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State of zero resistivity at low temperature, low current, low magnetic field.
History of Superconductor
1911: Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes. Resistivity of mercury at 4K
disappears. In 1913 he won Noble prize for his research in this area
Reference: http://superconductors.org/
Reference: http://superconductors.org/
1993: Prof. Dr. Ulker Onbasli at the University of Colorado discover the
current system of ceramic superconductors with the highest transition
temperatures are the mercuric-cuprates.
A. Schilling, M. Cantoni, J. D. Guo, and H. R. Ott of Zurich, Switzerland
hold the world record Tc of 138 K. It is a thallium-doped, mercuric-cuprate
comprised of the elements Mercury, Thallium, Barium, Calcium, Copper
and Oxygen.
Reference: http://superconductors.org/
Type of Superconductor
Type of Superconductor
Metal
Critical
temperature
Lead (Pb)
7.196 K
Lanthanum (La)
4.88 K
Tantalum (Ta)
4.47 K
Mercury (Hg)
Tin (Sn)
Metal
Critical
temperature
Hg0.8Tl0.2Ba2Ca2Cu3O8.33
138 K
HgBa2Ca2Cu3O8
133-135 K
4.15 K
Tl2Ba2Ca2Cu3O10
127-128 K
3.72 K
Tl1.6Hg0.4Ba2Ca2Cu3O10+
Protactinium (Pa)
1.40 K
YBa2Cu3O7+
93 K
Thorium (Th)
1.38 K
Y2Ba4Cu7O15
93 K
Aluminum (Al)
1.175 K
Gallium (Ga)
1.083 K
Molybdenum (Mo)
0.915 K
Zinc (Zn)
0.85 K
126 K
Magnet
Superconductor above Tc
Magnet
N
S
Surface currents
Superconductor below Tc
From Principles of Electronic Materials and Devices, Second Edition, S.O. Kasap ( McGraw-Hill, 2002)
http://Materials.Usask.Ca
Reference: http://www.fys.uio.no/super/levitation/
At room temperature magnetic field lines from the magnet penetrate the
superconductor without restraint. After cooling by liquid nitrogen they get
trapped by microscopic inhomogeneities in the superconductor. The trapped
magnetic lines then serve as invisible threads holding the two objects together
at a certain distance.
Reference: http://www.fys.uio.no/super/levitation/
Reference: http://www.fys.uio.no/super/levitation/
Uses of superconductors
High-power motor
Uses of superconductors
Magnetic levitation (Maglev):
Uses of superconductors
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
By impinging a strong superconductor-derived magnetic field
into the body, hydrogen atoms that exist in the body's water and fat
molecules are forced to accept energy from the magnetic field. They
then release this energy at a frequency that can be detected and
displayed graphically by a computer.