visakhapatnam
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Limited application
CE Bus Protocol
Peer-to-peer communication
Avoids collisions via CSMA/CRCD protocol (carrier sense multiple access/collision resolution & collision
detection)
Sweep called chirp -- used for synchronization, collision resolution, data transmission
Peer-to-peer communication
Uses CSMA
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Avoidance
PLC Security
APPLICATIONS OF PLC
Power Line Carrier equipment is used for the following applications:
Carrier Communication
The persons in power stations and receiving stations can communicate with each other using this facility.
Carrier Telemetering
Telemetering is the process of indicating or recording of quantities at a location remote from the point. The
quantities telemetered on power systems are electrical quantities like kilowatts, kilovars, voltage, tap changer position,
Analysis of Heavy Metals by Using Atomic Absorption Spectro-Scopy from the Samples taken around Visakhapatnam
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circuit breaker position , and many other quantities. In carrier telemetry by impulse-rate system, frequency or rate of pulse
varies according to the magnitude of telemetered quantity. In Impulse-duration system the duration impulses is
proportional to the magnitude of the telemetered quantity. The pulse telemetering system is telemeterd by suitable carrier
channels.
Telecommunication Services
Current PLC networks are able to reach speeds of 200Mbps. Telephony and Internet services can be delivered at
high speed through broadband PLC networks. Traditional telephony uses Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy, PDH. PDH
uses Time Division Multiplexing, TDM. One possibility is to send the TDM frame over IP, and the voice over TDM,
VoTDM. However, this service should accomplish the quality and reliability criteria, like Bit Error Rate, timing and
latency, and unfortunately the delay in VoTDM transmissions exceeds 25ms. Nevertheless, it is possible to give a good
telephony service over IP. Over TCP/IP, VoIP and Internet services can be delivered at a 200Mbps speed, so it can be
possible to compete with technologies
Industrial Automation
In an industrial environment the PLC communication networks can be used to give electric energy related
services, such as meter reading, demand management and remote billing but also to give value added services like remote
control and security, automation or even, education, information and e-business opportunities. On the other hand it can also
offer telecommunication services such as traditional telephony and Internet.
CONCLUSIONS
Power line carrier communication technology is the current upcoming technology which is basically used for
carrying data on a conductor that is also used for electric power transmission. It is also known as power line carrier, power
line digital subscriber line (PDSL), mains communication, power line telecom (PLT), power line networking (PLN), and
broadband over power lines (BPL).The advantage of power line communication is to avoid new installation of wire
(communication channel) where the new installition imposes limitation due to place amd cost. Also the availability of
power line plugs extends the flixiblity of power line as a communication channel.
When designing or analyzing a PLC network, the structure and components of it, as well as its topology have to
be taken into account. Also, there are different providers that use different technologies so compatibility is an issue. There
is a narrowband standard and the broadband is very developed. The transmission quality is also an important factor. In
order to characterize a PLC network, attenuation, noise, SNR, crosstalk and Delay Spread parameters have to be measured,
analyzed and considered.
Finally, the application range of PLC is very wide, it can provide telecommunication services and value added
services but it can also be very useful for distribution and transmission system operators in order to guarantee the operation
and control of the power grid.
REFERENCES
1.
The OPERA IST Integrated Project No 507667 funded by EC Public Deliverables. www.ist-opera.org
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O. Abarrategui, I. Zamora, DM. .Larruskain, M. Gomez DLC Communications for Islanding Detection in
Systems with DG XCLEE Funchal, Madeira, Portugal, Spain, July 2007.
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O. Abarrategui, I. Zamora, DM. Larruskain, M. Gomez Smart Grid: A Global Vision XCLEE Funchal,
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Elisa Garcia, Miguel A. Chileno, Luis Legorburu The experience of the Iberdrola Group in Power Line
Communications, 9 CHLIE Marbella, Spain, July 2005
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O.Abarrategui, Zamora , DM. Larruskain Power Line Carrier Communications and its Interest in the Current
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Electrical Engineers, pp145-161, September, 1995
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Wang,