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9Orthographic Projections
9Projection of Points
DrP.
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IITGuwahati
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IIT
Projection Theory
Engineering drawing are dependent on
projection methods.
Two projection methods used are:
Perspective and Parallel.
Both methods are based on projection
theory.
DrP.
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S.Robi
Robi
Dr
IITGuwahati
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Projection theory
Comprises the principles used to
represent graphically 3-D objects and
structures on 2-D media.
All projection theory are based on two
variables: Line of sight and a plane of
projection.
DrP.
P.S.
S.Robi
Robi
Dr
IITGuwahati
Guwahati
IIT
DrP.
P.S.
S.Robi
Robi
Dr
IITGuwahati
Guwahati
IIT
Plane of Projection
A plane of projection (i.e, an image or picture
plane) is an imaginary flat plane upon which the
image created by the line of sight is projected.
The image is produced by connecting the points
where the lines of sight pierce the projection
plane. In effect, 3-D object is transformed into a
2-D representation, also called projections.
The paper or computer screen on which a
drawing is created is a plane of projection.
DrP.
P.S.
S.Robi
Robi
Dr
IITGuwahati
Guwahati
IIT
DrP.
P.S.
S.Robi
Robi
Dr
IITGuwahati
Guwahati
IIT
Perspective projection
Orthographic Projection
DrP.
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IITGuwahati
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Multi-view Projection
Is an orthographic projection for which the object is behind
the plane of projection, and the object is oriented such that
only two of its dimensions are shown.
DrP.
P.S.
S.Robi
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IITGuwahati
Guwahati
IIT
Multi-view Drawings
Employ multi-view
projection techniques.
Front view of
an object
shows the
width and
height
dimensions.
DrP.
P.S.
S.Robi
Robi
Dr
IITGuwahati
Guwahati
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DrP.
P.S.
S.Robi
Robi
Dr
IITGuwahati
Guwahati
IIT
DrP.
P.S.
S.Robi
Robi
Dr
IITGuwahati
Guwahati
IIT
DrP.
P.S.
S.Robi
Robi
Dr
IITGuwahati
Guwahati
IIT
DrP.
P.S.
S.Robi
Robi
Dr
IITGuwahati
Guwahati
IIT
DrP.
P.S.
S.Robi
Robi
Dr
IITGuwahati
Guwahati
IIT
DrP.
P.S.
S.Robi
Robi
Dr
IITGuwahati
Guwahati
IIT
DrP.
P.S.
S.Robi
Robi
Dr
IITGuwahati
Guwahati
IIT
DrP.
P.S.
S.Robi
Robi
Dr
IITGuwahati
Guwahati
IIT
The principal
projection
planes and
quadrants
used to create
first- and
third-angle
projection
drawings
DrP.
P.S.
S.Robi
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IITGuwahati
Guwahati
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The principal
projection
planes and
quadrants
used to create
first- and
third-angle
projection
drawings
DrP.
P.S.
S.Robi
Robi
Dr
IITGuwahati
Guwahati
IIT
First angle
projection
DrP.
P.S.
S.Robi
Robi
Dr
IITGuwahati
Guwahati
IIT
Third angle
projection
DrP.
P.S.
S.Robi
Robi
Dr
IITGuwahati
Guwahati
IIT
Third-angle projection
Followed in USA
DrP.
P.S.
S.Robi
Robi
Dr
IITGuwahati
Guwahati
IIT
Symbol of projection
The method of projection used should be indicated in the
space provided for the purpose in the title box of the
drawing sheet. The symbol recommended by BIS is to
draw the two sides of a frustum of a cone placed with its
axis horizontal.
DrP.
P.S.
S.Robi
Robi
Dr
IITGuwahati
Guwahati
IIT
Projection of points
Projection of points, viz., front, top and profile views are
obtained by locating the given point in each of the four
quadrants.
If the point lies
In the 1st quadrant - Either on or above HP and in front of VP.
In the 2nd quadrant Either on or above HP and behind VP.
In the 3rd quadrant - Either on or below HP and behind VP.
In the 4th quadrant Either on or below HP and in front of VP.
DrP.
P.S.
S.Robi
Robi
Dr
IITGuwahati
Guwahati
IIT
Conventional Representation
DrP.
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S.Robi
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Dr
IITGuwahati
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Projectors and
the lines of the
intersection of
planes of
projections are
shown as thin
lines.
The lines of
intersection of
HP and VP is
denoted as XY.
The VP and HP
are written on
either side of
the XY line.
DrP.
P.S.
S.Robi
Robi
Dr
IITGuwahati
Guwahati
IIT
Solution:
Step 1:
Point P is located in I quadrant.
Point P is projected on VP, HP,
and left PP.
P front view on VP, p top view
on HP and p right view on PP.
DrP.
P.S.
S.Robi
Robi
Dr
IITGuwahati
Guwahati
IIT
Step 2:
After obtaining the
projections on VP, HP and
left PP, the HP and the left
PP are rotated by 90 so as
to lie in the same plane as
that of VP.
DrP.
P.S.
S.Robi
Robi
Dr
IITGuwahati
Guwahati
IIT
Step 3:
After rotation, HP lies below
the XY line and the left PP
on which the right view is
projected lies on the left of
VP.
DrP.
P.S.
S.Robi
Robi
Dr
IITGuwahati
Guwahati
IIT
Step 4:
Orthographic
projections
Draw a thin horizontal XY
line to represent the line of
intersection of HP and VP.
Draw X1Y1 line to
represent the line of
intersection of VP and PP.
Through O, the point of
intersection of XY and
X1Y1, draw a 45 degree
line for projecting the
profile view.
Since the given point P is
30 mm in front of left PP,
draw a vertical projector
line at a distance of 30 mm
from the X1Y1 line.
DrP.
P.S.
S.Robi
Robi
Dr
IITGuwahati
Guwahati
IIT
DrP.
P.S.
S.Robi
Robi
Dr
IITGuwahati
Guwahati
IIT
DrP.
P.S.
S.Robi
Robi
Dr
IITGuwahati
Guwahati
IIT
Solution:
Step 1:
Point P is located in II quadrant.
Since point P is located behind VP,
the VP is assumed transparent
plane.
Point P is projected on VP, HP, and
left PP.
p front view on VP, p top view
on HP and p right view on left PP.
DrP.
P.S.
S.Robi
Robi
Dr
IITGuwahati
Guwahati
IIT
Step 2:
After obtaining the
projections on VP, HP and
left PP, the HP and the left
PP are rotated by 90 so as
to lie in the same plane as
that of VP.
DrP.
P.S.
S.Robi
Robi
Dr
IITGuwahati
Guwahati
IIT
Step 3:
After rotation, HP
will coincide with the
VP and the left PP
will lie on the left of
VP.
The direction of
rotation is
maintained same as
in the first quadrant.
DrP.
P.S.
S.Robi
Robi
Dr
IITGuwahati
Guwahati
IIT
Step 4:
Orthographic
projections
Draw a thin horizontal XY line
and mark both HP and VP
above it.
Draw X1Y1 line to represent
the line of intersection of VP
and left PP.
Mark PP on the left side of
VP. Since point P is 30 mm
above HP, the front view of
the point P lies 30 mm above
the XY line. Therefore, mark
p the front view of the
point P, 30 mm above XY line.
DrP.
P.S.
S.Robi
Robi
Dr
IITGuwahati
Guwahati
IIT
Steps
1-4
DrP.
P.S.
S.Robi
Robi
Dr
IITGuwahati
Guwahati
IIT
Solution:
Step 1:
Point P is located in III quadrant.
Since the three planes of projections
lie in between the observer and the
point P, they are assumed as
transparent planes.
Point P is projected on VP, HP, and
right PP.
p front view on VP, p top view
on HP and p right view on right
PP.
DrP.
P.S.
S.Robi
Robi
Dr
IITGuwahati
Guwahati
IIT
Step 2:
After obtaining the
projections on VP,
HP and right PP, the
HP and the right PP
are rotated by 90 so
as to lie in the same
plane as that of VP.
DrP.
P.S.
S.Robi
Robi
Dr
IITGuwahati
Guwahati
IIT
Step 3:
After rotation, HP
lies above XY line
and the right PP lies
on the right side of
the VP.
For rotating HP,
the direction of
rotation is
maintained same
as in the first
quadrant.
DrP.
P.S.
S.Robi
Robi
Dr
IITGuwahati
Guwahati
IIT
Step 4:
Orthographic
projections
Draw a thin horizontal
XY line and mark HP
and VP on either side
of XY line to indicate the
third quadrant system of
projection.
Draw X1Y1 line to
represent the line of
intersection of VP and
right PP.
Through O draw a 45
degree line for
projecting the profile
view.
DrP.
P.S.
S.Robi
Robi
Dr
IITGuwahati
Guwahati
IIT
DrP.
P.S.
S.Robi
Robi
Dr
IITGuwahati
Guwahati
IIT
Steps
1-4
DrP.
P.S.
S.Robi
Robi
Dr
IITGuwahati
Guwahati
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point P lying 60 mm
below HP, 50 mm infront of VP and 45 mm infront of the left PP.
Solution:
Steps 1-4
DrP.
P.S.
S.Robi
Robi
Dr
IITGuwahati
Guwahati
IIT