UIT11e Ch03 PPT

2/3/15
2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Using Information Technology, 11e
Chapter Topics
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UNIT 3A: System Software: The Power behind the Power
Application software is software that has been developed to solve a
particular problem for usersto perform useful work on specific tasks

or to provide entertainment.
System software runs at the most basic level of your computer and enables
the application software to interact with the computer and helps the
computer to manage its internal and external resources, as well as manage
the hardware.
There are three basic components of system software that you

need to know about:
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1. Operating systems: An
operating system is the principal

component of system software
in any computing system.
2. Device drivers: Device drivers
help the computer control
peripheral devices.
3. Utility programs: Utility
programs are generally used to
support, enhance, or expand
existing programs in a computer
system.
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3.1 The Operating System
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The operating system manages the entire computer system.
The operating system (OS) consists of the low-level, master system of

programs that manage the basic operations of the computer.
Every general-purpose computer must have OS to run other programs.

OS allows users to concentrate on applications rather than on complexities of the
computer.
Each application program is written to run on top of a particular OS.
The OS manages:
Booting
CPU management
File management
Task management
Security management
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Booting
The process of loading an OS into the computers main memory

Booting involves four steps:
1. Turn the computer on.

2. Diagnostic routines test main memory, CPU, and other hardware.
3. Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) programs are copied to main memory.
BIOS contains instructions for operating the hardware.
The computer needs those instructions to operate the hardware and find a
copy of the OS.
4. Boot program obtains the OS and loads it into computers main memory.
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Panel 3.2
Page 117
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Cold bootturn on computers on system

Warm bootrestart a computer that is already on
Boot diskuse a CD or flash drive containing all files to launch OS
Boot from the cloud
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CPU Management
CPU is the central processing unit.

Supervisor (kernel) is the software that manages CPU
Remains in memory while the computer runs
Directs other programs not in memory to perform tasks that support application
programs
Memory Management
OS keeps track of memory locations to prevent programs and data from
overlapping each other
Swaps portions of programs and data into the same memory but at different
times
Keeps track of virtual memory

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CPU Management (continued)

Queues, Buffers, Spooling
Queue: First-in, first-out (FIFO) sequence of data or programs that waits

in line for its turn to be processed
Buffer: The place where the data or programs sit while they are waiting
To spool: The act of placing a print job into a buffer. (Needed because
the CPU is faster than printers. The CPU can work on other tasks while
the print jobs wait.)
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File Management
A file is either a
Data File: a named collection of data

Program File: a program that exists in a
computers secondary storage
Files are located in many places on secondary

storage devices; OS locates files and facilitates
access to them
The file system arranges files in a
hierarchical manner
Top level is directories (folders)
Subdirectories come below folders
Find files using their pathname. Example:

C:/MyDocuments/Termpaper/section1.doc
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Task Management
Computers are required to perform many different tasks at onceto

do task management.
Task: An operation such as storing, printing, or calculating
Multitasking: Handling more than one program concurrently
Example: You do word processing while playing music on your computer.
OS directs processor to alternate time on each program until processing is
complete.
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Security Management
Operating Systems permit users to control access to their computers.

Users gain access using an ID and password.
You set the password the first time you boot up a new computer.
After that, when you boot up, youll be prepared to type in your
username and password.
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3.2 Other System Software
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Drivers and utility programs add functionality to your computer and help it
perform better.
Device Drivers
Specialized software programs that allow input and output devices to

communicate with the rest of the computer system.
When you buy a computer, many device drivers come with the system software.
Device drivers also come with new hardware (on CDs/DVDs) or can be
downloaded from the manufacturers website.
Utilities
Service programs that perform tasks related to the control and allocation of
computer resources.
Examples: Backup, virus protection, data recovery, data compression, file defragmentation, disk
cleanup, remove temp files
Some come with the OS, others can be bought separately (e.g., Norton
SystemWorks, McAfee Utilities).
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3.3 Common Features of

the User Interface
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User-interface features use graphics to facilitate a persons interaction with the

computer.
User Interface
The user-controllable display screen you use to interact with the computer, using
keyboard or mouse.
Keyboard & Mouse

Special-purpose keys: used to enter, delete, edit data, and to execute commands.
Function keys (F1, F2, etc.): used to execute commands specific to the software
being used.
Macros: keyboard shortcuts to activate series of commands.
Mouse pointer: moved to particular place on screen or to point to little symbol icons.
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Panel 3.6
Pages 126-127
Graphical User Interface (GUI)

Allows you to use a mouse or keystrokes to select icons and

commands from menus.
Three main features of GUI are desktop, icons, and menus.
Desktop: The systems main interface screen.
Icons: Small pictorial figures that represent programs, data files, or
procedures.
Rollover: A small text box that explains the icon when you roll your mouse
over it.
Menus: Lists of built-in commands and/or options from which to choose
pull-down, cascading, pull-up, pop-up.
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Menus
Most operating systems use GUIs with the following:

Title Bar: runs across the top of the display window and shows the
name of the folder you are in.

Menu Bar: shows the names of the pull-down menus available.
Toolbar: Displays menus and icons representing frequently used
options or commands.
Taskbar: The bar across the bottom of the Windows screen that
contains the Start button and icons that show open files/programs.
windows: Rectangular portion of the display screen through which you
can view a file of data or an application program.
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window
Page 132
Programs pinned to taskbar
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Windows 7 and
Windows 8 taskbars
Minimize, Maximize, Restore Down, and Close
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3.4 Common Operating

Systems
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The main operating systems for general computer users are Windows, Mac OS,
and Unix/Linux.
Platform
The particular processor model and operating system on which a
computer system is based.
Three principle categories of operating systems:

1. Stand-alone
2. Network
3. Embedded
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1. Stand-alone operating systems

Often called a desktop operating system, an operating system that

works on a single desktop or notebook (laptop) computer.
Two principal stand-alone systems:
Mac platformsrun Apple Macintosh
PC platformsrun Microsoft Windows
Some legacy systems still usedoutdated but still functional
DOS (Disk Operating System) (original
Microsoft OS)hard-to-use command-driven
user interface
Mac OS X (Ten)
OS that runs on Apple Macintosh computers; is popular for
desktop publishing , graphics, and educational settings
Pioneered the easy-to-use GUI (based on work done at Xerox)
Proprietary OS
Mac OS X from 2000 is based on Unix
Mac OS 10.8 = Mountain Lion (2011)
Mac OS 10.9 = Mavericks (2013)
Apple iOS runs mobile devices
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Microsoft Windows
Most common operating system for desktop and portable PCs.
Windows early versions:
95, 98, 2000, ME, XP, Vista
Windows 7: still most commonly used OS

Windows 8: Has both desktop (classic)
and tile views
Tile view allows gesture manipulation of
on-screen items (touch screens)
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2. Network operating systems

Novells Open Enterprise Server (OES)

Used for coordinating microcomputer-based local area networks (LANs)
throughout a company or campus
Network OS usually located on a main server
Windows Server
Designed to run on network servers in businesses of all sizes
Multiple users share resources, such as data, programs, printers
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(Network operating systems)

Unix, Solaris, BSD

Unix is a multitasking operating system with multiple users that has builtin networking capability and versions for all kinds of computers
Is particularly stableused to run backbone of Internet
Used by large organizationsfor airplane design, currency trading
Versions include Solaris, BSD
Unix interface is command-line interface
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(Network operating systems)
Linux
Free (nonproprietary) version of Unix
Continual improvements from thousands of volunteer programmers
Linux is open-source softwareanyone may make suggested
improvements
May legally be downloaded and used for free
May legally be modified for free, as long as modifications arent
copyrighted
Uses command-line-interface or GUI
Linux vendors give away software but sell services, products
Is the basis of Googles Chrome OS
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3. Embedded Operating Systems

Embedded OSresides on CPU chip
Specialized system that is part of larger system or machine
Used in mobile devices: Google Android, BlackBerry, Windows Phone, iOS,
Embedded Linux
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UNIT 3B: Application SoftwareGetting Started
People interact with the application software, which

interacts with the system software, which interacts with the
computer.
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3.5 Application Software
Application software comprises the programs that do the work that users
are directly interested in.
The availability of software depends on how it is

licensed or copyrighted by its creators or owners.
Software can be obtained in a variety of ways:

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1. Custom Software
Tailor-made software crafted by an
individual or team of programmers for a
particular function or business purpose.
2. Packaged software
Copyrighted, mass-produced software
thats offered for sale in stores or on the
web to a variety of users. [See next slides.]
3. Public-domain software
Software that is not protected by copyright
and thus may be duplicated by
anyone at
will, with no fear
of legal prosecution.
4. Freeware
Copyrighted software that is distributed
free of charge
5. Shareware
Copyrighted software that is
distributed free for a trial period, but
users must then pay the software
developer to continue using it.
6. Rentalware
Online software that users lease for a
fee and download whenever they
want it.
7. Web application (web app)
Software that runs on a remote
Internet server rather than on a
persons own personal computer.
Commercial (packaged) software is copyrighted -- users must get

license from owner and sign a contract in which they agree not to
make copies of the software to give away or resell.
Software license types:
Site licenses allow software to be used on all computers at a specific
location
Concurrent-user licensesallow a number of copies to be used at one time
Multiple-user licensespecifies number of people who may use the software
Single-user licenselimits software to one user at a time
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Pirated software: Software obtained illegally in violation of

copyright
Abandonware: Software that is no longer being sold or

supported by its publisher (but may still not be
legally copied)
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Tutorials & Documentation

Tutorial: Instruction book or program that helps you learn to use the
product by taking you through a series of steps
Documentation: All information that describes a product to users,
including a user guide or reference manual that provides a narrative
and graphical description of the program
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Types of Application Software

May be classified as entertainment, personal, education/references,
productivity, and specialized uses
Productivity software: Purpose is to make users more

productive at particular tasks.
Word processing, spreadsheets, database managers
May be bundled in office suite
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Productivity
software
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3.6 Data Files & Program

Files
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Data files: Data files contain data, such as words, number,

pictures, and soundsfor example (extensions):
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Program files: Program files contain software instructions

that execute, or run, when the program is opened.

.bas
.java
.exe
.dll
.drv
Source program files: Source program files contain high-level

computer instructions in the original form written by the computer
programmer.
Executable files: To be made useful to the computer for
processing, a source program file must be translated into an
executable file, which contains the instructions that tell the
computer how to perform a particular task. You use an executable
file by running it, as when you select the spreadsheet program
Microsoft Excel from your on-screen menu and open it.
Exchanging files
Importing: getting data from another source and then

converting it into a format compatible with the program in
which you are currently working
Exporting: transforming data into a format that can be used in
another program and then transmitting it
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Data compression is a method of removing repetitive

elements from a data file so that it requires less storage
space and therefore less time to transmit. Later the data
is decompressedthe repeated patterns are restored.
Lossless compression uses mathematical techniques to replace repetitive
patterns of bits with a kind of coded summary. During decompression, the

coded summaries are replaced with the original patterns of bits -- the data
that comes out is exactly the same as what went in. Lossless techniques are
used when its important that nothing be lostfor instance, for computer data,
database records, spreadsheets, and word processing files.
Lossy compression techniques permanently discard some data during
compression. Lossy data compression involves a certain loss of accuracy in
exchange for a high degree of compression. Examples of two lossy
compression file formats are .jpeg and .mpeg, used for graphics files and
sound files.
3.7 Word Processing

Software
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Word Processing uses computers to create,

edit, format, print, and store text.
Microsoft Word best known
Others: Corel WordPerfect, Apple iWork Pages, Google Apps, Zoho
Writer
Word processing allows you to delete, insert, and replace text
Additional features: creating, formatting, printing, saving
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Cursor: movable symbol to show where to enter text

Scrolling: moving quickly up, down, or sideways
Word wrap: automatically continues text
to next line
Head hierarchy: Outline View puts tags on headings within a
document to organize it according to head level
Footnote numbering can be done
automatically
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Editing : Making alterations in content

Inserting: adding text to documents
Deleting: removing text from documents
Find & Replace
Find: lets you go straight to any text in your document
Replace: lets you automatically replace it with something else
Cut, Copy, & Paste

Select the text you want to move
Copy (or cut) to clipboard, then paste in new location
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Spelling Checker: tests for incorrectly spelled words

[Note: Do not rely on spelling and grammar checkers to be 100%
accurate!]
Grammar Checker: highlights poor grammar, wordiness,

incomplete sentences, and awkward phrases
Thesaurus: offers suggestions for alternative words with the
same meaning
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Grammar checker
Spelling checker
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Formatting Documents with the Help of Templates

Formatting: determining appearance of a document
A template is a preformatted form that provides basic tools for
structuring a final documenttext, layout, page design, etc.
Every word processing program comes with standard templates (for
letters, memos, etc.)
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Examples of Word
templates
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Aspects of Formatting
Font
The typeface and size of the text you use
Also lets you specify underlined, italic, or bold and color
Spacing & Columns

Choose the line spacing (single- or double-spaced, or other)
Choose single-column or multi-columned text for your document
Margins & Justification

Indicate width of left, right, top, and bottom margins
Justify text left, right, or center
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Headers, footers, page numbers

A header is text printed at the very top of the page
A footer is text (like page number) at the page bottom
Other Formatting
You can specify borders, shading, tables, and footnotes
You can also import graphics, such as clip art
Default Settings
These are the settings automatically used by the program unless you
change them
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Output: Printing, Faxing, or Emailing Documents

Print individual pages, the whole document, or several copies
You can fax or email finished documents
Previewing: gives you a look at how document will look when printed,
before you print
Saving documents: store a document as an electronic file on, e.g., hard

disk, CD or flash drive. [SAVE your work often!!!!!!!!!!!]
Word processing allows formatting of documents in HTML (for the

web)
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3.8 Spreadsheet Programs
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A spreadsheet program uses rectangular grids for laying out linked, usually
financial, data in a very organized fashion.
Spreadsheets are used to create tables and financial schedules.

Enter data and formulas into rows and columns on screen
Microsoft Excel, Corel Quattro Pro, Lotus 1-2-3, Apple iWork Numbers
Organized into columns and rows on a worksheet
Labels are descriptive text
Cells are where a row and a column meet
Cell address is the position of the cell
Range is a group of adjacent cells
Values are numbers or dates entered into a cell
Cell pointer shows where data is to be entered
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Formulas, Functions, Recalculation, What-If Analysis

Formulas are instructions for calculations

Define mathematically how one cell relates to another
Example: @SUM(A5:A15) sums the values of the cells A5, A6, A7, and so forth up
through cell A15
Functions are built-in formulas, such as SUM()

Recalculation is the process of re-computing values
What-if analysis allows users to see what happens to totals when one
or more numbers change in cells
Worksheet templatescustom-designed for particular work
Multidimensional spreadsheetslink one to another
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Analytical Graphics: Worksheet and workbook data can be displayed in

graphic form.
Spreadsheet programs allow you to automatically create graphs
Graphical forms make numeric data easier to analyze
Examples of types of analytical graphics:
Column charts
Bar charts
Line graphs
Pie charts
Scatter charts
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3. 9 Database Software
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A database is a collection of data that is organized so that

its contents can easily be accessed, managed, and updated.
Database: Structured collection of interrelated files
in a computer system.
Database software sets up and controls the structure of a
database and access to data.
Principal microcomputer databases: Microsoft Access, FileMaker Pro
Benefits of databases:
Data redundancy is minimized.
Data is integrated and stored in a structured fashion.
Data in databases has more integrity.
Data may include text, numbers, and graphics.
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The main type of microcomputer database program is the

relational database.
Relational database: Data organized into related tables

Each table contains rows (records) & columns (fields)
Key is field used to sort data
Most frequent key field is social security number
Tables with the same key field are linked together
Querying and displaying records
Database software offers a quick way to locate records
Saving, Formatting, Printing, Copying, Transmitting
Can save results, format them in different ways, print as reports, copy to other
documents, & transmit as email
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Some database
program functions
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Sample
Access
database
templates
3.10 Software Suites &

Integrated Packages
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Software suite: Collection of individual programs bundled together in a

single package.
Most popular are productivity suites (office suites), professional-level application
programs frequently used in businessusually word processing, spreadsheet, database

management, and presentation programs.
Best-known productivity suite is Microsoft Office. Others are Apple iWork, Corel
WordPerfect Office, Lotus SmartSuite, and StarOffice.
Cloud suites, or online office suites, include Microsoft Web Apps, Google Docs, and Zoho.
Integrated package: Single program for microcomputers that combines
the functionality of word processing, spreadsheet, and database

management.
Personal information manager: Software that helps you keep track of and
manage information used on a daily basis, such as addresses, telephone
numbers, appointments, to-do lists, and miscellaneous notes.
Microsoft Outlook, Lotus Notes
3.11 Specialty Application

Software
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Some special applications:

Presentation graphics
Financial
Desktop publishing
Drawing & painting
Video/audio editing
Animation
Multimedia authoring
Web page design/authoring
Project management
Portable Document Format (PDF)
Computer-aided design
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Presentation Graphics Software

Uses graphics, animation, sound, data, and information to make

visual presentations
Some packages: Microsoft PowerPoint, Corel Presentations, Harvard
Graphics
Includes design and content templates
Allows presentation to be dressed up with clip art, sound clips, special visual
effects, animation, and video clips
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Financial Software
Ranges from personal-finance managers to entry-level accounting programs

to business financial-management packages
Personal-finance programs include Quicken, Moneydance, YNAB
Common features of financial software
Track income & expenses
Allow checkbook management
Do financial reporting
Offer tax categories to assist with tax recordkeeping
May offer financial planning & portfolio management
Tax, accounting, investment software also available
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Desktop Publishing
Involves mixing text & graphics to produce high-quality output for

commercial printing
Uses a mouse, scanner, printer, and DTP software
Professional DTP programs: QuarkXPress, Adobe InDesign
Has the following features
Mix of text with graphics
Offers varied type & layout styles
Allows import of files from other programs
Becoming a DTP professional requires training

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Desktop publishing
overview
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Drawing Programs
Graphics software used to design & illustrate objects & products
Create vector imagescreated from geometrical formulas
Examples: CorelDRAW, Adobe Illustrator
Painting Programs
Graphics programs that allow users to simulate painting on-screen
Produce bit-mapped or raster images (tiny dots)
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Common Graphics File Formats

.bmp (BitMaP) used on PCs (Native to MS Windows)
.gif (Graphic Interchange Format) format used in web pages
.jpeg (Joint Photographic Experts Group) used in high-resolution
images, especially photos
.tiff (Tagged Image File Formats) used on PCs & Macs for highresolution images to print
.png (Portable Network Graphics) used as alternative to .gif
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Video-Editing Software
Allows import to and editing of video footage on computer

Some video editing packages: Adobe Premiere Elements, Corel Video
Studio, Sony Pictures Digital Vegas, Apple Final Cut Express, Pinnacle Studio
DV, & Ulead VideoStudio
Audio-Editing Software
Allows import to and editing of sound files on computer
Sound editing packages: Windows Sound Recorder, Sony Pictures Sound
Forge, Audacity (freeware), Felt Tip Softwares Sound Studio (shareware),
GoldWave, & WavePad.
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Animation Software
Simulates movement by rapidly displaying a series of still pictures, or
frames
Computer animation: Creation of moving images by means of
computer
GIF animation: First format to be widely used for web pages
Packages: GIF Construction Professional, 3D GIF Designer, Easy GIF
Animator
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Multimedia Authoring Software

Combines text, graphics, video,

animation, and sound in an
integrated way to create standalone multimedia applications
Content can be put on CDs/DVDs
or delivered via the web
Two examples: Adobe Director &
Macromedia Authorware
Adobe Director
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Web Page Design/Authoring Software

Used to create web pages with sophisticated multimedia features.
Packages: Adobe Dreamweaver, Seamonkey, Coffee Cup, RealMac
Rapid Weaver, etc.
Packages also provided by
internet access
providers; free
& easy to use.
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Project Management Software

A program used to plan and

schedule the people, costs, and
resources required to complete a
project on time
Packages: Mindjet MindManager,
MatchWare MindView, Microsoft
Project, etc.
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Portable Document Format (PDF)

Multiplatform file format developed by Adobe Systems that allows
documents to be used with any operating system.
Captures text, graphic, and formatting information from a variety of
applications on different platforms, making it possible to send
documents and have them appear on the recipients monitor as they
were intended to be viewed.
Today, used for virtually any data that needs to be exchanged among
applications and users.
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Computer-Aided Design (CAD)

Programs intended for 2D and 3D design of

products, structures, civil engineering
drawings, and maps.
Examples include Autodesk, AutoCAD, TurboCAD,
Alibre Design, and PowerCADD.
CAD programs help design buildings, cars, planes,
electronic devices, roadways, bridges,
subdivisions.
CAD/CAM programs: allow CAD programs to be
input into computer-aided manufacturing systems
that make products.
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Using Information Technology, 11e

UNIT 3A: System Software: The Power behind the Power

Using Information Technology, 11e

Application software is software that has been developed to solve a

particular problem for usersto perform useful work on specific tasks

There are three basic components of system software that you

Using Information Technology, 11e

operating system is the principal

Using Information Technology, 11e

3.1 The Operating System

The operating system manages the entire computer system.

The operating system (OS) consists of the low-level, master system of

programs that manage the basic operations of the computer.

Every general-purpose computer must have OS to run other programs.

Each application program is written to run on top of a particular OS.

The process of loading an OS into the computers main memory

Using Information Technology, 11e

1. Turn the computer on.

Using Information Technology, 11e

Using Information Technology, 11e

Cold bootturn on computers on system

CPU is the central processing unit.

Keeps track of virtual memory

CPU Management (continued)

Queue: First-in, first-out (FIFO) sequence of data or programs that waits

Data File: a named collection of data

Files are located in many places on secondary

Find files using their pathname. Example:

Computers are required to perform many different tasks at onceto

Using Information Technology, 11e

Operating Systems permit users to control access to their computers.

Using Information Technology, 11e

3.2 Other System Software

Specialized software programs that allow input and output devices to

Using Information Technology, 11e

3.3 Common Features of

User-interface features use graphics to facilitate a persons interaction with the

Keyboard & Mouse

Using Information Technology, 11e

Graphical User Interface (GUI)

Allows you to use a mouse or keystrokes to select icons and

Using Information Technology, 11e

Most operating systems use GUIs with the following:

name of the folder you are in.

Using Information Technology, 11e

Programs pinned to taskbar

Using Information Technology, 11e

Minimize, Maximize, Restore Down, and Close

Using Information Technology, 11e

3.4 Common Operating

Using Information Technology, 11e

Three principle categories of operating systems:

1. Stand-alone operating systems

Often called a desktop operating system, an operating system that

Using Information Technology, 11e

Using Information Technology, 11e

Windows 7: still most commonly used OS

2. Network operating systems

Novells Open Enterprise Server (OES)

(Network operating systems)

Unix, Solaris, BSD

(Network operating systems)