Pham Thi Thanh Dung M13609

Summary
Vectors
1. Vectors and operations
A
B

()

xA
^ y ^j+ z k^

OA=Position vector of P= y A =x i+
zA

AB=Displacement vector between AB =

OB
OA

O = zero vector. No magnitude

r=|

OA | =

2
A

+ y A2 + z A 2

OA
^
^ 1
O
A=
OA
Unit vector
|
OA| . |

a. Collinear point
-

If A, B, C are on a straightline, they are collinear. Thus

AB=k
BC , where k is a scalar

b. Ratio theorem
-

n
OA + m
OB

O
P=
If P lies between A and B such that AP:PB = m:n,
m+n

c. Dot Product

a b=|a||b| cos
-

If a and b are parallel, then

cos = 0 ; if perpendicular, then a b=0

cos is the angle between two vectors.

d. Length of Projection

^
b= a b
a b

Length of Projectionof a onb=

e. Cross Product

a b=|a||b|sin n^

If a and b are parallel, then

() () ( )
a
d
bf ce
b e = cd af
c
f
aebd

sin = 0 ; if perpendicular, then a b= a b

Pham Thi Thanh Dung M13609

a b=b a

2. Lines
-

Equation of the line l:

r=a+ b , R

r = position vector of any point on line l

a = position vector of a fixed point

b = direction vector b parallel to the line

a. Two lines
Given 2 lines l1: r = a1 + b1,

R , l : r = a + b
2
2
2,

Parallel lines: b1 = kb2

Intersecting lines a1 + b1 = a2 + b2
Skew Lines: None of the above
3. Planes

:r =a+ b+ c , , R

Parametric Form

:r n= p , p=a n , n = vector parallel to the plane

Scalar Product Form

: n1 x +n2 y+ n3 z =p , wheren=(n1 , n2, n 3)

Cartesian Form

a. Shortest Distance from a Point to a Plane

d=

| pt n|
, where t is the position vector of a point
|n|

b. Foot of Perpendicular from a Point to a Plane

Consider

f =t+ n , t = known position vector; f = position vector of the foot of perpendicular.

f n= p , hence solve for and subsequently for f

c. The Plane and Line
-

Parallel:

b n=0 . p a n , line lies on the plane.

Shortest distance:

Intersecting line through plane:

d=

| pa n|
|n|

( a+ b ) n=p for a particular value of

Pham Thi Thanh Dung M13609

-

Angle between line and plane

90cos

|a n|
|a||n|

d. Two Planes
-

Parallel: n1 // n2

o
-

The shortest distance

d=

| p1 p2|
|n|

Intersecting planes: Solve for line of intersection by assuming 1 component in the simultaneous
equation to be of the line of intersection

Acute angle between two planes

cos

n1 n2
|n1||n2|

Theory of equations
-

o
-

Then cx2 +bx + a = 0 has roots

and =

c
a

1
3 , ,

1
n

and

A cubic ax3 +bx2 + cx + d = 0 has roots , and , then

o

b
a

A quadratic ax2 +bx + c = 0 with roots and , when + =

++=

b
a , + + =

c
d
,

=
a
a

Extension
If 1, 2, 3, , n are roots of anxn + an-1xn-1 + + anx + ao = 0, an 0

a n1
Sum of roots =
an

and Product of roots = (-1)

Then aoxn + a1xn-1 + + an-1x + an = 0 has roots

1
1 ,

ao
an
1
2 ,

Complex number
The Basics

Im(z)

z (x,y)

( x+ yi )=x ; ( x + yi )= y

x2 + y 2

Mod(z) = |z| =

If z = x+yi, z* = x - yi

; Arg(z) =

z z =x 2+ y 2 (useful for rationalization)

z+ z =2 ( z )=2 cos

Re(z)

Pham Thi Thanh Dung M13609

zz =2 ( z ) i=2 isin

z =

1
z

cos +isin =r ei ,

z=r
Chapter 3: Loci

|zz 0|=r
o

Set of variable points denoted by z which are always r units away from a fixed complex
number zo.

Locus: circle with radius = r and center at zo

|zz 0|=|zz 1|
o

Set of variable points denoted by z which are equidistant from two unique, fixed complex
numbers zo and z1

Locus: perpendicular bisector between zo and z1

arg ( zz 0 )=
o

Set of variable points denoted by z which will form an argument of around a fixed
complex number zo.

Locus: Half-line that is pivoted at zo and possesses a standard argument

Greatest and Least value of loci: Use geometry or convert to Cartesian equation.

Intersection of two loci: Use geometry or convert to Cartesian equation.

Chapter 4: De Moivres Theorem

If z=r ( cos+isin ) , z n=r n (cos +isin )n=cos n+isin n

Application 1: Given zn = f(z), find z
1. zn = rei(2k+), < arg(z)
2. bring the n over to RHS: z =

re

i (2k +)
n

3. Give enough values of k to have n number of distinct roots.

4. The roots have a modulus of r1/n

Pham Thi Thanh Dung M13609

Application 2: Trigonometric identities
Method for multiple angles
1. Note that

sin ( n )= ( z n ) ; cos ( n)=(z n)

2. LHS: Trigonometric Function of multiple angle; RHS: Express z n in polar form

3. Expand zn by binomial expansion/Pascals triangle.
4. Eliminate either the real or imaginary parts of z n, depending on the LHS.
Method for powers of trigonometrical terms
1. Note that

z+ z =2 cos ; zz =2i sin

2. LHS: Trigonometric function with power; RHS: Express form in

z+ z zz with

power.
3. Expand RHS by binomial expansion/Pascals triangle.
4. Convert to RHS to trigonometric functions with multiple angles (n).
Application 3: Summation of Series
2

Recall

a+ ar+ ar +ar +=

a
,|r|< 1
1r
3

n 1

a+ az+ az + az + az

a (1z )
1z

Hence
2

a+ aRe ( z ) +aRe ( z ) +aRe ( z ) + aRe ( z )

n1

n1

a+ aIm(z)+aIm( z ) + aIm(z) + aIm( z )

a ( 1 zn )
1z

a(1z )
1z