Formal academic English will normally avoid:

1. Contractions.
The research won't be continued until appropriate funding is secured.
The research will not be continued until appropriate f u n d i n g is secured.

2. Interjections and hesitation fillers (i.e., um, well, you know; etc.).
Well, we will now consider the influence of sex hormones on stress response.
We will now consider the influence of sex hormones on stress response.

3. Addressing the reader directly.

You can see the data in Table 3.
The data can be seen in Table 3.

4. Phrasal verbs (although not always).

Researchers have found out that many mental illnesses are based on molecular defects.
Researchers have discovered that many mental illnesses are based on molecular defects.

5. Direct questions (although not always).

What can be done to improve the state of our economy?
We now need to consider what can be done to improve the state of our economy.

6. Adverbs in initial or final positions (the middle position is preferable).

Then it will be shown how teachers can utilize this method. This work relies on previous research heavily.
It will then be shown how teachers can utilize this method. This work heavily relies on previous
research.

7. Inappropriate negative forms.

n o t . . . any no
The investigation didn't yield any new results.
The investigation yielded no new results.

not ... many few

The book doesn't raise many important issues.
The book raises few important issues.

not ... much little

The government won't do much to support universities in the near future.
The government will do little to support universities in the near future.

8. Short forms of the words or slang.

This booklet describes the requirements and content of the university graduation exams.
This booklet describes the requirements and content of the university graduation examinations.

9. Figures at the beginning of the sentence.

97 people visited the museum last week.
Ninety-seven people visited the museum last week.
Last week 97 people visited the museum.

1. By using modal verbs.

C o n t i n u u m t h e r m o d y n a m i c s o f solids, f l u i d s , a n d m i x t u r e s f o r m s
a p o w e r f u l tool for m a n y u n s o l v e d problems.
C o n t i n u u m t h e r m o d y n a m i c s o f solids, fluids, a n d m i x t u r e s may f o r m
a p o w e r f u l tool for m a n y u n s o l v e d p r o b l e m s .
C o n t i n u u m t h e r m o d y n a m i c s o f solids, fluids, a n d m i x t u r e s could, f o rm a powerful tool for m a n y u n s o l v e d problems.

2. By using adjectives that express probability (in all examples below

the statements gradually weaken in strength).
Dinosaurs died out due to sudden climatic changes.

It is certain
It is likely

It is probable
It is possible
It is unlikely
that dinosaurs died out
due to sudden climatic
changes.

3. By using a there is construction with the word possibility.

There is

a strong possibility
a definite possibility
a slight possibility
that dinosaurs died out due to sudden climatic changes.

4. By using adverbs that express certainty and probability.

Definitely,
Undoubtedly,
Probably,
Possibly,
Presumably,
dinosaurs died out due to sudden climatic changes.

5. By using verb phrases that distance the writer from the statements
or conclusions he/she makes.
Social scientists often
serve contradictory
political and scientific
values.

It seems
It appears
It would seem/appear
that social scientists
often serve contradictory
political and scientific
values.
Social scientists seem to often serve contradictory political and scientific values.
Social scientists appear to often serve contradictory political and scientific values.
Social scientists tend to often serve contradictory political and scientific values.

6. By using quantity words.

A majority of social scientists often serve contradictory political and scientific
values.
A large number of social scientists often serve contradictory political and
scientific values.
Social scientists of many countries often serve contradictory political and
scientific values.
Some social scientists often serve contradictory political and scientific values.
A few social scientists often serve contradictory political and scientific values.

7. By using statements of shared knowledge, assumptions, and beliefs.

It is generally agreed
It is widely accepted
It is now generally recognized

A)
1. accept 1. agree or recognize with approval

2. accomplish 2. perform successfully

3. account for 3. explain the cause of
4. achieve 4. reach by effort

5. adjust 5. put in order

6. affect 6. have an influence on, act on
7. apply 7. make practical use of
8. arrange 8. regulate
9. assess 9. decide the importance and give reasons
10. assume 10. take as true before there is proof

B)

1 . avoid 1.

keep away from

2. clarify 2. regard make clear
3. coincide 3. be similar in area and outline
4. compare 4. describe similarities or differences
5. complete 5. Finish
6. concern 6. have relation to
7. conclude 7. arrive at (knowledge, a theory) by reasoning
8. consider 8. think about,
9. correspond 9. be in harmony
10. deduce 10. arrive at an opinion
C)

1. define - state precisely the meaning of

2. derive from - take as a starting point, source or origin
3. determine - find out precisely
4. emerge appear
5. emphasize - lay stress on
6. ensure - guarantee
7. establish - found, set up
8. estimate - form a judgment about, calculate the value of
9. evaluate - . find out the value of
10. focus on - concentrate on
D)

1. identify 1. establish the identity of

2. imply 2. become concerned with something
3. include 3. bring in
4. increase 4. become greater in size
5. indicate 5. point
6. infer 6. conclude
7. investigate 7. make a careful study of
8. involve 8. make a suggestion
9. maintain 9. keep up
10. neglect 10. pay no attention to
E)
1. observe 1. watch carefully
2. obtain 2. get
3. occur 3. happen
4. omit 4. leave out
5. perform 5. do
6. precede 6. go before
7. proceed 7. go forward
8. produce 8. make
9. provide 9. give, supply
10. reduce 10. make smaller
F)
1. refer to 1. turn to for information, etc
2. regard 2. give a result

3. rely on 3. . depend upon

4. require 4. demand
5. satisfy 5. be enough for
6. specify 6. state or name definitely
7. suppose 7. consider
8. transfer 8. change position
9. utilize 9. make use of
10. yield 10. guess, take as a fact