Course Title - Engineering Mathematics and Computation (3-0-2)

Course number - APL703, Credits - 4

Semester-I (2015)
by Arghya Samanta
Department of Applied Mechanics, IIT Delhi

Vector Calculus (2 Lectures)

Contents:
Basic idea of vectors and its algebric properties, Unit vector, Scalar or dot product, Cauchy Inequality, Vector cross product, Differentiation of vectors, Gradient, Divergence, Curl, Solenoidal
vector, Irrotational vector, Gauss Divergence theore, Stokes theorem, Curvature.
Problems sheet:
Problem 1: Suppose ~a, ~b and ~c are three vectors, then prove that ~a (~b ~c) = (~a ~b) ~c.
Problem 2: Find a unit vector normal to the surface (x2 + y 2 z) = 1 at the point P (1, 1, 1).
~ is an irrotational vector and
~ ~v
Problem 3: If is a scalar and ~v is a vector, then prove that
is a solenoidal vector.
~ (
~ ~v ) = (
~
~ ~v )
~ 2~v .
Problem 4: Suppose ~v is a vector, then prove that
Problem 5: Consider an incompressible homogeneous viscous fuid with density . Then prove that
~ ~v = 0, where ~v is a velocity vector of the liquid.

Problem 6: A vector f~ whose flux over every closed surface vanishes, then prove that f~ is solenoidal.
Problem 7: Let f~ = (y
e1 + x
e2 ) and d~r = dx
e1 + dy
e2 . Applying Stokes theorem find the area
of a ellipse.
Problem 8: Show that the curvature of a curve y = f (x) at any point x is = f /(1 + f 2 )3/2 .

Tensor Calculus (2 Lectures)

Contents:
Index notation, Einstiens summation convention, Kronecker Delta, Permutation symbol, Vectors
representation in terms of index notation, Contraction, Definition of tensor and its components
in matrix form, Identity tensor, Zero tensor, Prouct of two tensors, Dyadic product, Transpose
of tensor, Trace of tensor, Orthogonal tensor, Transformation of tensor between two rectrangular
cartesian coordinate systems, Order of tensor, Symmetric and Antisymmetric tensors, Dual vector,
Coordinate transformation.

Problems sheet:
Problem 1: Show that the Kronecker Delta matrix [ij ] is nothing but a identity matrix. For a
Newtonian fluid, the stress tensor is defined as ij = pij + 2Eij . Find ii ?
Problem 2: Given that a tensor T transforms the base vectors {
ei } as follows

T e1

2
e1 6
e2 + 4
e3

T e2
T e3

=
=

3
e1 + 4
e2 e3
2
e1 + e2 + 2
e3

How does this tensor T transform the vector ~a = e1 + 2

e2 + 3
e3 ?
Problem 3: Suppose the tensor R corresponds to a right hand rotation of a rigid body about x3
axis by an angle . Find the tensor R and check its orthogonality.
Problem 4: Given that the component of a vector ~a with respect to the base vector {
ei } are given
by (2, 0, 0). Find its component with respect to the base vectors {
ei }, where ei axes are obtained
by a 90 counter-clockwise rotation of the ei axes about e3 axis.
~ = (x , y ). Find ~
~ v and
~ ~v in polar coorProblem 5: If in 2D cartesian coordinate system
dinate system (r, ).
~ = (x , y , z ). Find ~
~ v and ~
~ v in cylindrical
problem 6: If in 3D cartesian coordinate system
coordinate system (r, , z).
~ = (x , y , z ). Find ~
~ v and
~ ~v in spherical
problem 7: If in 3D cartesian coordinate system
polar coordinate system (r, , ).

Linear Algebra (5 Lectures)

Contents:
Linear system of equations, homogeneous and nonhomogeneous systems, Cramers rule, Gauss
Elimination, Row equivalence, Row reduced echelon matrix, Row rank, Column rank, Vector
space, Subspace, Linear combination, Linear independent, Basis, Dimension, Inner product, Norm,
Pythagorous law, Schwarz Inequality, Triangle law, Orthogonal decomposition, Linear transformation, Null space, Image space, Characteristic polynomial, Eigenvalue, Eigenvector, Eigen space,
Algebric multiplicity, Geometric multiplicity, Spectrum, Diagonalization, Quadratic form, Canonical form, Positive definite, Negative definite.
Problems sheet:
Problem 1: Solve the following system using Crammers rule
x1 2x2 + x3
2x1 + x2 2x3

=
=

1
3

x1 + 3x2 + 4x3

Problem 2: Solve the following system using Gauss elimination

x2 + 2x3

= 3

2x1 + 4x2 + 8x3 + 2x4

x1 + 2x2 + 4x3 + 2x4

= 4
= 2

x1 + x2 + 6x3 + x4

= 5

Problem 3: Prove that a vector space V has a unique identity element and unique inverse element.
Problem 4: Suppose U and W are two subspaces of V . Show that U + W is a subspace of V .
Further show that U + W is a smallest subspace containing both U and W .
Problem 5: Show that the following vectors {(0, 3, 4), (1, 1, 1), (1, 0, 1)} are basis of R3 .
Problem 6: Let S be the set of vectors in P2 (set of real polynomials of degree 2) which are of the
form at2 + b. Then Show that S is a subspace of P2 . Find also the dimension of S.
Problem 7: 
Considerthe subspace S of M22 (set of all 2 2 matrices) which consists of matrices
a b
of the form
. Find the basis of S and evaluate the dimension of S.
c d
Problem 8: If any two vectors u and v in a vector space V are orthogonal to each other, then prove
that ku + vk2 = kuk2 + kvk2 .
Problem 9: For any two vectors u and v in a vector space V , show that |hu, vi| kukkvk.
Problem 10: Prove that set of orthogonal nonzero vectors are linearly independent.
Problem 11: A linear transformation T : R3 R2 is given by T (x) = Ax, where
Find KerT or null space of T and evaluate the nullity of T .

1 2
4 5

3
6


.

Problem 12: Show that if the determinant of a matrix is zero, then one of the eigenvalue of the
matrix is zero.
Problem 13: If is an eigenvalue of a nonsingular matrix. Then 1 is an eigenvalue of A1 .

2
Problem 14: Determine the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the matrix A = 3
3
ther check that 1 + 2 + 3 = tr(A).

1 1
2 3 . Fur1 2

Problem 15: Show that the eigenvalues of the real orthogonal matrix are of unit modulus.

2 1
Problem 16: Diagonalize the matrix A = 3 2
3 1

1
3 . Find the matrix A3 .
2

Problem 17: Reduce the quadratic form of the following expression to its standard form involving
the principal axes O{y1 , y2 }, where P (x1 , x2 ) = x21 + 4x1 x2 + 4x22 .

Solution of nonlinear equations (1 Lecture)

Contents:
Newton Raphson method, Its advantage and disadvantage, Its convergence.
Problems sheet:
Problem 1: Use Newtons method to find the solution of y = f (x) = x 2 sin x up to O(107 ).
2
Problem 2:
 Let f (x)
 = x a. Show that the Newton Method leads to the recurrence relation
xn+1 = 21 xn + xan

Variational Calculus (5 Lectures)

Contents:
Introduction of Functional, Shortest Distance, Brachistochrone Problem, Minimal Surface Area,
Function Space, Repitition of Normed Linear Space, Linear Functional, Variation of functional,
Euler-Lagrange Equation, Problem with Constraints, Multivariate Case, Lagrange Multiplier
Problems sheet:
Problem 1: Find the shortest plane curve joining two points A and B, i.e. find the curve y = y(x)
Rbp
for which the functional a 1 + y 2 dx achieves its minimum.
Problem 2: Let A and B be two fixed points. Then the time it takes a particle to slide under the
influence of gravity along some path joining A and B depends on the choice of path. Determine
the path for which particle takes least time to go from A to B.

Problem 3: Among all curves joining two points (x0 , y0 ) and (x1 , y1 ), find the one which generates
the surface of minimum area when rotated about the axis.
Problem 4: Suppose that J[y] =
for which J has an extremum.

R2p
1 + y 2 /xdx, with y(1) = 0, y(2) = 1. Find the solution y(x)
1

Problem 5: Test for an extremum of the functional J[y] =

1, y(1) = 2.
Problem 6: Which curve minimizes the functional J[y] =
values of y are not specified at the end point?

R1
0

R1
0

(xy + y 2 2y 2 y )dx, with y(0) =

(y 2 /2 + yy + y + y)dx, when the

Problem 7: Determine the closed curve C (has a fixed length) which encloses a maximum area.

Fourier Series and Fourier Transform (5 Lecture)

Contents:
Introduction, Even function, Odd function, Fourier Coefficients, Periodic function, Representation
of a function in Fourier series, Representation of an even function in Fourier series, Representation
of an odd function in Fourier series, Fourier Transform, Inverse Fourier Transform, Linear Property
of Fourier Transform, Fourier Transform of Derivatives, Fourier Transform of Partial Derivatives,
Convolution of Two Functions.
Problems sheet:
Problem 1: Find the Fourier series corresponding to the function defined as

if, x < /2
sin 2x,
f (x) = 0,
else if, /2 x 0

sin 2x,
else, 0 < x
Problem 2: If f (x) is an even function, show that the Fourier series representation of f is given by
f (x) = a0 +

an cos nx,

n=1

where a0 =

R
0

f (x)dx, and an =

R
0

f (x) cos nxdx.

Problem 3: If f (x) is an odd function, show that the Fourier series representation of f is given by
f (x) =

bn sin nx,

n=1

R
where bn = 2 0 f (x) sin nxdx.
Problem 4: Find the Fourier series corresponding to the function f (x) = |x|, in the interval
L x L.
Problem 5: Find the Fourier transform of exp(ax2 ).
Problem 6: Show that the Fourier transform of a Gaussian distribution is itself Gaussian.
Problem 7: Find the temperature distribution corresponding to the Heat equation
2T
1 T
=
,
t
x2
where t > 0, T (x, t) 0 as |x| and T (x, 0) = f (x), < x < .
Problem 8: Find the Fourier transform of the Characteristic function [a,a] (x), where
(
1,
if, |x| < a
[a,a] (x) = H(a |x|) =
0,
else if, |x| > a.
Problem 9: Find the Fourier transform of exp(a|x|), where a > 0.
Problem 10: Using Fourier transform, solve the following differential equation
du
+ 2u = ex H(x),
dx
where H(x) is a Heaviside step function, defined as
(
1,
if, x 0
H(x) =
0,
else if, x 0.
7

Problem 11: Find the solution of the wave equation

2 u(x, t)
1 2 u(x, t)
=
,
x2
c2 t2

t > 0, < x < ,

where c is the wave speed, u(x, t) 0 as |x| and u(x, 0) = f (x).

Problem 12: Show that Fourier transform of f g is F (k)G(k),

R i.e., F(f g) = F (k)G(k), where
f g is a convolution of two functions defined as f g = 12 f (x )g()d. F (k) is a Fourier
transform of f and G(k) is a Fourier trasform of g.

Differential Equations (8 Lectures)

Contents:
Analytical solution of 1st and 2nd order ODEs, Integrating Factor, Homogeneous and nonHomogeneous ODEs, Linear ODE, Bernouliis Equation, Method of undetermined coefficients, Variation of
Parameter, Euler method, Runge-Kutta Method, Finite difference method, Sturm-Liouville problem.
Problems sheet:
Problem 1: Find the solution of the first order differential equation
(3x + 2y)dx + (2x + y)dy = 0.

Problem 2: Show that e

P (x)dx

is an integrating factor the linear first order differential equation

dy
+ P (x)y = Q(x).
dx

Problem 3: Transform the Bernoullis equation

dy
+ P (x)y = Q(x)y n
dx
into a suitable linear equation

dz
+ R(x)z = S(x)
dx
and write R(x) and S(x) in terms of P (x) and Q(x).
Problem 4: Solve the following first order linear ODE
(x2 + 1)

dy
+ 4xy = x.
dx

Problem 5: Solve the following first order linear ODE

dy
+ y = xy 3 .
dx
Problem 6: Solve the following second order linear ODE
dy
d2 y
6
+ 25y = 0,
2
dx
dx

y(0) = 3, y (0) = 1.

Problem 7: Solve the following second order linear ODE

d2 y
dy
3
+ 2y = x2 ex .
2
dx
dx
Problem 8: Solve the following second order linear ODE
dy
d2 y
2
3y = 2ex 10 sin x.
dx2
dx
Problem 9: Solve the following second order linear ODE
d2 y
+ y = tan x.
dx2
9

Problem 10: Solve the following ODE

x2

d2 y
dy
2x
+ 2y = x3 .
2
dx
dx

Problem 11: Transform the following ODE into linear equation with constant coefficients
a0 x 2

dy
d2 y
+ a1 x
+ a2 y = F (x),
dx2
dx

where a0 , a1 and a2 are constants.

Problem 12: Solve the following ODE using finite difference method
d2 x
+ x(t) = 0, x(0) = 1,
dt2

dx
(0) = 0,
dt

where space step t = 0.05. Find the solution at t = 0.1 and compare with the analytical solution.
How much error do you expect?
Problem 13: Solve the following ODE using Euler, improved Euler and Runge-Kutta methods and
compare solutions with the exact one at t = 0.1, where step length t = 0.1.
dy
+ 2y = 2 e4t , y(0) = 1.
dt
Problem 14: Solve the following eigenvalue problem and determine the corresponding eigenvalues
and eigenfunctions
d2 y
+ y = 0, y(0) = 0, y() = 0.
dx2
Problem 15: Suppose (x) and (x) are two distinct eigen functions corresponding to the eigenvalues and of the following Strum-Liouville problem


d
dy
p(x)
+ [q(x) + r(x)]y = 0,
y(a) = 0, y(b) = 0.
dx
dx
Show that and are orthogonal.

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References:
1. G. Strang, Differential Equations and Linear Algebra
2. G. Strang, Introduction to Applied Mathematics
3. G. Strang, Computational Science and Engineering
4. I. M. Gelfand and V. Fomin, Calculus of Variations
5. M. T. Heath, Scientific Computing
6. A. Jeffrey, Advanced Engineering Mathematics
7. K. Singh, Linear Algebra
8. S. Axler, Linear Algebra
9. L. Debnath, Integral Transforms and Their Applications.
10. S. L. Ross, Differential Equations.
11. W. H. Press, S. A. Teukolsky, W. T. Vetterling and B. P. Flannery, Numerical recipes in
Fortran 77.
Grade Evaluation of the Course:
(i) 15% weightage will be given on the basis of performance in each of the two minor tests (1-hour
duration) to be held during the semester according to the time-table provided by the Academic
Section.
(ii) 35% weightage will be given on the basis of performance in the 2-hour major test to be held
at the end of the semester.
(iii) 15% weightage will be given on the basis of performance in the Practice Session. (a) Two
home assignment and (b) Performance in theoretical Quizze session
(iv) 20% weightage will be given on the basis of performance in the computational work.

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