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FLUID MECHANICS
Definitions:
Fluid: A substance in a liquid or gas phase is referred to as fluid.
In fluids, shear stress is proportional to the strain rate.
Viscosity: It is a property which enables a fluid to offer resistance
to relative motion between adjacent layers.
Surface Tension: It is defined as the tensile force acting on the
surface of a liquid in contact with a gas or on the surface between
two immiscible liquids such that the contact surface behaves like
a membrane under tension. Unit: N/m
Some Practical Applications of Surface Tension:
Formation of Dew drops on grass during early morning
Adding detergent to the water
Birds can drink water from ponds
Capillarity: It is defined as a phenomenon of rise or fall of a
liquid surface in a small tube relative to the adjacent general level
of liquid when the tube is held vertically in the liquid. Its value
depends upon the specific weight of the liquid, diameter of the
tube and surface tension of the liquid.
Important Application of Capillarity: Rise of water to the top
of tall trees.
Pressure: In a fluid at rest, the normal stress is called as
pressure. The normal stress is nothing but the normal component
of the force acting on a surface per unit area.
Pascals Law: Pressure applied to a confined fluid increases the
pressure throughout by the same amount
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+ g dz +
v2
+ 2g
+ z = constant (along
The
The
The
The
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Lift: The components of the pressure and wall shear forces in the
direction normal to the flow tend to move the body in that
direction, and their sum is called as lift.
PURPOSE
Discharge from a tank or
reservoir
Discharge in an open channel
Discharge through a pipeline
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Reynolds Number
Froudes Number
Eulers Number
Webers Number
Machs Number
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Speed of flow
Speed of sound
Application
Pipe flow
Resistance experienced by
fully immersed bodies
Free surface flows such as
flow over spillways
Flow of jet through an
orifice
Closed pipe Turbulent
Applications
Capillary rise in narrow
passages
Capillary movement of
water in soil
Aero Dynamic testing
Water Hammer Problems
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