Imposed deformation - GENERAL

1. What is meant by the term "Imposed deformation" and where the difference lies with a
"Imposed (weight) tax"?

2. Give two examples of concrete structures charged by a "Imposed deformation"

and indicate how these structures react to the imposed deformation specify.
3. A square, with sides L, is heated on the inside to 40C. outside temperature 10C.
Temperature Load: T = 30C. The opposite sides are 2h thick, the top and bottom
having thickness h. All sides have the same stiffness E (N / mm2)

Question
a) Moment line under this temperature load dT.
b) How deforms the square below this temperature load.
Forget me not

4. Discuss the effect of an imposed deformation on the safety of a concrete

structure. Make a distinction between reinforced and unreinforced construction
(assuming there is a difference).

Imposed deformations - hardened concrete

1. Calculations show that gives a reinforced cylindrical reservoir in large volumes
problems with the amount of horizontal reinforcement in the wall; The bar
distance is very small. In practice it appears that rectangular reservoirs to large
volumes, for example 50 000 m3, are well achievable. Research is now why this
is possible.
Consider the cross-section of a rectangular reservoir. Take a strip out of the reservoir,
mid-wall length (see figure below). The corners of the reservoir do not have any
influence on the behavior of the strip.

a) How the hydrostatic water tax is calculated? How big are the forces / moments in the
wall and floor?
b) Assume that occurs on the wall, a linear temperature profile (see the figure). Which
components can be distinguished in this course? This lead to tensions in the wall? How
deforms the wall? (Consider one and another in the plane of the cross-section)

2. box girder bridge (hardened concrete)

A box girder bridge has at the location of an intermediate point of support a thick and
wide lower flange walls. The top flange is relatively thin.
Inside the tube the temperature is +10 C. In a cold night outside the -20 C. The
projecting flange portions take an average temperature of -20 C to.
Question
a) What average temperatures occurred in the various other components?
Temperature differences can lead to cracking.
b) What is your opinion about the behavior of the top flange?
c) What do you expect and what measure (s) you propose to avoid any problems?

3. Tunnel (hardened concrete)

An infinitely long suspected tunnel with heavy walls, floor and roof has a relatively thin partition.
The tunnel lies entirely underground at +10 C. On a cold night, the temperature in the tunnel
itself to -20 C.
part a
A colleague of you want to apply preload to prevent cracking in the partition. The fellow does not
tell us when, what part or parts which he / she believes in what direction to go hitch. You can
specify in which direction it should be and what (e) examination part (e) (l) and relates to your
mind in your colleagues thought? What is your opinion about the idea of your colleagues? Can
you think of an alternative?

b
The thick subfloor must be armed. Indicate where you make the reinforcement and
which preferably sizing model hear for reinforcing that.

III Imposed deformation - hardening concrete

1. Hardening concrete element
Given a concrete element, 500 mm thick, which is prevented from fully on both sides in order to

deform.

This element has an imposed during the hardening temperature as given in the graph
below.

The development of the E-modulus may be schematized as:

The thermal expansion coefficient is equal to 1.2 10-5

Question
a) Draw a graph showing the voltage variation in time, wherein it is assumed that no
creep or relaxation occurs.
b) Sketch the same graph the voltage in case there will be relaxation of tensions.
2. Trough Beam (hardening concrete)
The figure given the diameter of a trough girder. The beam is fairly imposed on
three support points on which these 'frictionless' can slide. The length of the
beam is 50 meters. The beam will be prestressed after 5 days.

Question
a) Sketch the course of the temperature T, the compressive strength and the tensions in the
time for the points 1, 2 and 3 in the cross-section.
b) Where possible problems may arise with respect to cracks in the young stage in the beam
and at what time.

c) what measures are possible in order to reduce the stresses in the beams, and to avoid
any tearing. Provide multiple options and indicate which probably is best. Motivate your
answer.

3. Tunnel (hardening concrete)

For the following tunnel segment (length 20 meters) is first floor and the inner
wall
landfilled. Once they are fully hardened, the outer walls and the deck with a
tunnel coffin waste.

Question
a) Indicate where problems could arise in this construction. Outline any cracks.
b) As is the most critical location, and specify to this point, the voltage variation in time.
c) What measures can you take to reduce tensions. Give three options, and discuss the
pros and cons of these options
d) If the floor 3m would be thick and the inner two meter, how would this affect the
stresses and the risk of rupture?
e) What is the impact of the length of the tunnel on the voltages? Please specify at what
length the tension situation is favorable.