An Assessment of Current Training

FINAL
TRAINING NEEDS ASSESSMENT:

AN ASSESSMENT OF CURRENT TRAINING
RANGES AND SUPPORTING FACILITIES IN
THE U.S. PACIFIC COMMAND AREA OF
RESPONSIBILITY
Department of the Navy

Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Pacific
258 Makalapa Drive, Suite 100
JBPHH HI 96860-3134
April 2012, Revised March 2013
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FINAL
TRAINING NEEDS ASSESSMENT:
AN ASSESSMENT OF CURRENT TRAINING
RANGES AND SUPPORTING FACILITIES IN
THE U.S. PACIFIC COMMAND AREA OF
RESPONSIBILITY
Prepared for:
Department of the Navy
Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Pacific
258 Makalapa Drive, Suite 100
JBPHH HI 96860-3134
Prepared by:
AECOM Technical Services, Inc.
1001 Bishop Street, Suite 1600
Honolulu, HI 96813-3698
Under the TEC-AECOM Pacific Joint Venture
April 2012, Revised March 2013
N62742-11-D-1801 Amd 01 Contract Task Order No. 002
April 2012
Executive Summary
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The objective of the Training Needs Assessment: An Assessment of Current Training Ranges and
Supporting Facilities in the U.S. Pacific Command Area of Responsibility (Training Needs
Assessment) is to identify and validate unfilled training requirements for units/commands assigned
to the United States (U.S.) Pacific Command (PACOM) Area of Responsibility (AOR). Previous
studies have identified training deficiencies within the PACOM AOR; this study confirmed that
finding by compiling a list of 62 unfilled requirements. The Training Needs Assessment validates
this list of unfilled requirements by assessing the current capabilities of existing ranges, training
areas, and supporting facilities within the PACOM AOR, relative to their potential to fill each of the
unfilled requirements. This is a technical report (i.e., "planning tool") that is intended to support the
planning for potential training ranges and supporting facilities in the Pacific. It does not offer
conclusions or recommendations.
ES-1
BACKGROUND
In 2009, the Institute for Defense Analyses (IDA) conducted the Department of Defense (DoD)
Training in the Pacific Study (hereinafter IDA Study) to assess the DoDs training needs, capacities,
and options to mitigate gaps and exploit training opportunities in the PACOM AOR.
The IDA Study examined training capabilities at ranges utilized by the DoD in the PACOM AOR
and concluded that current training deficiencies exist, particularly in the Western Pacific. The IDA
Study examined several potential solutions and concluded that the Mariana Islands strategic location
in the PACOM AOR makes it a prime location to support forces throughout the AOR, particularly
those forces on the Western rim who are more reliant on access to foreign nations training ranges
and areas. To meet Service Component identified deficiencies, the IDA Study recommended that an
Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) be prepared to analyze the environmental impact of
constructing new, or expanding existing training ranges and support facilities in the Mariana Islands.
The DoDs 2010 Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR) reiterated the important role of forwardstationed and forward-deployed U.S. presence in the Pacific due to the vast distances and low density
of U.S. basing and infrastructure in the region. Consequently, the U.S. seeks to augment and adapt its
Pacific presence. The QDR states that part of the Pacific posture adaptation will be supported by the
transformation of Guam, the westernmost U.S. sovereign territory, into a primary location for
security activities in the region.
Based on the geographical areas identified in the IDA Study, and supported in the QDR, the Office
of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) provided funds to PACOM to conduct a study and subsequent
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) analysis to address training deficiencies. In August
2010, PACOM appointed Marine Corps Forces, Pacific (MARFORPAC) as the Executive Agent
(EA) for the preparation of the planned DoD Training in the Pacific EIS. PACOM tasked the EA
with developing and analyzing alternatives that provide capabilities to meet unfilled training
requirements in the AOR for the PACOM Service Components: U.S. Pacific Fleet (PACFLT), U.S.
Army Pacific (USARPAC), MARFORPAC, U.S. Air Forces Pacific (PACAF), and Special
Operations Command Pacific (SOCPAC).
Prior to initiating efforts under NEPA or Executive Order 12114: Environmental Effects Abroad of
Major Federal Actions, the EA prepared this Training Needs Assessment as a planning tool to assist
FINAL
Training Needs Assessment: An Assessment of Current Training Ranges and
Supporting Facilities in the U.S. Pacific Command Area of Responsibility
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April 2012
Executive Summary
in defining the objectives and determining the purpose, need, and scope necessary to address the 62
unfilled training requirements identified by all Service Components for the PACOM AOR.
ES-2
APPROACH OF ASSESSMENT REPORT
The PACOM AOR encompasses about half of the earths surface, stretching from the west coast of
the U.S. to the western border of India, and from Antarctica to the North Pole. To protect U.S.
interests in this region, approximately one-fifth of total U.S. military strength is assigned to the
region.
To best identify and validate unfilled training requirements in the expansive PACOM AOR, four
independent geographic areas representing the largest concentrations of U.S. forces and their
associated training areas were identified. These four independent geographic areas, classified as
hubs for the purpose of this study, are defined as a location with a concentration of units that meet
or exceed battalion or squadron size.
In addition to a concentration of units, a hub includes the associated Local Training Areas (LTAs)
and Major Training Areas (MTAs) that are routinely used by the military stationed within these hub
locations. An LTA is defined as a training area located in close proximity to the resident military
personnel that supports frequent training for individual and small unit proficiency. In contrast, an
MTA is used when collective live-fire training and maneuver training occurs and is typically
separated from the LTA and the home station/base of the training unit. MTA training occurs less
frequently than individual skills and small unit proficiency training in LTAs.
As illustrated in Figure ES-1, this approach resulted in identifying the following four hubs in the
PACOM AOR:
Hawaii
Japan
Marianas
Korea
The assessment considered current and reasonably foreseeable force structure within the PACOM
AOR. With the exception of the Marianas Hub, all hubs reflect forces in place, both permanently
forward deployed and those on unit rotational deployment. Reserve and National Guard units, while
not within the PACOM command structure, are included in order to provide a more comprehensive
picture of potential training range users. While modifications to force posture are contemplated
throughout the PACOM AOR, the hubs in this report depict areas with major U.S. forces. The
Marianas Hub includes the planned presence of Marine Corps units projected to relocate from
Okinawa to Guam, per the U.S. Japan Roadmap for Realignment Implementation (United States
Japan Security Consultative Committee [SCC]). In addition, studied training ranges on Guam,
envisioned to partially support training of the projected Marine Corps units on Guam, were included
and assumed to be constructed in the near future.
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April 2012
Executive Summary
Figure ES-1: U.S. Pacific Command (PACOM) Area of Responsibility (AOR) Hubs
This document defines the 62 unfilled training requirements identified by the PACOM Services
based on existing range and facility inventories. Design/size criteria for ranges or facilities to satisfy
each unfilled requirement are provided. The assessment then reviewed the existing ranges and
facilities in each hub to determine the obstacles to meeting the 62 unfilled requirements. This
Training Needs Assessment is not an analysis of unit training or range/facility capacity, nor does it
account for the potential of units to overcome deficiencies in available ranges and facilities through
creative local training initiatives and/or participation in multi-lateral exercises; rather, this
assessment attempts to validate and focus previous efforts to establish the purpose and need for
training in this theatre and the possible scope of any future planning efforts.
ES-3
U.S. PACOM HUBS
Each hub possesses different operational capabilities, size of facilities, available opportunities, and
possible constraints to facilitate and expand training opportunities. These are described below.
ES-3.1
Hawaii Hub
The Hawaii Hub includes major units from the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps based on
Oahu. The units include two Army brigade combat teams of the 25th Infantry Division based at
Schofield Barracks; Cruisers of Naval Surface Group Mid Pacific, three submarine squadrons, and a
destroyer squadron homeported at Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam (JBPHH); the Air Forces 15th
Wing with one fighter squadron, one air refueling squadron, and two airlift squadrons based at
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Executive Summary
JBPHH; and a Marine Corps infantry regiment and Marine Air Group at Marine Corps Base Hawaii
(MCBH), Kaneohe Bay. There are numerous battalions and squadrons of the Army and Air Force
Reserve and National Guard within this hub.
The LTAs available to forces in the Hawaii Hub are located on the island of Oahu and include the
Marine Corps Kaneohe Bay Ranges, Puuloa Ranges, Marine Corps Training Area Bellows, and the
Armys Schofield Barracks Training Areas (comprised of smaller training areas, such as Kahuku,
Kawailoa, and the Tactical Flight Training Area). Aviation units use Kaula Rock for air-to-ground
ordnance delivery training.
The MTAs available to ground and air forces in the Hawaii Hub are on the islands of Hawaii and
Kauai. These facilities include the Armys Pohakuloa Training Area (PTA) on the island of Hawaii
and associated ranges within the Pacific Missile Range Facility (PMRF) complex on the island of
Kauai.
Land development and increased housing construction continue to exert pressure on training areas
and ranges in the Hawaii Hub. As development near the installations boundaries increases, use of
maneuver areas and impact areas become affected by noise restrictions. The presence of many
protected natural and cultural resources within or adjacent to training ranges and facilities also affect
range operations. Light sources in the surrounding communities can preclude some night vision
training for air crews.
Maritime protective and mitigation measures have resulted in training restrictions that reduce
training flexibility, force segmented training, and ultimately reduce training realism. Live-fire ranges
near the ocean are required to cease operations when civilian watercraft enter the confines of a range
surface danger zone (SDZ) that extends into the ocean behind the impact area. These intermittent
cease-fire events disrupt and degrade live-fire training events.
Acquisition or expansion of land, airspace, or sea space is difficult for the Services in the Hawaii
Hub and has implications for training. For example, at MCBH, insufficient usable land area for range
development and lack of Special Use Airspace (SUA) preclude conducting collective training except
at the most basic levels on ranges. The urbanized character of Oahu further constrains the
development of current Army and Marine Corps ranges. The Armys PTA and other smaller training
areas throughout the Hawaii Hub are limited by the lack of usable terrain. For all Services, SUA
expansion is challenged by the present airways structure supporting primarily civilian commercial
aviation.
Another important aspect of training is the availability of an unimpeded electromagnetic spectrum.
Encroachment on the electromagnetic spectrum may cause range users to seek workarounds to
complete training that can become unrealistic, segmented, or irrelevant over time. The Marine Corps
and Army view the Hawaii Hub as Fully Mission Capable with respect to spectrum availability.
However, the Navy notes that employment of certain data links is restricted and competition for
frequency spectrum will increase pressure on available bandwidth for Navy operations.
ES-3.2
Japan Hub
The Japan Hub includes major forces based on mainland Japan and Okinawa. U.S. forces on
mainland Japan include the following Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps units: the U.S.
Army Forces Japan and I Corps (Forward) units are combat sustainment support, aviation, signal,
military intelligence, ordnance, transportation, military police and special troops battalions; Navys
7th Fleet surface units at Yokosuka Naval Base, Sasebo Naval Base, and Carrier Air Wing 5 at Naval
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Executive Summary
Air Facility (NAF) Atsugi; two fighter squadrons of the Air Force 35th Fighter Wing at Misawa Air
Base; and a Marine Air Group based at Marine Corps Air Station Iwakuni. Units on Okinawa
primarily consist of Marine Corps units of III Marine Expeditionary Force, to include one ground
regiment of the 3d Marine Division based at Marine Corps Base Camp Butler and a Marine Air
Group at Marine Corps Air Station Futenma. The Air Force 18th Wing, at Kadena Air Base, supports
two fighter squadrons, two rescue squadrons, and one air refueler squadron. The Army also has
ordnance, air defense artillery, quartermaster, signals, and transportation battalions on Okinawa. A
Special Forces battalion and numerous Special Operations squadrons are based in the Japan Hub.
The LTAs available to ground forces in the Japan Hub are in and around Okinawa including the
Marine Corps Central Training Area, Northern Training Area, and Ie Shima Training Area. Tori
Shima (W-176) and Idesuna Jima (W-174) island targets are used for Close Air Support (CAS)
training.
The MTA available to ground forces in the Japan Hub is the Marine Corps Camp Fuji Training Area
on the Japanese mainland island of Honshu. Aviation units also train in the Warning Areas
surrounding Okinawa. The Oki Daito Jima range (W-183) is used for unit size force and above
exercises.
All U.S. bases within the Japan Hub are affected by increased urban encroachment that impacts and
limits current training operations and opportunities. Urban encroachment produces issues with noise,
light, and traffic. Further growth and development of training ranges on Okinawa is severely
constrained due to a lack of sufficient buffer zones between U.S. training facilities and surrounding
communities. For example, Okinawas Central Training Area, located within the confines of Camp
Hansen and Camp Schwab in central Okinawa, is trisected by public roads, and surrounded by small
towns.
Developing additional ranges in the compact, urbanized areas surrounding most U.S. bases on
mainland Japan would be difficult. Either urban growth severely limits potential expansion or
sufficient suitable terrain does not exist to support training requirements. Airspace available for
training on mainland Japan is limited because of the large volume of airport arrivals and departures,
as well as the high concentration of commercial aviation transportation routes, airways, and user
preferred routes. Establishing new Joint SUA is difficult because the U.S. Service Components
cannot act as the proponent for a proposal. These factors hamper the development and acquisition of
new SUA, and thereby hamper training development.
Range development on Okinawa, such as locations around both MCAS Futenma and Kadena Air
Base, or the vegetated and steep terrain of the Central Training Area is virtually impossible due to
encroachment of urban growth and the lack of sufficient, suitable, unencumbered terrain. Land and
airspace are not large enough to allow for CAS training on Okinawa proper. Therefore, this limited
training occurs on smaller islands at a distance from Okinawa bases. Okinawa and mainland Japan
experience similar commercial aviation constraints, further encumbering required training in SUAs.
These restrictions limit the conduct of basic and combined-arms live-fire training operations to the
platoon level.
Requests to expand training space and/or capabilities are handled through the U.S. Government/
Government of Japan (GOJ) Joint Committee. The challenges to expand training to meet unfilled
requirements are substantially made more difficult because the U.S. and Japan are also working to
reduce the footprint of U.S. forces on Okinawa. The U.S. and Japan approved the U.S. Japan
Alliance Transformation and Realignment Agreement (ATARA). One of the follow on Agreed
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Executive Summary
Implementation Plans (AIP) is to relocate 8,600 Marines off Okinawa to Guam. Under this plan, the
U.S. will return 68% of the land it currently manages, south of Kadena Air Base, back to the GOJ.
However, there is a continual need for diplomatic effort to maintain the status of U.S. military
training in and around the Japan Hub. As an example, because of past agreements with the GOJ,
Marine Corps artillery live-fire training is no longer conducted on Okinawa where the units are
based. This decision was based on the U.S. Japan Final Report of the Special Action Committee on
Okinawa on December 2, 1996 (Sustainable Range Report 2011). The report provided 27
recommendations to reduce the impact of the U.S. military presence on the Okinawan people. As a
result, the 3d Marine Division's artillery live-fire exercises have been relocated from the Central
Training Area on Okinawa to the Kita-Fuji, Higashi-Fuji, Ojojihara, Yausubetsu, and Hijudai host
nation training ranges on the mainland of Japan.
Japanese restrictions on electronic emissions limit the use of the Navys Tactical Combat Training
System. These limitations directly affect the Navys ability to fully and realistically train in the
Strike Warfare, Electronic Combat, Anti-Air Warfare, and Anti-Surface Warfare mission areas. The
Navy continues to coordinate with Japanese agencies to seek spectrum relief and to develop
strategies that will increase use while ensuring pending use of emerging spectrum technologies.
ES-3.3
Marianas Hub
U.S. forces in the Marianas Hub primarily consist of the Navys Commander Submarine Squadron
15 homeported on Guam; Marine Corps units that are planned to relocate from Okinawa to Guam in
the U.S. Japan Roadmap for Realignment Implementation; and the Air Forces 36th Wing
supporting rotational deployments of fighters, bombers and Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) units,
and the 36th Contingency Response Group, at Andersen Air Force Base (AFB) (SCC 2010). There
are numerous battalions and squadrons of the Army and Air Force Reserve and National Guard
within this hub.
The LTAs available to forces in the Marianas Hub are on the island of Guam at Andersen AFB,
Andersen Northwest Field, Andersen South, and the Naval Munitions Site. The studied live-fire
ranges on Guam are integral to planned basing of the relocated Marines from Okinawa to Guam.
The MTAs available to forces in the Marianas Hub are on the Commonwealth of the Northern
Mariana Islands (CNMI) of Tinian and Farallon de Medinilla (FDM). Aviation units use FDM as the
primary air-to-ground range for strike and CAS. The airspace, W-517, and the associated Air Traffic
Control Assigned Airspaces provide area for large force exercises south of Guam.
The presence of cultural and natural resources in the Marianas Hub may limit locations for new
ranges and training areas. As training activities are proposed on additional islands, encroachment
may vary in severity depending on each islands environmental and mitigation protocols. Recent
encroachment pressure is attributed to commercial aviations incompatibility with some Electronic
Warfare mission area training requirements. Some training events on FDM, the sole live-fire air-toground and naval surface fire support range, are limited due to the presence of threatened and
endangered species and migratory bird habitat restrictions. The use of live-fire munitions on FDM
has contributed to de-vegetation and erosion, prompting restrictions and prohibitions on the use of
certain munitions expenditures, thereby decreasing training realism.
Biosecurity restrictions, such as those outlined in the Brown Treesnake (BTS) Control and
Interdiction Plan, have been placed on military training throughout this region (U.S. Department of
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Executive Summary
Agriculture 2011). Cargo and unit movements through Navy and Air Force facilities on Guam must
adhere to appropriate BTS containment and inspection measures.
As with training areas in the other PACOM hubs, transient boat traffic interrupts or stops military
training activity throughout the Marianas Hub. Residential encroachment results in restrictions on
night flying and flight tracks affecting training events from Andersens Northwest Field on Guam.
There are limited areas available for amphibious maneuver training in the Marianas Hub. Landing
beach utilization is restricted as defined/identified by conservation measures set forth in the Mariana
Islands Range Complex (MIRC) EIS Record of Decision (ROD). Amphibious landings on DoD
beaches may be subject to alternate landing patterns to reduce potential coral impacts and
accommodate beach size. However, neither constraint significantly affects training realism. Landing
Craft Air Cushion and Amphibious Assault Vehicle landings on the beaches in the Marianas Hub
may require compensatory coral reef mitigation efforts.
The current land target range in this hub is FDM, a single small island that presents unique training
challenges to all levels and types of air-to-ground and some ground-to-ground training. Spectrum
encroachment is considered moderate for naval forces training in the Marianas Hub.
Importantly, the Marianas Hub has existing military land leases not available at the other hubs. In
1983, DoD signed 50-year leases on portions of Tinian Island and FDM. These leases have a 50-year
renewal option that can extend the leases to 2083. The Tinian Military Lease Area encompasses
63.9 square kilometers (km) (15,353 acres) on the island of Tinian. FDM is 0.7 km (206 acres) and
primarily serves as a bombing range for aircraft and Navy surface vessels.
ES-3.4
Korea Hub
The Korea Hub primarily consists of one Army brigade combat team of the 2nd Infantry Division at
Camp Hovey, two fighter squadrons of the Air Force 8th Fighter Wing (Kunsan Air Base), and two
fighter squadrons of the 51st Fighter Wing (Osan Air Base).
The LTAs and MTAs available to the Korea Hub include the ranges and facilities at Camp Carroll,
Camp Casey/Hovey, Camp Humphreys, the Rodriguez Live-Fire Complex, and the Story Live-Fire
Complex. Aviation units use the Pil Sung (R-110), Nightmare (P-518), and Chik-Do (R-105) ranges
for air-to-ground ordnance delivery training. Korean Training Areas, including Military Operating
Areas and restricted areas, are also typically available to U.S. forces for air-to-air training.
The available training areas in the Korea Hub are challenged by encroachment as the civilian
population in and around the training areas increases. To address these issues, including challenges
to facility access, an agreement between the U.S. Government and the Government of the Republic
of Korea (ROK), titled the Land Partnership Plan (LPP), was signed on 29 March 2002. This plan
intends to align installations with future requirements, modernize the aerial and sea ports of
debarkation, and consolidate units in better position to support contingencies and improve and
protect training areas.
Former Commander, United States Forces Korea (USFK), noted in his 2009 statement before the
Senate Armed Services Committee that The U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps possess adequate
training resources on the Korean Peninsula to maintain unit combat readiness including the conduct
of robust amphibious operations (Sharp 2009). He also noted, USFK still faces challenges with
insufficient training range capacity and capability needed to maintain the readiness of our air forces
in Korea (Sharp 2009). In a 2011 statement, the Commander offered his assessment of training on
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April 2012
Executive Summary
the peninsula, as follows: Provisions in the LPP help ensure continued readiness by providing U.S.
forces dedicated time on ROK training areas and ranges (Sharp 2011).
ES-4
UNFILLED TRAINING REQUIREMENTS
The 62 unfilled training requirements are shown in Table ES-1. To standardize an understanding of
these unfilled requirements, the Unified Facilities Criteria 2-000-05N was used as the primary source
for range definitions. As appropriate, Army, Air Force, and other Navy standards were also
consulted.
The majority of unfilled requirements were identified by the Marines. As such, the Marine Corps
Reference Publication 3-0C, Operational Training Ranges Required Capabilities, was used as the
primary source for the size of specific training ranges or facilities that would satisfy the unfilled
requirements. In some cases, design parameters for specific types of training ranges or facilities
could not be found in any of the available service documents (e.g., the Home Station Lanes [Counter
Improvised Explosive Device {IED} Facility]). In those cases, open source research was conducted
and/or Service Components provided amplifying details and information.
Types of training ranges or supporting facilities that would satisfy the unfilled training requirements
range in size from large areas, such as the land needed to support the objective size of a Dudded
Impact Area for live-fire ranges of 12.5 kilometers (km) X 25 km (7.7 mile [mi] X 15.5 mi), to a
relatively small area needed for a pistol range of 135 meters (m) X 30 m (131 yards [yd] X 33 yd).
The types of training ranges and support facilities also vary from some relatively simple
construction, such as a sniper/rappel tower, to substantial facility development to accommodate a
company combined arms live-fire and maneuver range/battle area complex.
The unfilled requirements take into consideration the need for an expeditionary Base Camp when
forces are deployed to an MTA. The Base Camp would provide the following: troop housing, food
services, electricity, water, sanitation, maintenance, and storage facilities. The type and standard of
construction will depend on the projected lifespan of the facilities.
ES-5
COMPARISON OF U.S.
REQUIREMENTS
PACOM
HUBS
WITH
UNFILLED
TRAINING
Within the four identified PACOM Hubs, there exist a total of 62 unfilled training requirements
identified by the Service Components. Table ES-1 uses a color-coded system to illustrate the level of
mission capability of each training range or requirement.
The assessment provides the following four observations:
Fully Mission Capable
Partially Mission Capable
Not Mission Capable
Not Required
As shown in the Table ES-1, only two requirements are assessed as Not Mission Capable across all
four hubs: Electronic Training Ranges and Low Altitude Tactics Routes for Fixed Wing Aircraft.
Other significant deficiencies (identified as Not Mission Capable findings across three of the four
hubs) are found in 1000 yard Known Distance Rifle Ranges; Field Firing Ranges; Tank/Stationary
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Executive Summary
Target Ranges; Combined Arms Live-Fire Amphibious Beaches with Maneuver Area; and Tracked
Vehicle Drivers Courses.
The Hawaii Hub has more Fully and Partially Mission Capable findings than Not Mission
Capable or Not Required findings.
The Korea Hub does not have the same diversity of requirements as the other hubs based on the
assigned forces. This results in the greatest number of Not Required findings. Additionally, forces
in the Korea Hub use ranges owned by the ROK to leverage their capabilities to meet their training
requirements. Ground training range capabilities in Korea are relatively robust, while greater training
challenges exist for aviation training.
The Japan Hub has almost an equal number of Fully, Partially, and Not Mission Capable findings.
This indicates that just over one third of existing training ranges fully support Service training
requirements. Many of the Partially and Not Mission Capable findings in the Japan Hub are a
reflection of the challenges imposed by encroachment and the inability to acquire additional land and
airspace.
Because of highly developed economies and infrastructure in the Hawaii, Japan, and Korea Hubs,
these three hubs present the greatest encroachment difficulties and the least amount of undeveloped
land available for increased training.
These observations contrast substantially with the assessment of the Marianas Hub. The Marianas
Hub has significantly more unfilled training requirements than other hubs in the PACOM AOR. This
is evident by the largest amount of Partially and Not Mission Capable findings. This overall
assessment for the Marianas Hub reflects an increase in training requirements for currently based
forces and the requirements for the Marines that are planned to relocate from Okinawa to Guam.
This significant increase in both the number of forces and the training requirements needed to
maintain combat readiness cannot be met by the existing training range and facilities inventory.
Unlike the other hubs, the Marianas Hub has a less developed infrastructure allowing for more
undeveloped land with potentially less encroachment pressures available for expanded training
capability.
The findings of this assessment are consistent with the IDA Study that concluded that current
training deficiencies exist, especially in the Western Pacific. The IDA Study further stated that the
central location of the Mariana Islands in the PACOM AOR makes it a prime location to support
U.S. DoD forces on both sides of the Pacific.
While the four hubs make up the majority of the Pacific region force structure, each hub has an
independent collection of forces that has its own training requirement. This is particularly true of
LTAs due to the relative frequency of the training that occurs in these areas. Regardless of the hub,
closing the gap between the existing training capabilities in any of the hubs, based on the
requirements identified by the PACOM Service Components with units assigned to that hub, will
require some investment to accomplish.
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April 2012
Executive Summary
Table ES-1: Hub Assessment

Legend
Korea
Marianas
Japan
Hawaii

Not Mission Capable
Not Required
Hub - defined as current force posture location (sqdn/bn as the bottom limit)
RANGES/ENABLERS THAT SUPPORT GROUND TRAINING
1
Impact Area Dudded
Combat Pistol Range (Automated)
Pistol KD Range
Rifle KD Qualification Range (500 yd)
Rifle KD Range (1,000 yd)
Live Hand Grenade Range (qualification course)
Live Hand Grenade Range (as part of a multipurpose range)
Field Artillery Indirect Fire Range
Mortar Range (60 mm, 81 mm, 120 mm)
10
Field Fire Range (Automated)
11
Anti-Armor Tracking Range (Automated)
12
Field Artillery Direct Fire Range
13
Tank/Fighting Stationary Target Range
14
LAW Range Live
15
Grenade Launcher Range
16
40 mm (Grenade) Machine Gun Qualification Range
17
BZO Range (built to 100 yd Non-Standard Small Arms Range)
18
100 yd Non-Standard Small Arms Range (separate from BZO range)
19
Infantry Platoon Battle Course (Automated)
20
MPTR/MPTR (Automated)
21
Modified Record of Fire Range
22
Tank/Fighting Vehicle MPRC/MPRC
23
MPMG Range (Automated)
24
Combined Arms Training Range to support CAS and NGFS training

(must have instrumentation capabilitylease and installation)
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25
Company Combined Arms Live-Fire and Maneuver Range/Battle Area

Complex
26
Combined Arms Live-Fire Amphibious Beaches with Maneuver Area
27
UAC/MOUT UAC
28
360 Day/Night Live-fire Exercise Shoot House (vented-live ammo and

gas [CS and CN])
29
Live-fire Exercise Breach Facility (Breach House)
30
Force-on-Force MOUT Training Site (simulation ammunition) CACTF
31
Home Station Training Lanes (Counter IED facility)
32
CLF Range
33
Tracked Vehicle Drivers Course
34
Tactical Amphibious Landing Beaches
35
Maneuver Area, Heavy Forces
36
Maneuver Area, Light Forces
37
Maneuver Area, Amphibious Forces
38
Rappelling Training Area (Sniper/Rappel Tower)
39
Sniper/Jungle Range
40
Infantry Immersion Trainer
Korea
Marianas
Japan
Executive Summary
Hawaii
April 2012
RANGES THAT SUPPORT MARITIME TRAINING

41
MIW Range
RANGES THAT SUPPORT AVIATION TRAINING

42
Offensive Air Support Range (Aerial Gunnery and/or Aerial Bombing

Range)
43
CAS Range (Air-to-Ground Range)
44
Electronic Warfare Training Range (IADS/Counter IADS)
45
Rotary Wing Aviation Landing Practice
46
Fixed-Wing Aviation Landing Practice
47
LZs/DZs
48
UAS Operating Areas
49
AAW Range
50
LAT Route/Range (Fixed Wing)
51
TERF Maneuver Area/Route (Rotary Wing/Tilt Rotor)
52
Short field take-off and landings, night
53
Live Air-to-Air Gunnery Range
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ES-11
Korea
Marianas
Japan
Executive Summary
Hawaii
April 2012
RANGE FACILITIES AND ENABLERS

54
Base Camp and associated facilities and infrastructure
55
Range Control
56
Data Transfer Infrastructure
57
Aerial Target Support Facility
58
Ammunition Storage
59
Staging Areas (administrative and tactical)
60
SUA and Warning Areas
61
Adequate waterfront piers, harbor, and infrastructure (existing or new

construction)
62
Adequate roads, utilities, and infrastructure for training areas, ranges,

and facilities (existing or new construction)
Notes:
AAW = Anti-Air Warfare
bn = Battalion
BZO = Battle Sight Zero
CACTF = Combined Arms Collective Training Facility
CAS = Close Air Support
CLF = Convoy Live-Fire
DZ = Drop Zone
IADS = Integrated Air Defense System
IED = Improvised Explosive Device
KD = Known Distance
LAT = Low Altitude Tactics
LAW = Light Anti-Armor Weapon
LZ = Landing Zone
MIW = Mine Warfare
mm = millimeter
MOUT = Military Operations on Urban Terrain
MPMG = Multi-Purpose Machine Gun
MPRC = Multi-Purpose Range Complex
MPTR = Multi-Purpose Training Range
NGFS = Naval Gunfire Support
sqdn = Squadron
SUA = Special Use Airspace
TERF = Terrain Flight
UAC = Urban Assault Course
UAS = Unmanned Aircraft Systems
yd = yard or yards
FINAL
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April 2012
Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Executive Summary
CHAPTER 1.
1.1
1.2
1.3
Introduction
Study Objective
Background
Assessment Steps and Report Organization
CHAPTER 2.
2.1
2.2
2.3
Hub Concept
Local Training Area (LTA)
Major Training Area (MTA)
U.S. Pacific Command Hubs
CHAPTER 3.
3.1
Unfilled Training Requirements

Description of Training Range Requirements
CHAPTER 4.
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
Training Requirements Assessment by Hub

Hawaii Hub
Japan Hub
Marianas Hub
Korea Hub
ES-1
1-1
1-1
1-1
1-2
2-1
2-2
2-2
2-2
3-1
3-9
4-1
4-6
4-15
4-26
4-34
APPENDICES
A
B
C
PACOM Guidance
U.S. Pacific Command (PACOM) Forces by Hub
References
FIGURES
2-1
2-2
2-3
2-4
2-5
U.S. Pacific Command (PACOM) Area of Responsibility (AOR) Hubs

Training Areas in Hawaii Hub
Training Areas in Japan Hub
Training Areas in the Marianas Hub
Training Areas in South Korea Hub
2-1
2-3
2-5
2-8
2-10
TABLES
ES-1
2-1
3-1
4-1
Hub Assessment
Hub Description Matrix
U.S. Pacific Command (PACOM) and Service Components Unfilled
Training Requirements
Hub Assessment
FINAL
ES-10
2-2
3-1
4-3
April 2012
Contents
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April 2012
Acronyms and Abbreviations
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

AAV
AAW
ACE
AFB
AFI
AGL
ALTRAV
AMW
AOR
AT
ATCAA
BTS
BZO
CACTF
CAS
CCN
CLF
CNMI
CONUS
CSG
DoD
DZ
EA
EAF
EIS
FAA
FCC
FCLP
FDM
FIREX
FOB
ft
GOJ
IADS
IDA
IED
IER
IIT
INRMP
IR
JBPHH
KD
kg
kph
km
km
Amphibious Assault Vehicle

Anti-Air Warfare
Air Combat Element
Air Force Base
Air Force Instruction
Above Ground Level
Altitude Reservation
Amphibious Warfare
Area of Responsibility
Anti-Tank
Air Traffic Control Assigned Airspaces
Brown Treesnake
Battle Sight Zero
Combined Arms Collective Training Facility
Close Air Support
Category Code Number
Convoy Live-Fire
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands
Continental U.S.
Carrier Strike Group
Department of Defense
Drop Zone
Executive Agent
Expeditionary Airfield
Environmental Impact Statement
Federal Aviation Administration
Facilities Category Code
Field Carrier Landing Practice
Farallon de Medinilla
Firing Exercise
Forward Operating Base
foot or feet
Government of Japan
Integrated Air Defense System
Institute for Defense Analyses
Improvised Explosive Device
Information Exchange Requirements
Integrated Natural Resource Management Plans
Instrument Flight Rules Military Training Route
Joint Base Pearl Harbor Hickam
Known Distance
kilograms
kilometers per hour
kilometers
square kilometers
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April 2012
LAT
LAV
LAW
lbs
LCAC
LHA
LTA
LPP
LZ
m
mm
MCAS
MCBH
MCM
MCRP
MEF
MEU
MARFORPAC
mi
mi
MIW
MK
MLA
MOA
MOUT
MPMG
MPRC
MPTR
MSL
MTA
NAF
NAVFAC
NEPA
NGFS
nm
nm
NSFS
OCE
OPFOR
PACAF
PACFLT
PACOM
PMRF
PTA
QDR
RCD
RDCPS
Low Altitude Tactics

Light Armored Vehicle
Light Anti-Armor Weapons
pounds
Landing Craft Air Cushion
Landing Helicopter Assault
Local Training Area
Land Partnership Plan
Landing Zone
meters
millimeter
Marine Corps Air Station
Marine Corps Base Hawaii
Mine Counter Measures
Marine Corps Reference Publication
Marine Expeditionary Force
Marine Expeditionary Unit
Marine Corps Forces, Pacific
mile
square miles
Mine Warfare Range
Mark
Military Lease Area
Military Operating Area
Military Operations on Urban Terrain
Multi-Purpose Machine Gun
Multi-Purpose Range Complex
Multi-Purpose Training Range
Mean Sea Level
Major Training Areas
Naval Air Facility
Naval Facilities Engineering Command
National Environmental Policy Act
Naval Gunfire Support
nautical mile
square nautical miles
Naval Surface Fire Support
Officer Conducting Exercise
Opposing Force
U.S. Air Forces Pacific
U.S. Pacific Fleet
U.S. Pacific Command
Pacific Missile Range Facility
Pohakuloa Training Area
Quadrennial Defense Review
Navy Ranges Required Capabilities Document
Range Data Collection and Processing System
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ROK
SCC
SDZ
SOCPAC
SR
SRR
STW
SUA
TC
TCTS
TERF
TOW
UAC
UAS
UAV
UCAS
UFC
U.S.
USARPAC
USFK
UUV
VR
VTOL
X
yd
Republic of Korea
United States-Japan Security Consultative Committee
Surface Danger Zone
Special Operations Command Pacific
Slow Route
Sustainable Ranges Report
Strike Warfare
Special Use Airspace
Training Circular
Tactical Combat Training System
Terrain Flight
Tube Fired, Optically Tracked, Wire Guided Missile
Urban Assault Course
Unmanned Aircraft System
Unmanned Air Vehicle
Urban Close Air Support
Unified Facilities Criteria
United States
U.S. Army Pacific
United States Forces Korea
Unmanned Undersea Vessel
Visual Flight Rules Military Training Route
Vertical Take-Off and Landing
times
yard or yards
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Introduction
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
1.1
STUDY OBJECTIVE
The objective of the Training Needs Assessment is to identify and validate unfilled training
requirements for units/commands assigned to the United States (U.S.) Pacific Command (PACOM)
Area of Responsibility (AOR). Previous studies have identified training deficiencies within the
PACOM AOR; this study confirmed that finding by compiling a list of 62 unfilled requirements. The
Training Needs Assessment validates this list of unfilled requirements by assessing the current
capabilities of existing ranges, training areas, and supporting facilities within the PACOM AOR,
relative to the potential to fill each of the unfilled requirements. This is a technical report (i.e.,
"planning tool") that is intended to support the planning for potential training ranges and supporting
facilities in the Pacific. It does not offer conclusions or recommendations.
1.2
BACKGROUND
In 2009, the Institute for Defense Analyses (IDA) conducted the Department of Defense (DoD)
Training in the Pacific Study (hereinafter IDA Study) to assess DoDs training needs, capacities, and
options to mitigate gaps and exploit training opportunities in the PACOM AOR.
The IDA Study examined training capabilities at ranges utilized by DoD in the PACOM AOR and
concluded that current training deficiencies exist, particularly in the Western Pacific. The IDA Study
examined several potential solutions and concluded that the Mariana Islands strategic location in the
PACOM AOR makes it a prime location to support forces on both sides of the Pacific, particularly
those forces on the Western rim who are more reliant on access to foreign nations training ranges
and areas. To meet Service Component identified deficiencies, the IDA Study recommended that an
Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) be prepared to analyze the environmental impact of
constructing new or expanding existing training ranges and support facilities in the Mariana Islands.
The 2010 Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR) reiterated the important role of forward-stationed and
forward-deployed U.S. forces in the Pacific due to the vast distances and the low density of U.S.
basing and infrastructure in the region. Consequently, the U.S. seeks to augment and adapt its
defense posture and presence in the Pacific. The QDR states that part of the Pacific posture
adaptation will be the transformation of Guam, the westernmost U.S. sovereign territory, into a
primary location for security activities in the region.
In August 2010, PACOM appointed Marine Corps Forces, Pacific (MARFORPAC) as the Executive
Agent (EA) for the preparation of the DoD Training in the Pacific EIS. PACOM tasked the EA with
developing and analyzing alternatives that provide capabilities to meet training requirements in the
AOR for PACOM Service Components: U.S. Pacific Fleet (PACFLT), U.S. Army Pacific
(USARPAC), MARFORPAC, U.S. Air Forces Pacific (PACAF), and Special Operations Command
Pacific (SOCPAC).
Prior to initiating any planning or analysis under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) or
Executive Order 12114: Environmental Effects Abroad of Major Federal Actions, the EA prepared
this Training Needs Assessment. This assessment builds upon previous documents and studies to
identify existing capabilities and shortfalls of training ranges and facilities in the PACOM AOR with
respect to the unfilled requirements provided by the PACOM Service Components. It will provide an
additional resource to help define training objectives, determine the purpose, need and scope
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Introduction
necessary to address the unfilled training requirements, and prioritize locations in the PACOM AOR
for development of new facilities to address unfilled training requirements.
ASSESSMENT STEPS AND REPORT ORGANIZATION
1.3
The overarching goal of the assessment was to determine where the greatest need for future training
development is required to best support force concentrations within the AOR. This assessment was
broken down into the following three steps, each of which is detailed in subsequent chapters:
Step 1 established a parameter that helps focus the assessment across the expansive PACOM
AOR by focusing on independent geographic areas representing where major U.S. forces are
stationed and identifying the training areas those forces routinely access for training.
Challenges to expanding training at each location were also identified. This step is the
subject of Chapter 2.
Step 2 identified each of the PACOM Service Components unfilled training requirements
within hubs where U.S. forces are concentrated. To ensure a common understanding of these
requirements, they were defined and associated design/size criteria for solutions were
identified. This step is the subject of Chapter 3.
Step 3 compared unfilled requirements against currently available training facilities within
each hub and determined obstacles to meeting the requirements. This step identified the
areas in the PACOM AOR with unfilled training requirements. This step is the subject of
Chapter 4.
This assessment identified unfilled requirements based on existing range and facility inventories
provided by PACOM Service Components. It is important to note that this report is not an analysis
of unit training or range/facility capacity. For example, units may overcome deficiencies in available
ranges and facilities through creative local training initiatives and/or participation in multi-lateral
exercises that are not captured in this study. This assessment attempts to validate and focus previous
efforts to establish the purpose and need for training in this theatre and the possible scope of any
future planning efforts.
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Hub Concept
CHAPTER 2. HUB CONCEPT

The PACOM AOR encompasses about half of the earths surface, stretching from the west coast of the
U.S. to the western border of India, and from Antarctica to the North Pole. To protect U.S. interests in
this region, approximately one-fifth of total U.S. military strength is assigned to the region.
To best identify and validate unfilled training requirements in the expansive PACOM AOR, four
independent geographic areas representing the largest concentrations of U.S. forces and their
associated training areas were identified. These four independent geographic areas, classified as
hubs for the purpose of this study, are defined as a location with a concentration of units that meet
or exceed battalion or squadron size [Figure 2-1].
Figure 2-1: U.S. Pacific Command (PACOM) Area of Responsibility (AOR) Hubs
The assessment considered current and reasonably foreseeable force structure within the PACOM
AOR. With the exception of the Marianas Hub, all hubs reflect forces in place, both permanently
forward deployed and those on unit rotational deployment. Reserve and National Guard units, while
not within the PACOM command structure, are included in order to provide a more comprehensive
picture of potential training range users. While modifications to force posture are contemplated
throughout the PACOM AOR, the hubs in this report depict areas with major U.S. forces. The
Marianas Hub includes the planned presence of Marine Corps units projected to relocate from
Okinawa to Guam, per the U.S. Japan Roadmap for Realignment Implementation (United States
Japan Security Consultative Committee [SCC]). In addition, studied training ranges on Guam,
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Hub Concept
envisioned to partially support training of the projected Marine Corps units on Guam, were included
and assumed to be constructed in the near future.
Training locations were associated with each hub and defined as Local Training Areas (LTAs) or
Major Training Areas (MTAs). Each hub has an associated LTA and MTA. Table 2-1 lists each hub
and its corresponding force concentration location, LTA, and MTA.
Table 2-1: Hub Description Matrix
Hub
Force Concentration Location
Local Training Area (LTA)
Major Training Area

(MTA)
Hawaii
Oahu
Oahu/Kaula Rock
Hawaiian Islands
Japan
Japan/Okinawa
Okinawa
Japan
Marianas
Guam
Guam
CNMI
Korea
Korea
Korea
Korea
Note:
CNMI = Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands
2.1
LOCAL TRAINING AREA (LTA)
An LTA is defined as the area where a unit is able to perform training for individual and small unit
proficiency training. LTA ranges and facilities allow familiarization, qualification, and sustainment
training with minimum impact on resources for travel to and from other training areas. Training at an
LTA focuses on individual and collective training. If sufficient space is available at the LTA, small
unit combined arms training may be conducted.
2.2
MAJOR TRAINING AREA (MTA)
An MTA is defined as the area where a unit is able to perform collective live-fire training and
maneuver training according to doctrine and standards. Training at the MTA builds on the
proficiency gained at LTAs. The MTA is typically geographically separated from the LTA and the
training units home station/base due to the larger areas required to support collective live-fire and
maneuver training.
2.3
U.S. PACIFIC COMMAND HUBS
Training range growth and development throughout the PACOM AOR is challenged by lack of U.S.
ownership and control over land areas, encroachment on existing facilities, limited undeveloped
available land, air, and sea space, and spectrum availability. The challenges and limitations listed in
the following sections are primarily drawn from the 2011 Report to Congress on the Sustainable
Ranges Report (SRR) as well as other open source documents, such as Congressional testimony and
U.S. Government Accountability Office reports.
The SRR is the Services annual report to Congress and includes Service-specific mission-based
assessments using standardized range capability attributes and encroachment factors. These factors
can be summarized by the following themes: (1) encroachment; (2) land, sea, airspace availability
and acquisition; and (3) spectrum availability.
Each hub possesses different operational capabilities, size of facilities, available opportunities, and
possible constraints to facilitate and expand training opportunities, as described below. A full listing
of units in each hub is provided in Appendix B.
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April 2012
2.3.1
Hub Concept
Hawaii Hub
The Hawaii Hub includes major units from the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps based on
Oahu. The units include two Army brigade combat teams of the 25th Infantry Division based at
Schofield Barracks; Cruisers of Naval Surface Group Mid Pacific, three submarine squadrons, and a
destroyer squadron homeported at Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam (JBPHH); the Air Forces 15th
Wing with one fighter squadron, one air refueling squadron, and two airlift squadrons based at
JBPHH; and a Marine Corps infantry regiment and Marine Air Group at Marine Corps Base Hawaii
(MCBH), Kaneohe Bay. There are numerous battalions and squadrons of the Army and Air Force
Reserve and National Guard within this hub.
LTAs available to forces in the Hawaii Hub are located on the island of Oahu and include the Marine
Corps Kaneohe Bay Ranges, Puuloa Ranges, Marine Corps Training Area Bellows, and the Armys
Schofield Barracks Training Areas (comprised of smaller training areas, such as Kahuku, Kawailoa,
and the Tactical Flight Training Area). Aviation units use Kaula Rock for air-to-ground ordnance
delivery training.
The MTA available to ground forces in the Hawaii Hub is the Armys Pohakuloa Training Area
(PTA) on the island of Hawaii and associated ranges within the Pacific Missile Range Facility
(PMRF) complex on the island of Kauai.
Figure 2-2 depicts the LTAs and MTAs associated with the Hawaii Hub.
Figure 2-2: Training Areas in Hawaii Hub

Encroachment
Land development and housing construction continue to increase pressure on training areas and
ranges in the Hawaii Hub. As development near installation boundaries increases, use of maneuver
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Hub Concept
areas and impact areas are affected by noise restrictions. For example, Oahus urbanized nature
impacts MCBHs capability to fully support training requirements and Marine units therefore
accomplish much of their required training by extensively using other-Service ranges in the Hawaii
Hub. As an example, light sources in the surrounding communities can preclude some night vision
training for air crews.
Natural and cultural resource issues can lead to range closures, stop or inhibit training. Endangered
species habitat constrains maneuvers to existing roads and trails. This limits training scenarios and
training realism. Even with PTA, Hawaii is still short on required maneuver land because much of
the area is environmentally restricted and does not support vehicle movement. Some existing range
areas on Hawaii are archaeologically or culturally sensitive and cannot be disturbed.
Maritime protective and mitigation measures have resulted in training restrictions that reduce
training flexibility, force segmented training, and ultimately reduce training realism. All Hawaii Hub
at-sea training is impacted to some degree. The most significant is integrated warfare training using
active underwater acoustic sources or in-water explosive ordnance.
Maritime range transients, involving commercial shipping, commercial fishing, and private pleasure
boating encroach on training, either by delaying events or forcing relocation to less than optimum
locations. Commercial vessel and recreational vessel encroachment creates avoidance areas and segments
training, thereby reducing realism. Live-fire ranges near the ocean are required to cease operations when
civilian watercraft enters the confines of a range SDZ, which extends into the ocean behind the impact
area. These intermittent cease-fire events disrupt and degrade live-fire training events.
Land, Sea, Airspace Availability, and Acquisition
Due to pressure from surrounding communities and the premium for land on a heavily populated island,
acquisition or expansion of land, airspace, or sea space is difficult for the Services in the Hawaii Hub and
has implications for training. The urbanized character of Oahu further constrains the development of
current Army and Marine Corps ranges. The Armys PTA and other smaller training areas throughout the
Hawaii Hub are limited by the lack of usable terrain. For all Services, SUA expansion is challenged by
the present airways structure supporting primarily civilian commercial aviation.
Due to proximity of civilian housing and other community infrastructure, live-fire training is
prohibited at Marine Corps Training Area Bellows. The community has noise concerns. Army and
Marine Corps convoy training on public roads is generally not feasible due to traffic congestion. All
of these constraints reduce the effectiveness of training to some extent. As a result, much of this
training is forced off Oahu to PTA. SUA proposals for new or modified airspace follow specific
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) procedures for approval. Requests for additional SUA
within the Hawaii Hub have been met with considerable resistance from many sectors of the public
community, such as the Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association.
Spectrum Availability
Unavailability of, or interference with required portions of the electromagnetic spectrum can place
constraints on training. This type of encroachment may cause range users to seek workarounds to
complete training that can become unrealistic, segmented, or irrelevant over time. The Marine Corps
and Army view the Hawaii Hub as Fully Mission Capable with respect to spectrum availability.
However, the Navy notes that employment of certain data links is restricted and that competition for
frequency spectrum will add increased pressure on available bandwidth for Navy operations. The Air
Force had no range to assess within the Hawaii Hub in the SRR.
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2.3.2
Hub Concept
Japan Hub
The Japan Hub includes major forces based on mainland Japan and Okinawa. U.S. forces on
mainland Japan include the following Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps units: the U,S.
Army Forces Japan and I Corps (Forward) units are combat sustainment support, aviation, signal,
military intelligence, ordnance, transportation, military police and special troops battalions; Navys
7th Fleet surface units at Yokosuka Naval Base, Sasebo Naval Base, and Carrier Air Wing 5 at Naval
Air Facility (NAF) Atsugi; two fighter squadrons of the Air Force 35th Fighter Wing at Misawa Air
Base; and a Marine Air Group based at Marine Corps Air Station Iwakuni. Units on Okinawa
primarily consist of Marine Corps units of III Marine Expeditionary Force, to include one ground
regiment of the 3d Marine Division based at Marine Corps Base Camp Butler and a Marine Air
Group at Marine Corps Air Station Futenma. The Air Force 18th Wing, at Kadena Air Base, supports
two fighter squadrons, two rescue squadrons, and one air refueler squadron. The Army also has
ordnance, air defense artillery, quartermaster, signals, and transportation battalions on Okinawa. A
Special Forces battalion and numerous Special Operations squadrons are based in the Japan Hub.
LTAs available to ground forces in the Japan Hub include training areas on and around Okinawa
including the Marine Corps Central Training Area, Northern Training Area, and Ie Shima Training
Area. Tori Shima (W-176) and Idesuna Jima (W-174) island targets are used for Close Air Support
(CAS) training.
The MTA available to ground forces in the Japan Hub is the Marine Corps Camp Fuji Training Area
on the Japanese mainland island of Honshu. Aviation units also train in the Warning Areas
surrounding Okinawa. The Oki Daito Jima range (W-183) is used for large force exercises.
Figure 2-3 depicts the LTAs and MTAs associated with the Japan Hub.
Figure 2-3: Training Areas in Japan Hub

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Hub Concept
Encroachment
All U.S. bases within the Japan Hub have experienced increased urban encroachment that impact and
limit current training operations and opportunities. For example, another runway has been
constructed at Marine Corps Air Station Iwakuni to lessen noise impacts on the surrounding
community. U.S. air bases at Atsugi and Misawa face urban growth and greater noise restrictions
impacting the flexibility in scheduling times during which aircraft may take-off for training missions.
The Navys carrier air wing is unable to conduct night carrier landing practice at NAF Atsugi due to
noise restrictions, forcing travel to Iwo To (Iwo Jima) to conduct such training. For Navy surface
forces, endangered species and critical habitat encroachment have created avoidance areas that have
resulted in some reduction of training days and prohibit certain training events. All at-sea training is
impacted to some degree. Impacts are most significant to integrated warfare training using active
underwater acoustic sources or in-water explosive ordnance.
Further growth and development of training ranges on Okinawa is severely constrained due to a lack
of sufficient buffer zones between U.S. training facilities and surrounding communities. For
example, Okinawas Central Training Area, located within the confines of Camp Hansen and Camp
Schwab in central Okinawa, is trisected by public roads, and surrounded by small towns.
Developing additional ranges in the compact, urbanized areas surrounding most U.S. bases on
mainland Japan is extremely difficult. Either urban growth severely limits potential expansion or
sufficient suitable terrain does not exist to support training requirements. Noise restrictions based on
proximity of training ranges or bases is the main limiting factor after physical restraints to growth.
Airspace available for training on mainland Japan is limit because of the large number of airport
arrivals and departures as well as concentration of commercial aviation transportation routes,
airways, and user preferred routes. Establishing new Joint SUA is difficult since the Service
Components cannot act as the proponent for a proposal. These factors hamper the development and
acquisition of new SUA, and thereby hamper training development.
Developing additional ranges in the compact, urbanized area of Okinawa, such as around both
MCAS Futenma and Kadena Air Base, as well as the vegetated and steep terrain of the Central
Training Area is virtually impossible due to urban growth and the lack of sufficient, suitable,
unencumbered terrain. Land and airspace are also not large enough to allow for CAS training on
Okinawa proper. Therefore, this limited training occurs on smaller islands at a distance from
Okinawa bases. Okinawa and mainland Japan experience similar situation concerning commercial
aviation, further encumbering required training in SUAs. These restrictions limit the conduct of basic
and combined-arms live-fire training operations to the platoon level. Because of these physical
constraints, training operations have been limited in the past, with little possibility of expanding
ranges.
Requests to expand training space and/or capabilities are handled through the U.S.
Government/Government of Japan (GOJ) Joint Committee. The challenges to expand training to
meet unfilled requirements are substantially made more difficult since the U.S. and Japan are also
working to reduce the footprint of U.S. forces on Okinawa. The U.S. and Japan approved the U.S.Japan Alliance Transformation and Realignment (ATARA). One of the follow on Agreed
Implementation Plans (AIP) is to relocate 8,600 Marines off Okinawa to Guam. Under this plan, the
U.S. will return 68% of the land it currently manages that is south of Kadena Air Base back to the
GOJ. However, there is a continual need for diplomatic effort to maintain the status of U.S. military
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Hub Concept
training in and around the Japan Hub. For example, because of past agreements with the GOJ,
Marine Corps artillery live-fire training is no longer conducted on Okinawa where the units are
based, and now takes place at Camp Fuji and five other Japanese Ground Self Defense Force ranges
on Japan. The Roadmap for Realignment effort to relocate Navy squadrons currently based at NAF
Atsugi to MCAS Iwakuni may potentially bring greater challenges for access to training ranges and
airspace for the combined U.S. forces planned at MCAS Iwakuni (SCC 2010).
Japanese restrictions on electronic emissions limit the use of the Navys Tactical Combat Training
System (TCTS). This limitation directly affects the Navys ability to fully and realistically train in
the Strike Warfare (STW), Electronic Combat, Anti-Air Warfare (AAW), and Anti-Surface Warfare
mission areas. The Navy continues to coordinate with Japanese agencies to seek spectrum relief and
to develop strategies that will increase use while ensuring pending use of emerging spectrum
technologies.
2.3.3
Marianas Hub
U.S. forces in the Marianas Hub primarily consist of the Navys Submarine Squadron 15 homeported
on Guam; Marine Corps units that are planned to relocate from Okinawa to Guam in the U.S.
Japan Roadmap for Realignment Implementation; and the Air Forces 36th Wing supporting
rotational deployments of fighters, bombers and Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) units, and the
36th Contingency Response Group, at Andersen Air Force Base (AFB) (SCC 2010). There are
numerous battalions and squadrons of the Army and Air Force Reserve and National Guard within
this hub.
The LTAs available to forces in the Marianas Hub are on the island of Guam at Andersen AFB,
Andersen Northwest Field, Andersen South, and the Naval Munitions Site. The studied live-fire
ranges on Guam are integral to planned basing of Marines to be relocated from Okinawa to Guam.
The MTAs available to forces in the Marianas Hub are on the Commonwealth of the Northern
Mariana Islands (CNMI) of Tinian and Farallon de Medinilla (FDM). Aviation units use FDM as the
primary air-to-ground range for strike and CAS. The airspace, W-517, and the associated Air Traffic
Control Assigned Airspaces (ATCAAs) provide area for large force exercises south of Guam.
Figure 2-4 depicts the LTAs and MTAs associated with the Marianas Hub.
Encroachment
Overall, more land and less encroachment constraints are found in this hub due to relatively light
development. Cultural and natural resources in the Marianas Hub may limit locations for some
ranges and training areas. Additionally, public use, access, and recreation issues, particularly on
Guam, have raised public awareness and caused delays in implementing potential training solutions.
The SRR notes that while there has been little encroachment change during the past three years, as
training activities expand on Guam and spread to the other islands, encroachment may vary in
severity depending on each islands environmental and mitigation protocols. Recent encroachment
pressure is attributed to commercial aviations incompatibility with some Electronic Warfare mission
area training requirements.
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Hub Concept
Figure 2-4: Training Areas in the Marianas Hub

Some training events on the sole live-fire air-to-ground and naval surface fire support (NSFS) range,
FDM, are limited due to threatened species and migratory bird habitat restrictions. The use of livefire munitions on FDM has contributed to de-vegetation and erosion, prompting restrictions and
prohibitions on the use of certain munitions expenditures, thereby decreasing training realism.
Biosecurity restrictions such as the Brown Treesnake (BTS) protocol have been incorporated into
military training throughout this region. Cargo and unit movements through Navy and Air Force
facilities on Guam must adhere to appropriate BTS containment and inspection measures.
As with training areas in the other PACOM hubs, transient boat traffic interrupts or stops military
training activity throughout the Marianas Hub. Training interruptions reduce range access, create
avoidance areas, segment training, reduce realism, and prohibit certain training events.
Another example of a restriction exists at Andersens Northwest Field on Guam. Privately owned
residential land near this training facility lies within aircraft operation zones. Night time flying
activities are restricted. Flight tracks are routed to avoid populated areas and noise complaint related
restrictions prohibit certain training events conducted at or from the Northwest Field.
Unlike the other hubs, the Marianas Hub has more unencumbered area for potential training areas.
These areas, however, are not without some challenges. For example, there are limited areas
available for amphibious maneuver training in the Marianas Hub. Landing beach utilization is
restricted as defined/identified by conservation measures set forth in the Mariana Islands Range
Complex (MIRC) EIS Record of Decision (ROD). Amphibious landings on DoD beaches may be
subject to alternate landing patterns to reduce potential coral impacts and accommodate beach size.
However, neither constraint significantly affects training realism. Landing Craft Air Cushion
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Hub Concept
(LCAC) and Amphibious Assault Vehicle (AAV) landings on the beaches in the Marianas Hub may
require compensatory coral reef mitigation efforts.
The current land target range in this hub is a single small island, FDM, which presents unique
training challenges to all levels and types of air-to-ground training. There are no raked, strafe, or
moving targets present in this hub to conduct Strike or Offensive Air Support training. However, the
Marianas Hub does have other uninhabited islands that offer potential as live-fire target ranges.
The SRR notes that Marianas Hub airspace is adequate when the ATCAAs are available. Efforts are
underway to convert ATCAAs to Warning Areas, make current airspace boundaries contiguous with
each other, and establish Warning Areas over suitable land training areas. Multiple NEPA actions
with independent utility within the Marianas Hub require coordination with FAA. The EAs for these
NEPA actions have developed a phase plan to address, coordinate, and synchronize the myriad SUA
requirements stemming from each separate NEPA action.
Unique to the Marianas Hub is that the military has extensive land leases in place leasing large tracts
of undeveloped or minimally developed areas. These provide opportunities for expanded training not
found at other hubs. In 1983, DoD signed 50-year leases on portions of Tinian Island and FDM.
These leases have a 50-year renewal option that can extend the leases to 2083. The Tinian Military
Lease Area (MLA) encompasses 62 km (15,353 acres) on the island of Tinian. The MLA is broken
down into the Exclusive Military Use Area and the Lease Back Area, 7,574 acres (30.6 km2) and
7,779 acres (31.4 km2) respectively. FDM is 0.7 km (206 acres) and primarily serves as a bombing
range for aircraft and Navy surface vessels.
Public support for building and operating training ranges is linked to residents of CNMI
identification as American territories and commonwealths proudly supporting U.S. forces. While
potential economic benefit from greater military training is possible, the residents of the Mariana
Islands seek to strike a balance with potential revenue from the tourism industry on islands such as
Tinian.
Tourism also accounts for a large portion of Guams economy. With the relocation of Okinawa
based forces to Guam linked to ongoing political negotiations, the delay of unit movement to Guam
has led to a growing degree of uncertainty among the island communities.
The 2011 SRR noted spectrum encroachment as moderate for naval forces training in the Marianas
Hub. In addition, employment of certain data links is restricted, affecting STW training.
2.3.4
Korea Hub
U.S. forces in the Korea Hub primarily consist of one Army brigade combat team of the 2nd Infantry
Division at Camp Hovey, two fighter squadrons of the Air Forces 8th Fighter Wing (Kunsan Air
Base), and two fighter squadrons of the 51st Fighter Wing (Osan Air Base). There are numerous
forces smaller than battalion/squadron sized located at various locations, such as co-located
operating bases, throughout South Korea.
The LTAs and MTAs available to the Korea Hub are in Korea and include the ranges and facilities at
Camp Carroll, Camp Casey/Hovey, Camp Humphreys, the Rodriguez Live-Fire Complex, and the
Story Live-Fire Complex. Numerous small training areas are found throughout South Korea. The
listed ranges and facilities are those that support ranges identified in the PACOM Service
Components unfilled requirements list (Table 3-1). Aviation units use the Pil Sung (R-110),
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Hub Concept
Nightmare (P-518), and Chik-Do (R-105) ranges for air-to-ground ordnance delivery training.
Korean Training Areas, including Military Operating Areas (MOAs) and restricted areas, are
typically available to U.S. forces for air-to-air training.
Figure 2-5 depicts the LTAs and MTAs associated with the Korea Hub.
Figure 2-5: Training Areas in South Korea Hub

Encroachment
Korea was not addressed in the 2011 SRR. Challenges and limitations for this hub are drawn from
Congressional testimony. The available training areas are challenged by encroachment as the
population in and around the training areas increases. For example, Pocheon, where the Rodriguez
Range Complex located, is quickly becoming a bedroom community to Seoul; a subway and express
roadways are planned as urban development continues to sprawl northward from Seoul. To address
these and access challenges, an agreement between the U.S. Government and the Government of the
Republic of Korea, titled the Land Partnership Plan (LPP), was signed on 29 March 2002. This plan
intends to align installations with future requirements, modernize the aerial and sea ports of
debarkation, and consolidates units in better position to support contingencies, and protect training
areas.
Former Commander, United States Forces Korea (USFK), noted in his 2009 statement before the
Senate Armed Services Committee that The U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps possess adequate
training resources on the Korean Peninsula to maintain unit combat readiness including the conduct
of robust amphibious operations (Sharp 2009). He also noted the following challenge, USFK still
faces challenges with insufficient training range capacity and capability needed to maintain the
readiness of our air forces in Korea (Sharp 2009). In a 2011 statement, the Commander offered his
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Hub Concept
assessment of training on the peninsula, as follows: Provisions in the LPP help ensure continued
readiness by providing U.S. forces dedicated time on ROK training areas and ranges (Sharp 2011).
As noted above, USFK is addressing the training range challenges through the LPP, primarily by the
use of access protocols involving current Korean ranges and facilities. All requests for expanding
training areas or capabilities are directed through the United States Forces Korea/Republic of Korea
Joint Committee established as the Facilities and Areas Subcommittee.
Available resources did not reveal shortfalls in spectrum availability.
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Hub Concept
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April 2012
CHAPTER 3. UNFILLED TRAINING REQUIREMENTS

The PACOM Service Components participated in a series of meetings conducted by the EA in 2011
to identify the training ranges and supporting facilities required to meet training requirements in the
PACOM AOR. These meetings resulted in a list of 62 unfilled requirements by Service Component
and hub (Table 3-1). This section defines the training requirements and determines their size
requirements.
The Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) 2-000-05N was the primary source used for range definitions.
Requirements contained in the UFC were assigned the appropriate Category Code Number (CCN)
and the associated definition was recorded. If a requirement could not be found in the UFC 2-00005N, the Armys Training Circular (TC) 25-8, Training Ranges, was reviewed and Army Facilities
Category Codes (FCC) and associated definitions were noted. The Navys Ranges Required
Capabilities Document (RCD) was consulted for Navy requirements. No Air Force publication exists
that is similar to TC 25-8 or the Navys RCD. Air Force Instruction (AFI) 13-212, Range Planning
and Operations, provides broad guidance pertaining to training range definition but does not offer
sufficiently detailed dimensions with which to measure range capability. The appropriate UFC was
used as the criteria source of Air Force requirements.
Since the CCN does not contain ground range size or design criteria information and the
preponderance of unfilled requirements were identified by the Marines, Marine Corps Reference
Publication (MCRP) 3-0C, Operational Training Ranges Required Capabilities, was used as the
primary source for determining requirements size. MCRP 3-0C and TC 25-8 share common sizes for
ground ranges that are listed in both documents, so MCRP 3-0C criteria satisfy Army requirements
contained in TC 25-8. Again, TC 25-8 and the RCD were used if appropriate information was not
available in MCRP 3-0C.
In some cases, size/design criteria could not be found in any of the available service documents (e.g.,
the Home Station Lanes [Counter Improvised Explosive Device {IED} Facility]). In those cases,
open source research was conducted and/or Service Components provided amplifying details
requiring, in some cases more, written descriptive information.
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
FINAL
Korea
Marianas
Component
USARPAC
PACFLT
MARFORPAC
PACAF
SOCPAC
Japan
RANGES THAT SUPPORT GROUND TRAINING

1 Impact Area Dudded
Hawaii
Table 3-1: U.S. Pacific Command (PACOM) and

Service Components Unfilled Training Requirements
3-1
Pistol Known Distance Range
Rifle Known Distance Qualification Range (500 yd)
Rifle Known Distance Range (1,000 yd)
USARPAC
PACFLT
MARFORPAC
PACAF
SOCPAC
USARPAC
PACFLT
MARFORPAC
PACAF
SOCPAC
USARPAC
PACFLT
MARFORPAC
PACAF
SOCPAC
USARPAC
PACFLT
MARFORPAC
PACAF
SOCPAC
USARPAC
Korea
Marianas
Japan
Hawaii
April 2012
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
PACFLT
10 Field Fire Range (Automated)
MARFORPAC
PACAF
SOCPAC
USARPAC
PACFLT
MARFORPAC
PACAF
SOCPAC
USARPAC
PACFLT
MARFORPAC
PACAF
SOCPAC
USARPAC
PACFLT
MARFORPAC
PACAF
SOCPAC
USARPAC
PACFLT
MARFORPAC
PACAF
SOCPAC
FINAL
X
X
X
X
X
3-2
11 Anti-Armor Tracking Range (Automated)
12 Field Artillery Direct Fire Range
USARPAC
PACFLT
MARFORPAC
PACAF
SOCPAC
USARPAC
Korea
Marianas
Japan
Hawaii
April 2012
X
X
PACFLT
MARFORPAC
PACAF
13 Tank/Fighting Stationary Target Range
14 Light Anti-Armor Weapon Range Live
15 Grenade Launcher Range
16 40 mm (Grenade) Machine Gun Qualification Range
17 Battle Sight Zero Range (built to 100 yard Non Standard Small Arms
Range)
18 100 yard Non Standard Small Arms Range (separate from Battle Sight
Zero Range)
SOCPAC
USARPAC
PACFLT
MARFORPAC
PACAF
SOCPAC
USARPAC
PACFLT
MARFORPAC
PACAF
SOCPAC
USARPAC
PACFLT
MARFORPAC
PACAF
SOCPAC
USARPAC
PACFLT
MARFORPAC
PACAF
SOCPAC
USARPAC
PACFLT
MARFORPAC
PACAF
SOCPAC
USARPAC
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
PACFLT
MARFORPAC
PACAF
19 Infantry Platoon Battle Course (Automated)
SOCPAC
USARPAC
PACFLT
MARFORPAC
PACAF
SOCPAC
FINAL
X
X
3-3
20 Multi-Purpose Training Range/ Multi-Purpose Training Range

(Automated)
21 Modified Record of Fire Range
22 Tank/Fighting Vehicle Multi-Purpose Range Complex/Multi-Purpose

Range Complex
23 Multi-Purpose Machine Gun Range (Automated)
24 Combined Arms Training Range to support Close Air Support and Naval
Gun Fire Support training (must have instrumentation capabilitylease
and installation)
USARPAC
PACFLT
MARFORPAC
PACAF
SOCPAC
USARPAC
PACFLT
MARFORPAC
PACAF
SOCPAC
USARPAC
PACFLT
MARFORPAC
PACAF
SOCPAC
USARPAC
PACFLT
MARFORPAC
PACAF
SOCPAC
USARPAC
X
X
Korea
Marianas
Japan
Hawaii
April 2012
X
X
PACFLT
MARFORPAC
PACAF
SOCPAC
USARPAC
PACFLT
MARFORPAC
PACAF
SOCPAC
26 Combined Arms Live-Fire Amphibious Beaches with Maneuver Area
USARPAC
PACFLT
MARFORPAC
PACAF
SOCPAC
27 Urban Assault Course/Military Operations on Urban Terrain Urban
USARPAC
Assault Course
PACFLT
MARFORPAC
PACAF
SOCPAC
28 360 Day/Night Live-fire Exercise Shoot House (vented-live ammo and gas USARPAC
[CS and CN])
PACFLT
MARFORPAC
PACAF
SOCPAC
25 Company Combined Arms Live-Fire and Maneuver Range/Battle Area
Complex
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X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
3-4
29 Live-fire Exercise Breach Facility (Breach House)
30 Force-on-Force Military Operations on Urban Terrain Training Site

(simulation ammunition) Combined Arms Collective Training Facility
USARPAC
PACFLT
MARFORPAC
PACAF
SOCPAC
USARPAC
Korea
Marianas
Japan
Hawaii
April 2012
X
X
X
X
PACFLT
MARFORPAC
PACAF
31 Home Station Training Lanes (Counter Improved Explosive Device
facility)
32 Convoy Live-Fire Range
33 Tracked Vehicle Drivers Course
34 Tactical Amphibious Landing Beaches
35 Maneuver Area, Heavy Forces
36 Maneuver Area, Light Forces
SOCPAC
USARPAC
PACFLT
MARFORPAC
PACAF
SOCPAC
USARPAC
PACFLT
MARFORPAC
PACAF
SOCPAC
USARPAC
PACFLT
MARFORPAC
PACAF
SOCPAC
USARPAC
PACFLT
MARFORPAC
PACAF
SOCPAC
USARPAC
PACFLT
MARFORPAC
PACAF
SOCPAC
USARPAC
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
PACFLT
MARFORPAC
PACAF
37 Maneuver Area, Amphibious Forces
SOCPAC
USARPAC
PACFLT
MARFORPAC
PACAF
SOCPAC
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X
X
3-5
38 Rappelling Training Area (Sniper/Rappel Tower)
39 Sniper/Jungle Range
40 Infantry Immersion Trainer

41 Mine Warfare Range

42 Offensive Air Support Range (Aerial Gunnery and/or Aerial Bombing
Range)
43 Close Air Support Range (Air-to-Ground Range)
44 Electronic Warfare Training Range (Integrated Air Defense

System/Counter Integrated Air Defense System)
45 Rotary Wing Aviation Landing Practice
USARPAC
PACFLT
MARFORPAC
PACAF
SOCPAC
USARPAC
PACFLT
MARFORPAC
PACAF
SOCPAC
USARPAC
PACFLT
MARFORPAC
PACAF
SOCPAC
Korea
Marianas
Japan
Hawaii
April 2012
X
X
X
X
X
USARPAC
PACFLT
MARFORPAC
PACAF
SOCPAC
USARPAC
PACFLT
MARFORPAC
PACAF
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
SOCPAC
USARPAC
PACFLT
MARFORPAC
PACAF
SOCPAC
USARPAC
PACFLT
MARFORPAC
PACAF
SOCPAC
USARPAC
PACFLT
MARFORPAC
PACAF
SOCPAC
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3-6
47 Landing Zones/Drop Zones
48 Unmanned Aircraft Systems Operating Areas
USARPAC
PACFLT
MARFORPAC
PACAF
SOCPAC
USARPAC
PACFLT
MARFORPAC
PACAF
SOCPAC
USARPAC
X
X
Korea
Marianas
46 Fixed-Wing Aviation Landing Practice
Japan
Hawaii
April 2012
PACFLT
MARFORPAC
PACAF
49 Anti-Air Warfare Range
50 Low Altitude Tactics Route/Range (Fixed Wing)
51 Terrain Flight Maneuver Area/Route (Rotary Wing/Tilt Rotor)
52 Short field take-off and landings, night
53 Live Air-to-Air Gunnery Range
Range Facilities and Enablers

54 Base Camp and associated facilities and infrastructure
SOCPAC
USARPAC
PACFLT
MARFORPAC
PACAF
SOCPAC
USARPAC
PACFLT
MARFORPAC
PACAF
SOCPAC
USARPAC
PACFLT
MARFORPAC
PACAF
SOCPAC
USARPAC
PACFLT
MARFORPAC
PACAF
SOCPAC
USARPAC
PACFLT
MARFORPAC
PACAF
SOCPAC
X
X
X
X
USARPAC
PACFLT
MARFORPAC
PACAF
SOCPAC
FINAL
X
X
3-7
56 Data Transfer Infrastructure
57 Aerial Target Support Facility
58 Ammunition Storage
59 Staging Areas (administrative and tactical)
60 Special Use Airspace and Warning Areas
61 Adequate waterfront piers, harbor, and infrastructure (existing or new

construction)
62 Adequate roads, utilities, and infrastructure for training areas, ranges, and
facilities (existing or new construction)
USARPAC
PACFLT
MARFORPAC
PACAF
SOCPAC
USARPAC
PACFLT
MARFORPAC
PACAF
SOCPAC
USARPAC
PACFLT
MARFORPAC
PACAF
SOCPAC
USARPAC
PACFLT
MARFORPAC
PACAF
SOCPAC
USARPAC
PACFLT
MARFORPAC
PACAF
SOCPAC
USARPAC
X
X
X
X
X
X
PACFLT
MARFORPAC
PACAF
SOCPAC
USARPAC
PACFLT
MARFORPAC
PACAF
SOCPAC
USARPAC
PACFLT
MARFORPAC
PACAF
SOCPAC
Korea
Marianas
55 Range Control
Japan
Hawaii
April 2012
X
X
X
X
Notes:
X = unfilled training requirement
Blank space = no unfilled training requirement
mm = millimeter
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April 2012
3.1
DESCRIPTION OF TRAINING RANGE REQUIREMENTS
The following sections provide the definitions and metrics associated with the 62 training ranges and
supporting facilities. Each requirement will be further developed through the course of planning and
design, including preparation of Basic Facility Requirements, DD1391 project documentation, and
concepts of operation.
3.1.1
Impact Area Dudded
An Impact Area Dudded (CCN 17430) is defined as having designated boundaries within which all
ordnance will detonate or impact. This area includes all impact areas that do not contain automated
targets or targets classified as real property. Vehicle bodies are sometimes placed in the area to act as
targets for artillery direct and indirect fire. The primary function of the impact area is to contain
weapons effects as much as possible using earthen berms or natural terrain features. It is assumed
that the impact areas contain unexploded ordnance and may not be used for maneuver. This area is
typically managed and scheduled by a range name or code through the installation training or range
control manager, and is accounted for with a separate facility number and individual real property
record. To support the largest Dudded Impact Area for live-fire ranges identified in MCRP 3-0C/TC
25-8, an area 12.5 km X 25 km (7.7 mi X 15.5 mi or 77,220 acres) is required.
3.1.2
Combat Pistol Range, Automated
An Automated Combat Pistol/Military Police Firearms Qualification Course (CCN 17572) is a range
designed to meet training and qualification requirements with combat pistols and revolvers. This
range is used to train and test personnel on the skills necessary to identify, engage, and hit stationary
infantry targets. All targets are fully automated and the event specific target scenario is computer
driven and scored from the range operations center. Weapons trained on this range may include
9 millimeter (mm) and 45 caliber pistols, M-4 carbines, and shotguns. MCRP 3-0C and TC 25-8 call
for a 135 m X 30 m (131 yd X 33 yd) area to support this range.
3.1.3
Pistol Known Distance (KD) Range
A Pistol Known Distance (KD) Range (CCN 17570) is designed for training pistol and revolver
marksmanship and target engagement techniques. Marine Corps pistol qualification is conducted on
ranges using yards as the standard measurement. This range is used to train personnel on the skills
necessary to identify, engage, and hit stationary targets in a static array from a known distance.
MCRP 3-0C calls for a 135 yd X 25 yd (123 m X 23 m) area to support this range.
3.1.4
Rifle Known Distance (KD) Range (500 yd)
A Rifle KD Range (CCN 17570) is designed for training rifle marksmanship and target engagement
techniques. Marine Corps rifle qualification is conducted on ranges using yards as the standard
measurement. This range is used to train personnel on the skills necessary to identify, engage, and hit
stationary targets in a static array from a known distance. MCRP 3-0C calls for a 500 yd X 500 yd
(457 m X 457 m) area to support this range.
3.1.5
Rifle Known Distance (KD) Range (1,000 yd)
A 1,000 yd (914 m) Rifle KD Range shares the same CCN (17570) with the 500 yd (457 m) range
and supports all the functions of the 500 yd (457 m) range for training rifle marksmanship and target
engagement techniques. This range is used to train personnel on the skills necessary to identify,
engage, and hit stationary targets in a static array from a known distance. The ranges in excess of
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April 2012
500 yd (457 m) allow this range to be used for Marine Corps Sniper Qualification training. The
Army uses this range for training advanced rifle marksmanship and target engagement techniques,
and squad-designated marksmanship training and qualification. MCRP 3-0C and TC 25-8 call for a
500 m X 1000 m (546 yd X 1,093 yd) area to support this range.
3.1.6
Live Hand Grenade Range (Qualification Course)
A Live Hand Grenade Range (CCN 17810) is designed to satisfy the training requirement of
throwing live fragmentation grenades. This range familiarizes Marines, Soldiers, Sailors, and Airmen
with the effects of live fragmentation grenades. No automation is required for this facility. Each
throwing location is counted as one Firing Point. MCRP 3-0C and TC 25-8 call for a 30 m X 80 m
(32 yd X 87 yd) to support this range.
3.1.7
Live Hand Grenade Range (Support for Multi-Purpose Range)
This range has the same criteria as the Live Hand Grenade Range (Qualification Course) listed in
Section 3.1.6. This range is located in close proximity to other ranges and MPRCs that support livefire grenade training. This allows units to conduct qualification and/or refresher training before
moving to more complex training evolutions with live hand grenades on other ranges.
3.1.8
A Field Artillery Indirect Fire Range (CCN 17671) is designed to meet the training and qualification
requirements of field artillery units. This range is used to train field artillery crews on the skills
necessary to apply fire mission data, engage, and hit stationary targets in a tactical array with indirect
fire. No automation is required for this facility. The Engagement Area is defined as the range area to
support up to one battery of artillery. MCRP 3-0C and TC 25-8 call for a 12.5 km X 25 km area
(7.7 mi X 15.5 mi or 77,220 acres) to fully meet this requirement.
3.1.9
A Mortar Range (CCN 17670) is designed to meet the training requirements of mortar crewmen.
This range is used to train mortar crews on the skills necessary to apply fire mission data, engage,
and hit stationary targets in a tactical array using live-fire mortars. No automation is required for this
facility. The Engagement Area is defined as the range area to support up to the mortar section (two
mortar teams). MCRP 3-0C and TC 25-8 call for a 2 km X 6 km area (1.2 mi X 3.7 mi or 2,965
acres) to fully meet this requirement.
3.1.10 Field Fire Range (Automated)
An Automated Field Fire Range (CCN 17520) is designed for training target engagement techniques
with rifles. This range is used to train and familiarize personnel on the skills necessary to identify,
engage, and hit stationary infantry targets. All targets are fully automated and the event specific
target scenario is computer driven and scored from the range operations center. MCRP 3-0C and TC
25-8 call for a 320 m X 300 m (349 yd X 328 yd) area to support this range.
3.1.11 Anti-Armor Tracking Range (Automated)
An Automated Anti-Armor Tracking and Live-Fire Range (CCN 17641) is a complex designed to
meet training and qualification requirements with medium and heavy anti-armor weapons systems
(e.g., Javelin, Tube-fired, Optically-tracked, Wire-Guided Missile [TOW], Shoulder Launched
Multi-Purpose Assault Weapon). This complex is used to train and test personnel on the skills
necessary to employ the weapon, identify, track, engage, and defeat stationary and moving armor
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targets presented individually or as part of a tactical array. All targets within this range are fully
automated, computer driven, and scored from the range operations center. One lane is designed to
accommodate up to 10 gunners/weapons. MCRP 3-0C and TC 25-8 call for a 1,000 m X 5,000 m
(1,093 yd X 5,468 yd) area to support this range.
3.1.12 Field Artillery Direct Fire Range
A Field Artillery Direct Fire Range (CCN 17650) is designed to meet training requirements of field
artillery crews. This range is used to train field artillery crews on the skills necessary to employ
direct fire gunnery techniques with indirect fire equipment against stationary targets in a tactical
array using live direct fire artillery. No automation is required for this facility. The Engagement Area
is defined as the range area to support up to one battery of artillery. MCRP 3-0C and TC 25-8 call for
a 1 km X 5 km (0.6 mi X 3.1 mi) area to support this range.
3.1.13 Tank/Fighting Vehicle Stationary Target Range
A Tank/Fighting Vehicle Stationary Gunnery Range (CCN 17650) is designed for conducting
weapons system bore sighting, screening, zeroing, and/or harmonization. Armor, infantry, and
aviation crews use this range. Within this range, targets may be fully automated and/or scored from
the range operations center. The Engagement Area is defined as the range area to support up to
15 guns. MCRP 3-0C and TC 25-8 call for a 1 km X 4 km (0.6 mi X 2.5 km) area to support this
range.
3.1.14 Light Anti-Armor Weapon (LAW) Range Live
A Light Anti-Armor Weapons (LAW) Range Live (CCN 17631) is designed for training target
engagement techniques with LAW (e.g., LAW/AT-4). This range is used to train personnel on the
skills necessary to employ the weapon and hit stationary and moving targets using live rockets or a
sub-caliber training device. Targets are not fully automated and/or the scenarios are not computer
driven or scored. Ranges used for both live and sub-caliber firing are carried under this category
code. MCRP 3-0C does not identify size requirements for this range. TC 25-8 calls for a 200 m X
600 m (218 yd X 656 yd) area to support the firing line and target area for this range.
3.1.15 Grenade Launcher Range
A Grenade Launcher Range (CCN 17610) is designed to meet training and qualification
requirements for the M203 Grenade Launcher (40 mm). This range is used to train and test personnel
on the skills necessary to engage and defeat stationary emplacements with the 40 mm grenade
launcher. No automation is required for this facility. Each Firing Point is counted as a collection of
points or lanes that allows completion of all training objectives. MCRP 3-0C does not identify size
requirements for this range. TC-25-8 calls for a 30 m X 500 m (33 yd X 564 yd) area to support the
firing line and target area for this range.
3.1.16 40 mm (Grenade) Machine Gun Qualification Course
A 40 mm Machine Gun Qualification Range (CCN 17620) is designed to conduct training
qualification firing with the grenade machine gun (e.g., Mark [MK]-19). This range is used to train
personnel with the weapon either ground or vehicle mounted. Targets in this range may be either
non-automated or fully automated and the event specific target scenario is computer driven and
scored from the range operations center. A lane is defined as the area for one gunner/weapon system
to complete the training objectives. MCRP 3-0C and TC 25-8 call for a 500 m X 2,000 m (564 yd X
2,187 yd) area to support this range.
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3.1.17 Battle Sight Zero (BZO) Range Built to 100 yd Non-Standard Small Arms Range
A Battle Sight Zero (BZO) Firing Range (CCN 17510) is designed for training shot-grouping and
zeroing exercises with rifles and machine guns. This range is used to train individual personnel on
the skills necessary to align the sights and practice basic marksmanship techniques against stationary
targets. This range requires no automation. MCRP 3-0C and TC 25-8 call for a 100 m X 25 m
(109 yd X 27 yd) area to support a standard BZO range. This requirement extends the length of the
range from 25 m to 100 m (27 yd to 109 yd).
3.1.18 100 yd Non-Standard Small Arms Range
The Non-Standard Small Arms Range (CCN 17502) is designed for training requirements that are
not associated with current published doctrine, but fall within a commander's training requirements.
The Non-Standard range includes all small arms ranges that do not fit into other categories. Targets
in this range are not fully automated and/or scenarios are not computer driven or scored. MCRP 3-0C
calls for a 100 m X 100 m (109 yd X 109 yd) area to support a Non-Standard Small Arms Range.
3.1.19 Infantry Platoon Battle Course (Automated)
An Infantry Platoon Battle Course (CCN 17753) is designed for the training and qualification
requirements of infantry platoons, either mounted or dismounted, on movement techniques and
operations. This complex is used to train and test platoons on the skills necessary to conduct tactical
movement techniques, detect, identify, engage, and defeat stationary and moving armor and infantry
targets in a tactical array. All targets are fully automated and the event specific target scenario is
computer driven and scored from the range operations center. The Engagement Area is defined as a
range area to support training of squad and platoon sized units. MCRP 3-0C and TC 25-8 call for a
1,500 m X 5,000 m (1,640 yd X 5,468 yd) area to support this requirement.
3.1.20 Multi-Purpose Training Range (MPTR)/Multi-Purpose Training Range (MPTR)
(Automated)
An Automated Multipurpose Training Range is specifically designed to satisfy the training and
qualification requirements for the crews, teams, and sections of combat units. This range supports
dismounted infantry squad tactical live-fire operations either independently of, or simultaneously
with supporting vehicles. This range is used to train and test armor, infantry, and aviation teams,
crews and sections on the skills necessary to detect, identify, engage, and defeat stationary and
moving armor and infantry targets in a tactical array. All targets are fully automated and the event
specific target scenario is computer driven and scored from the range operations center. Each range
lane is defined as a range to support training for two vehicles. MCRP 3-0C and TC 25-8 call for a
1,000 m X 4,000 m (1,093 yd X 4,374 yd) area to support this range.
3.1.21 Modified Record of Fire Range
A Modified Record of Fire Range is designed for training and day/night qualification with rifles.
This range combines the capabilities of CCN 17520, Automated Field Fire Range; and CCN 17531,
Automated Record Fire Range to reduce land and maintenance requirements. All targets are fully
automated and the event specific target scenario is computer driven and scored from the range
operations center. MCRP 3-0C does not identify size requirements for this range. TC-25-8 calls for a
320 m X 300 m (349 yd X 328 yd) area to support the firing line and target area for this range.
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3.1.22 Tank/Fighting Vehicle

Complex (MPRC)
Multipurpose
Range
Complex/Multi-Purpose
Range
A Tank/Fighting Vehicle Multi-Purpose Range Complex (MPRC), Heavy, Automated (CCN 17722),
is a complex specifically designed to satisfy the training and qualification requirements for the crews
and platoons of armor, infantry and aviation units. This complex supports dismounted infantry squad
tactical live-fire operations either independently of, or simultaneously with supporting vehicles. This
range is used to train and test armor, infantry, and aviation platoons, sections, teams and crews on the
skills necessary to detect, identify, engage, and defeat stationary and moving armor and infantry
targets in a tactical array. All targets are fully automated and the event specific targets scenario is
computer driven and scored from the range operations center. When the range can be used for both
heavy and light purposes, it will be classified under this Category Code. The Engagement Area is
defined as a range area to support training of platoon-sized units up to six vehicles. MCRP 3-0C and
TC 25-8 call for a 1,500 m X 5,000 m (1,640 yd X 5,468 yd) area to support this requirement.
3.1.23 Multi-Purpose Machine Gun (MPMG) Range (Automated)
An Automated Multi-Purpose Machine Gun (MPMG) Range is designed for zeroing, training, and
qualification requirements with Squad Automatic Weapons and machine guns. This range is used to
train personnel on the skills necessary to identify, engage, and hit stationary infantry targets. All
targets within this range are fully automated and the event specific target scenario is computer driven
and scored from the range operations center. MCRP 3-0C and TC 25-8 call for a 1,200 m X 5,200 m
(1,312 yd X 5,687 yd) area to support this requirement.
3.1.24 Combined Arms Training Range to Support Close Air Support (CAS) and Naval
Gunfire Support (NGFS) Training (must have instrumentation capability-lease
and installation)
The requirement for a co-located (both CAS and NGFS) Combined Arms Training range to support
both CAS and Naval Gunfire Support (NGFS) training is not specifically addressed in published
Service Components requirements documents. The CAS range requirement is specifically addressed
in Section 3.1.43 of this Training Needs Assessment. The NGFS, also termed NSFS, requirement, is
delineated in both the Amphibious Warfare (AMW) and STW range functions within the RCD.
The AMW range function specifies an area 5 square nautical miles (nm) (9.3 square kilometers
[km]) that should be cleared for the use of live NSFS ordnance. The STW range function should
provide sufficient airspace to allow the use of stand-off air-to-ground weapons, NSFS, and land
attack cruise missiles. Proximity of the NSFS target area to suitable contiguous operating sea space
for ships to maneuver is not specified, but is an assumed requirement.
Instrumentation requirements specify automatic scoring (vice manual method of scoring), both realtime and post-mission feedback, and both automatic and voice real-time kill notification.
3.1.25 Company Combined Arms Live-Fire and Maneuver Range/Battle Area Complex
There is no CCN that describes this requirement. The Armys TC 25-8 describes the Battle Area
Complex (FCC 17880) as used to train and test the Stryker Brigade Combat Team and Infantry
Brigade Combat Team crews, sections, platoons, companies, and dismounted infantry squads on the
skills necessary to detect, identify, engage, and defeat stationary and moving infantry and armor
targets in a tactical array in both open and urban terrain environments. This complex also supports
tactical live-fire operations independently of, or simultaneously with, supporting vehicles in free
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maneuver. Company Combined Arms Live-Fire Exercises may also be conducted on this facility.
This complex accommodates training with sub caliber and/or training devices. A Convoy Live-Fire
(CLF) route may be included with use of qualification/tactical trails. MCRP 3-0C does not identify
size requirements for this range. TC 25-8 calls for a 2,400 m X 4,000 m (2,624 yd X 4,374 yd) area
to support firing positions and target area for this range.
3.1.26 Combined Arms Live-Fire Amphibious Beaches with Maneuver Area
There is no CCN that describes this requirement. Marine Corps Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU)
level training supports personnel and platforms of a MEU-sized Marine Air Ground Task Force or its
individual elements and Training and Readiness Requirements for each element of the MEU.
Accordingly, MEU-level training supports the training associated with Air Combat Element (ACE),
Ground Combat Element, and Logistics Combat Element units. MCRP 3-0C describes the following
space requirements to support MEU level live-fire training as: Airspace 50 X 80 nautical mile (nm)
(93 km X 148 km); Sea Space 7500 nm (19,425 km); Land Space 150 square miles (mi) (388 km
or 96,000 acres).
3.1.27 Urban/Military Operations on Urban Terrain (MOUT) Assault Course (UAC)
There is no CCN that describes this requirement. TC 25-8 (FCC 17878) describes the Urban Assault
Course (UAC) as a facility that is used to train individual Soldiers, squads, and platoons on the tasks
necessary to operate within a built-up/urban area. TC 25-8 calls for an approximately 300 m X
200 m (328 yd X 219 yd) area to support the structures within this facility.
3.1.28 360 Day/Night Live-fire Exercise Shoot House (vented-live ammo and gas [CS and
CN Tear Gas])
There is no CCN that describes this requirement. CS and CN are chemical classifications for Tear
Gas and Mace respectively. TC 25-8 (FCC 17879) describes the shoot house as providing units with
a facility to train and evaluate individual Soldiers and squads on tasks necessary to move tactically
(enter and clear a room; enter and clear a building), engage targets, conduct breaches, and practice
target discrimination in a live-fire environment. TC 25-8 calls for an approximately 60 feet (ft) X
70 ft (18.3 m X 21.3 m) building to support this requirement.
3.1.29 Live-fire Exercise Breach Facility (Breach House)
There is no CCN that describes this requirement. TC 25-8 (FCC 17879) describes the breach facility
as used to train Soldiers on the skills necessary to breach windows, walls, and doors. It is also used
to train tactics, techniques, and procedures and explosive techniques not trained on any other type of
facility. Neither MCRP 3-0C nor TC 25-8 provides the dimensions of this facility.
3.1.30 Force-on-Force Military Operations on Urban Terrain (MOUT) Training Site
(simulation ammunition) (Combined Arms Collective Training Facility
[CACTF])
There is no CCN that describes this requirement. TC 25-8 (FCC 17901) describes the Combined
Arms Collective Training Facility (CACTF) as a training facility designed to conduct multi-echelon,
full-spectrum operations training up to battalion Task Force level. The CACTF replicates an urban
environment, and the facility consists of 2.25 km (0.78 m2) of urban sprawl with 20 to 26 buildings,
roads, alleys, parking areas, underground sewers, parks, athletic fields, and command and control
building. The actual size and configuration of the CACTF depends on the local installation site
requirements. The CACTF is designed to support heavy and light infantry, armor, artillery, and
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aviation positioning and maneuver. The CACTF will accommodate force-on-force and force-ontarget training. TC 25-8 calls for an approximately 1.5 km X 1.5 km (0.9 mi X 0.9 mi) area to
support this requirement.
3.1.31 Home Station Training Lanes (Counter Improvised Explosive Device [IED] facility)
There are no CCNs or FCCs that describe this facility. Local Counter Improvised Explosive Device
(IED) training lanes typically consist of an array of different IEDs representative of those personnel
might encounter in a deployed theater of operations. This requirement may be met by incorporating
IED events into other training facilities such as the UAC, CACTF, and/or the CLF Range.
3.1.32 Convoy Live-Fire (CLF) Range
There is no CCN that describes this requirement. TC 25-8 (FCC 17901) describes this complex as
used to train and test convoy crews, platoons, and companies on the skills necessary to detect,
identify, engage and defeat stationary and moving vehicle and infantry targets from a stationary or
moving platform using all assigned weapons and weapon systems. It is also designed to satisfy the
training and qualification requirements for the crews and sections of unstabilized platforms. The
targets may be presented individually or as part of a tactical array in an open or urban environment.
This complex is also used to train and test Soldiers to engage and defeat vehicle and infantry targets
from multiple firing points as part of an Entry Control Point. MARFORPAC has established the
threshold length for the course at 5 mi (8 km) and the objective length at 10 mi (16 km) length with
the range capable of supporting a tactically dispersed 10-vehicle convoy.
3.1.33 Tracked Vehicle Drivers Course
A Tracked Vehicle Drivers Course (CCN 17907) is an area to teach the basic driving skills of
steering and gear shifting on a level course. The facility may also contain a hilly course for
developing advanced tracked vehicle driving skills such as turning on slopes and negotiating steep
grades. MCRP 3-0C does not provide criteria for this course.
3.1.34 Tactical Amphibious Landing Beaches
There are no CCNs or FCCs that describe this requirement. Amphibious beaches are typically
located in other training venues. MARFORPAC has agreed that this requirement is incorporated in
the Maneuver Area Amphibious Forces (Section 3.1.37) and Combined Arms Live-Fire Amphibious
Beaches (Section 3.1.26).
3.1.35 Maneuver Area, Heavy Forces
This category (CCN 17420) includes all space for ground and air combat forces to practice
movements and tactics. Different types of units may support one another (combined arms), or may
operate independently. The heavy designation refers to areas where maneuver is unrestricted and
can consist of all types of vehicles and equipment, including tracked vehicles. Heavy
maneuver/training areas can be used by light forces. This category includes bivouac sites, base
camps, and other miscellaneous training areas. This area is typically managed and scheduled by a
range name or code through the installation training or range control manager, and is accounted for
with a separate facility number and individual real property record. Maneuver/training areas may be
used for multiple purposes. To avoid inventory duplication, the priority of assignment for CCNs is
Maneuver/Training Area, Amphibious (CCN 17411); Maneuver/Training Area, Heavy (CCN
17420); and Maneuver/Training Area, Light (CCN 17410). MCRP 3-0C describes the following
space requirements to support an infantry company with organic weapons with, supporting tank
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platoon, AAV platoon, Light Armored Vehicle (LAV) Platoon, Artillery Battery, and Engineer
Platoon as: non-live-fire 144 mi (373 km or 92,160 acres) and live-fire 260 mi (673 km or
166,400 acres).
3.1.36 Maneuver Area, Light Forces
This category (CCN 17410) includes all space for ground and air combat forces to practice
movements and tactics. Different types of units may support one another (combined arms), or a unit
may operate independently. The light designation refers to areas where maneuver is restricted to
only small units or units having only wheeled vehicles. Light maneuver/training areas are not
typically used by heavy or mechanized forces, other than in assembly areas where movement is
restricted to roads or trails. Included in this category are bivouac sites, base camps, and other
miscellaneous training areas. Each area is typically managed and scheduled by a range name or code
through the installation training or range control manager with a separate facility number and
individual real property record. Maneuver/training areas may be used for multiple purposes. To
avoid inventory duplication, the priority of assignment for CCNs is Maneuver/Training Area,
Amphibious (CCN 17411); Maneuver/Training Area, Heavy (CCN 17420); and Maneuver/Training
Area, Light (CCN 17410). MCRP 3-0C describes the following space requirements to support an
infantry company with organic weapons with, supporting LAV Platoon, Artillery Battery, and
Engineer Platoon as: non-live-fire 144 mi (373 km or 92,160 acres) and live-fire 260 mi (673
km or 166,400 acres).
3.1.37 Maneuver Area, Amphibious Forces
A Maneuver Area, Amphibious Forces (CCN 17411) includes all space for ground and air combat
forces to practice movements and tactics during amphibious (ship-to-shore) operations. Different
types of units may work in support of one another (combined arms), or the units may operate
independently. Tasks can include both combat and logistics (especially Logistics Over-the-Shore).
This category also includes areas with bivouac sites, base camps, and other miscellaneous training
areas. Each area is typically managed and scheduled by a range name or code through the installation
training or range control manager, with a separate facility number and individual real property
record. Maneuver/training areas may be used for multiple purposes. To avoid inventory duplication,
the priority of assignment for CCNs is Maneuver/Training Area, Amphibious (CCN 17411);
Maneuver/Training Area, Heavy (CCN 17420); and Maneuver/Training Area, Light (CCN 17410).
MCRP 3-0C has set a 144 mi (373 km or 92,160 acres) as the threshold to support company sized
non-live amphibious training and 260 mi (673 km or 166,400 acres) as the threshold to support
live-fire training by the same force.
3.1.38 Rappelling Training Area (Rappel Tower)
A Rappelling Training Area (CCN 17917) is an area that includes at least one structure used to
practice rappelling (rope descent). The training area may also include modified towers for training in
helicopter rappels. The design criteria varies in size and dimensions based on local training
requirements.
3.1.39 Sniper/Jungle Range
There are no CCNs or FCCs that describe this training requirement. SOCPAC described this
requirement as a sniper proficiency course designed to allow target engagements from 1,000 yd to
2,000 yd (914 m to 1,828 m) from both elevated positions and ground hides. This requirement may
be incorporated into other range facilities.
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3.1.40 Infantry Immersion Trainer

There is no CCN for this facility. The Infantry Immersion Trainer (IIT) prepares Marines and Sailors
for deployment to todays battlefields. The facility uses virtual reality to re-create foreign urban
scenes, to include the sounds and smells, to give troops the necessary skills to win and survive in
battle overseas. The IIT facility is designed to be a decision house for the Marine Rifleman and the
Small Unit Leaders; focusing on increasing the tempo of the Observe, Orient, Decide, Act Loop. An
individual Observes a situation, Orients to it and develops courses of action, makes a Decision, and
Acts. Stress inoculation is conducted at the facility where a rifleman is put into multiple situations
that in turn replicate the stressors and physiological responses faced in combat, thus building the
individuals stress-immune system.
3.1.41 Mine Warfare (MIW) Range
There is no dedicated CCN for a Mine Counter Measures (MCM) range. UFC 2-000-05N, Table
17910-1 specifies a 3 nm X 8 nm (5.5 km X 14.8 km) minimum surface impact area and restricted
airspace for mine-laying. The RCD addresses a combined area for both mine-laying and
mine-counter measures training.
PACFLT has specified that shallow water minefield support of submarine MCM training requires a
depth of 250-420 ft (76-128 m), and a sandy bottom with flat contour in an area relatively free from
high swells and waves. The size of the sea and subsurface area should be a minimum of 2 nm X 2
nm (3.7 km X 3.7 km) and optimally 3 nm X 3 nm (5.6 km X 5.6 km).
Mine shapes would be approximately 500-700 yd (457-640 m) apart and 30-35 in (76-89 cm) in size,
and would consist of a mix of recoverable/replaceable bottom shapes (approximately 10 cylinders
weighed down with cement) and moored shapes (approximately 15 shapes, no bottom drilling
required for mooring). Shapes would typically need maintenance or cleaning every two years. The
MH-60S helicopter has similar requirements for shallow water minefield mine training shapes. A
fixed shallow water minefield site is not a requirement for organic airborne mine counter measures
(OAMCM) training. However, a fixed site would experience MH-60S usage for inert training.
The shallow water minefield would be used by submarines, surface vessels, and helicopters utilizing
a mix of mid- to high-frequency navigation/mine detecting sonar systems that are either platform
based or remotely operated. Airborne laser mine detection systems may also be used to locate
surface, moored, and bottom mines. Once located, mine neutralization of permanent shapes by
explosive shaped-charge, ordnance, or removal would be by simulation only.
3.1.42 Offensive Air Support Range (Aerial Gunnery and/or Aerial Bombing Range)
Aircraft Gunnery, Bombing and Rocket Ranges (Aircraft Weapons Ranges) (CCN 17910) provide
air crews with operating areas for the development of proficiency in gunnery, bombing, rocketry,
missile delivery, strafing, and mine laying. Ranges should generally be within 100 mi (185 km) of
the supporting air installation.
The Offensive Air Support Range targets require at least one range complex with at least two
separate live/inert weapons target sites composed of raked and strafe ranges, structural targets,
mobile targets, and targets located in revetments. Some of the structural targets should replicate
congested urban areas, requiring event participants to discriminate between valid and invalid targets
in order to practice minimizing collateral damage. Tactical target complexes should provide a
minimum of four targets with four Desired Mean Points of Impacts per target, as well as present
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target identification and discrimination challenges to the aircrew. This does not apply to raked and
strafe ranges. Tactical targets should possess visual, radar, and spectral signatures representing threat
systems. Building structures, revetted targets, and moving targets must replicate, to the greatest
degree practical, the physical characteristics and spectral signatures of the type of targets expected to
be encountered in the projected area of operations. At least one target site must allow the use of inert
weapons up to 2,000 pounds (lbs) (907 kilograms [kg]) and live weapons (including cluster
munitions) up to 1,000 lbs (454 kg). At least some of the targets should allow the use of laser
designators.
MCRP 3-0C calls for an Offensive Air Support range that requires a 30-minute period on a 25 nm X
50 nm (46 km X 92 km) range with airspace that extends from the surface to 40,000 ft (12,192 m).
The area should be cleared for use of air-to-ground gunnery, free-fall and guided air-to-ground
munitions, laser-designating devices, and the expenditure of chaff and flares.
3.1.43 Close Air Support (CAS) Range (Air-to-Ground Range)
CAS is air action by fixed-wing and rotary-wing aircraft against hostile targets that are in close
proximity to friendly forces, and requires detailed integration of each air mission with the fire and
movement of those forces. Various definitions of a CAS range exist within the Service Components
training requirements publications.
The CAS Range (FCC 17936) is designed to support the training and qualification requirements of
CAS aircraft. This range is used to train and test aircraft crews on the skills necessary to provide air
support to ground forces under varying conditions. This range does not require automation but does
require surveillance of the target area. CCN Table 17910-1 specifies that a CAS and combat training
area minimum surface impact area is 16 nm X 20 nm (30 km X 37 km), with minimum restricted
airspace radius of 25 nm (46 km), with maximum restricted airspace that extends vertically to the
maximum altitude required by the using aircraft (nominally surface to 50,000 ft [15,240 m]). One
control tower and two spotting towers at each designated target site and target illumination for night
operations are required.
TC 25-8 specifies two complexes/facilities that support CAS training among other training
requirements. Digital Air/Ground Integration Range complex (FCC 17936) is designed to train and
test Army Aviation crews, teams, platoons, companies/troops along with Army ground units on skills
necessary to detect, identify and effectively engage stationary and moving infantry and/or armor
targets in a tactical array. The Digital Air/Ground Integration Range will enable critical air-ground
integration tactics, techniques, and procedures training to ensure the optimum teaming of ground and
air, Army and joint platforms. An 8 X 12 km (4 nm X 6.5 nm) area (Objective Area B) with static
targets to support indirect fire/CAS engagements is required by TC 25-8.
The Aerial Gunnery Range (FCC 17912) is a baseline facility with requirements similar to FCC
17721, but intended for training at less than a medium combat aviation brigade level. A 6 km X 9 km
(3.2 nm X 4.9 nm) area (alternate) with static targets to support indirect fire/CAS engagements is
specified by TC 25-8.
3.1.44 Electronic Warfare Training Range (Integrated Air Defense System [IADS]/Counter
Integrated Air Defense System [Counter IADS])
Criteria for the Electronic Warfare Training Range (FCC 17971) are not currently available in the
UFC.
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The Electronic Combat range function, which is a subset of Command and Control Warfare,
supports the set of friendly force offensive and defensive tactics and operations associated with
Electronic Attack and Electronic Protection activities. The Electronic Combat range function
supports identifying, degrading, or denying hostile forces the effective use of their battlefield
surveillance, targeting radar and electro-optical systems, communications, counter fire equipment,
and electronically fused munitions.
Electronic Attack consists of active offensive tactics, designed to confuse the enemy or deny the
enemy the use of its electronically-targeted weapons systems. The Suppression of Enemy Air
Defenses and active jamming against hostile aircraft and surface combatant radars are examples of
the application of Electronic Attack. Electronic Protection consists of active and passive defense
tactics, designed to intercept, identify, categorize, and defeat threat weapons systems that are already
targeting friendly platforms. Friendly aircraft hazard warning systems are designed, for example, to
recognize land-based, sea-based, and airborne radar, laser, and microwave transmissions and
correlate those transmissions with known weapons systems.
The RCD specifies Basic Electronic Combat training as requiring an area 30 nm X 60 nm (55.5 km
X 111 km), from surface to 30,000 ft (9,144 m), allowing for the use of chaff, flares, and supporting
two concurrent training events.
Electronic Combat Threat levels 1 through 4, describe in general terms the complexity and degree of
integration or sophistication exhibited by threat systems.
MCRP 3-0C specifies that MEU training requires combat threat level 2 with sufficient electronic
combat emitters to provide multiple coordinated threats with accurate threat replication.
3.1.45 Rotary Wing Aviation Landing Practice
UFC 3-260-01 Airfield and Heliport Planning and Design calls for a 1,000 foot long runway (no
temperature and altitude correction is applied) is considered sufficient to conduct proficiency
training and autorotation exercises for most Navy air installations.
The standard width for rotary wing runways is 75 ft (23 m). Rotary wing runways that support CH53 or any helicopter with rotor diameter greater than 70 ft (21 m) shall have a width of 100 ft (30 m).
The basic rotary wing runway length is 1,600 ft (488 m) corrected for elevation and temperature.
For planning purposes, helicopter landing/takeoff surfaces greater than 400 ft (122 m) in length shall
be considered a runway. Pavements equal to or less than 400 ft (122 m) in length and width (or
diameter) shall be classified as CCN 11120, Helicopter Landing Pad.
A helicopter-landing pad (helipad) is a prepared area for the hovering, Vertical Take-Off and
Landing (VTOL) of helicopters and other VTOL aircraft. The pad is designed to accommodate only
one helicopter/VTOL aircraft at a time. The standard helipad is 100 ft X 100 ft (30 m X 30 m). A
shipboard-sized pad may be 50 ft X 50 ft (15 m X 15 m) for shipboard landing practice. Where more
than one helicopter is to be at the helipad location at one time, a connecting taxiway and parking
apron is required.
Other site-specific considerations are located within UFC 3-260-01 for planning and design criteria
and Naval Facilities Engineering Command (NAVFAC) P-80.3, Facility Planning Factor Criteria
for Navy and Marine Corps Shore Installations; Appendix E, Airfield Safety Clearances for airfield
safety clearances. Expeditionary airfields (EAFs) are exempt from P-80.3 criteria.
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3.1.46 Fixed-Wing Aviation Landing Practice

The maximum planned length of a runway shall be long enough to accommodate a selected critical
aircraft in takeoff and landing operations under stipulated load and environmental conditions. A
runway length computation example for an F/A-18 produced an 8,500 ft (2591 m) minimum length
requirement (UFC 2-000-05N, Figure 1110-2). UFC Table 110-2 provides runway classification by
aircraft type.
The standard runway width shall be 200 ft (61 m) for all Class B runways.
Other site-specific considerations are located within UFC 3-260-01, Airfield and Heliport Planning
and Design for planning and design criteria and NAVFAC P-80.3, Facility Planning Factor Criteria
for Navy and Marine Corps Shore Installations; Appendix E, Airfield Safety Clearances for airfield
safety clearances. Note: EAFs are exempt from P-80.3 criteria.
3.1.47 Landing Zones (LZs)/Drop Zones (DZs)
CCN 17440, personnel/equipment Drop Zone (DZ) is defined as a large, flat, cleared area for
personnel and equipment to land following a parachute jump. No dimensions are specified.
TC 25-1, Training Land, specifies a 1 km2 (0.3 nm) maneuver area requirement for the conduct of
tactical operations by a quartermaster airdrop equipment support company.
AFI 13-217, Drop Zone and Landing Zone Operations, specifies Air Force requirements for both
Landing Zones (LZs) and DZs. Some of the variables used to calculate safe DZ operations include
type and number of delivery aircraft, delivery system, altitude, number of parachutist, cultural and
natural environment, and weather conditions. LZ suitability factors include type of aircraft, runway
dimensions, and runway category (prepared or semi-prepared). The Zone Availability Report is a
comprehensive listing of DZs and LZs available for use by the DoD and maintained by the Air Force
Air Mobility Command.
3.1.48 Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) Operating Areas
There are no specific UAS training range requirements within current requirements publications. The
use of Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAVs) is articulated in sections of the STW and AAW range
functions.
The STW range function could support tactics and operations associated with unmanned Tactical
Airborne Reconnaissance and Unmanned Combat Air Vehicles. Surface combatants, within the
AAW range function, should be able to conduct overland detection and tracking exercises. This
required capability can be best satisfied if some portion of the airspace (that can be used by manned
and unmanned aircraft and drones) overlies a land mass with a littoral component.
UAVs generally operate in airspace where they are segregated from other airspace users (restricted
airspace). FAA approval of UAV operations conducted wholly within an active Restricted,
Prohibited, or Warning Area airspace is not required when operating with permission from the
appropriate authority or using agency of that airspace. There are two acceptable means of operating
UAS in the National Airspace outside of restricted airspace: a Special Airworthiness Certificate
Experimental Category or a Certificate of Waiver or Authorization. The International Civil Aviation
Organization is addressing UAS operations within international airspace.
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3.1.49 Anti-Air Warfare (AAW) Range

Aircraft Gunnery, Bombing, and Rocket Ranges (CCN 17910), and Air-to-Air Weapon Ranges
(CCN 17910-1.1), specify that the Rocket and Missile Ranges minimum surface impact areas and
coincident restricted airspaces, whose minimum altitude is based on characteristics of the using
aircraft, is 50 nm2 (171 km).
Specific AAW range dimensional characteristics are not published within current open source Air
Force training requirements documents.
AFI 13-212, Section 1.4, specifies that the land or sea encompassed within the Danger Area or
underlying an air-to-air range used for actual weapon employment must be protected by purchase,
lease, or other means to ensure the safety of personnel, structures, and the public from expended
weapons, laser and electromagnetic emissions, and target debris.
Air-to-air operations cover a wide range of mission requirements. Ranges that support, for example,
air-to-air operations involving simulated and actual employment of missiles, air-to-air gunnery,
aeronautical system testing, unmanned vehicles, and Electronic Combat require a substantial amount
of range space and a sophisticated range infrastructure. This infrastructure may include high fidelity
simulators, visual simulators, end-game scoring capabilities, command and control systems,
communications networks, data display/processing capabilities, instrumentation systems, flight
termination systems, and flight hazard analysis/strike prediction capability.
An instrumented air-to-air range monitored by a Range Training Officer to facilitate training is
categorized as a Class D range.
MCRP 3-0C specifies an ACE level AAW range as a 40 nm x 60 nm (74 km X 111 km) range with
airspace that extends from the surface to 50,000 ft (15,240 m). The range must support supersonic
operations. Some portion of the airspace should overlay land area with significant topography. AAW
targets require gunnery banners or darts, which are subsonic and supersonic UASs that can operate
from surface to 50,000 ft (15,240 m). These UASs should be capable of being augmented to replicate
the radar and spectral signature of anticipated threat aircraft and anti-ship and/or air-to-ground
missiles.
3.1.50 Low Altitude Tactics (LAT) Route/Range (Fixed Wing)
Specific Low Altitude Tactics (LAT) route/range (fixed wing) requirement characteristics are not
specifically addressed within current open source publications. FAA Special Military Operations
Order 7610.4K, defines Military Training Routes as routes developed for use by the military for the
purpose of conducting low-altitude, high-speed training.
Two types of high-speed routes exist: Instrument Flight Rules Military Training Routes (IRs) and
Visual Flight Rules Military Training Routes (VRs). IRs are used by the DoD units for the purpose
of conducting lowaltitude navigation and tactical training in both Instrument Flight Rules and
Visual Flight Rules weather conditions at airspeeds in excess of 250 knots (462 kilometers per hour
[kph]) Indicated Air Speed below 10,000 ft (3,048 m) Mean Sea Level (MSL). The VRs are used for
the purpose of conducting low altitude navigation and tactical training under VFR at airspeeds in
excess of 250 knots (462 kph) Indicated Air Speed below 10,000 ft (3,048 m) MSL.
For Marine fixed wing aircraft operations, Marine Aircraft Wing Orders specifying Standard
Operating Procedures for Flight Operations articulate LAT policy for fixed wing aircraft, to include
certification procedures of unpublished routes. These Orders specify that LAT training shall be
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conducted in restricted airspace, MOAs or published IR/VR or other training areas so designated by
the respective Wing Commanding General.
3.1.51 Terrain Flight (TERF) Maneuver Area/Route (Rotary Wing/Tilt Rotor)
Specific Terrain Flight (TERF) Maneuver Area/Route (Rotary Wing/Tilt Rotor) requirement
characteristics are not within current open source publications.
Marine Aircraft Wing Orders dealing with Standard Operating Procedures for Flight Operations
articulate TERF policy for rotary wing and tilt wing aircraft, to include certification procedures of
unpublished routes. These Orders specify that TERF training shall be conducted in restricted
airspace, MOAs or published IR/VR/Slow Routes (SRs) or other training areas so designated by the
respective Wing Commanding General.
SRs are slow speed, low altitude training routes and are used for military air operations flown from
the surface up to 1,500 ft (457 m) Above Ground Level (AGL) at air speeds of 250 (462 kph) knots
indicated airspeed or less and usually involve C-130 or helicopter type aircraft.
3.1.52 Short Field Take-Off and Landings, Night
This requirement was identified as specific to Air Force C-17 and C-130 crew training in the Hawaii
and Japan Hubs. The short field (small austere airfield) minimum runway length requirement is
3,500 ft (1.067 m) and the maximum runway length requirement for training credit is 5,000 ft (1,524
m), based on the Air Force C-17 Fact Sheet and AFI 11-2C-17, C-17 Aircrew Training and AFI 112C-130 C-130 Aircrew Training.
3.1.53 Live Air-to-Air Gunnery Range
Within Aircraft Gunnery, Bombing, and Rocket Ranges (CCN 17910), and Air-to-Air Weapon
Ranges (CCN 17910-1.1), the Gunnery Range minimum surface impact areas and coincident
restricted airspaces, whose minimum altitude is based on characteristics of the using aircraft, are
23 nm X 50 nm (43 km X 93 km).
AFI 13-212, Section 1.4.4.1 specifies that towed targets and drones are used for live air-to-air
gunnery operations. The aircraft performance capabilities and the appropriate munitions ballistic
tables determine the airspace and surface area required for safe accomplishment.
3.1.54 Base Camp and Associated Facilities and Infrastructure
A Base Camp contains expeditionary facilities that support deployed forces and provide troop
housing, food services, electricity, water, sanitation, maintenance, and storage facilities when
deployed to their MTA. The type and standard of construction will depend on the projected lifespan
of the facilities. MARFORPAC, as a PACOM Service Component, identified its threshold
requirement as needing facilities to support a deployed training force of 1,500 personnel. The
MARFOPAC stated objective requirement is for facilities to support 3,000 personnel.
3.1.55 Range Control
Range Operations Buildings (CCN 17310) are designed for the direct support to range operations.
Such buildings can support a variety of operations for a firing range such as: range operations,
administrative support, target storage and issue, equipment storage and maintenance, and
ammunition breakdown and distribution (not storage). This category includes buildings associated
with range operations such as range operations centers and operations/storage buildings. Range
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control provides real time monitoring and control of on-range events and the range resources that
support those events.
3.1.56 Data Transfer Infrastructure
There is no CCN to describe this requirement. MCRP 3-0C defines Information Exchange
Requirements (IERs) as a common attribute of Marine Corps Ranges. An IER characterizes the
information exchanges to be performed by and with a proposed system of systems. The Data
Transfer Infrastructure should be capable of supporting the transfer of information between all of the
following: the Officer Conducting Exercise (OCE), participants, Range Control, Range Scheduling,
Range Tracking, Range Electronic Warfare, Range Targets, Range Data Collection and Processing
Systems (RDCPS), Range Simulation, and Range Debriefing.
3.1.57 Aerial Target Support Facility
There is no CCN for this facility. PACFLT has specified that an aerial target support facility is
intended to support the preparation and storage of a dual, aerial target presentation to surface vessels
or aircraft, with two target backups. Four BQM-74E targets, support equipment, and ready stores
shall be staged in storage. When required, a fly away personnel team will deploy from the Pacific
Missile Range Facility to support aerial target operations. Targets in layup storage will require
buildup, installation of mission augmentation (if additionally required), testing, and other
maintenance to prepare targets for dual target flight presentations, with two backup targets, when a
live-fire missile exercise (MISSILEX) event is scheduled. PACFLT has provided further details
related to storage, target preparation and decontamination, ordnance and additional support
requirements, but these are not included in this assessment.
3.1.58 Ammunition Storage
High explosive magazines (CCN 42122) are used for storage of mass-detonating explosives. Some
examples of munitions generally stored in high explosive magazines include bombs, warheads, naval
mines, and demolition charges. The type and amount of material that may be stored in any magazine
is dependent on the safety quantity-distance requirements, permissible storage limits, and
ammunition compatibility relationships as established by the DoD Explosives Safety Board and as
approved by Naval Sea Systems Command. Sufficient ammunition storage will be required at MTAs
to support deployed unit training evolutions.
3.1.59 Staging Areas (Administrative and Tactical)
Joint Publication 1.02, DoD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms, 15 November 2011
defines a staging area as a general locality established for the concentration of troop units and
transient personnel between movements over the lines of communications. The staging area will
typically be located at or near an air or sea point of embarkation at the hub and will support
movement to the MTA. At the MTA, the staging area will support the debarkation of training units
and their eventual re-embarkation at the completion of training. Staging areas may include biosecurity and/or quarantine facilities to prevent the inadvertent spread of biological contaminants
between geographic areas.
3.1.60 Special Use Airspace (SUA) and Warning Areas
Airspace requirements are discussed with the respective air-to-air and air-to-ground training
requirements. Almost all unfilled training requirements may need some form of SUA. An example of
an unfilled training requirement that will drive a large SUA requirement is CAS Range. While a
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CAS Range primarily needs land in order for aircraft to employ weapons against various targets, it
also requires SUA in order to provide safe aircraft maneuvering area and separation from civilian air
traffic. Therefore, where an unfilled training requirement is described in the document, such as CAS
Range, the SUA is also specified as a component part (airspace) of the total requirement (land,
airspace, sea space, etc). Airspace has three dimensional requirement components: length, width, and
height. Determining which type of SUA is required (restricted, warning, or alert area) is for follow
on steps, done with the local airspace agency with jurisdictional authority, such as the FAA for U.S.
airspace.
3.1.61 Adequate Waterfront Piers, Harbor, and Infrastructure
UFC 4-150-06, Military Harbors and Coastal Facilities, provides adequate harbor and dredging
project criteria, design and maintenance guidance, and relevant lessons learned with respect to shore
infrastructure.
3.1.62 Adequate Roads, Utilities, and Infrastructure for Training Area (existing or possible
construction)
Infrastructure guidance for facilities to support training areas can be found in the following
documents: UFC 3-230-19N, Water Supply Systems; UFC 3-240-02N, Wastewater Treatment
Systems Augmenting Handbook; UFC 3-240-04A, Wastewater Collection; and UFC 3-250-01FA,
Pavement Design for Roads, Streets, Walks, and Open Storage Areas.
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CHAPTER 4. TRAINING REQUIREMENTS ASSESSMENT

BY HUB
The list of 62 unfilled requirements was assessed against the existing ranges and facilities inventory
in each hub. This was done to meet the PACOM guidance of attempting to minimize costs by
examining existing ranges in U.S. territories and overseas. Information was gathered from PACOM
Service Component interviews, Service Component-provided range inventories, Range Standing
Operating Procedures, AFIs, DoD Flight Information Publications, Navy range publications, Army
Training SOPs, and DoD public websites. This assessment resulted in a finding in one of four
categories for each requirement. The following four categories selected for this assessment match the
categories used in the 2011 SRR.
A requirement was assessed as Fully Mission Capable if the existing range/facility meets one
or more of the following:
Established Service range/facility design criteria

Service training standards
Not identified by Service Components as an unfilled training requirement in the
specific hub
Authors assessment of available information
Substantial planning has been initiated for this requirement
A requirement was assessed as Partially Mission Capable if the training is being conducted
on a range/facility that does not meet the established Service doctrinal standards for range
and facility and design. No assessment was made on the quality or quantity of training that
the range/facility supports.
A requirement was assessed as Not Mission Capable if no range/facility is available to meet

a requirement.
A requirement was assessed as Not Required if no units based in the hub required the type of
training.
Requirements assessed as Partially Mission Capable or Not Mission Capable are considered unfilled
requirements for that particular hub.
In the Marianas Hub, the ranges included in the planned live-fire training range complex in Guam
were assessed in this study for their potential to meet requirements. Although they may still be in the
planning stages, the establishment of these ranges is linked to the relocation of Marine forces from
Okinawa to Guam.
As shown in Table 4-1, only two requirements are assessed as Not Mission Capable across all four
hubs: Electronic Training Ranges and Low Altitude Tactics Routes for Fixed Wing Aircraft. Other
significant deficiencies (identified as Not Mission Capable findings across three of the four hubs)
are the 1,000 yard Known Distance Rifle Ranges; Field Firing Ranges; Tank/Stationary Target
Ranges; Combined Arms Live-Fire Amphibious Beaches with Maneuver Area; and Tracked Vehicle
Drivers Courses.
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The Hawaii Hub has more Fully Mission Capable and Partially Mission Capable findings than
Not Mission Capable or Not Required findings.
The Korea Hub does not have the same diversity of training requirements as the other hubs based on
their assigned forces. This results in the greatest number of Not Required findings. Additionally,
forces in the Korea Hub use ranges owned by the Republic of Korea to leverage their capabilities to
meet their training requirements. Ground training range capabilities in Korea are relatively robust,
while greater training challenges exist for aviation training.
The Japan Hub has almost an equal number of Fully Mission Capable, Partially Mission
Capable, and Not Mission Capable findings. This indicates that just over one third of existing
training ranges fully support Service training requirements. Many of the Partially Mission Capable
and Not Mission Capable findings in the Japan Hub are a reflection of the challenges posed by a
constrained training area.
Because of highly developed economies and infrastructure in the Hawaii, Japan, and Korea Hubs,
these three hubs present the greatest encroachment difficulties and the least amount of undeveloped
land available for increased training.
These observations contrast substantially with the assessment of the Marianas Hub. The Marianas
Hub has significantly more unfilled training requirements than other hubs in the PACOM AOR. This
is evident by the largest amount of Partially Mission Capable and Not Mission Capable findings.
This overall assessment for the Marianas Hub reflects an increase in training requirements for
currently based forces and the requirements for the Marines that are planned to relocate from
Okinawa to Guam. This significant increase in both number of forces and the training requirements
needed to maintain combat readiness cannot be met by the existing training range and facilities
inventory. Unlike the other hubs, the Marianas Hub has a less developed infrastructure, allowing for
more undeveloped land with potentially less encroachment pressures available for expanded training
capability.
The findings of this assessment are consistent with the IDA Study that concluded that current
training deficiencies exist, especially in the Western Pacific. The IDA Study further stated that the
central location of the Mariana Islands in the PACOM AOR makes it a prime location to support
U.S. DoD forces on both sides of the Pacific.
While the four hubs make up the majority of the Pacific region force structure, each hub has an
independent collection of forces that has its own training requirement. This is particularly true of
LTAs due to the relative frequency of the training that occurs in these areas. Regardless of the hub,
closing the gap between the existing training capabilities in any of the hubs, based on the
requirements identified by the PACOM Service Components with units assigned to that hub, will
require some investment to accomplish.
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Table 4-1: Hub Assessment

Legend
Korea
Marianas
Japan
Hawaii

Not Mission Capable
Not Required
Hub - defined as current force posture location (sqdn/bn as the bottom limit)
RANGES/ENABLERS THAT SUPPORT GROUND TRAINING
1
Impact Area Dudded
Pistol KD Range
Rifle KD Qualification Range (500 yd)
Rifle KD Range (1,000 yd)
10
Field Fire Range (Automated)
11
Anti-Armor Tracking Range (Automated)
12
Field Artillery Direct Fire Range
13
Tank/Fighting Stationary Target Range
14
LAW Range Live
15
Grenade Launcher Range
16
40 mm (Grenade) Machine Gun Qualification Range
17
BZO Range (built to 100 yd Non-Standard Small Arms Range)
18
100 yd Non-Standard Small Arm Range (separate from BZO range)
19
Infantry Platoon Battle Course (Automated)
20
MPTR/MPTR (Automated)
21
Modified Record of Fire Range
22
Tank/Fighting Vehicle MPRC/MPRC
23
MPMG Range (Automated)
24
Combined Arms Training Range to support CAS and NGFS training (must
have instrumentation capabilitylease and installation)
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25
Company Combined Arms Live-Fire and Maneuver Range/Battle Area

Complex
26
Combined Arms Live-Fire Amphibious Beaches with Maneuver Area
27
UAC/MOUT UAC
28
360 Day/Night Live-fire Exercise Shoot House (vented-live ammo and gas
[CS and CN])
29
Live-fire Exercise Breach Facility (Breach House)
30
Force-on-Force MOUT Training Site (simulation ammunition) CACTF
31
Home Station Training Lanes (Counter IED facility)
32
CLF Range
33
Tracked Vehicle Drivers Course
34
Tactical Amphibious Landing Beaches
35
Maneuver Area, Heavy Forces
36
Maneuver Area, Light Forces
37
Maneuver Area, Amphibious Forces
38
Rappelling Training Area (Sniper/Rappel Tower)
39
Sniper/Jungle Range
40
Korea
Marianas
Japan
Hawaii
April 2012

41
MIW Range

42
Offensive Air Support Range (Aerial Gunnery and/or Aerial Bombing

Range)
43
CAS Range (Air-to-Ground Range)
44
Electronic Warfare Training Range (IADS/Counter IADS)
45
Rotary Wing Aviation Landing Practice
46
Fixed-Wing Aviation Landing Practice
47
LZs/DZs
48
UAS Operating Areas
49
AAW Range
50
LAT Route/Range (Fixed Wing)
51
TERF Maneuver Area/Route (Rotary Wing/Tilt Rotor)
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52
Short field take-off and landings, night
53
Live Air-to-Air Gunnery Range
Korea
Marianas
Japan
Hawaii
April 2012
RANGE FACILITIES AND ENABLERS

54
Base Camp and associated facilities and infrastructure
55
Range Control
56
Data Transfer Infrastructure
57
Aerial Target Support Facility
58
Ammunition Storage
59
Staging Areas (administrative and tactical)
60
SUA and Warning Areas
61
Adequate waterfront piers, harbor, and infrastructure (existing or new

construction)
62
Adequate roads, utilities, and infrastructure for training areas, ranges, and
facilities (existing or new construction)
Notes:
AAW = Anti-Air Warfare
bn = Battalion
BZO = Battle Sight Zero
CACTF = Combined Arms Collective Training Facility
CAS = Close Air Support
CLF = Convoy Live-Fire
DZ = Drop Zone
IADS = Integrated Air Defense System
IED = Improvised Explosive Device
KD = Known Distance
LAT = Low Altitude Tactics
LAW = Light Anti-Armor Weapon
LZ -= Landing Zone
MIW = Mine Warfare
mm = millimeter
MOUT = Military Operations on Urban Terrain
MPMG = Multi-Purpose Machine Gun
MPRC = Multi-Purpose Range Complex
MPTR = Multi-Purpose Training Range
NGFS = Naval Gunfire Support
sqdn = Squadron
SUA = Special Use Airspace
TERF = Terrain Flight
UAC = Urban Assault Course
UAS = Unmanned Aircraft Systems
yd = yard or yards
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4.1
HAWAII HUB
The results of the Hawaii Hub assessment are depicted in Table 4-1.
4.1.1
Impact Area Dudded
This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable based on the Armys assessment in
the 2011 SRR. The Marine Corps operates a small Dudded Impact Area at Kaneohe Bay, as part of
the 800 acre (3.2 km) Mokapu Peninsula Range Area. This Dudded Impact Area supports 60 mm
mortar training. At Schofield Barracks, the Schofield range and impact area encompass 2,800 acres
(11.3 km). On Hawaii, the Armys PTA has a 51,000-acre (206 km) Dudded Impact Area.
Although the total of 54,600 acres (220 km) on Hawaii fall short of the 77,220 acre (312 km)
objective outlined by MCRP 3-0C and TC 25-8, in the SRR the Armys more detailed assessment of
its ability to conduct fire support training it the Hawaii Hub was assessed as Fully Mission Capable
with adequate land space, airspace, targets, infrastructure, scoring and feedback.
4.1.2
This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Army operates three Combat
Pistol Ranges in the Hawaii Hub that meet the TC 25-8 standard. The Marine Corps has no ranges
listed under this facilities code in the Hawaii Hub.
4.1.3
Pistol Known Distance (KD)
This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Marine Corps operates four
ranges on Oahu that meet the MCRP 3-0C standard. At Kaneohe, ranges R-2 and R-6 meet this
requirement. Ranges E and F at Puuloa meet this requirement.
4.1.4
Rifle Known Distance (KD) Qualification Range (500 yd)
This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Marine Corps operates three
ranges on Oahu that meet the MCRP 3-0C standard. At Kaneohe, ranges R-1 meets this requirement.
Ranges A and B at Puuloa meet this requirement. The Army also operates one 500 m (547 yd) Rifle
KD Range at Schofield Barracks.
4.1.5
This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Marine Corps has completed the
construction of a 10 firing point/1,000 yd (914 m) KD/Sniper Range at Puuloa. The Army operates a
1,000 m (1,093 yd), 10 firing point KD Range at PTA. The Army also operates a Sniper Range (FCC
17811) in the PTA with 4 firing points and 1,000 m (1,093 yd) of range that meets the TC 25-8
standard.
4.1.6
This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Army operates four hand
grenade ranges in the Hawaii Hub. At Schofield Barracks, the Army has one Grenade Range built to
MCRP 3-0C/TC 25-8 standards. At the PTA, the Army has two Grenade Ranges and a Hand
Grenade Qualification Course. All ranges at PTA meet the MCRP 3-0C/TC 25-8 standards.
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4.1.7
This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable based on the authors assessment of
available information. The Marine Corps operates a Grenade House as part of its Grenade/Shoot
House complex on Range R-8A at Kaneohe Bay.
4.1.8
This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. There are no ranges in the Hawaii
Hub that are currently classified under this CCN/FCC. However, the Army and Marine Corps
conduct artillery indirect fire training at PTA. In the 2011 SRR, the Army assesses its ability to
conduct fire support training in the Hawaii Hub as Fully Mission Capable with adequate land space,
airspace, targets, infrastructure, scoring, and feedback.
4.1.9
This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Marine Corps operates a 60 mm
mortar range at Kaneohe Bay. Although it does not classify any ranges under this CCN/FCC, the
Army operates numerous mortar firing points at PTA and these firing points are also used by Marine
Corps units. Under the 2011 SRR, the Army assesses its ability to conduct fire support training in the
Hawaii Hub as Fully Mission Capable with adequate land space, airspace, targets, infrastructure, and
scoring and feedback.
This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no ranges in the Hawaii
Hub that meet this requirement. The Armys 10 firing point Automated Field Fire Range at Schofield
Barracks has been deactivated.
This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Army operates an AntiArmor Tracking Range and an Automated Anti-Armor Range at Schofield Barracks. These ranges
do not meet MCRP 3-0C/TC 25-8 standards.
This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Army operates a MCRP
3-0C/TC 25-8 standard Field Artillery Direct Fire Range at PTA.
4.1.13 Tank/Fighting Stationary Target Range
Hub classified under this CCN/FFC. The MPTR on the PTA that could support the training provided
by a Tank/Stationary Target Range has been deactivated.
4.1.14 Light Anti-Armor Weapons (LAW) Range Live
available information. The Marine Corps operates a Static Rocket Range at Kaneohe Bay. The Army
Light Anti-Armor Live-Fire Range at PTA has been deactivated.
This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Army operates a TC 25-8
standard Grenade Launcher Range at PTA.
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4.1.16 40 mm (Grenade) Machine Gun Qualification Range

standard Grenade Launcher Qualification Range at PTA.
4.1.17 Battle Sight Zero (BZO) Range (built to 100 yd Non-Standard Small Arms Range)
This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Army operates three BZO
ranges at Schofield Barracks and one at PTA. All four ranges meet MCRP 3-0C/TC 25-8 standards
for a BZO range, which means they are 25 m (27 yd) in length versus 100 yd (91 m).
4.1.18 Non-Standard Small Arms Range (separate from Battle Sight Zero [BZO] range)
available information. The Marine Corps operates Range R-9 at Kaneohe Bay and Ranges C and D
at Puuloas.
This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Army operates an
Automated Infantry Platoon Battle Course at PTA, but the current range does not meet MCRP 30C/TC 25-8 standards for length and range features.
(Automated)
Hub that meet this requirement. The MPTR at PTA has been deactivated.
This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Army operates one Modified
Record of Fire Range at Schofield Barracks and one at PTA. Both ranges meet MCRP 3-0C/TC 25-8
standards.
Complex (MPRC)
Multipurpose
Range
Range
Hub that meet this requirement.
This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Marine Corps operates a
Machine Gun Field Firing Range at Kaneohe Bay. The Army operates two Automated MPMG
Ranges at Schofield Barracks. One range meets MCRP 3-0C/TC 25-8 standards.
and installation)
This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Armys PTA supports CAS
training of local units from all the Service Components, as well as transiting MEUs and Navy Carrier
Strike Groups (CSGs) from the U.S. Pacific Coast and Air Force strategic bombers flying from air
bases external to the Hawaii Hub. Marine Aircraft Group 24, located at MCBH conducts aviation
training at PTA that includes assault support training and CAS training. Marine aviation units have
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deployed from Continental U.S. (CONUS) bases to MCBH in order to train with Marine ground
units at PTA. The 1st Battalion, 12th Marines (artillery battalion) conducts regular firing at PTA.
Marines conduct UAS training at Cooper Airstrip near Forward Operating Base (FOB) Warrior,
which is also located at PTA. The Marine Corps has proposed construction of an Urban Close Air
Support (UCAS) range, to be located adjacent to the Navy Mock Runway, in the southern portion of
the PTA impact area to aid in training exercises for Marine aviators.
PTAs impact area (Range 16, the CAS and Bomber Bombing Range) is an irregular area
approximately 10 nm X 9 nm (18.5 km X 16.7 km) at its widest point, with an aerial bombing box
area of approximately 5 nm X 3 nm (9.3 km X 5.6 km). Restricted airspace R-3103 above PTA is an
irregular area approximately 14 nm X 14 nm (26 km X 26 km), with airspace extending from the
surface to 30,000 ft (9,144 m). PTA does not have a ground-based scoring system. PTA has an
observer position for Tactical Air Control Party use in conducting CAS.
The PTA does not meet CCN Table 17910-1 specification for CAS and combat training area
minimum surface impact area, 16 nm X 20 nm (29.6 km X 37 km) with minimum restricted airspace
radius of 25 nm (46.3 km), with maximum restricted airspace that extends vertically to the maximum
altitude required by the using aircraft, nominally surface to 50,000 ft (15,240 m).
Navy surface combatants conduct Fire Support Exercises events at PMRF on a virtual range against
Fake Island, located on Barking Sands Tactical Underwater Range. Fake Island is a virtual
landmass simulated in three dimensions. Ships conducting Fire Support Exercises training against
targets on Fake Island are given the coordinates and elevation of targets. PMRF is capable of
tracking fired rounds to an accuracy of 30 ft (9.1 m). Live gunnery rounds are fired into the ocean
during this training event. The AMW range function specifies an area 5 nm X 5 nm (9.2 km X
9.2 km) should be cleared for use of live NSFS ordnance. The 10 nm X 12 nm (18.5 km X 22.2 km)
on Barking Sands Tactical Underwater Range area exceeds the training requirement for an MIW
Range as defined in the RCD.
This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Army has one Battle Area
Complex under construction at Schofield Barracks and one planned for PTA (based on current
planning status).
4.1.27
Urban/Military Operations on Urban Terrain (MOUT) Assault Course (UAC)
This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Army operates a TC 25-8
standard UAC at Schofield Barracks; however it does not support the full compliment of live-fire
weapons for use on this course.
CN])
This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Marine Corps operates shoot
houses at Ranges R-3 and R-8A at Kaneohe Bay. The Army operates TC 25-8 standard shoot houses
at Schofield Barracks and PTA.
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standard Live-Fire Breaching Range at Schofield Barracks.
(CACTF)
This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Marine Corps operates four
Military Operations on Urban Terrain (MOUT) sites at Marine Corps Training Area Bellows. The
Army operates five large MOUT facilities and one MCRP 3-0C/TC 25-8 non-standard small MOUT
complex at Schofield Barracks.
This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Army operates a Home Station
Counter IED Training Lane at Schofield Barracks. The Service Components did not identify this as
an unfilled training requirement in the Hawaii Hub.
This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Army operates a CLF Range at
PTA. Live-fire convoy training was planned for the Armys Makua Valley Training Area, but has
not been conducted due to environmental concerns. The Service Components did not identify this as
an unfilled training requirement in the Hawaii Hub.
This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. TA-1 at Marine Corps Training Area
Bellows consists of a 1,000 m (3,281 ft) long beach suitable for amphibious landings with 11 AAV
and one LCAC road crossing points. Crossing points allow units to transition from the beach training
area (TA-1) directly into TAs 2 and 3. The Service Components did not identify this as an unfilled
training requirement in the Hawaii Hub.
This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. Some heavy forces maneuver
areas exist at Schofield Barracks, Bellows, and the PTA, but these are insufficient to fully support
this requirement.
This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Marine Corps maintains
three light force maneuver areas in the Hawaii Hub under CCN code 17410. At Marine Corps
Training Area Bellows, TA-2 is a 376 acre (1.5 km) training area dominated by three partially
overgrown runways and a FOB consisting of two buildings enclosed with metal barriers and a
MOUT training site. TA-3 is 582 acres (2.4 km) of scrubland, abandoned runways, a mix of flat and
hilly terrain and three modular MOUT training sites. At Kaneohe Bay, the Mokapu Peninsula Range
Area is 800 acres (3.2 km) and contains the Ulupau Multipurpose Range Area. The range is used for
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squad fire and maneuver, static small arms up to .50 cal, 40 mm MK19, anti-tank (AT) and assault
weapons training, 60 mm mortars, and explosive training.
The current facilities available (1758 acres or 2.7 mi [6.9 km]) in the Hawaii Hub represent a 141.3
mi (141 km) shortfall from the Marine Corps objective of 144 mi (372 km). At PTA, there are
approximately 32,000 acres (50 mi or130 km2) of land level enough for large maneuvers. On Oahu,
the Schofield Training Area totals 4,695 acres (19 km). None of the available Light Force Maneuver
Areas meets the Marine Corps objective of 92,160 contiguous acres (372 km).
This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Marine Corps maintains two
amphibious force-training areas in the Hawaii Hub under CCN code 17411. Marine Corps Training
Area Bellows (1,049 acres or 4.2 km) consists of a 1,000 m (1,093 yd) long beach suitable for
amphibious landings with 11 AAV and 1 LCAC road crossing points. Crossing points allow units to
transition from the beach training area (TA1) directly into TA 2 and 3. A FOB is also located in the
center of the training area. Marine Corps Training Area Bellows also provides space for mounted
and dismounted maneuver, helicopter LZs, military vehicle operators training, MOUT, combat
operations center training, artillery Reconnaissance, Selection, and Occupation of Position, FOB
operations and engineer (excavation/berming) training. TA-1 is a 43 acre (0.2 km) beach area for
amphibious training.
The current facilities available in the Hawaii Hub represent a 143 mi (370 km) shortfall from the
Marine Corps objective.
4.1.38 Rappelling Training Area (Sniper/Rappel Tower)
This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Army operates a Rappelling
Tower at Schofield Barracks. The Marine Corps operates Rappelling Towers at Kaneohe Bay and
Marine Corps Training Area Bellows. The Marine Corps conducts elevated sniper training from
terrain adjacent to the Kaneohe Bay Rifle Range. The Service Components did not identify this as an
unfilled training requirement in the Hawaii Hub.
This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Marine Corps has a 1,000 yd
(914 m) Sniper Range at Puuloa. The Army operates a TC 25-8 standard Sniper Range at PTA.
These facilities provide basic and advanced sniper training, but the available target distances fall
short of the SOCPAC objective of 2,000 m (2,187 yd).
This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Marine Corps opened an IIT at
Marine Corps Training Area Bellows in 2011.The Service Components did not identify this as an
This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. PACFLT units currently execute
aerial mine laying training within the PMRF (R-3101) and MCM training within the Hawaiian
Operating Area, Kingfisher, Shallow-water Minefield Sonar Training Range off the western coast of
Kahoolawe in the Maui Nui area. Aerial mining lines are generally developed off the southwest coast
of Kauai and the southeast coast of Niihau, within PMRF Warning Areas W-186 and W-188. The
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Kingfisher area lies within R-3101 and is approximately 3.5 nm X 1 nm (6.5 km X 1.9 km).
Submarine mining events are conducted within PMRF Warning Area W-188. Inert mine shapes are
released into the ocean during these training events. The Kingfisher area (within R-3101 surface to
unlimited airspace, with the adjacent Warning Areas) meets MIW airspace requirements, meets the
sea space requirements, is in close proximity to one or more prominent land formations, and meets
the undersea space requirements. The SRR notes that the existing mine training field does not
realistically portray a threat environment.
This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Armys PTA partially fulfills
this training requirement. PTA ranges support helicopter door gunnery and air-to-ground fixed wing
bombing and gunnery. PTA supports laser designating and ranging but does not have a ground-based
scoring system. Restricted airspace R-3103 above PTA is an irregular area approximately 14 nm X
14 nm (26 km X 26 km), with airspace extending from the surface to 30,000 ft (9.1 km). These
characteristics partially meet CCN 17910 specifications, not meeting the 30 nm (55.6 km) length
requirement, nor the MCRP 3-0C requirement for 40,000 ft (12.2 km) restricted airspace.
R-3107, 3 nm radius, surface to 18,000 ft (5.5 km radius, surface to 5,486 m) contains Kaula Rock, a
small 108 acre (0.4 km) crescentshaped island located southwest of Niihau. A 10 acre (0.04 km)
portion at the southern end of Kaula Rock is used for aircraft gunnery and inert ordnance target
practice. This target range does not have a scoring system.
This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Armys PTA supports CAS
training of local units from all the Service Components, as well as transiting MEUs and Navy CSGs
from the U.S. Pacific coast and Air Force strategic bombers flying from air bases external to the
Hawaii Hub. Marine Aircraft Group 24, located at MCBH conducts aviation training at PTA that
includes assault support training and CAS training. Marine aviation units have deployed from
CONUS bases to MCBH in order to train with Marine ground units at PTA. 1st Battalion, 12th
Marines (artillery battalion) conducts regular firing at PTA. Marines conduct UAS training at Cooper
Airstrip near FOB Warrior, which is also located at PTA. The Marine Corps has proposed
construction of an UCAS range, to be located adjacent to the Navy Mock Runway, in the southern
portion of the PTA impact area to aid in training exercises for Marine aviators.
PTAs impact area (Range 16, CAS, and Bomber Bombing Range) is an irregular area
approximately 10 nm X 9 nm (18.5 km X 16.7 km) at its widest point, with an aerial bombing box
area of approximately 5 nm X 3 nm (9.3 km X 5.6 km). Restricted airspace R-3103 above PTA is an
irregular area approximately 14 nm X 14 nm (26 km X 26 km), with airspace extending from the
surface to 30,000 ft (9,144 m). PTA does not have a ground-based scoring system. PTA has an
observer position for Tactical Air Control Party use in conducting CAS.
The PTA does not meet CCN Table 17910-1 specification for CAS and combat training area
minimum surface impact area, 16 nm X 20 nm (29.6 km X 37 km) with minimum restricted airspace
radius of 25 nm (46.3 km), with maximum restricted airspace that extends vertically to the maximum
altitude required by the using aircraft, nominally surface to 50,000 ft (15,240 m).
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Integrated Air Defense System [IADS])
This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. No dedicated electronic warfare
training range exists within this hub. Adequate quantity and types of threat Opposing Force
(OPFOR) are not available, including Electronic Combat threat levels. Restrictions limit spectrum
operations. Hawaii-based Marine units rely extensively, and for some training exclusively, on otherService ranges. MCBH ranges lack realistic, modern threat representation/simulation capability. The
Army assessment in the SRR does not address threat training in the Hawaii Hub.
This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. This requirement is met by current
hub training facilities. Marine Corps Air Facility Kaneohe Bay (7,771 ft X 200 ft [2,369 m X 61 m],
asphalt), Wheeler Army Airfield (5,604 X 295 ft [1,708 m X 90 m], asphalt) and Bradshaw Army
Airfield (3,695 ft x 90 ft [1,126 m X 27 m], asphalt) provide sufficient runway length for rotary wing
landing practice. These air facilities meet UFC 3-260-01 standards.
hub training facilities. Hickam AFB (co-use, numerous runways, and asphalt), Marine Corps Air
Facility Kaneohe Bay, and PMRF Barking Sands (6,006 ft X 146 ft [1,830 m X 45 m], asphalt)
provide sufficient runway length for fixed-wing landing practice. These air facilities meet UFC 2000-05N standards.
hub training facilities, listed below:
LZs. Four LZs at Marine Corps Training Area Bellows: LZ Owl, LZ Noni, LZ Hawk, and LZ Gull.
Three LZs at Kahuku Training Area: Kahuku Range, Kahuku Split Rock, XStrip. Six LZs at
Kawailoa Training Area: LZs Red, Elephants Foot, Nixon, Black, Puu Kapu, NonStop. Seven LZs
at Schofield Barracks East Range: DZ Lightning, Lower 36, Upper 36, Lower 72, Upper 72, Italy,
and Ku Tree. Five LZs at Dillingham Military Reservation: LZs Dillingham, Albatross, Blue Jay,
Finch, and Rooster. There are 24 LZs within the Keamuku area of PTA: Brad, Noble, Rob, Tango,
T11, X-ray, Yankee, Zulu, Buzzard, Chick, Dodo, Dove, Emu, Finch, Gamecock, Kiwi, Loon, Parrot
Option, Peacock, Penguin, Robin, Rooster, Seagull, Turkey.
DZs Marine Corps Training Area Bellows: DZ Tiger. Dillingham Military Reservation: DZ
Dillingham, PTA: DZs Fisher and Mikilua. The Zone Availability Report lists the Kanes, Keekee
East-West, Keekee West-East, Keekee North-South, and the Keekee South-North DZs as having
current surveys.
The Service Components did not identify this as an unfilled training requirement in the Hawaii Hub.
This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable.
UAV flights primarily are conducted within previously designated restricted areas (e.g., R-3109 and
R-3103). For UAV flights that cannot be conducted entirely within restricted areas, operations occur
in accordance with well-defined FAA procedures for remotely operated aircraft. These procedures
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include approval of the UAV flights by the FAA regional office in Honolulu at least 60 days in
advance. The Service Components did not identify this as an unfilled training requirement in the
Hawaii Hub.
This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. Warning Areas (W-189, 190,
192, 193, 194) provide sufficient airspace for AAW training and the Quick Draw Areas (KAPU and
WELA, located in W-192, SOA 4 and SOA 6, ocean floor to 50,000 [15,240 m]) allow for hot events
such as surface/air-to-air/AAW gunnery.
No land space (terrain) exists beneath the AAW airspace described directly above. Airspace over
land is required for Air Combat Maneuver training. The lack of land space reduces realism by
preventing detection and targeting of terrain following aircraft. No land space is available to solve
this problem. There is no dedicated threat OPFOR. There is a shortage of the required number and
variety of threat aircraft. The AAW scoring and feedback system lacks required capacity and needs
upgrades to prevent obsolescence. Lack of adequate instrumentation reduces the overall
effectiveness of flights due to lower quality debrief information.
This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no aviation over-land, low
level training routes in the Hawaii Hub for fixed-wing LAT. Due to the paucity of usable land space,
carrier aviation units are unable to conduct low-level ingress over land to an air-to-ground range area
with a realistic strike package.
This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. Army and Marine Corps rotary
wing TERF flights are primarily conducted within Army training areas and associated controlled
airspace. The two main Army training areas where TERF is conducted are Alert Area A311 on the
island of Oahu and Restricted Area R3101 at PTA on the island of Hawaii. In these areas, training
activities such as TERF involve aircraft at a minimum altitude of 50 ft (15 m), but is insufficient to
fully meet the training requirement.
4.1.52 Short Field Take-off and Landings, Night
This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. A purpose-built runway for this
specific requirement does not exist in the Hawaii Hub. Under a waiver to receive training credit, Air
Force C-17 aircrew currently use Kalaeloa airfield (formerly Naval Air Station Barbers Point) with a
painted strip on the runway to simulate a short field for night take-off and landing training.
This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Quick Draw Areas (KAPU
and WELA, located in W-192, SOA 4 and SOA 6, ocean floor to 50,000 ft [15,240 m]) allow for hot
events such as surface/air-to-air/AAW gunnery but do not fully meet the lateral airspace
requirements.
This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Army operates a Base Camp at
PTA to support units deployed to the MTA for training. The PTA Base Camp is capable of providing
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life support to a 2,000 personnel exercise force. Present planning provides for expansion of this
capability.
This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. Range Control facilitates on Oahu
and at PTA are adequate to provide real time monitoring and control of on-range events and the
range resources that support those events. The Service Components did not identify this as an
This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. Current infrastructure is adequate to
support the transfer of information between all of the following: the OCE, participants, Range
Control, Range Scheduling, Range Tracking, Range Electronic Warfare, Range Targets, RDCPS,
Range Simulation, and Range Debriefing. The Service Components did not identify this as an
This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. This requirement is met by training
support facilities at PMRF Barking Sands. The Service Components did not identify this as an
This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. There is inadequate ammunition
storage to fully support LTAs on Oahu and the MTA at PTA.
4.1.59 Staging Areas (administrative and tactical)
This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. Adequate staging areas are planned
on Oahu for units deploying to PTA and at PTA for debarking and re-embarkation of exercise forces.
This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. These requirements are met,
except where noted in specific unfilled requirements within the sections in this hubs assessment.
4.1.61 Adequate Waterfront Piers, Harbor, and Infrastructure (existing or new
construction)
This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable.. Pearl Harbor on Oahu supports
Logistics Support Vessel 2000 vessels and barges that transport training forces to Kawaihae Harbor
on the island of Hawaii. Kawaihae Harbor supports the receipt of vessels and barges transporting
equipment and personnel to the PTA. This harbor is not sited for storage of ammunition.
4.1.62 Adequate Roads, Utilities, and Infrastructure for Training Areas, Ranges and
Facilities (existing or new construction)
This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The harbor is too shallow to
handle ammunition supply ships that are used to deliver ammunition to the Hawaiian Islands.
4.2
JAPAN HUB
The results of the Japan Hub assessment are depicted in Table 4-1.
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4.2.1
Impact Area Dudded
This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The United States and Japan
released the Final Report of the Special Action Committee on Okinawa on December 2, 1996. The
report made 27 recommendations to reduce the impact of the U.S. military presence on the
Okinawan people including the relocation of artillery live-fire. Because of this agreement, the 3d
Marine Division's artillery live-fire exercises have been relocated from the Central Training Area on
Okinawa to the Kita-Fuji, Higashi-Fuji, Ojojihara, Yausubetsu, and Hijudai training ranges on the
Japanese mainland. The Marine Corps operates a 3,100 acre (12.5 km) Dudded Impact Area at
Camp Fuji on Honshu. None of these areas offer the 77,220 contiguous acre (312 km) objective
mandated by MCRP 3-0C/TC 25-8.
4.2.2
This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no ranges in the Japan Hub
that meet this requirement.
4.2.3
This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. On Okinawa, the Marine Corps
operates the Hansen Pistol Range KD range with 40 firing positions. This range has an alternate use
as a shotgun familiarization range and Close Combat Pistol Course. To support training and annual
qualification on mainland Japan, the Marine Corps operates a 25 yd (23 m) Indoor Pistol Range at
MCAS Iwakuni. These ranges meet MCRP 3-0C standard.
4.2.4
This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Marine Corps operates two
Rifle KD Qualification Ranges on Okinawa. The Hansen Rifle KD Rifle Range with 50 prepared
firing positions and the Schwab Rifle KD Rifle Range with 50 prepared firing positions. The Schwab
Range has alternate uses for sniper training and rifle team practice. These ranges meet MCRP 3-0C
standard.
4.2.5
that meet this requirement. The Hansen and Schwab Rifle ranges on Okinawa each have a 600 yd
(548 m) firing line, but there are no facilities with firing lines at greater distances.
4.2.6
This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. On Okinawa the Marine Corps
Operates the Range 3 Hand Grenade Range. Range 3 is a hand grenade-training range complex
consisting of three separate training ranges. Range 3A is the Familiarization/Accuracy Range, Range
3B is the Grenade Pits Range, and Range 3C is the Grenade House. The Grenade House is a singlestory, two-room structure constructed of Shock Absorbing Concrete and used for close quarter room
entry and room clearance training. At Camp Fuji on mainland Japan, the Marine Corps operates two
Hand Grenade Ranges at Camp Fuji. These ranges meet MCRP 3-0C standard.
4.2.7
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4.2.8
This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Marine Corps conducts
artillery training at Kita-Fuji, Higashi-Fuji, Ojojihara, Yausubetsu, and Hijudai training ranges on the
Japanese mainland as part of the Artillery Relocation Exercises. The Marine Corps operates a
3,100 acre (12.5 km) Dudded Impact Area at Camp Fuji on Honshu. None of these areas offer the
77,220 contiguous acre (312 km) objective mandated by MCRP 3-0C/TC 25-8.
4.2.9
This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Marine Corps operates two
ranges on Okinawa that support mortar training. Range R-2 has one firing point for 60 mm or 81 mm
mortars and three designated targets. Range R-10 has one firing point for 60 mm mortars and four
designated targets. There are 13 mortar-firing positions at Camp Fuji for 60 mm and 81 mm mortars.
120 mm mortar training is supported at Camp Fuji and other locations on Japan as part of Artillery
Relocation Training Exercises. The small impact areas and limited number of firing positions do not
meet the Marine Corps objective for a Mortar Range.
This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Marine Corps operates two
TOW Ranges, two Javelin Ranges, and two AT Guided Missile Moving Target Ranges at Camp
Fuji. These ranges lack the automation and distances mandated by MCRP 3-0C/TC 25-8.
This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Marine Corps operates a
Field Artillery Direct Fire Range at Camp Fuji, but this range does not meet the objective size
mandated by MCRP 3-0C/TC 25-8.
available information. The Marine Corps operates two AT-4/LAW Ranges at Camp Fuji.
This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable.. Although not specifically listed
under CCN 17610, the Marine Corps operates seven ranges on Okinawa that support M203 Grenade
Launcher Training.
This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable.. The Marine Corps operates two
ranges at Camp Fuji that partially meet this requirement (CCN 17620).
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This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Marine Corps operates the
Schwab BZO Range on Okinawa. This range is 50 m (55 yd) long vice the 100 yd (91 m)
requirement.
4.2.18 100 yd Non-Standard Small Arms Range (separate from Battle Sight Zero [BZO]
range)
This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Marine Corps operates the
Range 16A Square Bay as part of the Range 16 Special Operations Training Group Range Complex.
This range is 50 yd (45 m) in length vice the 100 yd (91 m) requirement.
(Automated)
This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Marine Corps operates four
ranges on Okinawa that are classified under the MPTR CCN 17710 (Ranges 4, 5, 8, and 14). These
ranges lack the automation and distances mandated by MCRP 3-0C/TC 25-8.
Complex (MPRC)
Multipurpose
Range
Range
25 mm LAV firing range (Range 12) on Okinawa. At Camp Fuji, five ranges fall under the
Tank/Fighting Vehicle Multipurpose Range Complex CCNs (17721/22). These ranges lack the
automation and distances mandated by MCRP 3-0C/TC 25-8.
and installation)
This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable.
The Combined Arms Training Center, Camp Fuji supports the Fuji Maneuver Area, which consists
of a 12,000 acre (48 km) North Fuji Maneuver Area and a 22,000 acre (89 km) East Fuji Maneuver
Area, and is jointly used by U.S. forces and the Japanese Ground Self Defense Force. It contains
live-fire ranges as well as maneuver areas. R-114, approximately 7 nm X 14 nm (13 km X 26 km),
surface to 14,000 ft (surface to 4,267 m) is the SUA over the CATC. Aircraft may employ inert
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spotting charges only. The Camp Fuji facility partially meets the CAS training requirement due to
airspace limitations.
W-174, 15 nm X 10 nm, surface to 15,000 ft (27.8 km X 18.5 km, surface to 4,572 m) is an
uncontrolled tactical air-to-surface and surface-to-surface weapons range for training and inert
ordnance delivery, located on Idesuna Jima, approximately 36 nm (66.7 km) from Kadena Air Base.
Live ordnance delivery is prohibited. Strafe and laser use are authorized. The target is a 2 nm
(3.7 km) circle on the island. Tactical Air Control Parties may control CAS aircraft from a hill at the
southern edge of the island. Additional airspace, W-174A, 15 nm X 10 nm, surface to 15,000 ft
(27.8 km X 18.5 km, surface to 4572 m) is available and is contiguous with W-174, providing 15 nm
X 20 nm (27.8 km X 37.0 km) airspace.
The Tori Shima (W-176) air-to-surface range is an uncontrolled tactical air-to-surface and surfaceto-surface weapons range for live and inert ordnance delivery. The target, Tori Shima Island, lies
within W-176, 5 nm radius, surface to 15,000 ft (9.3 km radius, surface to 4,572 m), approximately
53 nm (98 km) from Kadena Air Base. Weapons impact area is the island and water surface
contiguous to Tori Shima within a 3 nm (5.6 km) radius.
The Oki Daito Jima Range, W-183, 3 nm circular radius, surface to unlimited airspace (5.6 km
circular radius, surface to unlimited) approximately 260 nm (481 km) southeast of Okinawa,
occupies an entire island and is used to conduct air to surface firing exercises (FIREXs). Live-fire
strafing is permitted on the west side of the island only. East side targets are for inert ordnance
delivery.
The SRR notes that the current Okinawa naval training beach area does not support NSFS and the
available range is not contiguous with required size of beachfront training area.
MCB Camp Butler SUA dimensions are very limited, particularly vertically. Its ceiling varies from
1,000 ft to 3,000 ft (305 m to 914 m) and some of the instrument approaches into Kadena Air Base
overlay this SUA. The relatively low ceilings for this SUA limit live-fire operations like mortar
employment and restrict fixed-wing aircraft from providing training support for ground units, such as
simulated CAS. Simulated rotary and fixed wing CAS training remain unlikely because of the size
and geographic constraints of the training area and existing political constraints and noise concerns.
Accordingly, fixed wing and rotary wing simulated CAS and Fire Support Team/Forward Air
Controller training occur at an island location off the west coast of the main island of Okinawa, well
clear of the Central Training Area.
This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. There are no ranges in the Japan
Hub that meet this requirement with live-fire capability.
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CN])
This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Marine Corps operates a Shoot
House as part of the Range 16 Special Operations Training Group Range Complex in the Central
Training Area on Okinawa. This range meets the TC 25-8 standard.
This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Marine Corps operates a
Breacher Facility as part of the Range 16 Special Operations Training Group Range Complex in the
Central Training Area on Okinawa. The Service Components did not identify this as an unfilled
training requirement in the Hawaii Hub.
(CACTF)
small non-live-fire MOUT facility on Okinawa consisting of six concrete buildings, a plaza, and six
partial wall buildings. This range has alternate uses for Non-Combatant Evacuation Operations and
hostage rescue training. At Camp Fuji, the Fuji School has 10 buildings that can be used for MOUT
training. These ranges lack the size and number of buildings mandated by MCRP 3-0C/TC 25-8.
This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no beaches in the Japan Hub
that meet this requirement and support amphibious landings by AAV, Landing Craft Utility, and
LCAC.
This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. At Camp Fuji the 22,000 acre
(89 km) East Fuji Maneuver Area has three training areas of approximately 3,300 acres (13 km)
that are designated as Maneuver Area, Heavy Forces. This area falls short of the MCRP 3-0C
objective of 92,160 acres (372 km).
This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. On Okinawa, the Marine Corps
operates 27 non live-fire training areas in the Central Training Area covering 11,000 acres (44 km)
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and containing single layer canopy with moderate to steep jungle terrain and mountainous areas. The
Jungle Warfare Training Center is approximately 19,000 acres (77 km) of maneuver area located in
northern Okinawa, (sometimes referred to as the Northern Training Area). It is utilized for counter
guerilla training, jungle infantry maneuvers, helicopter exercises, escape, evasion, survival training,
and jungle patrolling. Off shore of Okinawa, the Ie Shima Training Facility is comprised of
1,900 acres (7 km) of land area. On Honshu, Camp Fuji offers 34,000 acres (137 km) of maneuver
area between the East and North Fuji Maneuver Areas. None of the available Light Force Maneuver
Areas meets the Marine Corps objective of 92,160 contiguous acres (372 km).
This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Ie Shima Training Facility is
comprised of 1,900 acres (7 km) of land area, two Water Surface Areas (WSA 1 and 2), and
Warning Areas W-178 and 178A. The Ie Shima facility is designed to enable units to conduct
training in a tactical environment. No live-fire of any kind is authorized within Ie Shima. Normal
training operations include: fixed- and rotary-wing training; EAF training; small unit (company and
smaller) infantry maneuver training; and Rigid Raiding Craft training.
The current facilities available in Okinawa represent a 90,070 acre (364 km) shortfall from the
Marine Corps objective of 92,160 acres (372 km).
This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. On Okinawa, the Marine Corps
operates the Schwab Rappelling Tower and Camp Hansen Multi-Purpose Tower. Range 4A has a
rappel tower primarily used for rappelling, fast rope training, and building climbing. Sniper training
from the tower is permitted. The Service Components did not identify this as an unfilled training
requirement in the Japan Hub.
This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. On Okinawa, the Marine Corps
conducts sniper training of Ranges 10, 12, 13, and 14 with maximum ranges out to 1,175 m
(1,285 yd). The available target distances fall short of the SOCPAC objective of 2,000 m (2,187 yd).
This training requirement is assessed as Partial Mission Capable. The SRR notes that mainland Japan
lacks shallow water MIW training areas and geographic references. There are no dedicated or
instrumented targets available, and units will typically provide their own targets where feasible.
Limited OPFOR are available, and no permanent instrumentation exists. The SRR notes that the
Navys Okinawa MIW range has sufficient space, but the bottom type does not have required
characteristics, the water depth is too deep, no underwater training range, no dedicated Shock Wave
Action Generator training area, no mine avoidance area, and insufficient geographic references.
While limited targets are available, there are no dedicated targets that meet full training requirements
and the range has no dedicated OPFOR available. No permanent instrumentation exists for this
range.
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This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Offensive Air Support range
training requirements are partially met by the R-130, Draughon Range, approximately 2 nm X 6 nm
(3.7 km X 11.1 km), surface to 23,000 ft (surface to 7,010 m), which is a joint use air-to-ground
training range, located 10 nm (18.5 km) north of Misawa Air Base. This facility is for the delivery of
inert ammunition only. It has raked range, strafe, and tactical targets that are laser capable. The range
has a single Electronic Warfare emitter. The airspace limitations and paucity of targets contribute to
the partial mission capable assessment. The characteristics of the CAS ranges within this hub
articulated below in Section 4.2.43 also partially meet CCN 17910 specifications for an Offensive
Air Support Range.
This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. Current range facilities lack
proximity to ground forces and do not provide sufficient target variety in order to practice target
discrimination for both aircrew and Tactical Air Control Party.
The Combined Arms Training Center, Camp Fuji supports the Fuji Maneuver Area, which consists
of a 12,000 acre (48 km) North Fuji Maneuver Area and a 22,000 acre (89 km) East Fuji Maneuver
Area, and is jointly used by U.S. forces and the Japanese Ground Self Defense Force. It contains
live-fire ranges as well as maneuver areas. R-114, approximately 7 nm X 14 nm (13 km X 26 km),
surface to 14,000 ft (surface to 4,267 m) is the SUA over the CATC. Aircraft may employ inert
spotting charges only. The Camp Fuji facility partially meets the CAS training requirement due to
airspace limitations.
W-174, 15 nm X 10 nm, surface to 15,000 ft (27.8 km X 18.5 km, surface to 4,572 m) is an
uncontrolled tactical air-to-surface and surface-to-surface weapons range for training and inert
ordnance delivery, located on Idesuna Jima, approximately 36 nm (66.7 km) from Kadena Air Base.
Live ordnance delivery is prohibited. Strafe and laser use are authorized. The target is a 2 nm (3.7
km) circle on the island. Tactical Air Control Party may control CAS aircraft from a hill at the
southern edge of the island. Additional airspace, W-174A, 15 nm X 10 nm, surface to 15,000 ft,
(27.8 km X 18.5 km, surface to 4,572 m) is available and is contiguous with W-174, providing 15 X
20 nm (27.8 km X 37.0 km) airspace.
The Tori Shima (W-176) air-to-surface range is an uncontrolled tactical air-to-surface and surfaceto-surface weapons range for live and inert ordnance delivery. The target, Tori Shima Island, lies
within W-176, 5 nm radius, surface to 15,000 ft (9.3 km radius, surface to 4,572 m), approximately
53 nm (98 km) from Kadena Air Base. Weapons impact area is the island and water surface
contiguous to Tori Shima within a 3 nm (5.6 km) radius.
The Oki Daito Jima Range, W-183, 3 nm circular radius, surface to unlimited airspace (5.6 km
circular radius, surface to unlimited) approximately 260 nm (481 km) southeast of Okinawa,
occupies an entire island and is used to conduct air to surface FIREXs. Live-fire strafing is permitted
on the west side of the island only. East side targets are for inert ordnance delivery.
The Marine Corps Base Camp Butler SUA, R-177, dimensions are very limited, particularly
vertically. Its ceiling varies from 1,000 ft to 3,000 ft (305 m to 914 m) and some of the instrument
approaches into Kadena Air Base overlay this SUA. Additionally, the relatively low ceilings for this
SUA are minimally adequate to support individual weapons firing. The relatively low ceilings for
this SUA limit live-fire operations like mortar employment and restrict fixed-wing aircraft from
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providing training support for ground units, such as simulated CAS. Simulated rotary wing and fixed
wing CAS training remain unlikely because of the size and geographic constraints of the training
area and existing political constraints and noise concerns. Accordingly, fixed wing and rotary wing
simulated CAS and Fire Support Team/Forward Air Controller training occur at an island location
off the west coast of the main island of Okinawa, well clear of the Central Training Area.
This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no Electronic Warfare
threats for aviation on Okinawa or mainland Japan. There are no standing OPFOR to support ground
training.
This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. Ie Shima has a simulated Landing
Helicopter Assault (LHA) deck for both rotary wing and AV-8 landing and take-off practice. This air
facility meets UFC 3-260-01 standards.
This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. Ie Shima has a simulated LHA
deck for both rotary wing and AV-8 landing and take-off practice.
PACFLT Carrier Air Wing 5 (CVW-5) squadrons are unable to conduct night carrier landing
practice at home base (NAF Atsugi). Aircraft must travel to remote location for training. Inability to
conduct training at home base location reduces air-wing readiness and impacts STW and AAW
mission. Noise encroachment at NAF Atsugi prohibits certain training events, segments
training/reduces realism, reduces training days, limits application of new weapons technologies, and
inhibits new tactics development. The CVW-5 move to MCAS Iwakuni moves the noise
encroachment at NAF Atsugi to MCAS Iwakuni. This requirement is partially fulfilled by Field
Carrier Landing Practice (FCLP) exercises conducted by the Navys Carrier Air Wing Five, based at
NAF Atsugi, at Iwo To (formerly Iwo Jima) airfield, 760 nm (1,400 km) south-southeast of Tokyo.
The use of Iwo To as a FCLP site was jointly agreed to by the Japanese and United States
governments as a temporary measure due to noise level concerns, until the GOJ provides the U.S.
Navy with a permanent FCLP site. The NAF Atsugi FCLP pattern presents unrealistic cultural
lighting and a higher flight pattern than executed during carrier flight operations. The distance from
NAF Atsugi or MCAS Iwakuni air bases to Iwo To present safety challenges, due to the distances of
suitable divert bases while enroute to and from Iwo To. MCAS Iwakuni air base remains an option
for Carrier Wing Five FCLP, based on governmental agreement.
This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The DZ Ie-Shima (W-178) meets
the dimensional requirement but does not have a current survey for use by units outside the local
commands. The Zone Availability Report lists DZs Iwate, Misawa East and Misawa West at Misawa
and DZ Lucky at Yokota as having current surveys.
The Jungle Warfare Training Center on Okinawa contains 22 helicopter LZs.
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This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. SUA exists within the Japan Hub;
however, limited frequency bandwidth prevents full capability.
Current ranges lack suitable opposing force platforms and electronic warfare levels, maximum
altitude availability, supersonic flight authorization and some lack an overland training characteristic.
Restrictions on RF emissions limit the use of the TCTS.
A-567A and A-567B, are triangular airspace blocks, 56 nm X 47 nm X 35 nm (104 km X 87 km X
65 km), surface to 23,000 ft (7,010 m) and 11,000 (3,352 m) to 23,000 ft (7,010 m), entirely over
land is authorized for AAW training. No ordnance may be employed. This airspace is near MCAS
Iwakuni. It is not authorized for supersonic flight nor does the airspace reach the 50,000 ft
(15,240 m) requirement.
Two areas are used for AAW training in this hub, west of northern Japan. A-561A, also termed
Charlie One, is 373 nm X 283 nm (690 km X 525 km), surface to unlimited airspace. A-561B, also
termed Charlie two, is a triangular airspace, 25 nm X 41 nm X 60 nm (46 km X 76 km X 111 km),
surface to 15,000 ft (4572 m).
Two areas are used for AAW training in this hub, both in the southern half, one east, and one west of
land. R-134, 20 nm X 40 nm (37 km X 74 km), surface to 35,000 ft (surface to 106,680 m), is
entirely over water southwest of Japan. R-109, 60 x 80 nm (111 km X 148 km), surface to unlimited,
is entirely over water southeast of Japan.
Collectively, the following AAW ranges around Okinawa meet or exceed training requirements at
this hub, with the exception of suitable opposing force platforms, unavailability of electronic warfare
levels and lack of sufficient terrain under the available airspace:
W-172 is an air-to-air training range, 60 nm X 60 nm, (111 km X 111 km), surface to

unlimited) is an air-to-air range located southeast of Okinawa. All conventional air-to-air
weapons may be employed in this range. Additionally, Mobile 9 is a large altitude
reservation (ALTRAV) overlaying and extending W-172 airspace on all sides,
approximately 100 nm X 100 nm (185 km X 185 km), 5,500 to 40, 000 ft (1,676 m to
12,192 m). Ordnance expenditure is not authorized outside W-172.
W-173A is an air-to-air training range, 40 nm X 80 nm (75 km X 150 km), 3,000 to

60,000 ft, (914 m to 18,288 m) east of Okinawa. No ordnance delivery is authorized.
W-173B is an air-to-air training range, 16 nm X 95 nm (30 km X 176 km), 3,000 to 60,000 ft

(914 m to 18,288 m) east of Okinawa. No ordnance delivery is authorized.
W-173C is an air-to-air, air-to-surface, and surface-to-surface training and weapons delivery

range, 56 nm X 140 nm (104 km X 260 km), surface to unlimited. All conventional naval,
aircraft and air-to-air ordnance are authorized for delivery.
W-179, 48 nm X 120 nm (89 km X 222 km), surface to unlimited is an air-to-air range

located northwest of Kadena Air Base. Air-to-air weapons may be employed.
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W-185 (Mike-Mike), approximately 25 nm X 100 nm (46 km X 185 km), surface to

unlimited, is an air-to-air, air-to-surface, and surface-to-surface training and weapons
delivery range. All conventional naval, aircraft and air-to-air ordnance are authorized.

This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. Low altitude navigation routes exist,
however no LAT routes or ranges (fixed wing) routes exist within Japan.
This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. No TERF areas/routes (rotary
wing/tilt wing) exist within Japan.
This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable in this hub. Runways exist in this
hub, such as Yokota Air Base, however, no purpose-built 5,000 ft (1,524 m) runway is present for
this training requirement.
This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. R-134, 20 nm X 40 nm (37 km X
74 km), surface to 350,000 ft (surface to 106,680 m), entirely over water southwest of Japan, is
authorized for live air-to-air gunnery. R-109, 60 nm x 80 nm (111 km X 148 km), surface to
unlimited, entirely over water southeast of Japan, is authorized for live air-to-air gunnery. W-172 is
an air-to-air range located southeast of Okinawa. All conventional air-to-air weapons may be
employed in this range. Additionally, Mobile 9 (Mob 9) is a large ALTRAV overlaying and
extending W-172 airspace on all sides, approximately 100 nm X 100 nm, 5,500 to 40, 000 ft (185 km
X 185 km, 1,676 m to 12,192 m). Ordnance expenditure is not authorized outside W-172. These
ranges meet UFC 2-000-05N standards.
This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Fuji Base Camp provides
support to units deployed to the MTA for training. The Fuji Base Camp is capable of providing life
support to an approximately 1,500 personnel exercise force. The Service Components did not
identify this as an unfilled training requirement in the Japan Hub.
This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. Range Control facilitates on
Okinawa and at Camp Fuji are adequate to provide real time monitoring and control of on-range
events and the range resources that support those events.
This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. There is no capability to monitor
air traffic in the Okinawa training areas and there are no means to monitor air traffic situational
awareness. There are a limited number of ranges with automated targets or scoring.
This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Targets Department,
Commander Naval Forces Okinawa, provides the required support to 7th Fleet units for this
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requirement in this hub. The Service Components did not identify this as an unfilled training
requirement in the Japan Hub.
This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. There is adequate ammunition
storage to support LTAs on Okinawa and the MTA at Camp Fuji. The Service Components did not
identify this as an unfilled training requirement in the Japan Hub.
This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. Adequate staging areas exist on
Okinawa for units deploying to Japan and on Japan for debarking and re-embarkation of exercise
forces. The Service Components did not identify this as an unfilled training requirement in the Japan
Hub.
This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. Areas lacking suitable SUA are
noted in sections with SUA requirements, above.
construction)
available information. Naha Harbor, White Beach, and Kin Red Beach on Okinawa support High
Speed Vessels and amphibious shipping that transport training forces to the Camp Fuji. There are
numerous modern port facilities on mainland Japan including Naval Bases Yokosuka and Sasebo.
available information. There are no existing infrastructure shortfalls at Japans LTAs and MTA.
4.3
MARIANAS HUB
The results of the Marianas Hub assessment are depicted in Table 4-1.
4.3.1
Impact Area Dudded
This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. FDM has an approximately
206 acres (0.8 km) Dudded Impact Area that supports air-to-ground training and NSFS. There are
no Dudded Impact Areas that support ground training. The 206 acres (0.8 km) on FDM falls 77,004
acres (311.6 km) short of the MCRP 3-0C objective of 77,220 contiguous acres (312 km).
4.3.2
This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no ranges in the Marianas
4.3.3
This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. A Pistol KD Range that meets
MCRP 3-0C standards is planned as part of the live-fire training range complex on Guam. This range
will meet all requirements for forces on Guam.
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4.3.4
This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. A Rifle KD Range that meets MCRP
3-0C standards is planned as part of the live-fire training range complex on Guam. This range will
meet all requirements for forces on Guam.
4.3.5
4.3.6
This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. A Live Hand Grenade Range that
meets MCRP 3-0C/TC 25-8 standards is planned as part of the live-fire training range complex on
Guam. This range will meet all requirements for forces on Guam.
4.3.7
4.3.8
4.3.9
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4.3.17 Battle Sight Zero (BZO) Range (built to 100 yd Non Standard Small Arms Range)
4.3.18 100 yd Non Standard Small Arms Range (separate from Battle Sight Zero [BZO]
range)
This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. A 100 yd (91 m) Square Bay, NonStandard Small Arms Range that meets MCRP 3-0C standards is planned as part of the live-fire
training range complex on Guam. This range will meet all requirements for forces on Guam.
(Automated)
This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. A Modified Record of Fire Range
that meets MCRP 3-0C/TC 25-8 standards is planned as part of the live-fire training range complex
on Guam. This range will meet all requirements for forces on Guam.
Complex (MPRC)
Multipurpose
Range
Range
This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. An MPMG Range (Automated) is
planned as part of the live-fire training range complex on Guam. This range will meet Service
(Marine Corps) training standards for forces on Guam.
and installation)
This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The NSFS and CAS missions
with Tactical Air Control Party/spotter support are authorized within the FDM Restricted Area, RFINAL
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April 2012
7201, 3 nm (5.6 km) radius centered on the island, surface to 60,000 ft (surface to 18,283 m). FDM,
leased by the DoD from the CNMI, consists of a single island land mass and a restricted airspace,
designated R-7201. The land mass, approximately 206 acres (0.8 km2), is approximately 1.7 nm (3.1
km) long and 0.3 nm (0.6 km) wide. It contains a live-fire and inert bombing range and supports livefire and inert engagements such as surface-to-ground and air-to-ground Gunnery Exercises, Bomb
Exercises, Missile Exercises, Fire Support, and Precision Weapons (including laser seeking)
employment training as well as NSFS FIREX (Land). A NSFS FIREX (Land) consists of the shore
bombardment of FDM by Navy ships (with 5 inch Guns and High Explosive shells), as part of the
training of both the ship gunners and Shore Fire Control Parties.
FDM does not have instrumentation capability. There are limited targets available on FDM.
CN])
This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. A Live-fire Exercise Shoot House at
Andersen South is planned as part of the live-fire training range complex on Guam. This range will
meet TC 25-8 standards and all requirements for forces on Guam.
This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. A Live-fire Exercise Breach House
at Andersen South is planned as part of the live-fire training range complex on Guam. This range
will meet TC 25-8 standards and all requirements for forces on Guam.
(CACTF)
This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. An abandoned housing area at
Andersen South on Guam is currently used for MOUT training. This area lacks the size and
instrumentation required by MCRP 3-0C/TC 25-8.
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This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. Amphibious landings have been
conducted on Tinian, but the Tinian beaches are currently incapable of supporting AAVs due to the
presence of coral reefs and have a limited ability to support LCACs.
This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. On Guam, approximately
2,060 acres (8 km) at Andersen South are available for Light Force Maneuver Training. At the
Naval Munitions Site, approximately 3,000 (12 km) acres are available for Light Force Maneuver
Training. These areas fall well short of the Marine Corps objective of 92,160 contiguous acres
(372 km).
This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Tinian MLA is a 24.7 mi
(63.9 km) area on the northern two-thirds of Tinian Island in the CNMI. The MLA has hosted a
variety of military training and exercises ranging from small-scale raid operations to large regional
exercises such as Operation Tandem Thrust. Under the Mariana Islands Range Complex, the MLA is
approved for four MEU level non-live-fire exercises (Ship-to-Objective-Maneuver and/or
Noncombatant Evacuation Operations) per year.
The Tinian MLA is 119.3 mi2 short of the Marine Corps objective. The CNMI island of Pagan is
being considered for future training. Pagans 18.1 mi falls 125.9 mi (326 km) short of the Marine
Corps objective of 144 mi (372 km).
This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. A rappelling tower is planned for
Andersen South as part of the MOUT complex, however it does not support sniper training since it is
planned for a non-live-fire training area.
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This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. Within the waters near Guam,
Agat Bay supports deepwater MCM training and the Piti Floating Mine Neutralization Area is used
for training in locating and neutralizing floating or near surface mines by Explosive Ordnance
Disposal divers.
The SRR indicates there are insufficient geographic references and no designated operating area for
mine laying. The aerial MINEX training events use W-517, approximately 80 X 100 nm (148 km X
185 km), surface to unlimited, a polygon-shaped area of airspace over international waters. W-517
lacks any geographic reference features. No dedicated area for Surface Wave Action Generator use
or mine avoidance training exists. The extreme water depth and lack of variance in sea bottom is
problematic and limits mine countermeasures training. There are no targets available from the range
and users sometimes supply their own targets. There is no OPFOR or instrumentation at the range.
This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The FDM R-7201 target area
does not have an instrumentation capability or a raked range. The size and altitude of current FDM
airspace cannot accommodate multiple strike packages. There are limited targets available and no
targets replicating congested urban areas, requiring aircrew to discriminate between valid and invalid
targets in order to practice minimizing collateral damage.
This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. There are limited targets
available on FDM. The limited targets do not present the required target identification and
discrimination challenges to the aircrew and forward air controllers.
This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no Electronic Warfare
training ranges for aviation in the Marianas Hub.
This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. Andersen AFB is suitable;
however, the simultaneous mix of fixed wing and rotary wing landing practice is operationally
undesirable.
This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. Andersen AFB provides suitable
runways for this training requirement. This air facility meets UFC 2-000-05N standard.
These training requirements are assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The following LZs support
training on Guam: Ferguson-Hill LZ/DZ is used for parachute insertion and special warfare training.
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Orote Point Triple Spot supports personnel transfer, logistics, parachute training, and a variety of
training activities reliant on helicopter transport. Breacher House LZ supports airborne raid type
events.
There are six DZs on or near Andersen AFB: Machete North (East), Machete North (West), Machete
South (East), Machete South (West) Fortress (East) and Fortress (West). These six DZs have expired
surveys in the Zone Availability Report.
Other DZs on Guam are: DZs Chelsey, Apra Harbor, Trident, Singha, Agat Bay, Neptune, and Gab
support Special Warfare/Mine Warfare parachute insertion.
There is one published DZ on Saipan: Dan DZ.
There is a surveyed parachute DZ east of West Tinian Airport.
The Andersen AFB DZs meet TC 25-1 standard.
This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. This is a specific PACAF
Marianas Hub requirement. SUA overlaying significant terrain and cultural features is desired for
crew training and maintenance check flights of various UAS onboard sensors. The paucity of such
land space in this hub renders this requirement problematic.
W-517, approximately 14,000 nm2 (48,018.656 km2), overlays deep open ocean approximately
50 nm (92.6 km) south-southwest of Guam and provides a large contiguous area that is relatively
free of surface vessel traffic. Commercial air traffic lanes constrain the warning area; however,
ATCAA 2 overlays most of W-517, permitting coordination of scheduling of short-lived airspace
training events with the FAA. W-517 altitude limits are from the surface to infinity and capable of
supporting Gunnery Exercise, Chaff and Electronic Combat, Missile Exercise, and Mine Exercise.
The SRR states that Marianas Hub airspace is adequate when the ATCAAs are available; however,
scheduling can be problematic as FAA is not always flexible to short notice requests.
No permanent instrumentation exists at the range. The Navy deployed a TCTS to Guam in support of
a biennial Carrier Air Wing 5 (CVW-5) Strike Fighter Advanced Readiness Program, in March
2011. TCTS is a GPS-based training instrumentation system that allows real-time monitoring of
tactical missions as well as high-resolution post-flight debriefing for the aircrews.
No OPFOR is available at any of the Marianas Hub ranges.
This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. No LAT routes or ranges (fixed wing)
exist within the Marianas Hub. The IR-983, the sole published military training route within the
Marianas Hub, is entirely over water and authorized for Strategic National level training missions
only. The lowest authorized flight altitude is 1,000 ft (304.8 m). Quantity of suitable land mass does
not exist.
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This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. No published TERF areas/routes
(rotary wing/tilt wing) exist within Marianas Hub.
This facility is Not Required in this hub. There are no forces assigned to this hub that require this
training.
This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. W-517, approximately 80 X 100 nm
(148 km X 185 km), surface to unlimited, a polygon-shaped area of airspace over international
waters, overlays deep open ocean approximately 50 nm (92.6 km) south-southwest of Guam and
provides a large contiguous area that is relatively free of surface vessel traffic. Commercial air traffic
lanes constrain the warning area; however, ATCAA 2 overlays most of W-517, permitting
coordination of scheduling of short-lived airspace training events with the FAA. W-517 is capable of
supporting Gunnery Exercise, Chaff and Electronic Combat, and Missile Exercise training events.
This airspace meets UFC 2-000-0N standard.
This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no base camp and
associated facilities and infrastructure in the Marianas Hub that meet this requirement.
This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. Local control of ranges is
adequate, but there is no Marianas Hub-wide range control. A new range control is planned on Guam
to support the new Marine Corps ranges, but there is no infrastructure in place to link it to planned
ranges on Tinian.
This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. No facilities in the Marianas Hub that
meet this requirement and training areas on Tinian are not linked to range infrastructure on Guam.
There is no web based scheduling for scheduling or post event documentation of range usage.
This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. A permanent aerial target support
facility does not exist in this hub.
This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. Ammunition storage is adequate
on Guam, but there is no storage elsewhere in the Marianas Hub.
This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. There are adequate staging areas
on Guam, but there are no dedicated staging areas on Tinian. This shortfall presents challenges to
meeting bio-security concerns.
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PACOM has initiated a multi-phased SUA plan to support training range evolution and other area
goals in the Marianas Hub.
construction)
This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. Apra Harbor on Guam has
adequate harbor infrastructure to support training deployments. Tinian Harbor requires extensive
work to repair and/or replace its aging breakwater and wharves. Saipan Harbor was modernized in
1999 and is now capable of supporting medium and deep draft vessels. Rota Harbor requires
dredging and dock/revetment repairs.
This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. Upgrades to infrastructure are
required on Guam and Tinian to support the full range of desired training ranges and facilities.
4.4
KOREA HUB
The results of the Korea Hub assessment are depicted in Table 4-1.
4.4.1
Impact Area Dudded
This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Army maintains an
extremely small Dudded Impact Areas at the Story Live-Fire Exercise Impact Area (448 acres or 1.8
km) and the Rodriguez Live-Fire Exercise Impact Area (466 acres or 1.9 km). These areas do not
meet the MCRP 3-0C or TC 25-8 objective of 77,220 contiguous acres (312 km).
4.4.2
available information. The Army operates the Idaho Range Auto Pistol Range and two additional
ranges are programmed in 2012.
4.4.3
training.
4.4.4
training.
4.4.5
This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no ranges in the Korea Hub
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4.4.6
available information. The Army operates the California Range Live Hand Grenade Range.
4.4.7
training.
4.4.8
This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Army operates Story
Live-Fire Exercise Impact Area (448 acres or 1.8 km) and the Rodriguez Live-Fire Exercise Impact
Area (466 acres or 1.9 km). These areas do not meet the MCRP 3-0C or TC 25-8 objective of
77,220 contiguous acres (312 km).
4.4.9
This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Army operates the St.
Barbara Live-Fire Exercise Area, Nightmare Range Mortar Range, and Whiskey 4 Mortar Range.
These areas do not meet the MCRP 3-0C or TC 25-8 objective of 2,965 contiguous acres (11.9 km).
training.
available information. The Army operates the Utah Range Automated Anti-Armor Tracking and
Live-fire Range.
available information. The Army utilizes the Republic of Korea Armys Chipori Range.
available information. The Army operates the Sioux Range LAW/AT-4 Range and the Baekil AT-4
Range.
available information. The Army operates the Oregon Range and Seminole Range Grenade Launcher
Ranges.
FINAL
4-35
April 2012

available information. The Army operates the Baekil MK-19 Range, Story MK-19 Range, and the
Rodriguez MPMG Range that supports MK-19 qualification training.
This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Army operates nine Basic
10 m/25 m (10.9 yd/27 yd) BZO Ranges in Korea (three at Camp Casey, one at Camp Henry, one at
Camp Humphreys, two at Camp Red Cloud, one at Yongsan Garrison, and one at the Story Live-Fire
Complex). These ranges are built to Army TC 25-8 standards.
4.4.18 100 yd Non-Standard Small Arms Range (separate from Battle Sight Zero [BZO]
range)
training.
available information. The Army operates the Georgia Range Infantry Platoon Battle Course.
(Automated)
available information. The Army operates the Warrior Valley Digital MPTR.
available information. The Army operates the New Mexico Range Modified Record of Fire Range.
Complex (MPRC)
Multipurpose
Range
Range
available information. The Army operates the Rodriquez MPRC.
available information The Army operates the Montana Range MPMG Range and the Rodriguez
MPMG Range.
and installation)
This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. No dedicated NSFS range exists
to support this training requirement within this hub.
Pil Sung (also Pilseung) Range R-110, surface to 25,000 ft (surface to 7,620 m), 87 nm (161 km)
east of Osan Air Base. Pil Sung Range is the primary tactical range in the Republic of Korea
FINAL
4-36
April 2012
Operated by the Republic of Korea Air Force for practice tactical deliveries with training, inert and
live ordnance. An area referred to as the Tactical Valley Target Complex has numerous tactical
targets deployed around a dummy airfield and rail yard complex. The primary method of scoring the
Tactical Valley Target Complex is the Television Ordnance Scoring System. The range complex is
available for electronic warfare training with several enemy air defense radar emitters and laser
target arrays. This range supports CAS training with a forward air controller.
Nightmare Range, 4 nm X 4 nm (7.5 km X 7.5 km), within the Korean Tactical Zone (P-518, DMZ,
surface to unlimited) 40 nm (74 km) north east of Seoul is a Republic of Korea controlled range
within the Rodriguez Live-Fire Complex. Hard targets are fixed with no automated scoring feedback.
Realistic ground training is sufficient with these targets; however, these targets on a single hill do not
provide aircrew with sufficient identification/target discrimination challenges during CAS training
events.
4.4.25
Company Combined Arms Live-Fire and Maneuver Range/Battle Area Complex
training.
training.
available information. The Army operates the Black Hawk Village UAC.
CN])
available information. The Army operates the New Mexico Shoot House and the Rodriguez Shoot
House.
(CACTF)
available information. The Army operates the Rodriguez Combined Arms Collective Training
Facility.
This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Army operates a Counter IED
Training Lane at the Rodriguez Live-Fire Complex. The Service Components did not identify this as
an unfilled training requirement in the Korea Hub.
FINAL
4-37
April 2012

This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Army operates a CLF Range at
the Story Live-Fire Complex. The Service Components did not identify this as an unfilled training
requirement in the Korea Hub.
training.
training.
training.
This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable based on the authors assessment
of available information. The Army operates 11 small active maneuver areas in Korea that support
squad to company level dismounted maneuver. The total area of these 11 maneuver areas is 9,563
acres (38.7 km or 14.9 mi). None of the available Light Force Maneuver Areas meets the Marine
Corps objective of 92,160 contiguous acres (372 km of 144 mi).
training.
training.
training.
training.
This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. No dedicated MIW exists within this
hub.
This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. Chick-Do (also Jikdo) Range, R105, 10 nm (18.5 km) radius, surface to 25,000 ft (7,620 m) is a target area made up of two small
FINAL
4-38
April 2012
islands located 27 nm (50 km) west of Kunsan Air Base. This target range is jointly scheduled by the
Republic of Korea Air Force and U.S. Air Force. There are no restrictions to ordnance employment.
An electronic Weapons Impact Scoring System provides delivery feedback. The airspace and nature
of the targets partially meet this training requirement.
Pil Sung (also Pilseung) Range, R-110, 18 nm X 17.5 nm (33.3 km X 32.5 km), surface to 25,000 ft
(7,620 m), 87 nm (161 km) east of Osan Air Base. Pil Sung Range is the primary tactical range in the
Republic of Korea. It is operated by the Republic of Korea Air Force for practice tactical deliveries
with training, inert, and live ordnance. The Tactical Valley Target Complex has numerous tactical
targets deployed around a dummy airfield and rail yard complex. The primary method of scoring the
Realistic ground training is sufficient with these targets; however, these targets on a single hill do not
provide aircrew with sufficient identification/target discrimination challenges.
This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. Pil Sung (also Pilseung) Range
R-110, surface to 25,000 ft (surface to 7,620 m), 87 nm (161 km) east of Osan Air Base. Pil Sung
Range is the primary tactical range in the Republic of Korea and is jointly operated by the Republic
of Korea Air Force and Air Force for practice tactical deliveries with training, inert and live
ordnance. An area referred to as the Tactical Valley Target Complex has numerous tactical targets
deployed around a dummy airfield and rail yard complex. The primary method of scoring the
Realistic Army training is sufficient with these targets; however, these targets on a single hill do not
provide aircrew with sufficient identification/target discrimination challenges.
This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no dedicated Electronic
Warfare training ranges for aviation in South Korea.
This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. Osan (K-55) Air Base, Kunsan (K-8)
Air Base, Desiderio Army Airfield (A-511), and Cochran Army Airfield (H-207) provide suitable
runways for rotary wing landing practice. These air facilities meet UFC 3-260-01 standard.
FINAL
4-39
April 2012

This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. Osan (K-55) Air Base and Kunsan
(K-8) Air Base provide suitable runways for fixed wing landing practice. These air facilities meet
UFC 2-000-05N standard.
This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The following LZs/DZs are within
South Korea: Angang, Cory, Kakdong, Kumsung, Namji, Rigger, and Soonchang. These meet TC
25-1 standard.
training.
This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. Korean Training Areas include
MOAs, low-level zones, and restricted areas typically available to U.S. units. These areas are divided
into two general categories: Centrally Scheduled Airspace and Republic of Korea Air Force Wing
Owned Airspace. MOA-16, 42 nm X 25 nm (78 km X 46 km), 5,000 ft (1,524 m) is the only
Centrally Scheduled Airspace allocated to 7th Air Force units for 100% of daylight hours. Other
potential airspace blocks range from 0% to 60% allocation level per month. The MOA-16 single
block of airspace is less than AAW training requirements and lacks a suitable terrain component.
This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. No LAT routes or ranges (fixed wing)
exist within South Korea. Low level zones blocks exist that allow for flight down to 500 ft (153 m)
AGL but no specific LAT routes exist.
This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. TERF areas/routes (rotary
wing/tilt wing) exist within South Korea, and are unit specific, designated by Army aviation units in
this hub.
training.
This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. Various Korea Training Area
restricted areas and MOAs support this requirement, such as MOA-16. However, none fully meet the
lateral airspace requirement.
This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Army operates the Rodriquez
Live-Fire Complex Cantonment. The Service Components did not identify this as an unfilled training
requirement in the Korea Hub.
FINAL
4-40
April 2012

This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. Range Communications are nonsecure FM, hand-held radios, Land Lines, and Cell Phones. There is no Exercise Command and
Control beyond hand-held radios. The lack of communications resources reduces flexibility, safety,
and Command and Control.
This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. All targets lack automated
scoring feedback. Infantry targets are fixed with no automated scoring feedback.
training.
This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Army operates the Rodriguez
Ammo Holding Area to support training forces. The Navy and Air Force operate several ammunition
storage facilities in the Korea Hub. The Service Components did not identify this as an unfilled
training requirement in the Korea Hub.
This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Army operates the Watkins
Logistic Training Area as a staging area for deployed training forces. The Service Components did
not identify this as an unfilled training requirement in the Korea Hub.
construction)
This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. There are numerous modern port
facilities in Korea including Inchon, Busan, and Pohang. This assessment is based on the authors
assessment of available information.
available information. Korea has a modern infrastructure that supports movement throughout the
country.
FINAL
4-41
April 2012
FINAL
4-42
Appendix A
PACOM Guidance
This page intentionally left blank
UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS

COMMANDER, U.S. MARINE CORPS FORCES, PACIFIC
CAMP H. M. SMITH, HI 96861-4139
IN REPLY REFER TO:
5090
DPRI/Dir
11 S JUNN 220ft
From:
To:
Commander, U. S. Marine Corps Forces, Pacific

Commander, U. S. Pacific Command
Subj :
REQUEST REFINEMENT OF GUIDANCE FOR THE DOD TRAINING IN

THE PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT (DTP EIS)
Ref:
(a) USPACOM DoD Training in the Pacific EIS Executive

Agent Appointment letter of 25 Aug 10
1. U. S. Pacific Command (USPACOM) designated Marine Corps

Forces, Pacific (MARFORPAC) Executive Agent (EA) to prepare the
Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for the development of new
training ranges and increased capabilities at existing ranges in
the USPACOM AOR per the reference. As EA, MARFORPAC continues to
collaborate with USPACOM Service Components and will execute a
practicable and justifiable EIS.
2. MARFORPAC hosted an EIS Working Group meeting with all
Service Components on 24 May 2011 to begin the NEPA planning
process. The Working Group proposed refinement of the USPACOM
guidance to establish parameters for the Statement of Work (SOW)
for execution of the EIS.
3. MARFORPAC recommends USPACOM guidance be refined to direct
that the EIS develop and analyze alternatives that provide
USPACOM Service Components assured access to a permanent system
of ranges to address training requirements in the USPACOM AOR.
Assured access includes the use of training facilities without
undue restrictions that may impede requirements, including but
not limited to, force protection, multilateral training, and
contingency response. As the EIS analysis progresses, this
guidance may be revisited should it prove too limiting.
4. MARFORPAC requests Commander, USPACOM approval of the
refined guidance as the next step in development of the SOW,
timely obligation of the $30M in EIS funding, and completion of
the tasking in the reference.
~:2.tDL~~
CRAIG B. WHELDEN
Executive Director
Marine Corps Bases
Pacific
Subj: REQUEST REFINEMENT OF GUIDANCE FOR THE DOD TRAINING IN

THE PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT (DTP EIS)
Copy to:
Commander,
Commander,
Commander,
Commander,
Commander,
Commander,
Pacific
US Army Pacific
US Pacific Fleet
US Pacific Air Force
US Marine Corps Forces, Pacific
US Special Operations Command, Pacific
Naval Facilities Engineering Command,
This page intentionally left blank
Appendix B
U.S. Pacific Command (PACOM) Forces by Hub
April 2012
PACOM Forces by Hub
Table B-1: U.S. Pacific Command (PACOM) Units within the Hawaii Hub
USARPAC
1st Battalion, 14th Infantry Regiment
1st Battalion, 21st Infantry Regiment
1st Battalion, 27th Infantry Regiment
2nd Squadron, 14th Cavalry Regiment
2nd Battalion, 11th Field Artillery Regiment
225th Brigade Support Battalion
2nd Battalion, 27th Infantry Regiment
3rd Squadron, 4th Cavalry Regiment
3rd Battalion, 7th Field Artillery Regiment
3rd Brigade Special Troops Battalion
3rd Squadron, 25th Cavalry Regiment
209th Aviation Support Battalion
HQ and HQ Battalion, 25th Infantry Division
728th Military Police Battalion
524th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion
45th Special Troops Battalion
65th Engineer Battalion
84th Engineer Battalion
8th Special Troop Battalion
30th Signal Battalion
307th Expeditionary Signal Battalion
4th Signal Center
205th Military Intelligence Battalion (ISR)
715th Military Intelligence Battalion (SIGINT)
100th Battalion, 442nd Infantry (Army Reserve)
322nd Civil Affairs Brigade (Army Reserve)
303rd Maneuver Enhancement Brigade (Army Reserve)
411th Engineer Battalion (Army Reserve)
1st Battalion, 487th Field Artillery (Army National Guard)
1st Battalion, 299th Cavalry (Army National Guard)
29th Brigade Support Battalion (Army National Guard)
29th Brigade Special Troops Battalion (Army National Guard)
PACFLT
USS Bremerton
FINAL
B-1
April 2012
PACOM Forces by Hub
USS La Jolla
USS Charlotte
USS Greeneville
USS Texas
USS Hawaii
USS Jacksonville
USS Olympia
USS Chicago
USS Key West
USS Louisville
USS North Carolina
USS Pasadena
USS Columbus
USS Houston
USS Santa Fe
USS Tucson
USS Colombia
USS Cheyenne
USS Chosin
USS Lake Erie
USS Port Royal
USS Russell
USS Paul Hamilton
USS Hopper
USS O'Kane
USS Chafee
USS Chung-Hoon
USS Crommelin
USS Reuben James
USS City of Corpus Christi
PACAF
15th Operations Support Squadron
535th Airlift Squadron
96th Air Refueling Squadron
19th Fighter Squadron
15th Aircraft Maintenance Squadron
15th Maintenance Operations Squadron
15th Maintenance Squadron
15th Aeromedical-Dental Squadron
FINAL
B-2
April 2012
PACOM Forces by Hub
15th Medical Operations Squadron

15th Medical Support Squadron
48th Aerial Port Squadron (Air Force Reserve)
614th Aeromedical Staging Squadron (Air Force Reserve)
624th Civil Engineering Squadron (Air Force Reserve)
169th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron (Air National Guard)
199th Fighter Squadron (Hawaii Air National Guard)
203rd Air Refueling Squadron (Hawaii Air National Guard)
204th Airlift Squadron (Hawaii Air National Guard)
154th Operations Support Squadron (Hawaii Air National Guard)
154th Aircraft Maintenance Squadron (Hawaii Air National Guard)
154th Maintenance Squadron (Hawaii Air National Guard)
154th Security Forces Squadron (Hawaii Air National Guard)
154th Force Support Squadron (Hawaii Air National Guard)
154th Civil Engineering Squadron (Hawaii Air National Guard)
154th Logistics Readiness Squadron (Hawaii Air National Guard)
291st Combat Communications Squadron (Hawaii Air National Guard)
292nd Combat Communications Squadron (Hawaii Air National Guard)
MARFORPAC
Headquarters & Service Battalion, Marine Forces Pacific
1st Battalion, 3d Marines
2nd Battalion, 3d Marines
3d Battalion, 3d Marines
1st Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment
Marine Aviation Logistics Squadron 24
Marine Heavy Helicopter Squadron 362
Combat Logistics Battalion 3
Table B-2: U.S. Pacific Command (PACOM) Units within the Japan Hub
USARPAC
78th Aviation Battalion
441st Military Intelligence Battalion
83rd Ordnance Battalion
836th Transportation Battalion
Military Police Battalion
USARJ and I CORPS Special Troops Battalion
FINAL
B-3
April 2012
PACOM Forces by Hub
1st Battalion, 1st Air Defense Artillery Regiment

505th Quartermaster Battalion
58th Signals Battalion
835th Transportation Battalion
PACFLT
USS George Washington
Strike Fighter Squadron 27
Electronic Attack Squadron 136
Carrier Airborne Early Warning Squadron 115
Helicopter Anti-Submarine Squadron 14
USS Cowpens
USS Shiloh
USS Curtis Wilbur
USS John S. McCain
USS Stethem
USS Lassen
USS McCampbell
USS Mustin
UDP Patrol Squadron
USS Essex
USS Denver
USS Tortuga
USS Germantown
USS Blue Ridge
Maritime Expeditionary Security Squadron 7
USS Avenger
USS Defender
USS Patriot
Helicopter Anti-Submarine Squadron Light 51
Naval Mobile Construction Battalion (UDP)
PACAF
FINAL
B-4
April 2012
PACOM Forces by Hub
35th Civil Engineer Squadron

35th Contracting Squadron
35th Communications Squadron
35th Force Support Squadron
35th Logistics Readiness Squadron
35th Security Forces Squadron
35th Aerospace Medicine Squadron
35th Dental Squadron
374th Aerospace Medicine Squadron
374th Dental Squadron
374th Surgical Operations Squadron
909th Air Refueling Squadron
961st Airborne Air Control Squadron
31st Rescue Squadron
33rd Rescue Squadron
18th Aeromedical Evacuation Squadron
18th Equipment Maintenance Squadron
18th Component Maintenance Squadron
FINAL
B-5
April 2012
PACOM Forces by Hub
18th Munitions Squadron

MARFORPAC
Marine All Weather Fighter Attack Squadron 242
UDP Marine Fighter Attack Squadron
UDP Marine Fighter Attack Squadron
UDP Marine Tactical Electronic Warfare Squadron
Marine Wing Support Squadron 171
III MEF, Command Element
III MEF, MEF Headquarters Group
3d Reconnaissance Battalion
5th Air Naval Gunfire Liaison Company
7th Communications Battalion
Special Operations Training Group
Headquarters Battalion, 3d Marine Division
3d Radio Battalion
3d Intelligence Battalion
UDP Infantry Battalion
3d Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment
Combat Assault Battalion
Jungle Warfare Training Center
Marine Wing Headquarters Squadron 1
Marine Wing Support Squadron 172
Marine Air Control Squadron 4
Marine Air Support Squadron 2
Marine Tactical Air Command Squadron 18
Marine Wing Communications Squadron 18
Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron 262
Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron 265
Marine Aerial Refueler Transport Squadron 152
9th Engineer Support Battalion
3d Maintenance Battalion
3d Medical Battalion
3d Supply Battalion
Headquarters and Service Battalion, Marine Corps Bases Japan, Camp Butler
FINAL
B-6
April 2012
PACOM Forces by Hub
SOCPAC
1st Special Operations Squadron
17th Special Operations Squadron
320th Special Tactics Squadron
353rd Special Operations Maintenance Squadron
353rd Special Operations Support Squadron
1st Battalion, 1st Special Forces Group (Airborne)
Table B-3: PACOM Units within the Marianas Hub

USARPAC
322nd Civil Affairs Brigade (Army Reserve)
4960th Multifunctional Training Brigade (Army Reserve)
Theater Support Group (Army Reserve)
Echo Company 100th Infantry; 797th Engineer Company; 302nd Quartermaster Company; 368th
Military Police Company (Army Reserve)
1st Battalion, 294th Infantry (Guam Army National Guard)
105th Troop Command (Guam Army National Guard)
PACFLT
USS Buffalo
USS Frank Cable
USS Oklahoma City
Explosive Ordnance Disposal Mobile Unit 5
Helicopter Sea Combat Squadron 25
PACAF
Rotational deployments (F-22, B-52, B-1, B-2, squadrons and/or dets)
12th Reconnaissance Squadron det (Global Hawk)
36th Munitions Squadron
36th Mobility Response Squadron
554th Red Horse Squadron
644th Combat Communications Squadron
FINAL
B-7
April 2012
PACOM Forces by Hub
44th Aerial Port Squadron (Air Force Reserve)

724th Aeromedical Staging Flight (Air Force Reserve)
254th Civil Engineering Squadron (Guam Air National Guard)
254th Security Forces Squadron (Guam Air National Guard)
MARFORPAC
U.S. Japan Roadmap for Realignment Implementation Forces
III MEF, Command Element
7th Communications Battalion
3d Intelligence Battalion
III MEF Headquarters Group
5th Air Naval Gunfire Liaison Company
Force Reconnaissance
Base Support
Headquarters Battalion, 3d Marine Division
Headquarters, 12th Marine Regiment
Marine Wing Headquarters Squadron 1
Marine Heavy Helicopter Squadron (or Marine Medium Tiltrotor Squadron)
Marine Air Control Group 18, Headquarters
Marine Wing Communications Squadron 18
Marine Air Control Squadron 4
Marine Air Support Squadron 2
Marine Tactical Air Command Squadron 18
Marine Wing Support Group 17, Headquarters
Marine Wing Support Squadron (det)
3d Marine Logistics Group, Headquarters
Combat Logistics Regiment 37
3d Maintenance Bn and Supply Bn
3d Medical Battalion
3d Dental Battalion
9th Engineer Support Battalion
Combat Logistics Battalion (Direct Support)
UDP Artillery Battery
UDP Squadron
Transiting West Coast MEU (SOC)
Command Element
Ground Combat Element (reinforced infantry battalion)
Aviation Combat Element (composite/reinforced medium lift or tilt-rotor squadron)
Logistics Combat Element (combat logistics battalion)
FINAL
B-8
April 2012
PACOM Forces by Hub
SOCPAC
Naval Special Warfare Unit One
Table B-4: PACOM Units within the Korea Hub

USARPAC
Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion
1st Brigade Special Troops Battalion
4th Squadron, 7th Cavalry Regiment
1st Battalion, 72nd Armor Regiment
1st Battalion, 15th Field Artillery Regiment
302nd Brigade Support Battalion
2nd Assault Battalion, 2nd Aviation Regiment
3rd General Support Aviation Battalion, 2nd Aviation Regiment
4th Attack Battalion, 2nd Aviation Regiment
602nd Aviation Support Battalion
1st Battalion, 38th Field Artillery Regiment
6th Battalion, 37th Field Artillery Regiment
501st Special Troops Battalion
94th Military Police Battalion
6th Ordnance Battalion
25th Movement Control Battalion
41st Signal Battalion
304th Integrated Theater Signals Battalion
6th Signals Center
2nd Battalion, 1st Air Defense Artillery Regiment
6th Battalion, 52nd Air Defense Artillery Regiment
16th Medical Logistics Battalion
121st Combat Support Hospital
168th Medical Battalion
3rd Military Intelligence Battalion
368th Military Intelligence Battalion
Special Troops Battalion - Korea
Korean Service Corps Battalion
FINAL
B-9
April 2012
PACOM Forces by Hub
UNC Security Battalion - Joint Security Area

4th Battalion, 58th Aviation Regiment (Airfield Operations)
PACFLT
No unit of squadron or battalion strength.
PACAF
8th Communication Squadron
51st Operations Support Squadron
51st Civil Engineer Squadron
51st Force Support Squadron
51st Logistics Readiness Squadron
51st Security Forces Squadron
51st Communications Squadron
51st Aerospace Medicine Squadron
51st Medical Support Squadron
51st Medical Operations Squadron
51st Dental Squadron
51st Maintenance Operations Squadron
51st Maintenance Squadron
51st Aircraft Maintenance Squadron
51st Munitions Squadron
607th Material Maintenance Squadron
607th Weather Squadron
607th Combat Communications Squadron
607th Air Support Squadron
607th Air Intelligence Squadron
607th Air Support Operations Squadron
FINAL
B-10
April 2012
PACOM Forces by Hub
607th Combat Plans Squadron

607th Air Communications Squadron
621st Air Control Squadron
303d Intelligence Squadron
5th Reconnaissance Squadron
MARFORPAC
No unit of squadron or battalion strength
FINAL
B-11
April 2012
PACOM Forces by Hub
FINAL
B-12
Appendix C
References
April 2012
References
Commander, U.S. Pacific Command. 2011. Refinement of Guidance for the DoD Training in the
Pacific Environmental Impact Statement. Camp H.M. Smith, HI. July.
Institute for Defense Analyses. 2009. DoD Training in the Pacific Study: Needs, Capacities and
Options for the Future. Requirements and Funding for an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)
in FY 11. Alexandria, VA. Unclassified briefing slides. October.
Naval Facilities Engineering Command. 2005. Unified Facilities Criteria, UFC 2-000-05N (P-80),
Facility Planning Criteria for Navy/Marine Corps Shore Installations. Washington, DC. January.
Naval Facilities Engineering Command. 2006. Unified Facilities Criteria, UFC 3-260-01, Airfield
and Heliport Planning and Design. Washington, DC. May.
Sharp, Walter L. 2009. Hearing to Receive Testimony on United States Pacific Command, United
States Strategic Command, and United States Forces Korea: U.S. Senate, Committee on Armed
Services, 111th Cong. 10 (2009) (testimony of General Walter L. Sharp, Commander, United
Nations Command; Commander, Republic of Korea-United States Combined Forces Command;
and Commander, United States Forces Korea).
Sharp, Walter L. 2011. Hearing to Receive Testimony on U.S. Pacific Command and U.S. Forces
Korea in Review of the Defense Authorization Request for Fiscal Year 2012 and the Future Years
Defense Program: U.S. Senate, Committee on Armed Services, 112th Cong. 8 (2011) (testimony
of General Walter L. Sharp, Commander, United Nations Command; Commander, United StatesRepublic of Korea-United States Combined Forces Command; and Commander, United States
Forces Korea).
U.S. Air Force. 2003. 18th Wing Air Force Instruction 13-212. Weapons Range. Commander, 18th
Wing, Kadena Air Base, Japan. February.
U.S. Air Force. 2005. Air Force Instruction 11-2C-17, C-17 Aircrew Training. Commander, Air
Mobility Command, Scott Air Force Base, IL. January.
U.S. Air Force. 2007a. Air Force Instruction 13-212, Range Planning and Operations. Headquarters
U.S. Air Force, AF/A3O-AR, Washington, DC. November.
U.S. Air Force. 2007b. Air Force Instruction 13-217, Drop Zone and Landing Zone Operations.
Headquarters U.S. Air Force, A3OS, Washington, DC. May.
U.S. Air Force. 2009a. 7th Air Force Instruction 10-1301. Korean Training Airspace Scheduling.
Commander, 7th Air Force, Osan Air Base, Republic of Korea. June.
U.S. Air Force. 2009b. Kadena Air Base Instruction 13-204. Airfield Operations Instruction.
Commander, Kadena Air Base, Japan. October.
U.S. Air Force. 2011a. 35th Fighter Wing Air Force Instruction 13-203. Range Operations and
Maintenance. Commander, 35th Fighter Wing, Misawa Air Base, Japan. September.
U.S. Air Force. 2011b. 36th Wing Instruction 13-204. Airfield Operations Instruction. Commander,
36th Wing, Andersen Air Force Base, Guam. July.
U.S. Air Force. 2011c. Air Force Instruction 11-2C-130, C-130 Aircrew Training. Commander, Air
Mobility Command, Scott Air Force Base, IL. April.
FINAL
C-1
April 2012
References
U.S. Air Force. 2012. Zone Availability Report (ZAR).

https://afkm.wpafb.af.mil/ASPs/CoP/OpenCoP.asp?Filter=OO-OP-AM-40. Last updated 18
January 2012, accessed 18 January 2012.
U.S. Army. 2004. Training Circular 25-1, Training Land. Headquarters, Department of the Army,
Washington, DC. March.
U.S. Army. 2006. Field Manual 3-21.38, Pathfinder Operations. Headquarters, Department of the
Army, Washington, DC. April.
U.S. Army. 2008. Pohakuloa Training Area (PTA) External Standard Operating Procedures.
Headquarters, U.S. Army Garrison Hawaii, Hilo, HI. October.
U.S. Army. 2010. Training Circular 25-8, Training Ranges. Headquarters, Department of the Army,
Washington, DC. May.
U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2011. Brown Treesnake Containment Plan for Guam. Barrigada,
Guam. September.
U.S. Department of Defense. 2009. Joint Publication 3-09.3, Close Air Support. Washington, DC.
July.
U.S. Department of Defense. 2011a. Flight Information Publication, Area Planning, Special Use
Airspace (AP/3A), Pacific-Australia-Antarctica. Published by National Geospatial-Intelligence
Agency, St. Louis, MO. May.
U.S. Department of Defense. 2011b. Flight Information Publication, Area Planning (AP/3), PacificAustralia-Antarctica. Published by National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, St. Louis, MO.
June.
U.S. Department of Defense. 2010. Quadrennial Defense Review Report. Washington, D.C.
February.
U.S. Department of Defense. 2011. Report to Congress on Sustainable Ranges. Undersecretary of
Defense (Personnel and Readiness).Washington, DC. July.
U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration. 2004. Joint Order 7610.4K,
Special Military Operations. February.
U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration. 2008. Interim Operational
Approval Guidance 08-01, Unmanned Aircraft Systems Operations in the U.S. National Airspace
System. March.
U.S.-Japan Security Consultative Committee (SCC). 2010. Joint Statement of the U.S.-Japan
Security Consultative Committee, May 28, 2010 by Secretary of State Clinton, Secretary of
Defense Gates, Minister for Foreign Affairs Okada, Minister of Defense Kitazawa. May.
U.S. Marine Corps. 2009. Marine Corps Reference Publication 3-0C, Operational Training Ranges
Required Capabilities. Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, Washington, DC. May.
U.S. Navy. 2005. Final Draft Navy Ranges Required Capabilities Document. Commander, Fleet
Forces Command, Norfolk, VA. September.
FINAL
C-2
April 2012
References
U.S. Navy. 2010. Air Traffic Control Facility (FACMAN) Pearl Harbor. Fleet Area Control and
Surveillance Facility (FACSFAC), San Diego Detachment Pearl Harbor. Pearl Harbor, HI.
November.
FINAL
C-3

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An Assessment of Current Training

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FINAL

TRAINING NEEDS ASSESSMENT:

Department of the Navy

April 2012, Revised March 2013

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April 2012, Revised March 2013

N62742-11-D-1801 Amd 01 Contract Task Order No. 002

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APPROACH OF ASSESSMENT REPORT

U.S. PACOM HUBS

UNFILLED TRAINING REQUIREMENTS

Fully Mission Capable

Partially Mission Capable

Not Mission Capable

Table ES-1: Hub Assessment

Fully Mission Capable

Impact Area Dudded

Combat Pistol Range (Automated)

Rifle KD Qualification Range (500 yd)

Rifle KD Range (1,000 yd)

Live Hand Grenade Range (qualification course)

Live Hand Grenade Range (as part of a multipurpose range)

Field Artillery Indirect Fire Range

Mortar Range (60 mm, 81 mm, 120 mm)

Field Fire Range (Automated)

Anti-Armor Tracking Range (Automated)

Field Artillery Direct Fire Range

Tank/Fighting Stationary Target Range

LAW Range Live

Grenade Launcher Range

40 mm (Grenade) Machine Gun Qualification Range

BZO Range (built to 100 yd Non-Standard Small Arms Range)

100 yd Non-Standard Small Arms Range (separate from BZO range)

Infantry Platoon Battle Course (Automated)

Modified Record of Fire Range

Tank/Fighting Vehicle MPRC/MPRC

MPMG Range (Automated)

Combined Arms Training Range to support CAS and NGFS training

Company Combined Arms Live-Fire and Maneuver Range/Battle Area

Combined Arms Live-Fire Amphibious Beaches with Maneuver Area

360 Day/Night Live-fire Exercise Shoot House (vented-live ammo and

Live-fire Exercise Breach Facility (Breach House)

Force-on-Force MOUT Training Site (simulation ammunition) CACTF

Home Station Training Lanes (Counter IED facility)

Tracked Vehicle Drivers Course

Tactical Amphibious Landing Beaches

Maneuver Area, Heavy Forces

Maneuver Area, Light Forces

Maneuver Area, Amphibious Forces

Rappelling Training Area (Sniper/Rappel Tower)

Infantry Immersion Trainer

RANGES THAT SUPPORT MARITIME TRAINING

RANGES THAT SUPPORT AVIATION TRAINING

Offensive Air Support Range (Aerial Gunnery and/or Aerial Bombing

CAS Range (Air-to-Ground Range)

Electronic Warfare Training Range (IADS/Counter IADS)

Rotary Wing Aviation Landing Practice

Fixed-Wing Aviation Landing Practice

UAS Operating Areas

LAT Route/Range (Fixed Wing)

TERF Maneuver Area/Route (Rotary Wing/Tilt Rotor)

Short field take-off and landings, night

Live Air-to-Air Gunnery Range

RANGE FACILITIES AND ENABLERS