Chapter 3 Subject-verb agreement

1 Subject ane verb must both exist

EG: Because the dog was never mine.

(Fragment)
2 Subject and verb must make sense together

EG: The development of a hydrogen car based on expected performance parameters will be
able to travel hundreds of miles without refueling. (development miles)
3 subject and verb must agree in number

4 Eliminate the middlemen, and skip the warm-up

1 prepositional phrase
Of mice; for mike; by 1800
In Zambia; with her; at that level
EGNEAR Galway, the house on the road to piddle is gorgeous
2.Dependent clauses
Begin with the connecting words such as who or because
They are always to attached to independent clauses.
EG. Because she studied hard, she earned a good score on the test.
3.other modifiers

)
EGLimping, the horse once considered one of the favorites was taken away/
5 And vs. Additive Phrases
1. and
2. additive phrases)along with, in addition to, as well as, together
with, including,

3. physics, mathematicsaerobics
diabetes
S
6 or; either or; neither nor
1.
EG: Neither the coach nor the players are going to the beach.
2. either neither, or nor
EG: Neither the children is going to school
7 Each and every: Singular sensations
1each & every
EG:
every dog and cat has paws.
Each of these shits is pretty
2each & every
EG: They each are great tennis players.
8 Collective nouns:Almost always singular
GMAT
People: agency, army, audience, class, committee, crowd, orchestra, team
Items: baggage, citrus, equipment, fleet, fruit, furniture

9 subject phrases and clauses: always singular

1
who, why, how, whether that -ing

Why she did this is not known.

Having good friends IS a wonderful thing.
Whatever they want to do is fine with me

2 what what what

What is difficult to understand is A.

What are difficult to understand are A,B, and C.
10 Indefinite Pronouns: usually singular

Anyone, anybody, anything,

no one, nobody, nothing,
each, every,
someone, somebody,something,
everyone, everybody, everything
whatever, whoever,either, neither
1 of-phrase
some, any, none, all ,more/most, part
EG: Some of the money was stolen from my wallet.
Some of the documents were stolen from the bank.
2 of-phrase None of any of
not one of
Rightany of these women is suitable candidate for marriage to my son

Right: not one of my friends is here this weekend

11 quantity words and phrases

A number of ++
The number of +/+
1 quantity parts SANAM fractions& percentages
of-phrase preposition
phrase
Example: Half of the pie is blueberry, and half of the slices are already gone
2Majority, minority, and plurality 1
many individual parts the total itself
The majority of the students in this class are hard workers
In the senate, the majority has coalesced in to a unified voting block
12 Flip it

Just around the corner

were a fantastic bakery AND a small supermarket.

EG:
1.
Wrong: Near those buildings SIT a lonely house, inhabited by squatters.
Right: Near those buildings SITS a lonely house, inhabited by squatters.
2.
Wrong: There IS a young man and an older woman at the bus stop.
Flip it!: A young man and an older woman ARE there at the bus stop.
3. Uncertain: Pong is a classic game from which have/has descended many current computer
pastimes.
Flip it! Pong is a classic game from which many current computer pastimes HAVE descended.
13 When in doubt, think singular

Chapter 4: parallelism
1 superficial parallelism vs. Actual Parallelism

Right: Sal applied himself in his new job, arriving early every day, skipping
lunch regularly, and leaving late every night
Wrong:Sal applied himself in his new job, arrived early every day, skipped
lunch regularly, and left late every night
This version gives all the activities equal emphasis!!!
2 Parallel Markers

And, but ,or,yet

both...and..., either...or...; neither...nor...,
not...but..., not only...but also...,
....rather than...., from...to...
3 Parallel Elements

1. and, but, or, yet, Be

2.
There are many people who speak english but whose parents do not
3
Ralph likes both those who are popular and those who are not
4 Lists with And
1
List
Examples
A and B
apples and pears
A ,B, and C
apples,pears, and bananas
A,B,C,and D
apples,pears,bananas, and peaches
and
2
comma optional
Aand B
I really like candy apples, AND I eat them often.
3

Right: She argues THAT the agency acts WITH reckless abandon AND WITH
disregard for human life AND property. AND THAT it should therefore be shut

down.
5 idiom with built-In parallel Structure
1 X Y23

6 Watch out for linking verbs

Be +become++seem/appear+3r stay grow

1
2 meaning
3be
Wrong: The bouquet of flowers WAS a giving of love.
Right: The bouquet of flowers WAS a gift of love.

Chapter 5: Pronouns
GMAT it,its,they,them or their

1 The Antecedent Must exist

EG: The park rangers discussed measures to prevent severe wildfires, which would be devastating
to it.
It park park
Wrong: The board is investigating several executives' compensation packages in order to determine
how much may have been improperly awarded to THEM.
Them executives'
Better: The board is investigating the compensation packages of several executives-in order to
determine how much THEY may have been improperly awarded.
Best: The board is investigating the compensation packages of several executives in order to determine
how much THESE EXECUTIVES may have been improperly awarded

2 The antecedent & pronoun must make sense together

EG: Although the termsuper may sound wonderful, it is simply an machine that can produce
many products at one. ,it termmachine
refer to
3 The Antecedent & Pronoun Must agree in number


4 The Deadly Five: It Its They Them Their

EG:
Supernovas destroy their immediate environments in vast explosions, BUT by synthesizing
heavy chemical elements, THEY provide the universe with the possibility of biochemistry-based
life as we know it.
2It its they,them,their

1I, you, she, he, it , we, they , who

2me, you, him , her, it, us, them, whom
3my, mine, your, yours, his, her, hers, its, our ,ours, their,
theirs, whose
3
5 This, That, These, and Those
1this, that, these, those this/that/those/these+n

EGNew nano-papers incorporate fibers that give THESE MATERIALS strength,

2.that those copy,
EG: The money spent by her parents is more than that spent by her children
3.that those copy
EGHer company is outperforming those of her competitors. those company
those companies.
4.thisthese Thatthose
copy ittheythem
5.It they he/we/she)
The money spent by her parents is more than IT was expected to be.

6 What about Pronoun Ambiguity ?

Chapter 6: Modifiers

1 Adjectives and Adverbs

1
2. GMAT
[adjective+adjective+n]
[adverb+adjective+n]
3.Watch Out for Possessives

Right: Origamia ceremonial activity invented millennia agohas developed into a true
art form only in the past century.
2 Noun Modifiers

3 Position of noun modifiers

1Touch Rule

EG: Jim biked along an old dirt road to get to his house, which cut through the woods.
To get to his house, Jim biked along an old dirt road, which cut through the woods.
2.

Wrong: Resigned to the bad news, there was no commotion in the office.
Right: Resigned to the bad news, the office workers made no commotion.
3.
++
+
4 Noun Modifiers with Relative Pronouns
1Whichthat who /whom
2which whom
3who whom
4That/whom
5whose
6Where: condition, situation, case,
circumstance,
arrangement in which
7When: time, period, age, 1987, decade, in
which
5 Essential vs. Non-Essential Noun Modifiers

1 that

2 which
reference
3 the +n
that which which

Non-essential : This mansionWHICH HAS BEEN RECENTLY PAINTED RED is
owned by the tees;
Essential : The mansion THAT HAS BEEN PAINTED RED is owned by the Lees
4
Put commas between NON-ESSENTIAL modifiers and their nouns
Put no commas between ESSENTIAL modifiers and their nouns
Non-essential===== which
Essential==== that

6 Verb Modifiers
1

2 because, although, if, while, so that

1.
2.
3

4
7 Which vs. The Present Participle -ing
1Which which
Use Which only to refer to the noun immediately preceding it-never to refer to
an entire clause
2ing
1 the changing season
2I lifted the weight, whistling
3 ing
EG: Crime has recently decreased in our neighborhood, leading to a rise in property values.

Chapter 7: Verb Tense, Mood, Voice

1 Simple Tenses
1.,
2 Progressive Tenses
1
2
3. know, signify
EG:
Wrong: This inscription IS SIGNIFYING the emperor's birth.
Right: This inscription SIGNIFIES the emperor's birth.
3 The Perfect Tenses

since+since 1986
for/within/over/during/in+(the past five minutes , the last ten days,)
Within the past....../ in the last..../over the past..... .....
2
Right: We HAVE LIVED in a hut for three days.

Right: We LIVED in a hut for three days

3The Present Perfect indicates either 'continued action or continued effect of a completed
action.
In contrast, a time phrase that does not include the present( the last month, in 2007, etc) prevents the
use of the present perfect. Use the simple past instead.
Wrong: Veronica HAS TRAVELED all over the world in 2007.
Right: Veronica TRAVELED all over the world in 2007

4 can be used in -ing forms, infinitives or subordinate clauses to clarify an

ambiguous sequence in time. For instance, the word when can mean either at the same time or
after

5 Past Perfect
1.

2
A emphasize
a sequence of past events the earlier event should somehow have a bearing on the
context of the later event
Wrong: Joe LEARNED about an epoch in which dinosaurs HAD WALKED the earth.
Right: Joe LEARNE D about an epoch in which dinosaurs WALKED the earth.
learned walked

Band, but
After before
CA sequence of verbs with the same subject does not require Past Perfect.
Rather use the Simple Past for all the verbs
EGAntonio drove to the store and bought some ice cream
DTrick

later past
event another time
reference
EG:
1RIGHTBy1945, the United States had been at war for several years
2RIGHTThe band U2 was one of many new groups on the rock music scene in the early
1980's, but less than ten years later, U2 had fully eclipsed its early rivals in the pantheon of

popular music.
E
will---would

6 Subjunctive Mood
1
1 if, as if, as though
2proposal, desire, request that
2Ifthen. (then )
1: If present, then present
if she eats pizza, (then) she becomes ill.
2: if present, then can or may
If she eats pizza, (then) she may become ill.
3-
if present, then future
If she eats pizza tomorrow, (then) she will become ill.
4- be were.
if hypothetical subjunctive, then conditional
If she ate pizza tomorrow, (then) she would become ill. ()
S would
5-
if past perfect, then conditional perfect
If she had eaten pizza yesterday, (then) she would have become ill. (
)

if..
would/should if should,
3
(1). Bossy Verb+that+subject++ Be , do

Right: His demand THAT he BE paid full severance was not met.
essential, advisable, crucial,
desirable, fitting, imperative, important, mandatory, necessary, preferable, urgent, vital
(2)., that demand, dictate, insist, mandate, propose, recommend,
request,stipulate, suggest2d+2r+2s+imp)
(3). to do advise, allow, want, forbid, persuade
(4). that to doask, beg, intend, order, prefer, urge, require
(abioupr)
(5).prohibit
prohibit sthprohibit from doingprohibit sb from doingprohibit
(6). whether . Suggest

7 Active and passive Voices

1. be such as get
Wrong: The pizza GOTEATEN by the hungry students.

Wrong: The pizza must GETEATEN today.

1.by through because of

THROUGH a quirk of fate, the pizza WAS accidentally EATEN.

2
Dont be biased against the passive.Dont use voice to eliminate answers

Chapter 8

Comparisons

1, Like vs. As
1Like like
like swimming, skating is great exercise
Like
2As
1 as, like
2like
2, Keep Comparisons Parallel

1,logically parallel, compare similar things

Right: Frank's build, LIKE his brother's, is broad and muscular.
2, structurally parallel. have similar grammatical
structural
Right: I like running through forests MORE THAN walking through crowds.
3,Omitted Words
1
P.S.
EG: My car is bigger than Brian's [car}. My toes are longer than Brian's [toes}.
2
EG: Whereas I drink 2 quarts of milk a day, my friend drinks 3 [quarts}.
I walk faster than Brian [walks}.
I walk as fast now as [I walked} when I was younger.

1 A

Making the economy more stronger than it was 5 years ago

2
3 Helping verbssuch as be,do, have)

EG:
RightVisual eats more carrots than donuts. (donuts )
WordyVisual eats more carrots than HE DOES donuts
donuts eat carrots donuts
Ambiguous: I like cheese more than Yvette. {Yvette could be subject or object.}
Right: I like cheese more than Yvette DOES. (=than Yvette likes cheese)
Right: I like cheese more than I DO Yvette. (= than I like Yvette)
+

A cat cannot catch a wildebeest as fast as a cheetah.

A cat cannot catch a wildebeest that run as fast as a cheetah. ()

A cat cannot catch a wildebeest as fast as it can a cheetah. ()

A cat cannot catch a wildebeest as fast as a cheetah can. ( can)

1
(1) A do sth than B do.AB do

(2) A do sth of C1 by D1 than of C2 by D2.C1C2D1D2

than
:The clothes inside the store looked more appealing than outside the racks.,
The clothes inside the store looked more appealing than did

those outside the racks. rack [rk]

n.

(3) A do C1 than C2.(C1C2

C2 do C2
(4) A do sth than usual/ever before/people expected(
2
do
I eat faster than you.
I eat faster than you do
3AS as as many as, as hard as
ETS
Sand road costs twice as many to build as to maintain(
Sand road costs twice as many to build as stone road do(
Sand road costs the government twice as many to build as the residents.(
4
AS poor as they are, they cannot afford a car.
They have 800 million students, as many as have enrolled in our school.
5There be OG89
There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four times as many as there were four years
ago()
There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four times as many as DVD player()
There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four times as many as for school teachers.(
)
There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four time as many as in china()
4 Comparative and Superlative Forms
1
2 ly more + er . ly
er
EG:
Adam runs more quickly than Jones.
Adrian runs faster than Jacob
3 than

Chapter10 Odds & ends

1 Connecting Words
1 because or if

2and GMAT and

a listapples, grapes, and pears
two main clausesI like apples, and she likes grapes
3and, but, or, for, nor, yet, so,
although, because, before, after, since,when, if , unless, that, though,
while
4although, yet
5.

Wrong: She is not interested in sports, AND she likes watching them on TV.
Right: She is not interested in sports, BUT she likes watching them on TV.

2 Connecting Punctuation
1
(1)items in a list, other sentence elements
(2) and
Wrong: Earl walked to school, AND later ate his lunch.
Right: Earl walked to school AND later ate his lunch.
Right: Earl walked to school, AND HE later ate his lunch.

(3)
2
(1)

EG: Andrew and Lisa are inseparable; they do everything together.

(2)
Right: The dam has created dead zones, WHERE fish have disappeared.
Wrong: The dam has created dead zones; fish have disappeared.

(3)
however, therefore, in addition, then.
EG:
Wrong: Andrew and Lisa are inseparable, THEREFORE, we never see them apart.
Right: Andrew and Lisa are inseparable; THEREFORE, we never see them apart.
(4)
EG:
Wrong: I listen to Earth, Wind & Fire, Wow, Owls, and Blood, Sweat & Tears.
Right: I listen to Earth, Wind & Fire; Wow, Owls; and Blood, Sweat & Tears.
3
(1) namely that is
(2)
(3)
EG: The rate of a reaction is affected by three factors: concentration, surface area, and
temperature.
(4)
EG: On January 1, 2000, the national mood was completely different from what it would become
just a few years later: at the turn of the century, given a seemingly unstoppable stock market and a
seemingly peaceful world, the country was content.
4
(1)
(2) to separate an appositive from an item in the list
EG: My three best friendsDanny, Jimmy, and Joeyand I went skiing. (
7 )
(3)

EG: Post-MBA compensation for investment bankers tends to surge far ahead
of that for
management consultantsby tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of dollars a
year.
3,Quantity
Rule #1:words used for countable things vs. Words used for uncountable
things

1 more, most, enough, all less

2
1 dollar, gallons,
money volume less than
Right: We have LESS THAN twenty dollars. less than $20 the amout of money we have

2 fewer than 20 dollars/fewer than twenty dollar billswe mean actual pieces of paper

Rule #2:words used to relate two things vs. Words used to relate three
or more things
better, worse, more, less best, worst, most, least
between, among
Rule #3:the number or number of VS a number or the numbers of
(1)the number ofis singular ,a number ofis plural
(2)The numbers of , the number of
(3) numbers greater than, more than
Rule #4: Increase and Decrease VS Greater and Less
1increase decrease Greater less

Right: The price of silver INCREASED by ten dollars.

Right: The price of silver is five dollars GREATER than the price of copper.

2Decrease-fall; increase-rise
Wrong: The price of silver FELL by a more than 35% DECREASE.
Right: The price of silver DECREASED by more than 35%.
Right: The price of silver FELL by more than 35%.

Chapter 11: GM/S-V/Parallelism: Extra

1 Concision: Dont Make It Too Short

GMAC
Too short Pattern 1:Keep the Prepositional Phrase If you need to
1(1) of , of
A wall of stone=a stone wall
of , of

(2) of
Danube river access < access to the Danube river;

Boston soldier < soldier from Boston

Population changes of honeybees < changes in the population of honeybees
sales increase < increase in sales
Too short Pattern 2,that of , those of
The faces I see in ads is a famous actor. < The face I see in ads is that of a
famous actor
that
The fields I most enjoy are those of math and physics. <The filed I most
enjoy are math and physics
Too short Pattern 3 reporting verbs that
(1)Reporting verb: reports or otherwise inclues a thought or belief. This
thought can stand alone as a sentence
(2)
clause(a thought expressed in its own mini-sentence)
that
Agree, Claim, Contend, Declare, Find, Indicate, Reveal, Rule, Show
Indicate, claim, contend, report, announce, assert, believe,
confess, demonstrate, doubt, expect, hold, know, mention ,observe, proclaim,
reason, recognize, repeat, state, think , warn, be convinced , be certain, be
assured, agree, declare, find, reveal, rule ,show
Too Short: The study INDICATES the problem has vanished.
Better: The study INDICATES THAT the problem has vanished.
(3) say, that
Right: The water was so cold that people SAID polar bears would shiver.
2,Parallelism:Concrete nouns and Action Nouns
1
()(eruption, pollution,
change,
growth )
2

nouns on the outside, Verbs on the inside

Tracking satellites accurately is important for the space agency.

a/an/the+of

The accurate tracking of satellites is important for the space agency.

Right: The rebels demanded the withdrawal of government forces from disputed regions, significant reductions in overall troop levels, THE raising OF the
rebel flag on holidays, AND a general pardon.
withdrawal,reductions,pardon the raising of
The accurate tracking of satellites - tracking satellites -
3.
In any list of action nouns OF
Right:The rebels demanded the withdrawal of government forces from
disputed regions AND THE RELEASE OF certain political prisoners.
4 extract extraction
5 3 To

It is critical to suspend activities, notify investors, AND say

not
6

1.
1.working verbs
2. 2.
3.
3.

4.

Chapter 12:Pronouns & Modifiers:Extra

1 Other Pronouns
<1>therethere ,there means in the place
There be there

EG:
Right:Oil in Arctic may be worth drilling for, if wells can be dug there and
environmental concerns addressed.
Wrong:Arctic oil may be worth drilling for, if wells can be dug there and
environmental concerns addressed.
<2>
A:itself, themselves:
1indicate when the subject acts upon itself.
After the agreement surfaced, the commission dissolved it. ( Agreement)
After the agreement surfaced, the commission dissolved itself. (
Commission)
2itself themselves are also used to intensify a noun
EGthe commission itself was wrong
B:reciprocal pronouns one another, each other interaction
between parties themselves
Wrong: the guests at the party interacted with themselves
Right: the guests at the party interacted with one another
<3>
such, other, another
Such means like the
antecedent
After the land-use agreement surfaced, the commission decided to subject
any such contracts to debate in the future.
the land-use is a type of contract. Other and another mean
additional of the same type , though not necessarilyexactly alike
<4>
Aone indefinite selection or a single indefinite part of a collection
After walking by the chocolates so many times, Roger finally had to eat one.

After walking by the chocolates so many times, Roger finally had to eat
them.
B it and they/them definite selection of an entire object or collection
After walking by the chocolates so many times, Roger finally had to eat ONE.
IT was delicious, but HE Could eat only half of IT
<5>do so do it
Do so :
Q did not eat dinner quickly, but her brother did so. eat dinner
quicklyso
Do it : it
Q failed to do the homework, but his brother did it. homework.
Quinn did not eat the soup, but her brother ate it.
2 Placeholder It do not look for a noun antecedent for a
placeholder It
1 it
It is futile to resist temptation. TO RESIST temptation is futile.
2that it
Awkard: THAT we scored at all gave us encouragement.
Better: It gave us encouragement that we scored at all.
Remember, however, that the Awkard form could be the right answer!
it

3 that it
She made it possible for us to attend the movie. (
She made possible our attendance at the movie.
She made our attendance at the movie possible.
3,Avoiding Pronouns Altogether

236 GMAT
generic synonym for the antecedent
Right: New "nano-papers" incorporate fibers that give THESE MATERIALS
strength.
such these the
RightAfter roasting the deer, the hunter extinguished the fire and then searched
for a tree to hang the meat from.
4, Nuances of Pronoun Reference
how suitable a noun may be as an antecedent.
1Number:
2Gender: He and Hisshe, her,
hersit, itsany gender they, them, their
3Repeats, it/they

4Proximity
EG: In the station house IT is considered taboo. it station house
,
EG: After he dried his tears, Jack made a smile.
5Case
In generl,
subject nouns make strong antecedents, even for somewhat distant pronouns.
Note: 5 5 5

5,Modifiers: Exceptions to the Touch Rule

1A mission-critical modifer falls between
modifer of-phraseof less important
modifer the noun plus the first modifier mossion-critical
modifier noun
1He had a way of dodging opponents that impressed the scouts.
that a way of dodging opponents that
a way
Best: His way OF DODGING OPPONENTS impressed the scouts.
2An ice sheet covers 80 percent of the surface of Greenland, an
area roughly the size of Alaska.
2A very short predicate falls between, shifting a very long modifier
back
RightA new CEO has been hired who will transform the company by

decentralizing authority to various division heads while increasing their

accountability through the use of public scorecards.
AwkardA new CEO who will transform the company by decentralizing
authority to various division heads while increasing their accountability
through the use of public scorecards has been hired.
3A short non-essential phrase intervenes and is set off by commas.
Our system of Presidential elections favors states, such as Delaware, that by
population are over-represented in the Electoral College. that states
4The modifier is part of a series of parallel modifiers, one of which
touches the noun.
In heraldry, the term "tincture" refers to a color emblazoned on a coat of arms
and labeled with a special French word.

6,Possessive Nuances
(1) Y of Xs of X, Xs
(2) GMAT 80%~90%1 4
2with a possessive, you cannot express a relationship other than of.
EG: : Certain humans' parasites have been shown to provide bacterial
resistance and protection
: Certain parasites in humans have been shown to provide bacterial
resistance and protection
certain parasites parasites human
of X sales, in

7,Subgroup Modifiers
a part of a large group with a modifier, use one of the following three
subgroup modifier
(1) This model explains all known subatomic particles, some of which were
only recently
discovered.
(2) This model explains all known subatomic particles, some of them only
recently discovered.
(3) This model explains all known subatomic particles, some only recently
discovered.
some SANAMany, none, all, more/mostmany, each,
either, neither, half, one pronoun that picks out a subgroup
8,More on Relative Clauses VS. Participles 241
(1)

The rate of language extinction is accelerating, a tendency ultimately

culminating in the
survival of just a few languages, according to some.
The rate of language extinction is accelerating, a tendency that will
ultimately culminate in the survival of just a few languages, according to
some.
ultimately
ing > ing

9 Absolute Phrases 242

n+noun modifier verb modifier

V-ing V-ing a.b.
c.

Scientists have found high levels of iridium in certain geological formations

around the
world, suggesting the cataclysmic impact of a meteor millions of years ago.
suggesting

1at the end of a sentence, either an -ing formor an absolute phrase can
indicate a result of the preceding clause
2 dash

Chapter13: Verbs & Comparisons:Extra

1 Helping Verbs
Primary helping verbsBe; Do; Have
1
Right: I have never seen an aardvark, but my father has.
Wrong: I have never seen an aardvark, but last year my father did.
Right: I have never seen an aardvark, but last year my father saw one.
has
2
Our cars were designed to inspire envy, and they are.
Our cars were designed to inspire envy, and they do.
3. do, are, have
Right: some people do not eat soup, but others do (= do eat soup)
Right: some people do not eat soup as other do (= do eat soup)
4
1Can, could, may ,might, must, shall , should, will and would,

ensure have to/must

Wrong: This plan ensures that action must be taken.
Right: This plan ensures that action will be taken.
2 be to Obligation GMAT
will, should
Wrong: We ARE TO receive an invitation.
Right: We WILL receive an invitation. OR We SHOULD receive an invitation.
3 if GMAT , should
Awkward: SHOULD he PASS the test ,he will graduate.
Right: IF he PASSES the test, he will graduate.
2
1
Noun: I love to swim
Adjectives: The person to meet is here
Adverb: She paused to eat lunch
purpose why she paused or for
what end in order to wordy
(1)
WrongThe building was demolished to avoid falling down accidentally. (was
demolished the buildingthe building to avoid implied
subject building avoid something untentionally)
RightThe building was demolished to keep it from falling down accidentally.
was demolished the buildingthe building to avoid
implied subject it building

(2) it

Awkward: TO ERR is human.

Right: IT is human TO ERR.

2
1
2
WrongMike Swimming is the product od new coaching techniques
RightMikes swimming is the product of new coaching techniques.

3its, theirs, his, her

her action>her acting
3
1the -ing Dynasty
Verb( progressive Tense) She is FIXING the fauce
Noun( Gerund)
FIXING the faucet is not fun
Adjective( Present Participle) The person FIXING the faucet is tired
Adverb( Present Participle) She crouched under the sink, FIXING the faucet
2Past Participle
Verb (Perfect tense)
She has BROKEN the lamp
Adjective( Past Participle) The BROKEN lamp is on the stairs
Having broken the lamp, she has been worrying all night.
3 When to use which verbal or verb
1
1 Investors sold the stock rapidly, CAUSING panic

2Investors sold the stock rapidly TO CAUSE panic

3rule of thumbwater droplets freeze to form snow

2
1
Present Participle: A technique ALLEVIATING pain is growing popular.
Relative Clause: A technique THAT ALLEVIATES pain is growing popular
technique ALLEVIATING the technique itself alleviates pain.
2
A technique TO ALLEVIATE pain is growing popular.
Technique TO ALLEVIATE
you or someone else can alleviate pain by means of this technique. In other words,
techique not meant to be the subject of the action ALLVIATE. Often, when you modify a noun with an
infinitive, that noun is not the implied subject of the infinitive.
There is a book to read ;to read book ,maybe someone

UnlikelyA plan conquering the world is in his files.

UnlikelyA plan that will conquer the world is his files.
ProbableA plan to conquer the world is in his files.

4 more on like & as

1Like means similar toin a manner similar to
like
Like you, I danced last night
I danced like you last night
Like
(1) I want to coach divers LIKE Greg Louganis.
= I want to coach divers WHO ARE LIKE Greg Louganis.
= I want to coach divers in the same way as Greg Louganis does.

(2) I want to coach divers LIKE Greg Louganis. like

= LIKE Greg Louganis I want to coach divers. (he coaches divers; I want to do
so.)
unlike like
Right: Most materials under a wide range of conditions resist the flow of

electric current to some degree, UNLIKE superconductors which

demonstrate zero electrical resistance.

2as
1as
Duration AS As I strolled to the store, I smelled the air. (while, during)
Causation AS: I will not tell you, as you already know. (since, because)
Comparison AS: You should walk as she wants you to. (in the same way) .
A: Comparison AS just, so, so too
Right: JUST AS the trains were late yesterday, the buses are late today.
Right: JUST AS the trains were late yesterday, SO TOO are they late today.
B: Comparison AS can also appear with a phrase, rather than a full clause
Right: AS in the previous case the judge took an early break.

2AS
Function AS: As your leader, I am in charge. (in the role of) ...
Equation AS: I think you as my friend. (= you are my ftiend)
Stage AS: AS a child, I thought I could fly. (when I was...)
AS similar to
Right I will jump up LIKE a clown = in a clownish manner
Right I will jump up AS a clown =in a clown suit
3asas
As as

They are AS hungry AS you.

They are AS hungry AS you are.

They are as hungry as they were last night.

4introduce examples like such as GMAT
Wrong :I enjoy fast food LIKE hamburgers.(=fast food SIMILAR TO hamburgers)
Right: I enjoy fast food SUCH AS hamburgers.
4 Numbers in Comparisons & Other comparison constructions
1use times and as....as....together
Right: The man is FIVE TIMES AS OLD AS his grandson.
man's age = 5 x his grandson's age
Wrong: The man is FIVE TIMES OLDER THAN his grandson.
the man is six times as old as his grandson
In one GMAT problem(#72 in the Verbal Supplement) numbers are "5 times greater than
... " other numbers

2 times, as than,
The cost of a ticket is $12, six times the cost ten years ago.
The concert was attended by 300 people, twice the previous attendance.
2 more than less than
Right: I am TEN years OLDER THAN you. = +10
Wrong: I am TEN years AS OLD AS you.

(2)more, less
I own more than I should.
I own more shirts than I should.
I sleep more than I should.
higher, greater, lower
I spend lower than I did last year. My bills are lower than they were
last year.
(3) more less adj+ n , more
less
(1)We have even more efficient engines than before. ,
We have even more engines that are efficient than before.
We have engines even more efficient than before.
3exceed, surpass
Wrong: The incidence of the disease among men exceeds women
Right: The incidence of the disease among men EXCEEDS the incidence among women.

Right: The incidence of the disease among men EXCEEDS its incidence among women.
Right: The incidence of the disease among men EXCEEDS that among women.

that incidence that The

incidence of the disease incidence
4In addition to add another example to the subject add
another example to a different noun in the sentence
IN ADDITION TO taxes, death is inevitable . ()
IN ADDITION TO Munster cheese, I like Swiss. ()