Protection Considerations for

Distributed Generation
- Presented By -

Scott R. Secrest, PE
Vice President
Technical Business Development

Three C Engineering Services

Three-C
Ser ices

IEEE PES Boston Section Technical Meeting

October 2011

What is Distributed Generation ((or DG)?

)

Theuseofsmallerscaletechnologiesto
produceelectricityclosetotheendusersof
produce electricity close to the end users of
power.
NotStrictlyRenewableorGreenPower
Includes
GasandOilReciprocatingEngines
CombustionTurbines
St
SteamTurbines
T bi
HydroGeneration
Wind
Solar
Microturbines onnaturalgas
Geothermal
Wave/Tidal

IEEE PES Boston Section Technical Meeting

October 2011

A Brief History
y of DG

Pre-1970s
Traditional
y Integrated
g
Utility
y
Vertically
Central Station Power Plant
IEEE PES Boston Section Technical Meeting
October 2011

A Brief History
y of DG

Instances DG Rare
Limited to Large Paper Mills
and Petro
Petro-Chemical
Chemical Plants

IEEE PES Boston Section Technical Meeting

October 2011

A Brief History
y of DG
A Paradigm Shift in the 1970s
1973 The Arab Oil Embargo

IEEE PES Boston Section Technical Meeting

October 2011

A Brief History
y of DG
A Paradigm Shift in the 1970s

1978

Jimmy C
Ji
Carter
t signs
i
PURPA
(Public Utilities Regulatory Policy Act)
Required Utilities to Allow IPP
IPPss to Connect to Grid
Required Utilities Buy Power from IPPs at Avoided Cost
g with advances in combined cycle
y
PURPA along
technology created a new entity the NUG
1983 US Supreme Court upholds PURPA

IEEE PES Boston Section Technical Meeting

October 2011

A Brief History
y of DG

Cogen capacity quadruples from 10.5 MW in 1979 to

40.7
40 7 MW in 1992
Electric rates drop by ~30% due this limited competition
Gulf W
War leads
l ds to
t Energy
En
Policy
P lic Act of
f 1992 (Again)
(A in) to
t
reduce dependence on foreign oil
EPAct Expands Participants in Power Generation Market
but sales limited to host interconnecting utility does
not allow f
for retail wheeling
g
FERC order 888 in 1996 mandates Open Access to the
Transmission g
grid to non-utility
y generators
g

IEEE PES Boston Section Technical Meeting

October 2011

A Brief History
y of DG

Current Policies Federal And State Policies driving

renewed interest in DG
o Concern over climate change and global warming
o Emphasis on green
green power
power
o Energy Policy Act of 2005 - Established goals
distributed generation and renewables
o States have Mandated Goals for Renewable Energy
Portfolio

IEEE PES Boston Section Technical Meeting

October 2011

A Future for DG

Source:UnionofConcernedScientists

IEEE PES Boston Section Technical Meeting

October 2011

Utility/Generator
y
Perspective
p
H
Host
U
Utility
ili

Generation Owner

IEEE PES Boston Section Technical Meeting

October 2011

Utility/Generator
y
Perspective
p
Generation Owner

Want generation assets to be

Reliable
Efficient
Safe
Protected from faults/events on utility power system
Minimize (cost effective) installation cost
Minimize
M
n m ze O&M costs

IEEE PES Boston Section Technical Meeting

October 2011

Utility/Generator
y
Perspective
p
Host Utility
y

Needs to consider ALL DG installation on a feeder or

substation
Need the generation installation to be
Reliable
Safe
Protect the utility power system from the generator
Cantt comprom
compromise
se system protect
protection
on or restoration
restorat on
Can
Cant negatively affect power quality or impact other
customers
Cant compromise public
l or employee
l
safety

IEEE PES Boston Section Technical Meeting

October 2011

Utility/Generator
y
Perspective
p
Host Utility
y

Adding a source to what was once a radial system

Power Flows from Substation to Load
Fault Currents flow in only one direction
Protection typically based on series overcurrent device
coordinated in time
Often employ reclosing since many faults are
temporary

IEEE PES Boston Section Technical Meeting

October 2011

Utility/Generator
y
Perspective
p

IEEE PES Boston Section Technical Meeting

October 2011

Utility/Generator
y
Perspective
p

IEEE PES Boston Section Technical Meeting

October 2011

Utility/Generator
y
Perspective
p

Change Feeder Voltage

Profile
May affect capacitor &
voltage
g regular
g
control

IEEE PES Boston Section Technical Meeting

October 2011

Utility/Generator
y
Perspective
p

Change Feeder Voltage

Profile
May affect capacitor &
voltage
g regular
g
control
Will effect magnitude
and distribution of fault
currents
ts
Will Impact Overcurrent
Device Coordination

IEEE PES Boston Section Technical Meeting

October 2011

Utility/Generator
y
Perspective
p

Change Feeder Voltage

Profile
May affect capacitor &
voltage
g regular
g
control
Will effect magnitude
and distribution of fault
currents
ts
Will Impact Overcurrent
Device Coordination
May cause sympathetic
tripping

IEEE PES Boston Section Technical Meeting

October 2011

Utility/Generator
y
Perspective
p
Generator Protection

Focused on protection power production equipment

For many DG applications, only the concern of the
producer

Interconnection Protection

Focused on protection of the utility power system

Needs to utility grade or certified
Needs to quickly disconnect the DG from the utility

IEEE PES Boston Section Technical Meeting

October 2011

DG Interconnection
Industry Standards

IEEE15472003
IEEEStandardforInterconnectingDistributedResourceswith
Electric Power Systems
ElectricPowerSystems
Partofaseriesofstandardsandguidesrelatedtodistributedpower
sources
Doesnotaddressallaspectsofinterconnection
MoredetailprovidedIEEE1547.2(ApplicationGuideforIEEE1547)
Requirementsvarybetweenutilities
b
l
needtousetheir
h
interconnectionguidelinesanddocuments

IEEE PES Boston Section Technical Meeting

October 2011

DG Interconnection
Industry Standards

UL1741
Inverters,Converters,ControllersandInterconnectionSystem
Equipment for Use with Distributed Energy Resources
EquipmentforUsewithDistributedEnergyResources
Forsmall,inverterbasedsystem,compliancewiththisstandards
simplifiesinterconnectionprocess
p
p
Nameofthestandardhaschangedasscopehasevolved original
writtenforPVInverters
MostrecentversionhasbeenharmonizedwithIEEE1547and1547.1
h b
h
h
Dealswithmajorconcernsofislandingandvoltage/frequency
excursions detection
excursionsdetection

IEEE PES Boston Section Technical Meeting

October 2011

DG Interconnection
Other Industry Standards/Codes

IEEEC37.90,IEEEStandardforRelaySystemsAssociatedwith
ElectricPowerApparatus
IEEE C37 95 IEEE Guide for Protective Relaying of Utility
IEEEC37.95,IEEEGuideforProtectiveRelayingofUtility
CustomerInterconnections
IEEEStd.5191992,IEEERecommendedPracticesand
,
RequirementsforHarmonicControlinElectricalPowerSystems
IEEE14532004,IEEERecommendedPracticeforMeasurement
andLimitsofVoltageFluctuationsandAssociatedLightFlicker
f l
l
h l k
onACPowerSystems.
IEEE C22007 National Electrical Safety Code
IEEEC22007,NationalElectricalSafetyCode
NFPA70,NationalElectricCode
IEEE PES Boston Section Technical Meeting
October 2011

DG Interconnection
Protection Requirements for Interconnection

Requirementsdictatedbyindividualutility
DependsonsizeofDGandinterconnectionvoltage
Depends on the type of DG (Synchronous Induction Inverter)
DependsonthetypeofDG(Synchronous,Induction,Inverter)
Exportvs.NonExport
DependsonTransformerConnection
p
SomeutilitiesspecifytheconnectionforDG
MinimumRequirementsspecifiedinIEEE1547areforVoltageand
FrequencyProtection
Islanding
Protectutilitysystemfromfaultcontributionandtransient
Protect utility system from fault contribution and transient
voltageconditionscausedbyDG
IEEE PES Boston Section Technical Meeting
October 2011

DG Interconnection
Over and Under Voltage Setpoint/Timing

Source:IEEEStandard15472003

IEEE PES Boston Section Technical Meeting

October 2011

DG Interconnection
Over and Under Frequency Setpoint/Timing

Source:IEEEStandard15472003

IEEE PES Boston Section Technical Meeting

October 2011

DG Interconnection
Over and Under Frequency Setpoint/Timing
NPCC PRC-006 Requirements
During system conditions where local area load exceeds system generation,
generation
During
NPCC Emergency Operation Criteria requires a program of phased automatic
under frequency load shedding of up to 25% of area load to assist in arresting
frequency decay and to minimize the possibility of system collapse.
Depending on the point of connection of the Facility to the Companys EPS and in
conformance with the NPCC Emergency
g
y Operating
p
g Criteria,, the Facility
y may
y be
required to remain connected to the EPS during the frequency decline to
allow the objectives of the automatic load shedding program to be achieved

Source National Grid Standards For Interconnecting Distributed Generation 12/1/09

IEEE PES Boston Section Technical Meeting

October 2011

DG Interconnection

Source:NPCCDocumentA03

IEEE PES Boston Section Technical Meeting

October 2011

DG Interconnection
Protection Requirements for Interconnection

Typical protection for a small (<25 kW) PV installation

Typicalprotectionforasmall(<25kW)PVinstallation
ANSI Device

Function

27

UnderVoltage

59

Over Voltage

81o

OverFrequency

81u

UnderFrequency

IEEE PES Boston Section Technical Meeting

October 2011

DG Interconnection
Protection Requirements for Interconnection

Typical protection for a small (<100 kW) induction generator

Typicalprotectionforasmall(<100kW)inductiongenerator
ANSI Device

Function

27

UnderVoltage

59

Over Voltage

59GI/59GT

Instand TimeOvervoltageGroundRelay

59I

InstantaneousOvervoltage Relay

81o

OverFrequency

81u

UnderFrequency

IEEE PES Boston Section Technical Meeting

October 2011

DG Interconnection
Sync Check Window

Source:IEEEStandard15472003

IEEE PES Boston Section Technical Meeting

October 2011

DG Interconnection
Protection Requirements for Interconnection

Typical protection for a medium sized synchronous generator

Typicalprotectionforamediumsizedsynchronousgenerator
ANSI Device

Function

25

Sync Check

27

UnderVoltage

32

ReversePower

46

NegativeSequenceOvercurrent

47

Voltage PhaseSequence

51V

VoltageRestrainedOvercurrent

50/51N

NeutralInstandTimeOvercurrent

50/51G

GroundInstandTimeOvercurrent

59

Over Voltage

59G

GroundOvervoltage Relay

81o

OverFrequency

81u

UnderFrequency

87

Differential

IEEE PES Boston Section Technical Meeting

October 2011

DG Interconnection
Transformer Connections

Typical Utility Distribution Circuit in US

4.16kV to 34.5 kV
Multi-grounded 4 wire system to Feed
Distribution Transformers Connected Phase to Neutral
System Ground Reference Provided by Grounded Wye
Connection of Station Transformer
Under Fault Conditions
Cond t ons and a DG on a Distribution
D str but on Feeder,
the Winding Configuration of the Customer/DG
Transformer can have a Big Impact on the Feeder
( d DG grounding
d
too!)
!)
Protection (and

IEEE PES Boston Section Technical Meeting

October 2011

DG Interconnection
Advantages
ProvidesNoGroundCurrentforFaultsatF1andF2
FeederGroundFaultRelayingwillnotRespondtoFaultatF3

F2

Disadvantages
F1

Cansupplyfeeder
CansupplyfeederfromanungroundedsourceifFeeder
from anungroundedsource if Feeder
BreakerOpens,potentiallycausingovervoltagesforother
customers particularlyundergroundfaultconditions.

Protection
F3

InstallZeroSequencePTs(GroundedWyeOpenDelta)
InstallZero SequencePTs (Grounded WyeOpenDelta)
DetectGroundFaultswith59G(GroundOvervoltage)Relay

IEEE PES Boston Section Technical Meeting

October 2011

DG Interconnection
Advantages
ProvidesNoGroundCurrentforFaultsatF1andF2
FeederGroundFaultRelayingwillnotRespondtoFaultatF3

F2

Disadvantages
F1

Cansupplyfeeder
CansupplyfeederfromanungroundedsourceifFeeder
from anungroundedsource if Feeder
BreakerOpens,potentiallycausingovervoltagesforother
customers particularlyundergroundfaultconditions.
HighgroundFaultcurrentintoDG

Protection
F3

InstallZeroSequencePTs(GroundedWyeOpenDelta)
InstallZero SequencePTs (Grounded WyeOpenDelta)
DetectGroundFaultswith59G(GroundOvervoltage)Relay

IEEE PES Boston Section Technical Meeting

October 2011

DG Interconnection
Advantages
NoOvervoltages forFaultatF1
Canrelaytransformerneutraltodetectfaultcurrentandclear
groundfaultcontributionsforFaultatF1
df l
b
f
l

F2

Disadvantages
F1

Ground
GroundCurrentSourceforFaultsatF1andF2,weakinfeed
Current Source for Faultsat F1 andF2 weak infeed
evenwhenDGisoffline effectsgroundrelaycoordination
onallsubstationbreakers
DGrelayingwillseeunbalancedcurrentsutilitysystem
Circulatingcurrentsindeltaduetounbalancedcurrents

Protection
F3

InstallCTintransformerneutralwithovercurrentrelayor
InstallCTin transformer neutralwith overcurrent relayor
InstallovercurrentrelayinCTneutralreturnpath

IEEE PES Boston Section Technical Meeting

October 2011

DG Interconnection
Advantages
NoOvervoltages forFaultatF1
Canrelaytransformerneutraltodetectfaultcurrentandclear
groundfaultcontributionsforFaultatF1
df l
b
f
l

F2

Disadvantages
F1

Ground
GroundCurrentSourceforFaultsatF1andF2,weakinfeed
Current Source for Faultsat F1 andF2 weak infeed
evenwhenDGisoffline effectsgroundrelaycoordination
onallsubstationbreakers
DGrelayingwillseeunbalancedcurrentsutilitysystem
FeederProtectionwillseefaultsatF3

Protection
F3

InstallCTintransformerneutralwithovercurrentrelayor
InstallCTin transformer neutralwith overcurrent relayor
InstallovercurrentrelayinCTneutralreturnpath

IEEE PES Boston Section Technical Meeting

October 2011

DG Interconnection
Transformer Connections

Many utilities like to see Grounded Wye connection on

utility side of transformer to limit overvoltages on
feeder/system ground faults.
If secondary is delta connected, circulating currents due to
utility unbalanced current can be mitigated with neutral
grounding resistor or reactor.
Need to consider
cons der criteria
cr ter a for effective
effect ve grounding:
ground ng
X0/X1 3 and R0/X1 1

IEEE PES Boston Section Technical Meeting

October 2011

DG Interconnection
Effectively Grounded System
X0/X1 3 and R0/X1 1

VA

Gnd=0
Gnd
0
VLG=1 pu

VLG1.2 p
pu

VA
VC

VB

Unfaulted System

VC

VB

A Grnd Fault

IEEE PES Boston Section Technical Meeting

October 2011

DG Interconnection
Ungrounded System
VA

Gnd=0
VLG=1 pu
VA
VLG1.7 pu

VC

VB

Unfaulted System

VC

VB

A Grnd Fault
IEEE PES Boston Section Technical Meeting
October 2011

DG Interconnection
Primary Ground Fault Protection

EffectivelyGrounded

Ungrounded

IEEE PES Boston Section Technical Meeting

October 2011

DG Interconnection
Directional Power Relaying
Typically employed on rotating machines to
protect prime mover from motoring
Applied to prevent backfeed to utility system
for non-export interconnections.
Used
U
d ffor IIslanding
l di D
Detection
t ti under
d C
California
lif i
Rule 21 for non-export configuration
32R Set for excitation power of
interconnection transformer
32F Low Forward Power set for 5%
of DG KVA w/ 2 second delay

IEEE PES Boston Section Technical Meeting

October 2011

DG Interconnection
Anti Islanding w/ Export
Harder to detect islanding since power flow to
the utility is normal
Problematic if Feeder Load and DG Export
Capability are Close
Voltage and/or frequency relays may not detect
condition
diti ffastt enough
h ffor utility
tilit reclosing
l i
Reverse Power Relay (32R) may be an option
but has to be set above maximum export
Phase (67) and Ground (67G) Directional
Overcurrent or even Distance (21) relays may
be used to detect faults
May need to consider Transfer Trip from Utility

IEEE PES Boston Section Technical Meeting

October 2011

DG Interconnection
Transfer Trip
MayberequiredtoreliablydisconnectDG
fromsystemtopreventislandingor
interferencewithreclosingg
Tripsignalsentfromutilitysubstationto
DGviacommunicationslink
Radio
Microwave
DirectFiber
LeasedLine
Hardwire

IEEE PES Boston Section Technical Meeting

October 2011

DG Interconnection

IEEE PES Boston Section Technical Meeting

October 2011

DG Interconnection

IEEE PES Boston Section Technical Meeting

October 2011

DG Interconnection

IEEE PES Boston Section Technical Meeting

October 2011

DG Interconnection
Basler

GeneralElectric

Schweitzer

ABB

B k ith
Beckwith

Si
Siemens

IEEE PES Boston Section Technical Meeting

October 2011

DG Interconnection
Power Quality
VoltageFlicker

Fluctuationinsystemvoltagethatresultinobservablechangesinlightoutput
IEEE 1547 states The DR shall not create objectionable flicker for other customers
IEEE1547statesTheDRshallnotcreateobjectionableflickerforothercustomers

Harmonics

Source:IEEEStandard15472003

IEEE PES Boston Section Technical Meeting

October 2011

Summary
y
X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X

Concernoverclimatechange,theemphasisongoinggreen,and
governmentmandatedRenewableEnergyGoalsaredrivingincreased
interest in DG
interestinDG
Muchofthenewgenerationiscomingfrominverterconnectedsources
likewindandsolar.
Much of the new generation
Muchofthenew
generation isbeinginterconnectedtotheutility
is being interconnected to the utility
distributionsystem.
Utilitydistributionsystemsweredesignedasradialsystems
Introduction of DG on these systems is challenging many utilities
IntroductionofDGonthesesystemsischallengingmanyutilities
throughouttheUS
StandardslikeIEEE1547wereintendedtoaidsimplifytheinterconnection
process but canttaddressallpossibleconfigurationsandscenarios
processbutcan
address all possible configurations and scenarios
Likelytobemoresignificanttechnicalaswellascommercialandlegal
issuesaspenetrationofDGthedistributionsystemincreases.
Advances in relay and communications technology have eased some of the
Advancesinrelayandcommunicationstechnologyhaveeasedsomeofthe
technicalchallengesbutothersremain.

IEEE PES Boston Section Technical Meeting

October 2011

Q
Questions?
ScottR.Secrest,PE
VicePresident
Technical Business Development
TechnicalBusinessDevelopment
ThreeCEngineeringServices
5088813911
scott@threec.com

IEEE PES Boston Section Technical Meeting

October 2011