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Logisticsisthemanagementoftheflowofthingsbetweenthepointof
originandthepointofconsumptioninordertomeetrequirementsof
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customersorcorporations.Theresourcesmanagedinlogisticscaninclude
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physicalitems,suchasfood,materials,animals,equipmentandliquids,as
Featuredcontent
wellasabstractitems,suchastime,information,particles,andenergy.The
Currentevents
logisticsofphysicalitemsusuallyinvolvestheintegrationofinformationflow,
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whichismaterial
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handling,production,packaging,inventory,transportation,warehousing,and
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Communityportal
oftensecurity.Thecomplexityoflogisticscanbemodeled,analyzed,
visualized,andoptimizedbydedicatedsimulationsoftware.The
minimizationoftheuseofresourcesisacommonmotivationinlogisticsfor
importandexport.
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Azrbaycanca
Configuringandmanagingwarehousesisacentralconcernfor
bothbusinesslogisticsandmilitarylogistics.
Catal
etina
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Espaol
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Esperanto
Euskara
Franais
Hrvatski
BahasaIndonesia
Italiano
Latvieu
Lietuvi
Magyar
LogisticsSpecialistinventoriessuppliesinastoreroomaboardthe
aircraftcarrierUSSGeorgeH.W.Bush,whereinventoryingmeans
makingareportonstockavailability.Noticehoweverystockkeeping
unithasanindividualcodeandacodecorrespondingtoaspecific
subclassfromagivendrawer.
BahasaMelayu
Nederlands
Norskbokml
Ozbekcha/
Polski
Contents[hide]
Portugus
1Originsanddefinition
Romn
2Logisticsactivitiesandfields
3Militarylogistics
SimpleEnglish
4Businesslogistics
Slovenina
4.1Nodesofadistributionnetwork
Slovenina
4.2Logisticfamiliesandmetrics
/srpski
4.3Handlingandorderprocessing
Suomi
4.4Transportation
Svenska
4.5Configurationandmanagement
Tagalog
4.6Warehousemanagementandcontrol
4.7Logisticsoutsourcing
Trke
4.8Horizontalalliancesbetweenlogisticsserviceproviders
4.9Logisticsmanagement
TingVit
5Logisticsautomation
Winaray
6Logistics:professionandorganizations
6.1Logisticsmuseums
Editlinks
7Seealso
8References
9Furtherreading
Originsanddefinition
[ edit ]
Theprevalentviewisthatthetermlogisticscomesfromthelate19th
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century:fromFrenchlogistique(logermeanstolodge).Othersattribute
aGreekorigintotheword:,meaningreasonorspeech,
meaningaccountantorresponsibleforcounting.[1]
TheOxfordEnglishDictionarydefineslogisticsas"thebranchofmilitary
sciencerelatingtoprocuring,maintainingandtransportingmaterial,
personnelandfacilities."However,theNewOxfordAmerican
Dictionarydefineslogisticsas"thedetailedcoordinationofacomplex
operationinvolvingmanypeople,facilities,orsupplies,"andtheOxford
Dictionaryonlinedefinesitas"thedetailedorganizationandimplementation
ofacomplexoperation."[2]Assuch,logisticsiscommonlyseenasabranch
ofengineeringthatcreates"peoplesystems"ratherthan"machine
systems."
AccordingtotheCouncilofSupplyChainManagementProfessionals
(previouslytheCouncilofLogisticsManagement[3])logisticsistheprocess
ofplanning,implementingandcontrollingproceduresfortheefficientand
effectivetransportationandstorageofgoodsincludingservicesandrelated
informationfromthepointoforigintothepointofconsumptionforthe
purposeofconformingtocustomerrequirementsandincludesinbound,
outbound,internalandexternalmovements.[4]
Academicsandpractitionerstraditionallyrefertothe
termsoperationsorproductionmanagementwhenreferringtophysical
transformationstakingplaceinasinglebusinesslocation(factory,
restaurantorevenbankclerking)andreservethetermlogisticsforactivities
relatedtodistribution,thatis,movingproductsontheterritory.Managinga
distributioncenterisseen,therefore,aspertainingtotherealmoflogistics
since,whileintheorytheproductsmadebyafactoryarereadyfor
consumptiontheystillneedtobemovedalongthedistributionnetwork
accordingtosomelogic,andthedistributioncenteraggregatesand
processesorderscomingfromdifferentareasoftheterritory.Thatbeing
said,fromamodelingperspective,therearesimilaritiesbetweenoperations
managementandlogistics,andcompaniessometimesusehybrid
professionals,withforex."DirectorofOperations"or"LogisticsOfficer"
workingonsimilarproblems.Furthermore,thetermsupplychain
managementoriginallyrefersto,amongotherissues,havingaglobalvision
inofbothproductionandlogisticsfrompointoforigintopointof
production.[5]Allthesetermsmaysufferfromsemanticchangeasaside
effectofadvertising.
Logisticsactivitiesandfields
[ edit ]
Abasicdistinctioninthenatureoflogisticsactivitiesisbetweeninboundand
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outboundlogistics.[6]
Inboundlogistics:Inboundlogisticsisoneoftheprimaryprocessesof
logistics,concentratingonpurchasingandarrangingtheinboundmovement
ofmaterials,parts,and/orfinishedinventoryfromsupplierstomanufacturing
orassemblyplants,warehouses,orretailstores.
Outboundlogistics:Outboundlogisticsistheprocessrelatedtothe
storageandmovementofthefinalproductandtherelatedinformationflows
fromtheendoftheproductionlinetotheenduser.
Giventheservicesperformedbylogisticians,themainfieldsoflogisticscan
bebrokendownasfollows:
Procurementlogistics
Distributionlogistics
Aftersaleslogistics
Disposallogistics
Reverselogistics
Greenlogistics
Globallogistics
Domesticslogistics
ConciergeService
RAMlogistics
AssetControlLogistics
POSMaterialLogistics
EmergencyLogistics
ProductionLogistics
Procurementlogisticsconsistsofactivitiessuchasmarketresearch,
requirementsplanning,makeorbuydecisions,suppliermanagement,
ordering,andordercontrolling.Thetargetsinprocurementlogisticsmight
becontradictory:maximizingefficiencybyconcentratingoncore
competences,outsourcingwhilemaintainingtheautonomyofthecompany,
orminimizingprocurementcostswhilemaximizingsecuritywithinthesupply
process.
Distributionlogisticshas,asmaintasks,thedeliveryofthefinished
productstothecustomer.Itconsistsoforderprocessing,warehousing,and
transportation.Distributionlogisticsisnecessarybecausethetime,place,
andquantityofproductiondifferswiththetime,place,andquantityof
consumption.
Disposallogisticshasasitsmainfunctiontoreducelogisticscost(s)and
enhanceservice(s)relatedtothedisposalofwasteproducedduringthe
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operationofabusiness.
Reverselogisticsdenotesallthoseoperationsrelatedtothereuseof
productsandmaterials.Thereverselogisticsprocessincludesthe
managementandthesaleofsurpluses,aswellasproductsbeingreturned
tovendorsfrombuyers.Reverselogisticsstandsforalloperationsrelatedto
thereuseofproductsandmaterials.Itis"theprocessofplanning,
implementing,andcontrollingtheefficient,costeffectiveflowofraw
materials,inprocessinventory,finishedgoodsandrelatedinformationfrom
thepointofconsumptiontothepointoforiginforthepurposeofrecapturing
valueorproperdisposal.Moreprecisely,reverselogisticsistheprocessof
movinggoodsfromtheirtypicalfinaldestinationforthepurposeofcapturing
value,orproperdisposal.Theoppositeofreverselogisticsisforward
logistics.
GreenLogisticsdescribesallattemptstomeasureandminimizethe
ecologicalimpactoflogisticsactivities.Thisincludesallactivitiesofthe
forwardandreverseflows.Thiscanbeachievedthroughintermodalfreight
transport,pathoptimization,vehiclesaturationandcitylogistics.
RAMLogistics(seealsoLogisticengineering)combinesbothbusiness
logisticsandmilitarylogisticssinceitisconcernedwithhighly
complicatedtechnologicalsystemsfor
whichReliability,AvailabilityandMaintainabilityareessential,ex:weapon
systemsandmilitarysupercomputers.
AssetControlLogistics:companiesintheretailchannels,bothorganized
retailersandsuppliers,oftendeployassetsrequiredforthedisplay,
preservation,promotionoftheirproducts.Someexamplesare
refrigerators,stands,displaymonitors,seasonalequipment,posterstands&
frames.
Emergencylogisticsisatermused
bythelogistics,supplychain,and
manufacturingindustriestodenote
specifictimecriticalmodesof
transportusedtomovegoodsor
objectsrapidlyintheeventofan
emergency.[7]Thereasonfor
Aforklifttruckloadsapalletof
humanitarianaidtoPakistanonboard
aC17aircraft,followingdevastating
floodsinthecountryin2010.
enlistingemergencylogistics
servicescouldbeaproductiondelay
oranticipatedproductiondelay,or
anurgentneedforspecialized
equipmenttopreventeventssuchas
aircraftbeinggrounded(alsoknownas"aircraftonground"AOG),ships
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beingdelayed,ortelecommunicationsfailure.Emergencylogisticsservices
aretypicallysourcedfromaspecialistprovider.[8]
Thetermproductionlogisticsdescribeslogisticprocesseswithinavalue
addingsystem(ex:factoryoramine).Productionlogisticsaimstoensure
thateachmachineandworkstationreceivestherightproductintheright
quantityandqualityattherighttime.Theconcernisnotthetransportation
itself,buttostreamlineandcontroltheflowthroughvalueaddingprocesses
andtoeliminatenonvalueaddingprocesses.Productionlogisticscan
operateinexistingaswellasnewplants.Manufacturinginanexistingplant
isaconstantlychangingprocess.Machinesareexchangedandnewones
added,whichgivestheopportunitytoimprovetheproductionlogistics
systemaccordingly.[9]Productionlogisticsprovidesthemeanstoachieve
customerresponseandcapitalefficiency.Productionlogisticsbecomes
moreimportantwithdecreasingbatchsizes.Inmanyindustries(e.g.mobile
phones),theshorttermgoalisabatchsizeofone,allowingevenasingle
customer'sdemandtobefulfilledefficiently.Trackandtracing,whichisan
essentialpartofproductionlogisticsduetoproductsafetyandreliability
issues,isalsogainingimportance,especiallyin
theautomotiveandmedicalindustries.
Militarylogistics
[ edit ]
Mainarticle:Militarylogistics
Inmilitaryscience,
maintainingone's
supplylineswhile
disruptingthoseofthe
enemyisacrucial
somewouldsaythe
mostcrucialelement
ofmilitarystrategy,
sinceanarmedforce
withoutresourcesand
transportationis
defenseless.Thedefeat
oftheBritishin
theAmericanWarof
Independenceandthe
PunjabRegimentusesmulesforcarryingcargo
inBurmaduringWWII.Animalshavebeenusedfor
logisticpurposesbydifferentpeoplethroughout
history,theRomanarmyinparticularpreferredmules
overdonkeysfortheirmovingcapacity.[10]
defeatoftheAxisinthe
AfricantheaterofWorldWarIIareattributedbysomescholarstologistical
failures.[11]ThehistoricalleadersHannibal,AlexandertheGreat,and
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theDukeofWellingtonareconsideredtohavebeenlogistical
geniuses.[12][13][14]
Militaryhaveasignificantneedforlogisticssolutionsandsohavedeveloped
advancedimplementations.IntegratedLogisticsSupport(ILS)isadiscipline
usedinmilitaryindustriestoensureaneasilysupportablesystemwitha
robustcustomerservice(logistic)conceptatthelowestcostandinlinewith
(oftenhigh)reliability,availability,maintainability,andotherrequirements,as
definedfortheproject.
Inmilitarylogistics,logisticsofficersmanagehowandwhentomove
resourcestotheplacestheyareneeded.
Supplychainmanagementinmilitarylogisticsoftendealswithanumberof
variablesinpredictingcost,deterioration,consumption,andfuturedemand.
TheUnitedStatesArmedForces'categoricalsupplyclassificationwas
developedinsuchawaythatcategoriesofsupplywithsimilarconsumption
variablesaregroupedtogetherforplanningpurposes.Forinstance,
peacetimeconsumptionofammunitionandfuelwillbeconsiderablylower
thanwartimeconsumptionoftheseitems,whereasotherclassesofsupply
suchassubsistenceandclothinghavearelativelyconsistentconsumption
rateregardlessofwarorpeace.
Someclassesofsupplyhavealineardemandrelationship:asmoretroops
areadded,moresupplyitemsareneededorasmoreequipmentisused,
morefuelandammunitionareconsumed.Otherclassesofsupplymust
considerathirdvariablebesidesusageandquantity:time.Asequipment
ages,moreandmorerepairpartsareneededovertime,evenwhenusage
andquantitystaysconsistent.Byrecordingandanalyzingthesetrendsover
timeandapplyingthemtofuturescenarios,theUSArmedForcescan
accuratelysupplytroopswiththeitemsnecessaryattheprecisemoment
theyareneeded.[15]Historyhasshownthatgoodlogisticalplanningcreates
aleanandefficientfightingforce.Thelackthereofcanleadtoaclunky,
slow,andillequippedforcewithtoomuchortoolittlesupply.
Businesslogistics
[ edit ]
Onedefinitionofbusinesslogisticsspeaksof"havingtherightiteminthe
rightquantityattherighttimeattherightplacefortherightpriceintheright
conditiontotherightcustomer".[16]Businesslogisticsincorporates
allindustrysectorsandaimstomanagethefruitionofprojectlife
cycles,supplychains,andresultantefficiencies.
Theterm"businesslogistics"hasevolvedsincethe1960s[17]duetothe
increasingcomplexityofsupplyingbusinesseswithmaterialsandshipping
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outproductsin
anincreasingly
globalized
supplychain,
leadingtoacall
for
professionals
called"supply
chain
logisticians".
Inbusiness,
logisticsmay
haveeitheran
internalfocus
Aforkliftstackingalogisticsprovider'swarehouseofgoods
onpallets.
(inbound
logistics)oranexternalfocus(outboundlogistics),coveringtheflowand
storageofmaterialsfrompointoforigintopointofconsumption(seesupply
chainmanagement).Themainfunctionsofaqualifiedlogistician
includeinventorymanagement,purchasing,transportation,warehousing,
consultation,andtheorganizingandplanningoftheseactivities.Logisticians
combineaprofessionalknowledgeofeachofthesefunctionstocoordinate
resourcesinanorganization.
Therearetwofundamentallydifferentformsoflogistics:oneoptimizesa
steadyflowofmaterialthroughanetworkoftransportlinksandstorage
nodes,whiletheothercoordinatesasequenceofresourcestocarryout
someproject(ex:restructuringawarehouse).
Nodesofadistributionnetwork
[ edit ]
Thenodesofadistributionnetworkinclude:
Factorieswhereproductsaremanufacturedorassembled
Adepotordepositisastandardtypeofwarehousethoughtforstoring
merchandise(highlevelofinventory).
Distributioncentersarefororderprocessingandorderfulfillment(lower
levelofinventory)andalsoforreceivingreturningitemsfromclients.
Transitpointsarebuiltforcrossdockingactivities,whichconsistin
reassemblingcargounitsbasedondeliveriesscheduled(onlymoving
merchandise).
TraditionalretailstoresoftheMomandPopvariety,
modernsupermarkets,hypermarkets,discountstoresoralsovoluntary
chains,consumercooperative,groupsofconsumerwithcollective
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buyingpower.Notethatsubsidiarieswillbemostlyownedbyanother
companyandfranchisers,althoughusingothercompanybrands,
actuallyownthepointofsale.
Theremaybesomeintermediariesoperatingforrepresentativematters
betweennodessuchassalesagentsorbrokers.
Logisticfamiliesandmetrics
[ edit ]
Alogisticfamilyisasetofproductswhichshareacommoncharacteristic:
weightandvolumetriccharacteristics,physicalstoringneeds(temperature,
radiation,...),handlingneeds,orderfrequency,packagesize,etc.The
followingmetricsmaybeusedbythecompanytoorganizeitsproductsin
differentfamilies:[18]
Physicalmetricsusedtoevaluateinventorysystemsincludestocking
capacity,selectivity,superficialutilization,volumetricutilization,transport
capacity,transportcapacityutilization.
Monetarymetricsusedincludespaceholdingcosts(building,shelving
andservices)andhandlingcosts(people,handlingmachinery,energy
andmaintenance).
Othermetricsmaypresentthemselvesinbothphysicalormonetaryform,
suchasthestandardInventoryturnover.
Handlingandorderprocessing
[ edit ]
Unitloadsarecombinationsof
individualitemswhicharemovedby
handlingsystems,usuallyemploying
apalletofnormeddimensions.[19]
Handlingsystemsinclude:trans
pallethandlers,counterweight
handler,retractablemasthandler,
bilateralhandlers,trilateral
Unitloadsfortransportationof
luggageattheairport,inthiscasethe
unitloadhasprotectivefunction.
handlers,AGVandstackerhandlers.
Storagesystemsinclude:pilestocking,cellracks(eitherstaticormovable),
cantileverracksandgravityracks.[20]
Orderprocessingisasequentialprocessinvolving:processingwithdrawal
list,picking(selectiveremovalofitemsfromloadingunits),sorting
(assemblingitemsbasedondestination),packageformation(weighting,
labelingandpacking),orderconsolidation(gatheringpackagesintoloading
unitsfortransportation,controlandbilloflading).[21]
Pickingcanbebothmanualorautomated.Manualpickingcanbebothman
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togoods,i.e.operatorusingacartorconveyorbelt,orgoodstoman,i.e.
theoperatorbenefitingfromthepresenceofaminiloadASRS,vertical
orhorizontalcarouselorfromanAutomaticVerticalStorageSystem(AVSS).
Automaticpickingisdoneeitherwithdispensersordepalletizingrobots.
Sortingcanbedonemanuallythroughcartsorconveyorbelts,or
automaticallythroughsorters.
Transportation
[ edit ]
Mainarticle:Cargo
Cargo,i.e.merchandisebeingtransported,canbemovedthroughavariety
oftransportationmeansandisorganizedindifferentshipment
categories.Unitloadsareusuallyassembledintohigherstandardizedunits
suchas:ISOcontainers,swapbodiesorsemitrailers.Especiallyforvery
longdistances,producttransportationwilllikelybenefitfromusingdifferent
transportationmeans:multimodaltransport,intermodaltransport(no
handling)andcombinedtransport(minimalroadtransport).Whenmoving
cargo,typicalconstraintsaremaximumweightandvolume.
Operatorsinvolvedintransportationinclude:alltrain,roadvehicles,boats,
airplanescompanies,couriers,freightforwardersandmultimodaltransport
operators.
Merchandisebeingtransportedinternationallyisusuallysubjectto
theIncotermsstandardsissuedbytheInternationalChamberofCommerce.
Configurationandmanagement
[ edit ]
Similarlytoproductionsystems,
logisticsystemsneedtobeproperly
configuredandmanaged.Actuallya
numberofmethodologieshavebeen
directlyborrowedfromoperations
managementsuchas
usingEconomicOrder
Quantitymodelsformanaging
PushBackrackformotorcycles,
aLIFOracksystemforstorage.
inventoryinthenodesofthe
network.[22]Distributionresource
planning(DRP)issimilartoMRP,
exceptthatitdoesn'tconcern
activitiesinsidethenodesofthenetworkbutplanningdistributionwhen
movinggoodsthroughthelinksofthenetwork.
Traditionallyinlogisticsconfigurationmaybeatthelevelofthewarehouse
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(node)oratlevelofthedistributionsystem(network).
Regardingasinglewarehouse,besidestheissueofdesigningandbuilding
thewarehouse,configurationmeanssolvinganumberofinterrelated
technicaleconomicproblems:dimensioningrackcells,choosing
apalletizingmethod(manualorthroughrobots),rackdimensioningand
design,numberofracks,numberandtypologyofretrievalsystems
(e.g.stackercranes).Someimportantconstraintshavetobesatisfied:fork
andloadbeamsresistancetobendingandproperplacementofsprinklers.
Althoughpickingismoreofatacticalplanningdecisionthanaconfiguration
problem,itisimportanttotakeitintoaccountwhendecidingtherackslayout
insidethewarehouseandbuyingtoolssuchashandlersandmotorized
cartssinceoncethosedecisionsaretakentheywillworkasconstraints
whenmanagingthewarehouse,samereasoningforsortingwhendesigning
theconveyorsystemand/orinstallingautomaticdispensers.
Configurationatthelevelofthedistributionsystemconcernsprimarilythe
problemoflocationofthenodesinageographicspaceanddistribution
ofcapacityamongthenodes.Thefirstmaybereferredtoasfacility
location(withthespecialcaseofsiteselection)whilethelattertoascapacity
allocation.Theproblemofoutsourcingtypicallyarisesatthislevel:the
nodesofasupplychainareveryrarelyownedbyasingleenterprise.
Distributionnetworkscanbecharacterizedbynumbersoflevels,namelythe
numberofintermediarynodesbetweensupplierandconsumer:
Directstoredelivery,i.e.zerolevels
Onelevelnetwork:centralwarehouse
Twolevelnetwork:centralandperipheralwarehouses
Thisdistinctionismoreusefulformodelingpurposes,butitrelatesalsotoa
tacticaldecisionregardingsafetystocks:consideringatwolevelnetwork,if
safetyinventoryiskeptonlyinperipheralwarehousesthenitiscalleda
dependentsystem(fromsuppliers),ifsafetyinventoryisdistributedamong
centralandperipheralwarehousesitiscalledanindependentsystem(from
suppliers).[18]Transportationfromproducertothesecondleveliscalled
primarytransportation,fromthesecondleveltoconsumeriscalled
secondarytransportation.
Althoughconfiguringadistributionnetworkfromzeroispossible,logisticians
usuallyhavetodealwithrestructuringexistingnetworksduetopresenceof
anarrayoffactors:changingdemand,productorprocessinnovation,
opportunitiesforoutsourcing,changeofgovernmentpolicytowardtrade
barriers,innovationintransportationmeans(bothvehiclesorthoroughfares),
introductionofregulations(notablythoseregardingpollution)andavailability
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ofICTsupportingsystems(e.g.ERPorecommerce).
Oncealogisticsystemisconfigured,management,meaningtactical
decisions,takesplace,onceagain,atthelevelofthewarehouseandofthe
distributionnetwork.Decisionshavetobemadeunderasetofconstraints:
internal,suchasusingtheavailableinfrastructure,orexternal,suchas
complyingwithgivenproductshelflifesandexpirationdates.
Atthewarehouselevel,thelogisticianmustdecidehowtodistribute
merchandiseovertheracks.Threebasicsituationsaretraditionally
considered:sharedstorage,dedicatedstorage(rackspacereservedfor
specificmerchandise)andclassbasedstorage(classmeaningmerchandise
organizedindifferentareasaccordingtotheiraccessindex).
Pickingefficiencyvaries
greatlydependingon
thesituation.[21]For
mantogoodssituation,
adistinctioniscarried
outbetweenhighlevel
picking(vertical
componentsignificant)
Airlinelogisticnetwork.NotehowDenverworks
ashubinthenetwork.
andlowlevelpicking
(verticalcomponent
insignificant).Anumberoftacticaldecisionsregardingpickingmustbe
made:
Routingpath:standardalternativesincludetransversalrouting,return
routing,midpointroutingandlargestgapreturnrouting
Replenishmentmethod:standardalternativesincludeequalspace
supplyforeachproductclassandequaltimesupplyforeachproduct
class.
Pickinglogic:orderpickingvsbatchpicking
Atthelevelofthedistributionnetwork,tacticaldecisionsinvolve
mainlyinventorycontrolanddeliverypathoptimization.Notethatthe
logisticianmayberequiredtomanagethereverseflowalongwiththe
forwardflow.
Warehousemanagementandcontrol
[ edit ]
Mainarticles:WarehousemanagementsystemandWarehousecontrol
system
Althoughthereissomeoverlapinfunctionality,warehousemanagement
systems(WMS)candiffersignificantlyfromwarehousecontrolsystems
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(WCS).Simplyput,aWMSplansaweeklyactivityforecastbasedonsuch
factorsasstatisticsandtrends,whereasaWCSactslikeafloorsupervisor,
workinginrealtimetogetthejobdonebythemosteffectivemeans.For
instance,aWMScantellthesystemthatitisgoingtoneedfiveofstock
keepingunit(SKU)AandfiveofSKUBhoursinadvance,butbythetimeit
acts,otherconsiderationsmayhavecomeintoplayortherecouldbea
logjamonaconveyor.AWCScanpreventthatproblembyworkinginreal
timeandadaptingtothesituationbymakingalastminutedecisionbased
oncurrentactivityandoperationalstatus.Workingsynergistically,WMSand
WCScanresolvetheseissuesandmaximizeefficiencyforcompaniesthat
relyontheeffectiveoperationoftheirwarehouseordistributioncenter.[23]
Logisticsoutsourcing
[ edit ]
Logisticsoutsourcinginvolvesarelationshipbetweenacompanyandan
LSP(logisticserviceprovider),which,comparedwithbasiclogisticsservices,
hasmorecustomizedofferings,encompassesabroadnumberofservice
activities,ischaracterizedbyalongtermorientation,andthushasa
strategicnature.[24]
OutsourcingdoesnothavetobecompleteexternalizationtoaLSP,butcan
alsobepartial:
Asinglecontractforsupplyingaspecificserviceonoccasion
Creationofaspinoff
Creationofajointventure
Thirdpartylogistics(3PL)involvesusingexternalorganizationsto
executelogisticsactivitiesthathavetraditionallybeenperformedwithinan
organizationitself.[25]Accordingtothisdefinition,thirdpartylogistics
includesanyformofoutsourcingoflogisticsactivitiespreviouslyperformed
inhouse.Forexample,ifacompanywithitsownwarehousingfacilities
decidestoemployexternaltransportation,thiswouldbeanexampleofthird
partylogistics.Logisticsisanemergingbusinessareainmanycountries.
Theconceptofafourthpartylogistics(4PL)providerwasfirstdefinedby
AndersenConsulting(nowAccenture)asanintegratorthatassemblesthe
resources,planningcapabilities,andtechnologyofitsownorganizationand
otherorganizationstodesign,build,andruncomprehensivesupplychain
solutions.Whereasathirdpartylogistics(3PL)serviceprovidertargetsa
singlefunction,a4PLtargetsmanagementoftheentireprocess.Some
havedescribeda4PLasageneralcontractorthatmanagesother3PLs,
truckers,forwarders,customhouseagents,andothers,essentiallytaking
responsibilityofacompleteprocessforthecustomer.
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Horizontalalliancesbetweenlogisticsserviceproviders
[ edit ]
Horizontalbusinessalliancesoftenoccurbetweenlogisticsservice
providers,i.e.,thecooperationbetweentwoormorelogisticscompanies
thatarepotentiallycompeting.[26]Inahorizontalalliance,thesepartnerscan
benefittwofold.Ononehand,theycan"accesstangibleresourceswhichare
directlyexploitable."Inthisexampleextendingcommontransportation
networks,theirwarehouseinfrastructureandtheabilitytoprovidemore
complexservicepackagescanbeachievedbycombiningresources.Onthe
otherhand,partnerscan"accessintangibleresources,whicharenotdirectly
exploitable."Thistypicallyincludesknowhowandinformationand,inturn,
innovation.[26]
Logisticsmanagement
[ edit ]
Mainarticle:Logisticsmanagement
Logisticsmanagementisthatpartofthesupplychainthatplans,implements,
andcontrolstheefficient,effectiveforwardandreverseflowandstorageof
goods,services,andrelatedinformationbetweenthepointoforiginandthe
pointofconsumptioninordertomeetcustomerrequirements.[27]A
professionalworkinginthefieldoflogisticsmanagementiscalled
alogistician.
Materialsmanagement
Channelmanagement
Distribution(orphysicaldistribution)
Supplychainmanagement
Logisticsautomation
[ edit ]
Mainarticle:Logisticsautomation
Logisticsautomationistheapplicationofcomputer
softwareand/orautomatedmachinerytoimprovetheefficiencyoflogistics
operations.Typicallythisreferstooperationswithinawarehouseor
distributioncenter,withbroadertasksundertakenbysupplychain
managementsystemsandenterpriseresourceplanningsystems.
IndustrialmachinerycantypicallyidentifyproductsthrougheitherBar
CodeorRFIDtechnologies.Informationintraditionalbarcodesisstoredas
asequenceofblackandwhitebarsvaryinginwidth,whichwhenreadby
laseristranslatedinabinarysequence,whichaccordingtofixedrulescan
beconvertedinadecimalnumber.Sometimesinformationinabarcodecan
betransmittedthroughradiofrequency,moretypicallyradiotransmissionis
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usedinRFIDtags.AnRFIDtagiscard
containingamemorychipandan
antennawhichtransmitssignalstoa
reader.RFIDmaybefoundon
merchandise,animals,vehiclesand
peopleaswell.
Logistics:professionand
organizations [ edit ]
Alogisticianisaprofessionallogistics
practitioner.Professionallogisticians
areoftencertifiedbyprofessional
associations.Onecaneitherworkina
purelogisticscompany,suchas
ashippingline,airport,orfreight
forwarder,orwithinthelogistics
ASRSusedbytheU.S.military,
alsousedbybusinessin
conjunctionwithmanualpicking.
departmentofacompany.However,as
mentionedabove,logisticsisabroadfield,encompassingprocurement,
production,distribution,anddisposalactivities.Hence,careerperspectives
arebroadaswell.Anewtrendintheindustryarethe4PL,orfourthparty
logistics,firms,consultingcompaniesofferinglogisticsservices.
Someuniversitiesandacademicinstitutionstrainstudentsaslogisticians,
offeringundergraduateandpostgraduateprograms.Auniversitywitha
primaryfocusonlogisticsisKhneLogisticsUniversityinHamburg,
Germany.ItisnonprofitandsupportedbyKhneFoundationofthelogistics
entrepreneurKlausMichaelKhne.
TheCharteredInstituteofLogisticsandTransport(CILT),establishedin
theUnitedKingdomin1919,receivedaRoyalCharterin1926.The
CharteredInstituteisoneoftheprofessionalbodiesorinstitutionsforthe
logisticsandtransportsectorsthatoffersprofessionalqualificationsor
degreesinlogisticsmanagement.CILTprogramscanbestudiedatcenters
aroundUK,someofwhichalsoofferdistancelearningoptions.[28]The
institutealsohaveoverseasbranchesnamelyTheCharteredInstituteof
Logistics&TransportAustralia(CILTA)[29]inAustraliaandChartered
InstituteofLogisticsandTransportinHongKong(CILTHK)[30]inHong
Kong.
TheInternationalAssociationofPublicHealthLogisticians(IAPHL) isa
professionalnetworkthatpromotestheprofessionaldevelopmentofsupply
chainmanagersandothersworkinginthefieldofpublichealthlogisticsand
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commoditysecurity,withparticularfocusondevelopingcountries.The
associationsupportslogisticiansworldwidebyprovidingacommunityof
practice,wherememberscannetwork,exchangeideas,andimprovetheir
professionalskills.[31]
Logisticsmuseums
[ edit ]
Therearemanymuseumsintheworldwhichcovervariousaspectsof
practicallogistics.Theseincludemuseumsoftransportation,customs,
packing,andindustrybasedlogistics.However,onlythefollowingmuseums
arefullydedicatedtologistics:
Generallogistics:
MuseumofLogistics(Tokyo,Japan)
LogisticsMuseum(SaintPetersburg,Russia)
Militarylogistics:
RoyalLogisticCorpsMuseum(Surrey,England,UnitedKingdom)
TheCanadianForcesLogisticsMuseum(Montreal,Canada)
Seealso
[ edit ]
Cargo
Documentautomationinsupply
Wikiquotehasquotations
relatedto:Logistics
chainmanagementandlogistics
IntegratedServiceProvider
Inventorymanagementsoftware
Lookuplogisticsin
Wiktionary,thefree
dictionary.
Freightclaim
Logisticsautomation
Performancebasedlogistics
Salesterritory
LogisticsPerformanceIndex
References
[ edit ]
1. ^J.Tepic,I.Tanackov,S.Gordan,ANCIENTLOGISTICSHISTORICAL
TIMELINEANDETYMOLOGY,TechnicalGazette18,
2011http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/67363071/ancientlogistics
historicaltimelineetymology
2. ÔxfordDictionaries[1]
.Retrieved21February2012.
3. ^MaterialHandling&LogisticsNewshttp://mhlnews.com/globalsupply
chain/councillogisticsmanagementbecomecouncilsupplychain
managementprofessional
16/19
10/3/2015
4. ^CSCMP
glossaryhttp://cscmp.org/sites/default/files/user_uploads/resources/downloads/
glossary2013.pdf
5. ^V.Misra,M.I.Kahn,U.K.Singh,SupplyChainManagementSystems:
Architecture,DesignandVision,NorthAmericanBusinessPress
2010http://www.nabusinesspress.com/jsis/misraweb.pdf
6. ^MichaelE.Porter,Competitiveadvantage:creatingandsustainingsuperior
performance,TheFreePress1985
7. ^CozzolinoAlessandra,HumanitarianLogisticsandSupplyChain
Managemen.InHumanitarianLogistics,SpringerBerlinHeidelberg2012
8. ^L.Torre,I.S.Dolinskaya,K.R.Smilowitz,Disasterreliefrouting:Integrating
researchandpracticeSocioEconomicPlanningSciencesvol46,March2012
9. ^NyhuisP.,WiendahiHansPeter,FundamentalsofProductionLogistics,
SpringerBerlinHeidelberg2009
10. ^J.P.Roth,ThelogisticsofRomanarmyatwar(264B.C.A.D.
235)http://www.academia.edu/2450333/Logistics_of_the_Roman_Army_at_W
ar
11. ^RogerMorriss,"Colonization,Conquest,andtheSupplyofFoodand
Transport:TheReorganizationofLogisticsManagement,17801795,"Warin
History,(July2007),14#3pp310324,
12. ^DonaldW.Engels,AlexandertheGreatandtheLogisticsofthe
MacedonianArmy,UniversityofCalifornia1980
13. ÂyraultDodgeTheodore,Hannibal:AHistoryoftheArtofWarAmongthe
CarthaginiansandRomansDowntotheBattleofPydna,168BC.DaCapo
Press.1995
14. ^TroyT.Kirby,TheDukeofWellingtonandtheSupplySystemDuringthe
PeninsulaWar,CreateSpaceIndependentPublishingPlatform2014
15. ^JointLogisticsAnalysisTool
16. ^Mallik,Susan(2010)."CustomerServiceinSupplyChainManagement".In
HosseinBidgoil.TheHandbookofTechnologyManagement:SupplyChain
Management,MarketingandAdvertising,andGlobalManagement,vol2(1
ed.).Hoboken,NewJersey:JohnWiley&Sons.p.104.ISBN9780470
249482.
17. ^McGinnisM.A.,MilitaryLogistics:InsightsforBusinessLogistics,
InternationalJournalofPhysicalDistribution&LogisticsManagementVol22,
1992
18. ^ a bR.Ruggeri,A.Perego,Esercitazionietemid'esamediLogistica
Industriale,CUSL2002
19. ÎSO6780http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail?csnumber=30524
20. ^LambertD.,StockJ.,EllsramL.,FundamentalsofLogistics,McGrawHill
1998
21. ^ a bD.F.Bozutti,M.A.BuenoDaCosta,R.Ruggeri,Logstica:VisoGlobal
ePicking,EdUFSCar2010
17/19
10/3/2015
22. ^WatersD.,Logistics:AnIntroductiontoSupplyChainManagement,
PalgraveMacmillan2003
23. ^JohnT.Phelan,Jr.P.E."GuestColumn:KnowingWhenaWMSorWCSIs
RightforYourCompany" .Supply&DemandChainExecutive.Enom,Inc.
Retrieved15September2009.
24. ^Wallenburg,C.,Cahill,D.,MichaelKnemeyer,A.,andGoldsby,T.(2011):
CommitmentandTrustasDriversofLoyaltyinLogisticsOutsourcing
Relationships:CulturalDifferencesBetweentheUnitedStatesand
Germany.JournalofBusinessLogistics,Vol.32,No.1,pp.8398,DOI
10.1111/j.21581592.2011.01008.x
25. ^Baziotopoulos(2008)."AnInvestigationofLogisticsOutsourcingPracticesIn
theGreekManufacturingSector".PhDthesis.
26. ^ a bRaue,J.S.&Wieland,A.(2015),Theinterplayofdifferenttypesof
governanceinhorizontalcooperations:aviewonlogisticsserviceproviders
TheInternationalJournalofLogisticsManagement,Vol.26,No.2.
27. ^CSCMPGlossaryofTerms
2013http://cscmp.org/sites/default/files/user_uploads/resources/downloads/glo
ssary2013.pdf
28. ^CharteredInstituteofLogisticsandTransportUK
29. ^CharteredInstituteofLogisticsandTransportAustralia
30. ^CharteredInstituteofLogisticsandTransportHongKong
31. ^"InternationalAssociationofPublicHealthLogisticians" .
Furtherreading
[ edit ]
Handfield,R.B.,Straube,F.,Pfohl,H.C.&Wieland,A.,Trendsand
StrategiesinLogisticsandSupplyChainManagement:Embracing
GlobalLogisticsComplexitytoDriveMarketAdvantage
,BVL2013
Huston,JamesA.(1966).TheSinewsofWar:ArmyLogistics,1775
1953,UnitedStatesArmy(755pages).online .
RonaldH.Ballou,SamirK.Srivastava,BusinessLogistics:SupplyChain
Management,PearsonEducation,2007
DonaldBowersox,DavidCloss,M.BixbyCooper,SupplyChainLogistics
Management,McGrawHill2012
M.Christopher:Logistics&SupplyChainManagement:creatingvalue
addingnetworks,PrenticeHall2010.online
J.V.Jones:IntegratedLogisticsSupportHandbook,McGrawHill
LogisticsSeries2006
B.S.Blanchard:LogisticsEngineeringandManagement,Pearson
PrenticeHall2004
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