Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Part 9:
The Principle of Virtual Work
A. Al-Mayah
Spring 2014
p. 9.2
F1
F2
F3
f
f
A
Q=1
(Virtual external force real external displacement= virtual internal load
real internal displacement)
p. 9.3
Notes:
The forces can be in a form of moment to calculate the deformation in a form
of rotation.
The set of forces need not be related to the set of displacements as cause-andeffect and either set can be real while the other is imaginary.
Beam Example:
Self-equilibrated forces are applied to the structure in its undeflected position.
Then the real deflections due to the real load are allowed to take place. These real
deflections are (x) and () at distance (a) and (c) from the hinge, respectively)
Q is virtual external force at a distance (c) from the hinge.
Apply: (Virtual external force Q real external displacement = virtual
internal load f real internal displacement x)
Q = fx This is a compatibility
condition
P
F
x
For a linear system
L
Force system + Real displacements
Force F
1
f = the internal virtual spring force due to unit
virtual applied load.
F = the internal real spring force due to real applied
load.
Displacement x
p. 9.4
Since
(real
and F)
Let f= virtual member force in equilibrium with external virtual applied load:
L
F
F
To determine the displacement of
truss joints:
Where,
Fi= real internal force in truss member caused by applied real loads
fi= virtual internal force in truss member caused by external virtual load
Li=length of a member
Ai= area of a member
Ei= modulus of elasticity of a member
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
University of Waterloo
p. 9.5
A, L/
To find
Member
Fi
fCi
AB
BD
Li
Ai
1.5A
CD
fBi
BC
Sum
p. 9.6
-4
-5
E
Tension members =5 in
9 kips
+4
18ft
+8
18ft
+8
18ft
-5
+3
+9
-4/9
+2/3
0
E
+4/9
-10/9
F
+4/9
+8/9
1
Fi
(kips)
fi
Li (in)
Ai (in2)
AC
-10
-5/9
270
10
+150
CD
-4
-4/9
216
10
+38.4
BD
-5
-10/9
270
10
+150
CE
+9
CF
-5
+5/9
270
10
-75
DF
+3
+2/3
162
+64.8
AE
+8
+4/9
216
+153.6
EF
+8
+4/9
216
+153.6
FB
+4
+8/9
216
+153.6
Member
Sum
By virtual work
p. 9.7
for an element
Example 9.3 Find the rotation at A due to the concentrated load P applied at C.
I.V.W=E.V.W
2EI
2L
PL
m=1
M(x)= RAx=-Px/2
EI
L
)
1
p. 9.8
Example9.4: Find the deflection at the mid span of the cantilever beam. EI is
constant.
o
L
/
L/2
p. 9.9
Torsion of Shafts
Let t= internal virtual torque due to external load
(
)
(
System
Load
Uniaxial loading
(e.g. Rod)
Bending Moment
(e.g. beam)
Torque (e.g.
Shaft)
Strain Energy U
Internal Virtual
Wok
p. 9.10
Temperature = T+T
dx
d
Temperature = T
L
T+T
dx
T
dx..T
To find the total vertical deflection at the tip of the cantilever due to thermal
effects, apply a unit virtual load at
the tip
A
1
L
-1.L
m(x)=- x
(Internal Virtual Bending Moment)
p. 9.11
Example 9.6: Suppose some members of a truss were made too long or too short.
What is the resulting joint displacement at A.
+ ve sign longer than intended
-0.3
in
+0.2
in
20
+0.4
in
-0.75
-1.5
By virtual principle:
Virtual deflection at A
-1.0
+0.75
A
1
)(
)(
)(
p. 9.12
3) Arch Deformation:
Example 9.7 Consider bending deformations only (EI is constant)
( )
ds=Rd
( )
d
Rsin
P
( )
( )
Rsin
1
p. 9.13
B
L
( )
RA x
A
)(
)
1
m(x)=- x
(Internal Virtual Bending Moment)
)
|
p. 9.14
Example 9.9
L=40 in
B
3 kips
36 in
C
To make the truss a statically determinate structure, cut
one of the members (say BD) and calculate the internal
forces.
48 in
A
0 kips
B
3 kips
Fi
fi
Li
(in)
AB
2.5
BC
-2.5
BD
C
A
Ai
(in2)
0.15
-833
60
0.25
-500
40
0.1
-1333
p. 9.15
Then
Member
fi
Li
(in)
AB
Ai
(in2)
0.15
277.56
BC
60
0.25
166.54
BD
40
0.1
400
845