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A..
Pacific^Coast Agent for
Ivison, Blakegaan,
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&
ADDRESS CARE OF
CUNNINGHA
327, 329
John
3v,r
ett
Co
-*
pi
TEXT-BOOK
OF
WESTERN BOTANY,
CONSISTING OF
COULTER'S
IS
PREFIXED
IVISON,
Copyriqht, 1885,
BY
IVISON,
EDUCATION DEPT.
PUBLISHEES' NOTE.
THE
issue of Professor
now
New
district,
its
appropriate
lexicon.
541831
introduction,
grammar, and
GRAY'S
LESSONS IN BOTANY
AND
VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY,
360 WOOD ENGRAVINGS, FROM ORIGINAL
DRAWINGS, BY ISAAC SPRAGUB.
ILLUSTRATED BY OVER
TO WHICH
IS
ADDED
A COPIOUS
GLOSSARY,
OK
BY ASA GKAY,
FISHER PROFESSOR OP NATURAL HISTORY IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
IVISON,
CO.,
GEORGE
E.
PUTNAM &
M.
the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the Southern District of
New Yod>
ASA
ll
AY,
In the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the District of Massacnvwette.
PREFACE.
THIS book
common and
is
higher schools,
own
are described.
Accordingly, as respects
table
Physiology),
this
principles of
the
work
is
complete
in
for younger classes, and even for the students of our higher seminaries.
For it comprises a pretty full account of the structure, organs, growth,
and reproduction of plants, and of their important uses in the scheme of
creation,
by
all
Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States (or to any similar
work describing the plants of other districts), and to be to it what
,1
author.
It
consequentlv co
no necessity
and still
for
young stucommit
to memory, but which
they will need to refer to as occasions arise, when
they come to analyze flowers, and ascertain the names of our wild plants.
To make the book complete in this respect, a full Glossary, or Diction-
first
is
instance,
less to
ary of Term* used in describing Plants, is added to the volume. This contains very many words which are not used in the Manual
of Bo! any ;
it
are accented.
PREFACE.
IV
is
before
ceed to study the various wild plants they find in blossom, in the manner
Lesson XXX., &c.,
referring to the Glossary, and thence
illustrated in
the
and
classification
of plants, will
No
volume; which, with one or two exceptions, are all original. They
were drawn from nature by Mr. Sprague, the most accurate of living
botanical artists,
it
was needful to
size to
which
To append a set of questions to the foot of each pa^e, although not unusual in school-books, seems like a reflection upon the competency or the
faithfulness of teachers, who surely ought to have mastered the lesson before they undertake to teach it; nor ought facilities to be afforded for
full analysis of the
teaching, any more than learning, lessons by rote.
is
as a basis to
ground
ASA GRAY
HARVARD UNIVERSITY, CAMBRIDGE,
January
1,
1857.
1868,
to Field, Forest,
A. G.
I.
Natural History,
1.
what
it is
why
ganized beings,
it
comprises.
plants
8.
how
so called,
why
3.
and what
its
What kingdoms
4.
peculiarities.
The
7.
10.
to.
II.
16.
The Embryo;
III.
Bsan
how
Squash, &c.
in the
29. in the
its
20.
parts:
its
17, 18.
nourished.
26.
15. exists in
how
object or results
23. Recapitulation
nating Plantlet,
p. 4.
13. Plants
LESSON
use of
how denned.
Botany,
LESSON
p. 1
subjects.
5, 6.
its
culled Inorganic.
it
develops.
continued,
24, 25.
p. 9.
The Germi-
28. in the
Almond, Apple-seed, Beech, &c.
Pea, Oak, and Buckeye peculiarity of these last. 30, 31.
27. in the
Deposit of food outside of the embryo Albumen of the seed various shapes
di32, 33. Kinds of embryo as to the number of Cotyledons
:
of embryo.
cotyledonous
36.
tion.
LESSON
monocotyledonous
polycotyledonous.
Simple-stemmed vegetation
IV.
34, 35.
Plan of
vegeta-
illustrated.
p. 20.
39.
difference in this respect between roots and stems.
37, 38. Branching
40. how they grow, and what they
Buds, what they are, and where situated
become. 41. Plants as to size and duration herb, annual, biennial, perennial:
:
shrub
tree.
Naked Buds.
42.
Terminal Bud.
43. Axillary
Buds.
illustrated.
50.
47-49.
45.
Plan
Symmetry of Branches,
paragraphs.
Vi
what
53
depends on:
it
stems,
how formed.
Buds.
60. Sorts of
LESSON
61 -64.
how
51.
Definite growth.
It
54. Indefinite
55. Deliquescent
growth.
or dissolving
Buds
recaoitulated
and
defined.
MORPHOLOGY OF ROOTS
V.
p. 28.
67. Rootlets;
multiple.
in
how
Botany.
65.'
roots absorb;
for absorption.
71.
72, 73.
Sometimes striking
78.
economy.
in
open
air,
when they
arc, 79
Aerial Roots
illustrated In
illustrated
LESSON
...
VI.
p. 36.
91. Runners.
92. Tendrils;
or Thorns
how
their nature
Prickles.
98.
99-101.
103.
How
of the Potato-plant.
105.
the nature and economy
:
94. Spines
Strange forms of stems. 96. SubterRootstock or Rhizoma, why stem and
into,
of these, as in Crocus.
lets.
The
running rootstocks are so troublesome, and so haul to deThickened rootstoeks, as depositories of food. 102. Their
Gradations of tubers
bulbs.
97.
95
Why
and growth.
life
Bulb
is
nature of
112
Bulb-
meant by mor-
115. Consoliphology. 114. They are imitated in some plants above ground.
dated forms of vegetation, illustrated by Cactuses, &c.
116. Their economy
and adaptation
LESSON
to dry regions.
VII.
MORPHOLOGY OF LEAVES
p. 49.
As
Bulb-scales.
drils.
125.
As
122.
Leaves as Bud-scales.
Pitchers.
various purposes.
126.
As
Fly-traps.
123.
As
Spines.
124.
As Ten-
leaf serving
LESSON
The
leaf.
134.
The
latter is
138. Venation, or
veins
and nerves
ribs or veins
mode
and
132, 133.
and
The
for in-
parts of a
framework.
its
136.
137. Division
veinlets.
of veining.
same thing;
and
140.
The
so-
tl;e
essentially the
p. 54.
Leaves a contrivance
blade.
Nettcd-veined or reticulated.
called
131.
use of these.
...
VIII.
creasing surface
vi
142.
nerves of animals.
143. How the sort of veining of leaves answers to the number of cotyledons and the kind of plant. 144. Two kinds of parallel-veined leaves.
147. Relation of the veining to
145, 146. Two kinds of nettcd-veincd leaves.
the shape of the leaf.
As
152.
line.
LESSON
153.
As
to the
apex.
MORPHOLOGY OF LEAVES
IX.
154, 155.
to the base.
Leaves
either simple or
AS FOLIAGE
continued,
p. 61.
compound.
and degree of
division.
il-
Com-
163.
&c.
Perfoliate:
LESSON
X.
trebly
p. 71.
arrangement of leaves on the stem general sorts of arone from the same place. 183. Clustered
:
185.
The
186.
188.
The
fractions
Symmetry of
arrangement of leaves
LESSON
XI.
in the bud.
by mathematical
194.
The
187.
The
rule.
190.
The
scries
whorled leaves.
193. Vernation, or
principal modes.
195.
174.
Ligule.
189.
compound
177. Phyllodia, or
178. Stipules.
181. Phyllotaxy, or
rangement.
Doubly or
176.
175. Equitant:
flattened petioles.
171, 172.
p. 76.
to those of Fructification or
Re-
determinate
stalks, viz.
Inflorescence.
peduncles and
199.
Its
sorts
pedicels, bracts
of flower-clusters.
200.
Flower-
and
201.
Raceme.
bractlets, &c.
gradation into (203) a Corymb, and that (204) into (205) an Umbel.
order of development
207. The Spike. 208. The Hu-'
202.
Its
206.
Centripetal
tfii
209.
Spadix.
210.
Catkin or Ament.
213.
211, 212.
Panicle.
inflorescence of
Compound
214. Thyrsus.
215.
Determinate
In-
same
LESSON
XII.
THE FLOWER
The Flower.
223.
224. Its
ITS
plant.
PARTS OR ORGANS
p. 84.
226.
The
Floral Envelopes or leaves of the flower. Calyx and Corolla, together called
228. Petals, Sepals.
229. Neutral and "double" flowers,
(227) Perianth.
those destitute of, 230. The Essential Organs Stamens and Pistils. 231,232.
:
The
The
its
234.
parts.
its parts.
LESSON
The Stamen
233.
XIII.
upon
the
same
p. 88.
plan.
- 239.
23*7
OF THE FLOWER
96.
251. Recapitulation of the varied forms under which stems and leaves appear.
253. Flowers are altered branches ;
252. These may be called metamorphoses.
254. Their position the same as that occupied by buds.
255,
257. Stamens a different modifi256. Leaves of the blossom are really leaves.
258. Pistils another modification ; the botanist's idea of
cation of the same.
how shown.
pistil.
leaves
259.
The arrangement of
on a branch.
The
p. 99.
by growing together.
petal, &c.
267.
When
is
flowers.
275. Papilionaceous
and
flower,
273. Epigynous.
its
parts.
the so-called
274. Irregularity of
276. Labiate
compound
or bilabiate
flowers.
LESSON XVI.
IX
ARRANGEMENT OF THE
CALYX AND COROLLA IN THE BUD. ...
^ESTIVATION, OR THE
108.
p.
supervolute.
LESSON
284.
XVII.
Stamens considered as
p. Ill
each other.
291.
295.
298.
LESSON
299.
its
Some
MORPHOLOGY OF PISTILS
XVIII.
As
p. 116.
number.
and stigma.
style,
one
to
The Compound
pistil,
how composed.
Pistil,
centa.
With two or
319, 320.
Open
or
With
parietal placentae.
Gymnospermous
Their structure.
pistil
321.
Ovary superior or
Naked-seeded plants.
inferior.
323. Ovules.
OF THE RECEPTACLE
327.
p.
What
124
illustrated.
324.
313.
cells
tions.
322.
311, 312.
style.
more
301.
p. 126.
of.
of the Strawberry.
Family
The Nut Cupulo.
posite
Com-
355.
The
Follicle.
353.
356.
p. 134.
370. The
367. Its parts. 360,369. Its coats.
Names applied to the parts of the seed. 372. The Ker376. The
nel or Nucleus.
373. The Albumen.
374, 375. The Embryo.
Radicle.
377. The Cotyledons or Seed-leaves
the monocotyledonous, dicotyledonous, and polycotyledonous embryo. 378. The Plumule. 379. The circle
366.
Aril or Arillus.
its
origin.
371.
of vegetable
LESSON
life
completed.
XXII.
How
PLANTS GROW
p. 138
380, 381.
Growth, what it is. 382. For the first formation or beginning of
a plant dates farther back than to, 383. the embryo in the ripe seed, which is
already a plantlet. 384. The formation and the growth of the embryo itself.
embryo. 388. Growth of the plantlet from the seed, 389. The plant built up
of a vast number of cells. 390. Growth consists of the increase in size of cells,
and
their multiplication in
LESSON
number.
VEGETABLE FABRIC
XXIII.
394,395,397.
398
400.
tion.
one
CELLULAR TISSUE.
p. 142.
How the
Size of
cells.
the colors
owing
cell to another.
p. 145.
and some
404. All plants at the beginning formed of cellular tissue only
405. Wood soon appears in
never have anything else in their composition.
;
most
plants.
wood and
411.
soft
408. Wood-cells or
Woody
wood.
thin places
413. Ducts or Vessels.
Fibre.
Hard
409.
414.
The
principal kinds.
415
p. 149.
417-419.
416. The materials of the vegetable fabric, how put together
Structure and action of the rootlets. 420. Root-hairs. 421. Structure of the
The two
423.
The Exo-
422.
genous
particularly explained.
428 Growth of the exogenous stem year after
427. Parts of the bark.
431.
429. Growth of the bark, and what becomes of the older parts.
itself.
year.
Changes
425.
sorts of stem.
The Endogenous.
stem.
in the
wood
423.
more
Sap-wood.
432. Heart-wood.
wood
or stem
liv-
x!
435.
their annual renewal.
434. "What the living parts of a tree are
Cambium-layer or zone of growth in the stem connected with, 436. new root437. Structure of a leaf:
lets below, and new shoots, buds, and leaves above.
ing.
its
two
parts, the
woody and
green
sunshine.
THE PLANT
LESSON XXVI.
WORK
p. 157.
constituents.
composition of cellulose.
455.
The
plant's
made.
is
The
459.
air,
work of
the proper
469.
plant-fabric.
Or
else Starch
its
470.
Or Sugar;
its
na-
The
The
fore
duce
all the
ture, &c.
from plants.
474.
And decompose
473.
The
heat.
nitrogen.
at the
back
made
their
ma-
again as the food of the plant at the same time producing ani475. But the fabric or flesh of animals (fibrinc, gelatine, &c.) contains
mal
While
476
Its nature
derived from plants in the form of Proteine.
it.
477. Earthy matters in the plant form the earthy
478. Dependence of animals upon plants ; showing the great
This
is
LESSON XXVII.
479. Life
PLANT-LIFE
manifested by
p. 166.
480.
And by
motion.
its effects
viz.
its
the leaves.
tion
taneous motions.
xii
493.
so called.
To
495.
LESSON XXVIII.
496. Plants
494.
What
they comprise
why
viewed
as
p. 173.
their relationships.
to
497.
Two
characteristics of
plants and animals they form themselves, and, 498 They exist as IndividuThe chain of individuals gives rise to the idea of, 499, 500. Species asals.
semblages of individuals, so like that they are inferred to have a common an:
cestry.
501.
502.
to inherit
how
of the parent
504. Kinds,
507. Suborders
The way
510.
plants.
classification are
nomenclature.
how
formed.
Names
517.
of Varieties.
it
CHARACTERS.
subserves.
how
formed.
518, 519.
513.
Names
516. Specific
Names
p. 178.
plan of
names,
Sub-
of Orders,
TO STUDY PLANTS,
522 - 567. Illustrated by several examples, showing the mode of analyzing and
ascertaining the name of an unknown plant, and its place in the system, &c.
LESSON
XXXIII.
BOTANICAL SYSTEMS
p.
195
568-571. Natural System. 572, 573. Artificial Classification. 574. Artificial System of Linnaeus.
575. Its twenty-four Classes, enumerated and defined.
LESSON XXXIV.
579-582.
How
preserving specimens.
585, 586
583, 584.
199.
p-
203
FIRST LESSONS
IN
LESSON
I.
THE
2.
and the
it.
it,
and
life,
all
The
earth
itself,
make up
to
with
them
is,
life,
compose
being.
like
And
itself,
produced.
powers of
that
is,
At first
own
its existence to a
preceding one
a parent.
It was not merely formed, but
small and imperfect, it grows and develops
by
to
it attains
maturity, becomes old, and finally dies.
was formed of inorganic or mineral matter, that is, of earth and
but only of this matter under the influence of life
air, indeed
its
It
and
and
air again.
it
is
decomposed
into earth
WHAT
RELATES TO.
IT
("LESSON Ir
4.
The
5.
sight so
What
c
le
as
cow bear
to the grass
it
feeds
upon
The
moves
its
of earth where
into
it
into the
its
food directly
it
is
absorbed
its
surface,
by
system
by its roots, leaves, &c. Both possess organs; but the limbs or
members of the animal do not at all resemble the roots, leaves,
:
animals.
we come
animals
Many
All these distinctions, however, gradulower kinds of plants and the lower
to the
(such as
barnacles,
coral-animals,
and
they have until lately been taken for animals. It is among these
microscopic tribes that the animal and vegetable kingdoms most
so nearly, that it is still uncertain
nearly approach each other,
where
to
draw the
line
between them.
Since
the
difficulty
plants
is this
7.
is,
by
the ground and the air, which supply all they need, and which they
are adapted to live upon ; while animals are entirely nourished by
vegetables.
The
is,
to take portions of
LESSON
BOTANY,
1.]
earth and
air,
WHAT
IT
RELATES TO.
subsist at
all,
and
to con-
vert these into something upon which animals can subsist, that
All food
into food.
is
How
produced by plants.
this is done,
is,
it is
kingdom
in
general.
9. Physiology is
view
is
is
The two
fulfil
tematic Botany.
as
known,
An
classified
of plants.
A similar
to
view when
is
ac-
called
instead
its
or Botanical Geography.
as respects
Geographical Botany,
The study
uses to
and the
man
like.
is
The
LESSON
SEED.
[LESSON
2.
II.
We
we commence
Shall
they grew.
full-grown herb or
tree,
fruit ?
shall
the plantlet springing from the seed, and follow it throughout its
This also agrees best with the season in which
course of growth.
is
generally commenced, namely, in the spring
the growth of plants from the seed can hardly
to attract attention.
Indeed, it is this springing forth of vegeta-
of the year,
fail
when
from seeds and buds, after the rigors of our long winter,
clothing the earth's surface almost at once with a mantle of freshest
which gives to spring its greatest charm.
Even the
verdure,
tion
dullest beholder,
forms
These questions
it
is
?
is
How
do they
live
its
all
become apparent,
as
we
proceed, that
this
is
the
plan.
It
case;
that one common plan may be discerned, which each parplant, whether herb, shrub, or tree, has followed much more
ticular
LESSON
2.]
SEED.
story,
it
springs from round
produces, would illustrate the whole subject of vegeand growth. It matters little, therefore, what particular
table life
plant
it
we begin
with.
appearance (Fig.
stemlet
then a
;
4).
little
bud
leaves,
make up
at
its
the
resembling
did not.
first
of
Was
15.
this plantlet
Or
did
it
before in
exist
the
seed,
may
dry)
and nothing
of leaves
We
be laid open.
little
find within
namely, a pair
else
like
the
(Fig. 2) ;
those of the
earliest
seedling
and
all
seed-coat.
in
the
seed, in miniature.
It
of Red Maple, with the seed-bearing portion cut open, to show the
seed. 2. This seed cut open to show the embryo plantlet within, enlarged. 3. The embryo
taken out whole, and partly unfolded. 4. The same after it has begun to grow ; of the
FIG.
1.
winged
fruit
natural size.
1*
oped, in germination
when
SEED.
[LESSON
2,
had merely
it
to elongate its
opposite
now pushed
end,
farther
downwards
true in the
main of
all
All this
tion
formed
16.
called an
is
named
plantlet
stem)
old names.
The
so well
name
to
but
stem
was supposed
when the difference between the
were better
little
other.
contained in
Its little
Embryo.
to be the root,
root
It
some shape or
The rudimentary
the seed
is
fact,
in the seed, in
it
it
known
the
as now.
Caulicle
(i.
e.
is
in
named
is
to
many
the Plumule.
Maple
Maple
viz.
1.
of the
first.
is
FIG.
5.
Germinating Red Maple, which has produced its root beneath, and
6. Same, further advanced.
is
developing
LESSON
18.
2.]
So the youngest
seedling,
The
has leaves.
tree itself in
its
SEED.
tree.
It
in the seed,
it
whole
more
upwardly by producing
root deeper
19. The
new and
is,
and deeper
new
por-
larger leaves,
while beneath,
in succession,
its
that
similar parts,
it
pushes
Opposite
whole
soil,
and perhaps
darkness, as soon as
the
it
in total
begins to
stem
towards the
if
grow,
points
curving or turning
light,
quite round
some other
happens to lie in
and stretches
it
direction,
upwards
While yet
of the plant.
life
buried in the
and sunshine
do so
if
cannot explain.
But
the
movements we
is
obvious.
It
in the
each
is
Thus
to act,
soil,
mentioned.
different
air.
proper work.
Root and Stem may also be here
its
FIG.
7.
GROWTH
8
the
summit of
every
its
part, until
of joints, and
it
it
predecessor
reaches its
2,
full length.
[LESSON
long
but
it
(Fig. 10), or
It is
soil,
by
grows
still
in
a few days
more,
this elongation
so as to
expand
if
to the length of
the seed
soil
in the light
and
air.
The
When
several inches in the endeavor to bring the seed-leaves to the surThe lengthening of the succeeding joints of the stem serves to
face.
separate the leaves, or pairs of leaves, from one another, and to ex-
undisturbed in the
soil
where
LESSON
3.]
LESSON
23.
So a plant
consists of
two
parts,
III.
SEED.
SEED.
growing
One
in
Continued.
a different manner,
down-
it
tremity,
or
kind.
nor does
joints,
it
bear leaves,
succession of
anything
each bearing one or more leaves on its summit. Root on
the one hand, and stem with its foliage on the other, make up the
joints,
whole plantlet as it springs from the seed and the full-grown herb,
shrub, or tree has nothing more in kind,
only more in size and
number. Before we trace the plantlet into the herb or tree, some
;
other cases of the growth of the plantlet from the seed should be
studied, that we may observe how the same plan is worked out under
a variety of forms, with certain differences in the details. The matehave only to notice what
study are always at hand.
We
takes place
in pots,
all
around us
in spring, or to plant
The embryo
3,
Maple
(Fig. 2,
for itself.
enough of
it
S&F
SEED.
[LESSON
3.
is
that is, to live and
already able to shift for itself;
growth on what it now takes from the soil and from the
and elaborates into nourishment in its two green leaves, under
continue
air,
its
is
is
we
find this
And we may
itself,
where there
is
very
observe
first
little,
it
illus-
up
to
the
large
and
flat
Pumpkin, we
seed of a
Squash or
em-
seed-leaves.
not enough
is
leaf-like
appearance.
tissue
27.
9.
Embryo of a Pumpkin, of
The same, when it has germinated-
the
natural size
the cotyledons a
little
opened
LESSON
the
3.]
SEED.
11
that of the
Pumpkin
only
joints of the
stem, with
their leaves, shoot forth as soon as the stemlet comes to the surface of
The Beech-nut
the
soil.
its
matter, offers
same
sort
this
store
ample
to
feed
first
tained
28.
more
familiar illustration.
soil.
similar
and
Here the
co-
of ground in the ordinary way in germination (Fig. 17), and turn greenish,
yet they never succeed in becoming leafnever display their real nature of
like,
leaves, as they
do so plainly in the
Pumpkin
Ma-
FIG.
this special
11.
cotyledons,
office
admirably, but
An
Apple-seed cut through lengthwise, showing the embryo with its thickened
12. The embryo of the Apple, taken out whole, its cotyledons
partly separated
FIG. 13. A Beech-nut, cut across. 14. Beginning germination of the Beech, showing the
plumule growing before the cotyledons have opened or the root has scarcely formed 15. The
ame, a little later, with the second joint lenethened.
12
SEED.
^LESSON
3.
it
This
foliage.
office is
accordingly
first
the
succeeding pair of
those
of
the
leaves,
plumule (Fig. 17,
performed by
which
18),
is
having
wither and
fall
29. This
the
Pea
is
fulfilled
this office,
The
soon
away.
carried a step farther in
of the Bean,
and
21,
the
in
Oak
(Fig.
22),
near relative
of the Beech.
The
differ-
ence in these
and
many
other similar
cases
is this.
The
become nearly
hemispherical in shape.
They have
all
likeness to leaves,
ever
fulfilling
and
the office
lost
power of
Acof leaves.
all
LESSON
3.J
SEED.
13
is
plainly
shown
very little,
and so the cotyledons remain
under ground, if the seed was covered by
or not at
the
all
as every one
soil,
with Peas.
the
Oak
knows
to
be the case
first
These
related to the
Maple
leaves of the
be leaves, even
in the
seed
(as
to
we have
and
ment provided
FIG.
21.
An
is
22.
14
On
earliest growth.
embryo
SEED.
[LESSON
we
3-
find this
mination
embryo
it
it is
(through certain
soluble
Upon
feeds in ger-
rendered
chemical
changes) and dissolved by the water which the germinating seed imbibes from the moist
by
soil.
&
this aid
Having
&
lengthened
its
radicle
into a stem
of considerable length,
27), the
themselves
pand
cotyledons
now
disengage
(Fig. 28).
elaborate,
soil,
nourishment so produced
is
little
used, partly to
stem, root,
a third with
its
to
its
leaf
two
Buckeye
a seed divided.
23.
25.
tfiin
27.
24.
Germinating Morning-Glury.
seed-leaves expanded.
28.
LESSON
GROWTH
3.J
OF THE PLANT
therefore gave
it
name which
still
it
FROM THE
15
SEED.
the
man
and
a
also
it is
this
38
40), Wheat, Rice, Buckwheat, and of the seed of Four-o'clock,
(Fig,
and the
like.
it
may
In
all
be ob-
it,
that
the
from
it
the
when
it
begins to grow.
the
embryo
nourishment
is
coiled
it
requires
Sometimes
in the
form of a
ring, as
whole length, as in
the
Barberry (Fig.
33), or much
smaller and near one
32,
cnd
'
as
the iris
or some-
(Fig. 43)
times so minute, in
;
bumen, that
it
needs
a magnify ing-glass to
find it, as in the ButFIG.
29.
Germination of the Morning Glory more advanced the upper part only showing
second joint of stem with its leaf, and the third with its leaf just
:
developing.
30.
31.
embryo detached.
FIG. 36. Section of the seed of Four-o'clock, showing the embryo
outside of the albumen. 37 Its embryo detached
coiled
round th
16
[LESSON &
SEED.
however,
it
Nothing
is
the
embryo
it
its
de-
noticed, since
Number
to the
of Cotyledons,
In
all
the
figures,
is
more
in germination.
velopment
it is
fore call
the fact
on
its
summit.
Botanists there-
it
dicotyledonous,
many
But
in Indian
it
is
well
known
leaf appears at
first
from the
don, and
by the
it is
therefore termed
botanists monocotyledo-
an extremely long
;
which
means one-cotyleword, like the other, of Greek derivation,
more
other
leaves
The rudiments of one or
doned.
are, indeed,
nous
FIG.
38.
show
the embryo,
FIG.
ing the
39.
Another grain of Corn, cut through the middle in the opposite direction, dividits thick cotyledon and its plumule, the latter consisting of two
embryo through
FIG. 40. The embryo of Corn, taken out whole the thick mass is the cotyledon
narrow body partly enclosed by it is the plumule the little projection at its base is the
short radicle enclosed in the sheathing base of the first leaf of the plumule:
th
verjr
LESSON
self,
3.]
and should do
so,
and the
17
SEED.
the monocotyledonous
embryo
is
simpler,
cotyledon,
The
these cases
is
first
leaf
when
in
it
a minute plumule,
first
sion,
is
shown
Fig. 44,
the
form of a
little
first
42 and
in Fig.
commonly
in the
scale or imperfect
and the
4l
appearance.
33. In Pines,
sists
and the
of a radicle
summit three or
like,
the
embryo con-
stemlet, bearing on
or
from
four, or often
its
five to
(Fig.
once into a
45),
circle
and
expanding
of as
many
at
green
is,
as the
cotyledoned.
34. Plan of Vegetation,
The student
who has understandingly followed the
42
com
growth of the embryo in the seed into the seedling plantlet,
of
two
or
of
a
and
a
stem
three
each
root,
bearing ft
posed
joints,
FIG.
FIG.
41.
42.
The same,
further
in germination.
advanced
2*
GROWTH
18
[LESSON
3,
way
of what was
germinating plantlet displays to view,
contained, in miniature or in rudiment, in the seed itsel
So
far as vegetation
is
herb or
and
whatever
fruit), the
full-grown leafy
size,
parts,
same way
35. In the
the
seedling
with
stem,
preceding and
the
leaves
joint
sion,
by
joint in
direct
succes-
single,
is
(before flowering,
herbs,
such
least),
many
Sugar-Cane, Indian
as
called
their
commonly,
tain length,
FIG.
43.
Iris,
foliage,
or Flower-de-Luce, showing
its
it
begins to
small embryo In
FIG.
FIG.
44.
45.
its
Iris.
stemlet, displaying
its
its six
seed-leaves.
46. Early
LESSON
3.]
SEED.
The branching
19
plant
36. The subjoined figures (Fig. 47) give a view of some forms
of simple-stemmed vegetation.
The figure in the foreground on
the left represents a Cycas (wrongly called in the conservatories
it
a Banana.
20
LESSON
BUDS.
(_LESSON
4.
IV.
WE
37.
The branches
38.
There
is
no
telling
will spring.
39. Bllds,
that
is,
Branches
in the angle
We
name
stem
in the
is
its
And
in
only in size
An
Herb
ripened
The
difference
and duration.
its fruit,
down
it
has
LESSON
An
4.]
21
BUDS.
and
and
dies, root
all,
examples.
A biennial
herb
grows the
first
A
down
perennial herb lives and blossoms year after year, but dies
to the ground, or near it, annually,
not, however, quite down
to the root
for
its
buds,
still
survives
and from these buds the shoots of the following year arise.
Shrub is a perennial plant, with woody stems which continue
alive
do not branch, as
even when they livo
for
many
a simple shaft
as
rise
years,
This bud
bud.
many branching
also
plants
is
very conspicuous in
down
We
find
them
autumn
left
43
by the
Before the
previous.
to
fall
fall
occupy
of the
Axillary Buds,
sure to do
so,
in these trees
is
at least,
Otherwise
injured or destroyed.
so
fallen.
summer.
FIG.
they
leaf,
named
early in the
have
their sides.
In
many
trees
show themselves
until
in
spring
autumn
but
if
22
searched
for,
they
may
BUDS.
[_LESSON
size,
4.
hidden
Sometimes, although early formed, they are concealed all summer long under the base of the leafstalk, hollowed out into a sort of inverted cup, like a
candle-extinguisher, to cover
the Yellow-wood, or
more
them
as in the Locust,
as those of
is
obvious
namely, to protect
they, or the
with
down
from
warm
to cold, or
from cold
to
equally injurious. Scaly buds commonly belong, as would be expectwhile naked buds are
ed, to trees and shrubs of northern climates
;
45.
own
trees
FIG. 49.
FIG.
But naked
50.
and
Bud and
LESSON
4.]
23
BUDS.
blebush (while those of the nearly -related Snowball or High BushCranberry are scaly) but more commonly, when naked buds occur
;
and shrubs of our climate, they are small, and sunk in the
in the Sumac ; or even partly buried in the wood until they
as
bark,
in trees
are packed away in the seed they even contain all the blossoms of
And the stems
the ensuing season, plainly visible as small buds.
:
upon which these buds rest are filled with abundant nourishment,
which was deposited the summer before in the wood or in the bark.
Under the
surface of the
of autumn,
we may
in great variety
soil,
or on
it,
we
regard these,
how
it
is
As we
that vegetation
shoots forth so vigorously in the spring of the year, and clothes the
bare and lately frozen surface of the soil, as well as the naked
boughs of trees, almost at once with a covering of the freshest
green, and often with brilliant blossoms.
Everything was prepared,
and even formed, beforehand the short joints of stem in the bud
:
and
have only
to lengthen,
to
so that they
This
is all
is
as interesting
a subject of study as the growth of the plantlet from the seed, and
is still easier to observe.
have only room here to sketch the
We
general plan
tentively their
when they
earnestly recommending the student to examine atof growth in all the common trees and shrubs,
mode
the stem
prolongs
duces branches.
of Branches
is
as of
axillary buds
24
Maple
same
BUDS.
[LESSON
4.
the
two Iraves
is
shown by the
And
scars.
the
branches into which the buds grow are likewise opposite each other
in pairs.
Leaves are
49.
alternate
when
there
is
Oak
stem, as in the
them
also in Indian
Corn
one branch shooting on the one side of the stem and the
mode,
next on some other. For in the alternate arrangement no leaf is
on the same side of the stem as the one next above or next
below
it.
symmetry
and the
mode
year.
leaves
mainly
is
to one, viz.
Those which
first
want of nourishment or
for
want of
light.
begin to
Mag-
bud
is
the shoot of the last year, some of the latter give rise to branches,
while the rest fail to grow. In the Lilac also, the upper axillary
LESSON
4.]
25
appears at all in its place the uppermost pair of axillary buds grow,
and so each stem branches every year into two making a re;
make
it is
rapid growth.
54. On the other hand, the Locust, Honey-Locust, Sumac, and,
among smaller plants, the Rose and Raspberry, make an indefinite
annual growth.
until
That
is,
their stems
long,
con-
and
ripen.
or at least
all their
of the succeeding year takes place mainly from the lower axillary
more mature.
vegetation.
55. In these last-mentioned cases there
is,
of course, no single
into the
it
on in a direct
development year
after
uninterrupted
founded with the branches that proceed from it. Of such spiry or
spire-shaped trees, the Firs or Spruces are the most perfect and
shaft,
26
BUDS.
|_LESSON
4.
less
marked degree.
57. Latent
year
Some
Buds,
into branches
but a larger
under the bark, resting on the surface of the wood and when at
any time the other buds or branches happen to be killed, these older
latent buds grow to supply their place
as is often seen when the
:
foliage
new
insects.
may
The
sometimes
American Elms.
destitute of buds
being altogether irregular, of course interfere with the natural symmetry of the tree (50). Another cause of irregularity, in certain
trees
and shrubs,
is
59. Accessory ur
Supernumerary Buds,
three, or
one which
is
Pipe-Vine,
and
in
the
Tartarian
also in the
Honeysuckle (Fig. 51)
Honey-Locust, and in the Walnut and
;
51
51.
LESSON
4.]
27
BUDS.
than the others, and grows into a branch which is considerably out ot
tho axil, while the lower and smaller ones commonly do not grow at
all.
It
may
be useful
have
are
They
bud
is
Lateral,
side
embryo (16).
when they appear on the
of a stem
Adventitious (58),
on stems or roots, or even on leaves.
order,
may
53
Any
of these kind*
be, either
scaly,
when
protected
by
Flower-buds,
FTG.
FIG.
52.
53.
when they
axil.
MORPHOLOGY OF ROOTS.
28
These we
shall
have
[LESSON
5.
blossoms.
to consider hereafter.
LESSON
MORPHOLOGY
61. Morphology,
denotes,
is
(i.e.
left)
with ex=
V,
as the
name
business,
names
and
in form.
principal varieties
use these terms with great precision and advantage in describ-
They
and explained
They must
it
therefore be defined
LESSON
for the
MORPHOLOGY OF ROOTS,
5.]
to learn
young student
them by
29
The
rote.
student should
and
how
we
are
now ready
to do.
That
is,
having obtained
&
64.
Of
is
varied in
its
modifications.
Still it
exhibits
kinds.
as we havr
as it grows from the seed
8
and 28)
7), Morning-Glory (Fig.
Maple
Beech (Fig. 14, 15), Oak and Buckeye (Fig. 22-24), &c. This.
if it goes on to grow, makes a main or tap root, from which side^
embryo
(Fig 5
seen in the
branches here and there proceed. Some plants keep this mair root
throughout their whole life, and send off only small side bra' <*hes ;
Oak.
it
But con>monly
main
We
and
may
is
lost
in
the branches.
be at the beginning
We
overtake
it,
and a
a main root
cluster of roots
is
but some of
its
branches soon
formed.
it.
The
3*
MORPHOLOGY OF ROOTS.
30
imbibe.
[LESSON
5.
expands fresh foliage, from which moisture much of the time largely
escapes into the air, so long it continues to extend and multiply its
roots in the soil beneath,
for
absorbing moisture,
in proportion to the
fall^
or no longer act, then the roots generally stop growing, and their
From this period, therefore, until
soft and tender tips harden.
growth begins anew the next spring, is the best time for transplanting especially for trees and shrubs, and herbs so large that they
;
We
consists of
one surface spread out in the air, and the other in the soil.
them,
These two surfaces bear a certain proportion to each other and the
;
Now, when
moisture.
in
the leaves
for
fall
oration.
tumn
the
So
in
au-
reduced
is
for the
sandth
before,
in
part
of what
it
was shortly
a dormant
state,
rests
harm.
there
the
ss
is
summer and
plants,
let
them compare a
lily-bulb
50.
bit of tba
LESSON
a tree
MORPHOLOGY OF ROOTS.
5.]
exposes to the
air,
31
as
its
twigs.
69.
it
The
appears
or slender
new
parts
naked eye
greater than
fibrils,
of roots.
an ordinary
seedling
much
to
in
the
magnify ing-glass, or even by
in the root of a
as
cases
many
;
Maple
(Fig. 55),
is
the
soil
in
Fig.
surface added to
whole
the
amount of absorbing
by the countless
rootlets
is
very great.
79. Roots intend-
ly,
or thread-like.
When
the root
is
prin-
all
In biennial and
(41),
the
purpose.
root
many
perennial herbs
answers an additional
it
58, 59.
Forms
\Q
MORPHOLOGY OF ROOTS.
32
We may
their shapes.
main
consisting of one
The
72.
Conical,
the
first
them
and
all into
two kinds
1st,
any main
5.
those
root.
when
stem, and
Common
divide
root,
[LESSON
tapers
downwards
regularly
a point, as in the
to
as the
common Radish
(Fig. 59).
where there
no main
matter
may
nourishing
be distributed throughout
may
we
of them, as
be accumulated in some
see in the tuberous roots
common Peony,
up
wanted
which
the
first
We
know
very well what use man and other animals make of this store of food,
in the form of starch, sugar, jelly, and the like.
From the second
year's growth
The new
we may
makes of
it,
and use
it
to
it.
up, the whole plant dies when the seeds have ripened.
75. In the same way the nourishment contained in the separate
used
it
tuberous roots of the Sweet Potato and the Dahlia (Fig 60)
upon in the spring by the buds of the stem they belong to
as they are emptied of their contents, they likewise die
But meanwhile
60.
to.
new
roots,
which
is
;
fed
and
and decay.
by the second
live
through the
Clustered tuberous roots of the Dahlia, with the bottom of the stern they
LESSON
MORPHOLOGY OF ROOTS.
5.]
33
Many
things which
commonly pass
Common
all.
We may
now remark,
when covered by
is,
is
beneath
So
its
soil
surface
will
the soil
78. In
they even
many
will spring
is
so strong, that
In Indian Corn,
for example, it is well known that roots
not
grow,
only from all those
round
which
the
earth
is
in
but
also from those
joints
heaped
hoeing,
several inches above the soil
:
and other plants produce them from
stems or branches high in the air. Such roots are called
79. Aerial Roots.
All the most striking examples of these are met
S&F
MORPHOLOGY OF ROOTS
84
it is
[LESSON
;
5.
Banyan of India, and some other Fig-trees, furnish the most remarkable examples of roots, which strike from the stem or the branches
in the
selves,
80.
open
air,
small
aerial rootlets
and branches, the Trumpet Creeper, the Ivy of Europe, and our
here called Poison Ivy,
Poison Rhus,
Here
same purpose that tendrils do in the GrapeAnother form, and the most aerial of
first
name
nourishment from them, for their roots merely adhere to the bark,
and they flourish just as well upon dead wood or any other convenient support.
They
live altogether
name
which
is
live in this
parts of
is
We
the
warm
of these.
The upper
is
the
Epidendrum conopseum
LESSON
MORPHOLOGY OF ROOTS.
5.J
For
aspect.
and feed on
85
their juices.
where
it falls
or
is left
itself into
it
by birds
its
parent stem
it
piercing the bark with minute and very short rootlets in the form of
suckers, which draw out the nourishing juices of the plants laid hold
of.
Other
their roots
36
LESSON
[LESSON
6.
o.
VI.
THE
83.
in
length,
attention,
beginning with
84. The Forms of Stems and Branches above ground,
differences as regards size
The
principal
and
The stem
is
accordingly
Herbaceous,
when
it
down
dies
to the
after
blossoming.
Suffrutescent,
when
is
little
Fruticose, or shrubby,
of considerable size,
when woody,
not,
when
tree-like in appearance, or
approaching a tree
in size.
Arboreous,
tree trunk.
When
and
There
a stem, however,
remains on or beneath the ground, and
first
Of
season.
is
is
86.
The
we
direction taken
for the
in all
is
said to
common
These
by stems, &c., or
their
mode
of growth,
LESSON
6.]
may
37
be briefly mentioned:
such as
stand-
ground
little
strike
when
root as they
grow
as does the
White Clover,
the
Partridge-berry, &c.
Climbing, or scandent,
jects for
support,
when stems
whether by
rise
tendrils,
Trumpet Creeper
(80).
87.
The
names
ways by which we
artificially
aid.
These
are suckers,
88. Slickers are ascending branches rising from stems under ground,
such as are produced so abundantly by the Rose, Raspberry, and
If we uncover them,
other plants said to multiply " by the root."
we
ground.
when
it
The Currant
38
MORPHOLOGY OF STEM8
A.ND
we
BRANCHES.
in this
same
[_I-ESSON
<X
way, as well as by
taken root, as they almost always will, the gardener cuts through
the connecting stem, and so converts a rooting branch into a sepa*
sate plant.
stolons,
ing branches.
Each
strikes root
from the
tip,
all
produce a great number of plants, in the course of the summer
connected at first by the slender runners > but these die in the
;
following winter,
if
many
separate individuals.
92. Tendrils are branches of a very slender sort, like runners, not
destined like them for propagation, and therefore always destitute
FIG. G2. Piece of the stem of Virginia Creeper, bearing a leaf and a tendril. 63. Tips
of a tendril, about the natural size, showing the disks by which they hold fast to walls, &,c.
LESSON
Squash
89
6.]
The
tendril
commonly grows
and outstretched
until
it
draws the shoot of the growing plant nearer to the supporting object.
When the Virginia Creeper climbs the side of a building or the
tree, which the tendrils cannot lay hold of in tie
usual way, their tips expand into a flat disk or sucker (Fig. 62, 63),
which adheres very firmly to the wall or bark, enabling the plant to
climb over and cover such a surface, as readily as the Ivy does by
smooth bark of a
means of
its
sucker-like
little
by
drils
in the other,
by
The same
rootlets.
to
effected
is
roots.
each case
result
Pea
(Fig. 20).
some are
leaves,
Their nature in
it
be that of
a leaf or of a branch.
Bar-
their axil,
them
in
another place.
so
we
shall
have
to
mention
hardened branches, arising from the axils of leaves, as in the Hawneglected Pear-tree or Plum-tree shows every
gradation between ordinary branches and thorns. Thorns sometimes
thorn and Pear.
this
The
Here
the
wood
When we
strip off
These
will
we have
considered
40
[LESSON
6.
and various
with roots.
ijrms
ma
running, or scaly roots, such as those by which the Mint (Fig. 64),
tke Scotch Rose, the Couch-grass or Quick-grass, and many other
"
plants, spread so rapidly and widely,
by the root," as it is said.
64
really stems,
and not
roots, is evident
in
small scales, just like, the lowest ones on the upright stem next the
also produce buds in the axils of
ground. Like other stems, they
these scales, showing the scales to be leaves ; whereas real roots
bear neither leaves nor axillary buds. Placed, as they are, in the
as the
damp and dark soil, such stems naturally produce roots, just
the
of
surface
ground but
creeping stem does where it lies on the
downward
their
the whole appearance of these roots,
growth, and
the subterof
that
from
their mode of branching, are very different
j
is
rootstocks take
plants with these running
often
the
of
wide possession
becoming great
soil,
easy to see
64.
why
They are
LESSON
SUBTERRANEAN FORMS
6.]
winter,
ROOTSTOCKS.
41
first
Some
of these buds
joint.
grow
the plant's
foliage, to elaborate
of subterranean shoots
and
this is
off
bud
of
in the axil
its
is
many
and
,,
multitude.
Such plants as the Quickgrass accordingly realize the fable of the Hydra as fast as one of its many branches is cut
into a
65
Whereas, when
the subterranean parts are only roots, cutting away the stem completely destroys the plant, except in the rather rare cases where the
off,
twice as
in its stead.
starch, or
that the
for
some
name
usually
J,*
its
node or
joint,
and
42
the joints
e.
(i.
6.
As
very short.
in
left
[LESSON
attached.
monly bear
Mint (Fig.
64),
perfect leaves.
Some
101.
rootstocks are
marked with
which gave
from their looking something like the impression of a seal upon wax.
Here the rootstock sends up every spring
an herbaceous stalk or stem, which bears the foliage and flowers,
different sort, like those of the Solomon's Seal (Fig. G6),
this
name
and
dies in
to the plant,
autumn
and the
seal
is
by the
death and separation of the dead stalk from the living rootstock.
As but one of these is formed each year, they mark the limits of a
The bud at the end of the rootstock in the figure,
year's growth.
which was taken in summer, will grow the next spring into the stalk
of the season, vhich, dying in autumn, will leave a similar scar, while
another bud will be formed farther on, crowning the ever-advancing
As each
102.
these cases,
year's
makes
its
own
And after a
independent of the older parts.
certain age, a portion dies off behind,
every
year, about as fast as it increases at the growing end
certain step,
tween.
or
Iris,
a foot in length
FIG.
kud
66.
for the
FIG. 67.
is
several inches or
Rootstock of Solomon's Seal, with the bottom of the stalk of the season, and the
next year's growth.
The very
short rootstock
Birthroot.
LESSON
SUBTERRANEAN FORMS
6.]
TUBERS.
43
young
life
in the strong
103. A Tuber
is
comes a greater pest even than the Quick-grass), and of the Jerusalem
The whole formation may be seen at a
Artichoke, and the Potato.
glance in Figure 68, which represents the subterranean growth of a
Potato-plant, and shows the tubers in all their stages, from shoots
at the tip,
And
up
to fully-formed potatoes.
moment
at the
of the
Potato-plant, and similar vegetables, as
FIG.
68.
magnified.
Potato.
69.
One
potatoes, moderately
44
yihology
of the branches,
that
is,
1.
ft
in the different
serve.
[LESSON
The
Those
a third
sort of branches
in the
form of starch at their extremities, which become tubers, or depositories of prepared solid food;
just as in the Turnip, Carro ,
f
The use
Dahlia, &c. (Fig. 57-60), it is deposited in the root.
of the store of food is obvious enough.
In the autumn the whol
plant dies, except the seeds (if
it
left
and
embryo when
is
it
may
in the course of
Andes of South America to other cool cliyield him a copious supply of food, especially in
by
is
We
how
cases in which
So
it
it
is difficult
is to
to
say which
is
the proper
name
many
to use.
likewise,
106. Th> Corm, Or Solid Bulb, like that of the Indian Turnip and
the Crocus (Fig. 71), is just a very short and thick rootstock ; as
will
so very
Conns
LESSON
SUBTERRANEAN FORMS
6.]
BULBS.
buds
may
rings,
leaves.
is
than
it
in length faster
After a few years
does in thickness.
new corms
into
at the
When
exhausted
in
this
corm
way, as well as by
and its shrivelled
dies,
at the side of or
beneath the
When
of former leaves.
scarcely
any
108. The
usually
this
distinction left
Blllb,
This
is
husk
consists of
it
It
scales.
is,
same
therefore, the
leaves, in the
bulk.
Or we may regard
form of thick-
part of
scales, there is
many
make up
the greater
and
a
with
the
Compare Lily-bulb (Fig. 73)
strong scaly
lids of the Hickory and Horsechestnut (Fig. 48 and 49), and the
its
it
fleshy scales.
The main
difference
is,
growth
is
is
71.
Conn
to separate
72.
them.
The same,
That the
scales
46
may
be seen
[LESSON
6.
once by follow-
at
down
origin
in
75
Fig.
one
of
to their
the
bulb.
represents
them
from
White Lily;
the
tie
makes a
scale,
being
show
After
thickness.
and served
its
tation
their
Each
110.
scale,
of these buds
being a
grow
leaf,
into leafy
Some
in its axil.
that
way
that
is
When
111.
The
all
When
needed.
112.
that no figure
is
said to be scaly.
Blllblcts
on some
common
They
grown, and
fall
to the ground,
to take
root there
75
and form
Tiew plants.
113.
From
FIG. 73.
Bulb of the
FIG.
Male.
75.
Meadow
or
Canada
Lily.
its
74. Tlie
LESSON
can hardly
in
G.]
fail to
and they
will
be able
to
47
meant by morphology
is
apply
simple principles for
forms of vegetation. They will find it very interesting to identify all these various subterranean forms with the common plan of vegetation above ground. There is the same structure,
Botany
themselves to
its
all
and the same mode of growth in reality, however different in appearance, and however changed the form, to suit particular condition?*
pr to accomplish particular ends.
the plant
which
is
is
under a great
many different
fulfil
very different
offices.
114. These extraordinary shapes are not confined to subterranean vegetation. They are all repeated in various sorts of fleshy
plants ; in the Houseleek, Aloe, Agave (Fig. 82), and in the many
and strange shapes which the Cactus family exhibit (Fig. 76) ;
shapes which imitate rootstocks, tubers, corms, &c. above ground.
All these
we may regard
as
is
likened to rootstocks.
as nothing
the Giant Cereus of the Gila River (Fig. 76, in the background),
which rises to the height of fifty or sixty feet, with a common leafy
tree of the same height, such as that in Fig. 54, and estimate how
vastly greater, even without the foliage, the surface of the latte
is
or Prickly-Pear Cactus,
sion of thick
and
its
which
may be
likened
we have plants in the compactest shape their spherical figure being such as to expose the least possible amount of its bulk
shapes,
to the air.
48
[LESSON
6,
very dry regions ; and in such only are they found. Similarly,
bulbous and corm-bearing plants, and the like, are examples of a
form of vegetation which in the growing season may expand a large
for
is
living vegetable
possible surface
and dry
and
to the air
surface
scales,
as well as
exhibit another
have a long hot season during which little or no rain falls, when,
their stalks and foliage above and their roots beneath being early cut
rapidity,
of arid sand becomes green with foliage and gay with blossoms,
This will be more perfectly understood when the
almost in a day.
(Fig 76.
WESSON
MORPHOLOGY OP LEAVES.
7-3
LESSON
49
VII.
MORPHOLOGY OF LEAVES.
IN describing the sabterranean forms of the stem, we
117.
We
have
they are commonly larger than the stem they belong to.
the
seed-leaves
in
the
second
Lesson,
seen, too,
(or cotyledons) in
forms as unlike foliage as possible ; and in the third Lesson we have
spoken of bud-scales as a sort of leaves. So that the botanist recognizes the leaf under other forms than that of foliage.
We
118.
may
as transformed leaves: by
upon the other sorts as special forms,
this term meaning only that what would have been ordinary leaves
under other circumstances (as, for instance, those on shoots of Mint,
Fig. 64, had these grown upright in the air, instead of creeping under
ground) are developed in special forms to serve some particular
For the Great Author of Nature, having designed plants
purpose.
upon one simple plan, just adapts this plan to all cases. So, when-
adapted to
119. It
stitutes
is
it
by taking some peculiar form.
the study of the varied forms under this view that con-
interest.
variety of forms.
different forms,
and
Of
these
we have had
plenty
&
MORPHOLOGY OF LEAVES.
50
[LESSON
7,
seed (Fig. 11), Beech (Fig. 13-15), the Bean and Pea (Fig. 16where
20), the Oak (Fig. 21, 22), and Horsechestnut (Fig. 23, 24)
;
when
seed
is
noticed
stored
up
how very
it
springs
irom the
as in the
actually
Pumpkin
grow
73-75)
of-
which we were
ment prepared
is
in the foliage of
stored
in
one
the scales, or
up
year
subterranean thickened leaves, for the
early growth and flowering of the next
year
and
plants.
True
stem produces
nature,
leaves even under ground, where
to
the
its
where
often,
foliage,
and
as on rootstocks and
scales.
So
the
first
leaves of the
first
leaves on the
Similar
LESSON
leaves
7.]
is
AND PITCHERS.
SPINES, TENDRILS,
plainly shown, in
many
first foliage
by the gradual
cases,
of the shoot.
51
transition
The Common
Lilac
by the
of the
growing bud we may often find all the gradations which are shown in Fig. 77.
123. Leaves as Spines occur in several plants.
The most familiar instance is that of the Common Barberry. In almost any summer shoot,
most of the gradations may be seen between the
ordinary leaves, with sharp bristly teeth, and
leaves which are reduced to a branching spine
or thorn, as shown in Fig. 78.
The fact that
the spines of the Barberry produce a leaf-bud
Pea and
where the
tendril,
climb by
which
uses to
the plant
;
and
in
is
tendril.
common
Pitcher-
These pitchers
Fig. 79) of our bogs.
of
are generally half-full
water, in which
flies
in
such numbers as to
manure
we can
no doubt
though
78.
FIG.
79.
Summer
off.
52
MORPHOLOGY OF LEAVES.
[LESSON
more
when open,
as
it
like one.
commonly
is
when
For
the
trap
suddenly
closes,
monly depriving
its
it
struggles,
of
life.
it
and com-
If the fly
and
is
face,
and
is
apparently digested
How such
127.
Leaves
serving
both
Ordinary
and
Special Purposes,
purpose besides. For example, in the Diotrea, the lower part of the leaf, and probwhile the
ably the whole of it, acts as foliage,
appendage serves its mysterious purpose
In the Pea and Vetch
as a fly-catcher.
of the leaf
(Fig. 20, 127), the lower part
In the Pitcher-plants of the Indian
tendril.
is foliage, the upper a
Archipelago (Nepenthes, Fig. 80) which are not rare in conservatories, the lower part of the leaf is expanded and acts as foliage;
FIG.
FIG.
80.
81.
LESSON
7.]
farther on,
53
it is
closes the
while the green leaf is preparing nourishment throughout the growing season, its base under ground is thickened into a reservoir for
storing up a good part of the nourishment for next year's use.
129. Finally, the whole leaf often serves both as foliage, to pre-
This takes
pare nourishment, and as a depository to store it up.
in
all
such
as
the
Houseleek, the Icefleshy-leaved plants,
place
and
various
sorts
of
plant,
Mesembryanthemum, in the Live-for-ever
of the gardens to some extent, and very strikingly in the Aloe, and
in the Century-plant.
In the latter it is only the green surface of
these large and thick leaves (of three to five feet in length on a
strong plant, and often three to six inches thick near the base) which
Americana.)
5*
54
LESSON
[LESSON
8.
VIII.
HAVING
in the last
now
return to leaves
We
regard this as
to
view we
may
regard
shown by
their
(115, Fig. 76) is a striking example of a plant with the least possible amount of surface for its bulk, a repeatedly branching leafy
herb or tree presents the largest possible extent of surface to the
to
132.
What
another place.
is
The
stalk of
its
blade
is
stalk at
often raised
its
base there
on
is
and
it is
we
to particularize, that
LE9SON
THEIR VENATION.
8.]
55
the leaf,
rial,
1.
cov-
is
The framework
136.
of
consists
when
there
is
the
one, in
The
leaf.
When
ribs.
there
only one, as in
and
their
The
137.
fine that
mode of veining.
when
the blade
The arrangement
is
is first
way
to study
netted-veined.
FM.
&
ft,
blade
j, petiole
at, stipules.
network.
[LESSON
8.
and arteries of the body. The Quince-leaf, in Fig. 83, shows this
kind of veining in a leaf with a single rib. The Maple, Basswood,
and Buttonwood (Fig. 50) show it in leaves of several ribs.
141. In parallel-veined leaves, the whole framework consists of
slender ribs or veins, which run parallel with each other, or nearly
go,
to the
The
leaf of
a good
will furnish
142.
Such
by very minute
cross-veinlets,
any
illustration.
are
still
commonly
terms which
be veined ;
conven-
it is
no likeness
"
and
have
143. Netted-veined
leaves
belong
to
Maple
(Fig. 1
While
in
the
first
and second
parallel-veined or
Lessons.
nerved leaves
and Indian Corn (Fig. 42). So that a mere glance at the leaves
of the tree or herb enables one to tell what the structure of the
embryo
grand
is,
and
classes,
plants differ
which
is
differ
all
84.
Valley.
LESSON
mon
8.]
57
similar plants of
warm
the examples
from a single
many
climates.
already referred
is
shown
to.
in
all rise
called
146. In the other case (as in the Button wood, Fig. 50, Maple,
&c, ), the veins branch off from three, five, seven, or nine ribs, which
spread from the top of the leaf-stalk, and run through the blade like
Hence these are said to be palmately
the toes of a web-footed bird.
or digitately veined, or (since the ribs diverge like rays from a
centre) radiate-veined.
147. Since the general outline of leaves accords with the frame-
work or
Whether we consider
glance at the following figures shows this.
the veins of the leaf to be adapted to the shape of the blade, or the
green pulp to be moulded to the framework, is not very material.
Either way, the outline of each leaf corresponds with the mode of
Thus, in
spreading, the extent, and the relative length of the veins.
oblong or elliptical leaves of the feather-veined sort (Fig. 87, 88),
the principal veins are nearly equal in length ; while in ovate and
heart-shaped leaves (Fig. 89, 90), those below the middle are
longest;
48.
names
to General Outline.
and
marks
to define
94), the
to the kind of
It is necessary to give
them rather
precisely,
The
such as the
We
forms, a leaf
S&F
58
^LESSON
8.
Linear (Fig. 85), when narrow, several times longer than wide,
and of the same breadth throughout.
Lanceolate, or lance-shaped,
when
Oval
is
the
Considerably
same
length.
151.
it
When
may be
Oblanceolate
is
lance-shaped, with
more
the
down
or
is, wedge-shaped
(Fig. 94), broad
above and tapering by straight lines to an acute angle at the base.
152. As to the Base, its shape characterizes several forms, such as
Cordate, or heart-shaped
when a
leaf of an ovate
form, or something like it, has the outline of its rounded base turned
in (forming a notch or sinus) where the stalk is attached.
Reniform, or kidney-shaped (Fig. 100),
and broader than long.
rounder
LESSON
8.]
59
conv
mon
Arrow-leaved Polygo-
num
(Fig. 95).
Hastate, or halberd-
when such
shaped,
lobes at the base point outwards, giving the leaf the shape of the
halberd of the olden time, as in another Polygonum (Fig. 97).
Peltate, or shield-shaped, (Fig. 102,) Is the name applied to a
curious modification of the leaf, commonly of a rounded form, where
the footstalk
is
in n
100
therefore
arm.
is
The common
Watershield, the
by the outstretched
Nelumbium, and the White
On
Water-lily, and also the Mandrake, exhibit this sort of leaf.
Marsh
the
leaf
of
the
common
Pennywort
shield-shaped
comparing
(Fig. 102) with that of another
at
once what
this peculiarity
FIG. 95.
FIG. 96 -
common
means.
see
species (Fig. 101), we
leaf is like a
A shield-shaped
60
the following
the Apex,
10
leaf,
[LESSON
8.
variations.
less
Acute,
when ending
in
point,
aft
when with
the
rounded summit
slightly indented,
forming a
in Fig. 107.
Obcordate, that
is
is,
Wood-sorrel
at the
in
Aristate, awn-pointed,
mucronate point
is
and
bristle-pointed, are
terms used
when
this
slender appendage.
The first six of these terms can be applied to the lower as well as
to the
The
of leaves.
others belong to
LESSON
9.]
LESSON
IX.
154.
their
But in many
simplest form, namely, as consisting of a single blade.
cases the leaf is divided into a number of separate blades.
That is,
155. Leaves are either Simple or Compound,
They are sdd to be
simple,
when
is all of one
piece they are compound, when
of two or more separate pieces, borne upon a
And between these two kinds every intermeleaf-stalk.
the blade
common
the blade
consists
diate gradation
is
be met with.
to
to
or
particular Outline
degree of division.
when
the margin
is
an even
line,
as in
Serrate, or saw-toothed,
teeth, like those of
also 90,
&c.
\
112
Dentate,
of forwards
or
;
113
114
toothed,
115
when such
116
teeth
117
as in Fig. 113.
FIG. 112 -
117.
MORPHOLOGY OF LEAVES
62
Crenate, or scalloped,
when
A.S
FOLIAGE.
["LESSON
9.
as
wavy
in Fig. 115.
when
Sinuate,
the margin
more strongly
is
sinuous, or turned
when
the margin
is
157. When leaves are more deeply cut, and with a definite number
of incisions, they are said, as a general term, to be lobed ; the parts
being called lobes. Their number is expressed by the phrase two-
When
employed,
viz.
when
Lobed,
way between
are more
especially
or, in the
phrases two-cleft,
in the Latin
form
muliifid,
three-cleft,
&c.
or trifid j
or many-ukft^
of the segments,
;
or portions.
when
Parted,
And
still
number
of
such divisions.
Divided, when the incisions extend quite to the midrib, as in the
lower part of Fig. 121 ; or to the leaf-stalk, as in Fig. 125 which
;
makes the
leaf
said to be
compound.
is
number
of the divisions.
We
way
LESSON
9.]
65
Latin form,
That
is,
That
is,
leaf-stalk, so
palmately-veined
leaves are palmately lobed (Fig. 122), palmately cleft (Fig. 123),
palmately parted (Fig. 124), or palmately divided (Fig. 125). Sometimes, instead of palmately, we say digitately cleft, &c., which means
just the same.
161.
To be
may come
still
more
particular, the
number of
Pinnately lobed,
cleft, parted,
a palmately three*
Fig. 124, a palmately threeis
trisected, leaf.
cleft, parted,
The
64
["LESSON
9.
Jlve-
so on.
And
in
seven- to
&c., &c.
: in
the latter cases making twice pinnatijid, twice palor
From these
mately
pinnately lobed, parted, or divided leaves, &c.
the
student
will
which
the
the botaillustrations,
perceive
plan by
in
two
or
three
describe
one
of
the
almost
words, may
nist,
any
differ in
separate parts, each usually with a stalklet of its own and the stalkjointed (or articulated) with the main leaf-stalk, just as
:
let is often
When
no
to the circumstances.
FIG.
126.
leaflet, or
odd-pinnate.
127. Pinnate
with
tendril
LESSON
164.
COMPOUND LEAVES.
9.]
The
separate pieces or
little
65
blades of a
compound
leaf are
called leaflets.
165.
Compound
to the feather-veined
latter
petiole, along
which the
Fig. 127
is
leaflet,
as in the
leaflets
Fig. 126
Common
is
Locust and
168. Palmate (also named digitate) leaves are those in which the
are all borne on the very tip of tUe leaf-stalk, as in the
leaflets
Lupine, the
Common
62),
They answer
the
is
a palmately three-ribbed
into three
same
leaf
as
cut
And
separate leaflets.
if
more
cut, so
would pro-
leaf-
lets
FIG.
129.
Palmate leaf of
6*
five leaflets,
66
nine or eleven
9.
[LESSON
five,
the
The
one!
where the
leaflet is united
with
The
170.
leaf
pound
(as in Fig.
leaflets
may
126-128), or
rate,
or
lobed,
&c.
in
fact,
of a com-
be either entire
cleft,
ser-
parted,
may
they
is
leaflet into
as the
mately,
case
may
be.
* When
leaflets,
he
is,
may
Unifoliolate, for
andfoliolum,
leaflet.
Bifoliolate,
of two
leaflets,
number o
leaflet
bis,
When
way
130.
9.]
67
triternate.
is
variable,
But
we
if the division
goes still
simply say that the leaf is
found in
A common
after
summer,
formed, we may
the
all
see the
leaves
are
meaning of this
at
leaves as
is
the low-
and
base,
sessile.
finally
The
leaf,
one that
we
is
clasping
merely
perceive, becomes
perfoliate
the
stem
as Fig. 101.
Of
the
same
68
[LESSON
9.
:
but here it is a pair of oppowith their contiguous broad bases grown together, which
makes what seems to be one round leaf, with the stem running
site leaves,
through
its
centre.
together the
some
On
Flower-de-Luce.
we shaU
careful inspection
was formed
so
would be
surface
all
is
grown
that
what
the
upper
and
within,
together, ex-
It
was from
their strad-
The
of
this.
The
flat
but narrow
Needle-shaped leaves,
Pine (Fig.
well
as
the
scale-shaped
leaves of Junipers,
FIG. 132.
FIG. 133.
Red Ce-
LESSON
dar,
69
9.J
different
examples. These
but having as
They make
up
for this,
New
common
Such
in greenhouses.
counterfeit blades
standing edgewise,
Dry Myrtles
which
ole in
many
leaf-stalk, as in the
in the
ieaf,
as the blade.
135.
Twig
FIG.
136.
its
two
others scale-like
b,
blade
of three leaflets.
70
[LESSON
9.
very conspicuous part of the leaf; while in the Bean they are quite
small ; and in the Locust they are reduced to bristles or prickles.
Sometimes the
in
FIG.
138.
Meadow Rue
(Thalictrum Cornuti).
LESSON
ARRANGEMENT OF LEAVES.
10.]
LESSON
71
X.
UNDER
this
head we
may
consider,
and
meaning
1.
the arrangement of
PHYLLOTAXY
sometimes called
is
2.
the
ways
VERNATION
in
(from
which
(the
word
is,
when
there
is
or
third, but
rangement
is
number of
the
is,
one
fifth
of the circumfer-
number.
What
in
cluster.
139.
?2
[LESSON
10.
to
season to lengthen
alternate
leaves.
in
1. primary, the
;
leaves
of
the
not
as
shoots,
proper
foliage, but in the
of
delicate
in
scales
which
soon fall away ;
shape
spring,
and
2.
we
If
we examine any
placed upon it in symmetrical order, and in a way perfectly uniform for each species, but different in different
plants.
If
we draw a
line
(i.
e.
the
and
in the
same
greatly, even
LESSON
IN
10.'
A SPIRAL ORDER.
73
and the fourth over the second. This brings all the leaves into
two ranks, one on one side of the stem and one on the other and
first,
is
It occurs in all
Next
186.
we
second leaf
is
and
in the
way
way
mon
is
which
is
In
and shrubs.
is
over the
first
Here
the leaves
the stern
by the
ing one cycle or set of leaves, namely L' and the denominator gives
the number of leaves in each cycle, or the number of perpendicular
;
FIG.
141.
Piece of the stalk of a Sedge, with the leaves cut away, leaving their bases
numbered in order, from I to 6. 142. Diagram or cross-section of the
one plane
74
ranks,
namely
5.
[LESSON
10.
And
same numerical
189.
by the
series of fractions
known
follow in the
progression.
The next
is the
eight-ranked arrangement, where the ninth leaf stands over the first,
This
it
is
so
to
it
is
Then comes
Plantain.
this
190.
The
series so
common
far,
f f T ^ ; the
numerator and the denomithen,
is
/T
then
and
met
cases are
These higher
ily,
and
with,
these Lessons.
FIG. 143. Shoot with its leaves 5-ranked, the sixth leaf over the first ; as in the Apple-tree.
FIG. 144. Diagram of this arrangement, with a spiral line drawn from the attachment of.
one leaf to the next, and so on the parts on the side turned from the eye are fainter.
;
FIG.
145.
expanded) numbered,
nd exhibiting the
11J-
ranked arrangement
LESSON
ARRANGEMENT OF LEAVES
10.]
IN
THE BUD.
191.
simple.
75
usually very
of the first ;
the third over the intervals of the second, and so on (Fig. 147)
successive
pairs
at right angles, so as to
commonly
the
thus
make
four
fixed
is
As
rule.
pears exactly in
its
predes-
symmetry
a symmeitself not
try
which manifests
in
one
monotonous
single
pattern for
definite
all plants,
number
but in
of forms
exhibited
cies,
-, f, |,
^73-,
8
^ T &c., according as the formative energy
,
in
in
things
1st,
the
in the
way
in
bud
is
folded, coiled, or
and
;
2d, the arrangement of the leaves in the
packed up
bud with respect to one another. The latter of course depends very
much upon the phyllotaxy, i. e. the position and order of the leaves
them by
194.
open
until
As
to
we come
rolled up.
When
it
more commonly
is
we may
pass
is
is
it
is
bent
down upon
the lower,
as the
it
so
in vernation, but
FIG.
147.
FIG.
148.
76
[LESSON
11.
by the midrib so that the two halves are placed face to face, it is
conduplicate (Fig. 149), as in the Magnolia, the Cherry, and the
Oak when folded back and forth like the plaits of a fan, it is plicate
:
If rolled,
or plaited (Fig. 150), as in the Maple and Currant.
it
may be so either from the tip downwards, as in Ferns and the
Sundew
crosier,
(Fig. 154) r
and
is
when
in
unrolling
said to be circinate
or
it
it
may
be rolled up parallel
with the axis, either from one edge into a coil, when it is convolute
(Fig. 151), as in the Apricot and Plum, or rolled f.om both edges
it
is
involute (Fig.
leaf, in
the
way
158
LESSON XL
THE ARPANGEMENT OF FLOWERS ON THE STEM, OR INFLO
RESCENCE.
195.
THUS
far
we have been
purpose, that
is,
LESSON
INDETERMINATE INFLORESCENCE.
11.]
77
named
the Organs of
We
consider
is
the
mode of
flowering, that
the situation
is,
and arrangement of blossoms on the plant. Various as this arrangement may seem to be, all is governed by a simple law, which is
For
way
and flower-
In blossoming as
buds
e.
on
the summit of)
only
terminating (i.
stems or branches, and buds from the axils of leaves. But while
in vegetation
we have
why it
is
is
that
&c.
all arise
called indetermi-
stem indefinitely.
199.
Where
and
solitary.
But when
several or
many
flowers are produced near each other, the accompanying leaves are
usually of smaller size, and often of a different shape or character:
7*
axillary flowers-
78
The
STEM.
11.
[LESSON
may
be defined.
stalk to support
ceeds from,
is
it,
A flower
but which
sits
said to be sessile.
directly
If
it
common
oc-
which has no
is
it
pro-
called
its
sometimes the receptacle. The leaves of a flowercluster generally are termed bracts.
But when we
201. A Raceme (Fig. 156, 157) is that form of flowerwhich the flowers, each on their own foot-
cluster in
or axis of inflorescence
common
stalk
Each flower
Currant, Choke-Cherry, Barberry, &c.
comes from the axil of a small leaf, or bract, which,
however,
is
it
might escape notice,
Mustard Family) disappears altoThe lowest blossoms of a raceme are of course the oldest,
(as in the
a terminal flower,
may
202. All the various kinds of flower-clusters pass one into another
FIG.
tets (*')
156,
and
bract-
LESSON
79
ll.J
sort.
For
instance, if
is flat
it
This
is
the
we
main axis
in the
corymb becomes
as in the Milkweed and Primrose,
205. An Umbel (Fig. 159),
a sort of flower-cluster where the pedicels all spring apparently
from the same point, from the top of the peduncle, so as to resemble,
when spreading, the rays of an umbrella, whence the name. Here
And the
the pedicels are sometimes called the rays of the umbel.
form
what
or
circle,
bracts, when brought in this way into a cluster
is
called
involucre.
206.
ceme
an
is
it is
centripetal,
is,
proceeds from the margin or circumference regularly towards the centre the lower flowers of the former answering to the
that
it
be centripetal
in evolution.
is
1
of
many
sessile
instances, or are
(200).
They
PIG.
157.
are so in
raceme.
158
corymj),
159.
An umbel
80
This
[LESSON
is
11.
lesa
same
is
shortened
sessile
or an umbel,
if its
became
sessile or
The
apparently so.
naked ; but that of
is
and the
like, is
an involucre.
is
FIG.
160.
FIG.
161.
FIG.
162.
is
commonly covered by a
peculia?
LESSON
11.]
DETERMINATE INFLORESCENCE.
81
210. A Catkin or Ament is the name given to the scaly sort of spike
of the Birch and Alder, the Willow and Poplar, and one sort of
on which acflower-clusters of the Oak, Hickory, and the like ;
been described (Fig. 159), are the pedicels of single flowers, may
themselves branch in the same way at the top, and so each become
the support of a smaller umbel
as
is
way, and almost the whole of the great family of what are called
Here the whole is
Umbelliferous (i. e. umbel-bearing) plants.
termed a compound umbel; and the smaller or partial umbels take
its
pedicels, forms
a compound raceme,
is
called
214. A ThjTSUS
idal or
163
is
The
that in
simplest case
i.i
is
Fig. 163".
FIG.
S&F
is
163.
Panicle
soli-
82
the stem
in the
manner of a
b
11.
no more lengthen
[LESSON
Any
leaf-bud.
further growth
e
164
If such
But
if
called
This
216. A Cyme,
vex
is
flower-cluster, like
commonly a
flat-topped or con-
centrifugal;
If flowering branches
appear from the axils below, the lower ones are the
later, so that the order of blossoming continues centrifare
the flower-buds
166
is
axillary.
same
cyme
is
to the
is
mak-
to the
corymb.
may be produced
from their axils and appear as flowers. Fig. 165 represents the
case where the branches, b b, of Fig. 1 64, each with a pair of small
217.
PIG. ]63o. Diagram of an opposite-leaved plant, with a single terminal flower. 164
Same, with a cyme of three flowers a, the first flower, of the main axis ; b b, those of branches
165. Same, with flowers of the third order, c e.
166. Same, with flowers only of the second
order from all the axils the central or uppermost opening first, and so on downwards.
,
LESSON
SORTS OF FLOWER-CLUSTERS.
11.]
83
leaves or bracts about their middle, have branched again, and produced the branchlets and flowers c c, on each side. It is the con-
219. A Glomerule
sort of head.
It
is
a cyme
still
more compacted,
so as to form a
But
rise to the
class of flower-clusters.
221. It
may be
manner of the
following
Analysis of Flower-Clusters,
I.
INDETERMINATE OR CENTRIPETAL.
(198.)
RACEME,
Along the sides of a lengthened axis,
Along a short axis lower pedicels lengthened, CORYMB,
201-
UMBEL,
205.
SPIKE,
207
Flowers
sessile,
Along an elongated
On
axis,
THYRSUS,
214
CYME,
216
FASCICLE,
218-
GLOMERULE,
219-
with
222.
210.
213.
its
variety, the
DETERMINATE OR CENTRIFUGAL.
The numbers
208.
PANICLE,
Branching irregularly,
I.
203-
(215.)
The
names.
Even
For
instance, in the
THE FLOWER.
84
[LESSON
12:
wards.
LESSON
THE FLOWER:
223,
HAVING
XII.
PARTS OR ORGANS.
ITS
we now
itself.
The
is
the
1G7.
Cyme
of the
to protect or
LESSON
PARTS OR ORGANS*
ITS
12.]
85
namely,
first,
The
latter are
in the bud.
226. The Floral Envelopes in a complete flower are double ; that is,
they consist of two whorls (181), or circles of leaves, one above or
within the other.
The outer set forms the Calyx ; this more com
monly consists of green or greenish leaves, but not always. The
set, usually of a delicate texture, and of some other color than
green, and in most cases forming the most showy part of the blos-
inner
som,
is
227.
the Corolla.
The
Perianth.
floral envelopes,
This name
is
not
much
where they form only one set, at least in appearance, as in the Lily,
or where, for some other reason, the limits between the calyx and
the corolla are not easily made out.
228. Each leaf or separate piece of the corolla
is
called a Sepal.
The
is
called a Petal ;
sepals
blossom
They
serve to protect,
do not themselves make
a perfect flower.
229.
Some
both), that
is,
however, naturally produce, besides their perwhich consist only of calyx and corolla (one or
plants,
of leaves.
the
want of
230. The Essential Organs, These are likewise of two kinds, placed
one above or within the other namely, first, the Stamens or fertil;
which are
to
be
fertilized
and
'
THE FLOWER.
86
12.
[LESSON
or at the outside,
of leaves, which
circle
are individually
secondly, the corolla
petals
and
then
in the centre
The end
axis,
set
leaves, called
of stamens
one or more
(c)
pistils (d).
upon which
all
is
We use
232.
here for
illus-
tration
cies of
which
iiatum),
mon
is
a com-
and
States,
in
gardens almost
everywhere,
because,
al-
It
is
a case,
is
of the stamen.
234. A Pistil is distinguished into three parts namely,
beginning
from below,
the Ovary, the Style, and the Stigma.
The Ovary is
the hollow case or young pod (Fig. 171, a), containing rudimentary
seeds, called Ovules (c?).
Fig. 172, representing a pistil like that ot
;
Sedum
FIG.
FIG.
168.
Flower of a Stonecrop
1G9.
FIG.
FIG.
171.
Two parts of each kind of the same flower, displayed and enlarged.
A stamen a, the filament; 6, the anther, discharging pollen.
A pistil divided lengthwise, showing the interior of the ovary,
170.
ovules, d
FIG.
FIG.
ft,
ternatum.
the style
172.
173.
"
stigma.
pistil, enlarged ; the ovary cut across to show the ovules within.
Double " Rose ; the essential organs all replaced by petals.
;
c,
a,
and
it*
LESSON
IT8
12.]
PARTS OR ORGANS.
87
Fig. 169, d, but on a larger scale, and with the ovarj cut across,
The
style
(Fig. 171, b)
is
the tapering
is
no
falls
by a skin or
It is
and become
seeds,
epi-
dermis.
To
by
the
som are
in
the
But
the parts which belong to any flower.
some
these parts appear under a variety of forms and combinations,
of them greatly disguising their natural appearance. To understand
.
all
etudy
its
plan.
it
may
assume,
we must
LESSON
'
LESSON
13.
XIII.
THE FLOWER,
%tl.
jbpon
a plan, which
is
like
essentially the
is
;
formed
and the
student should early get a clear idea of the plan of the flower. Then
the almost endless varieties which different blossoms present will be
at once understood
We
which
fixes
and we have
blossom
is
so that the
shape of every flower-cluster in a bouquet is given by the same simLet us now conple mathematical law which arranges the foliage.
in
a
similar
the
flower
way. Having just learned what
template
parts
it
and endeavor
to
our view.
238. A Typical Flower that is, a pattern flower, because it well exemplifies the plan upon which all flowers are made, and serves as
5
summer,
is
that of the
LESSON
13.]
01
because
Perfect,
they are
both kinds of
provided with
stamens and
pistils
all
any flower
calyx and
stamens and
pistils
That
organs.
is,
and
five pistils.
On
240.
the
other
hand,
many
this perfect
symmetry and
reg-
ularity, or
ingly,
this
completeness of parts.
Accord-
we may have
241.
which are
blossoms
and no
that
pistils,
is,
pistils
and no
sta-
one with
late
as they do in
FIG.
pistils
but no stamens
is
called a pistil-
The two
sorts
Flowers of the
common Flax
:
a perfect, complete, regular, and symmetrical
Half of a Flax- flower divided lengthwise, and enlarged.
FIG. 176. Staminate flower of Moonseed (Menispermum Canadense). 177. Pistillat*
flower of the came.
174.
blossom,
175.
8*
90
when
[LESSON
13.
two households).
in
Or
the two
may
occur
in
same stem,
the
Oak,
Walnut,
Nettle,
and the Castor-oil
Plant (Fig. 178);
when
the flowers
is,
in
one household).
A flower
one or both
Some-
petals).
when
all.
the
eaid to be naked, as in
It is then
Lizard's-
tail
We commonly
The
corresponding
members of
ani-
ment
is
178.
Monoecious flowers,
FIG.
FIG.
179.
180.
symmetrical.
i. e. one staminate
growing on the same stem.
(s)
and one
LESSON
13. J
91
equality in
their size
The
and shape.
latter
given to
is
exam-
We
cases of the
sort in the
Larkspur
(Fig.
184),
and
Monkshood
185,
(Fig.
186); also
in the Vio-
In the latter it
182).
the corolla principally which is irregular, one of the petals being larger
than the
rest,
and extended
at the
Monkshood are
amples of
245.
call
Unsymmetrical
Flowers,
number of
the
do not agree
in the
Wa
their parts.
The
Flower of
a Violet.
182. Its calyx and corolla displayed
the five smaller
the five intervening larger ones are the petals.
FIG. 183, Flower of a Larkspur. 184. Its calyx and corolla displayed ; the five larget
pieces are the sepals ; the four smaller, the petals.
181.
92
the
fifth,
the
needed
Monkshood
to
[LESSON
left
out.
13.
And
but regular,
rical
we may
take the
com
mon
and about
and
all
six
styles.
The Mustard,
Here the
(Fig. 187).
easy to
Although not
make
out in
plain
to
that
see
all
it is
each
blossom
is
which
is
(two
sets),
FIG.
sepals
185.
the
in fours,
Some
flowers of this
and four
pistils.
The Mustard
Flower of a Monkshood. 186. Its parts displayed the fiye larger pieces are th'
two small ones under the hood are petals the stamens and pistils are in t*
:
lentre.
FIG.
187.
same
Flower of Mustard.
188. Its
stamens and
pistil
LESSON
13.]
&c., also
have
calyx and
93
ITS PARTS.
corolla,
is
interfered
wkh
in the stamens,
and
Trillium
the flower at
first
view appear
to
be
same bright
color
and
delicate texture.
Trillium
or the
petals
(namely, two
the
and
shown
The
three,
rule
another.
is,
is
likewise
in the
parts.
That
is,
when
the stamens,
same number,
of the
outer
set
inner
set,
alternates with
and
This
And
FIG.
Fig. 191
is
the
petals,
and the
is
same
and the
pistils alter-
shown
in
Fig. 189,
in the
bud
Fig. 190.
189.
190.
little,
above.
FIG.
it
would appear
the bud
in a cross-section o<
04
section
made
^LESSON
13.
248.
Knowing
in this
way
is
loss of
some
parts,
which
ample, in the
We
Also the similar plan of the Monkshood (Fig. 186) equally calls for
five petals
but three of them are entirely obliterated, and the two
;
remain are reduced to slender bodies, which look as unlike orYet their position, answerdinary petals as can well be imagined.
that
ing to the intervals between the upper sepals and the side ones,
All this may perhaps be more plainly
corolla of the
the places of
the missing petals are indicated by faint dotted lines.
The obliteration of stamens is a still more common case.
For example, the
Snapdragon, Foxglove, Gerardia, and almost all flowers of the
large Figwort family they belong to, have the parts of the calyx
corolla five each, but only four stamens (Fig. 194) ; the place
on the upper side of the flower where the fifth stamen belongs is
and
That there
vacant.
is
is
in
shown by the
ing part
249. Abortive Organs, or vectiges which are sometimes met with ;
bodies which stand in th e place of an organ, and represent it,
although wholly incapable of fulfilling its office. Thus, in the Fig-
fifth
stamen, which
is
(Fig. 194) and most others, appears in the Figwort as a little scale,
and in Pentstemon (Fig. 195) and Turtlehead as a sort of filament
a thing of no use whatever to the plant, but
without any anther
;
FIG.
192.
Monkshood.
\u the latter.
Similar diagram ol
one in the former, three
193.
;
LESSON
ABORTIVE ORGANS*
13.
very interesting
And
show
95
the blossom.
to
now
arid
find
ones.
Still
we
may
In
(Fig. 196).
rudiments of
pistils
mens
Moon-
Quite in
an increase
number of
in the
the
in
to
som
is
moHv
definite
The
constructed.
Buttercup,
sepals and
mens and
five
and
have
for
pistils
so
hard
is
but
has five
sta-
many
built
upon
flowers of
Mag-
it
The
indefinitely
pistils,
it
instance,
petals,
sets
number of
the
many
so-ne of the
in
_,
the parts
all
In
parts.
is
numerous stamens
floral
number
three.
FIG. 194. Corolla of a purple Gerardia laid open, showing the four stamens ; the cross
shows where the fifth stamen would be, if present.
FIG. 195. Corolla, laid open, and stamens of Pentstemon grandiflorus of Iowa, &c., with
a
96
LESSON
^LESSON 14
XIV.
We
tree, the
tendrils of
And in
part or base of scaly bulbs ; as is fully shown in Lesson 6.
Lesson 7 and elsewhere we have learned to recognize the leaf alike
in the thick seed-leaves of the
like (Fig.
FIG.
9-24),
197.
LESSON
ARRANGEMENT OF LEAVES
14.]
73-75),
THE BUD.
IN
97
Houseleek, the
the
and
curious
of
Dionaea
pitcher of Sar
(Fig. 81),
strange fly-trap
racenia (Fig. 79).
tendrils of the
Now
252.
the student
who understands
metamorphoses of the stem and leaf, and knows how to detect the
real nature of any part of the plant under any of its disguises,
may readily trace the leaf into the blossom also, and perceive that,
as to their morphology,
253. Flowers are altered Branches, and their parts, therefore, altered
That is, certain buds, which might have grown and lengthened into a leafy branch, do, under other circumstances and to accomplish other purposes, develop into blossoms. In these the axis
leaves.
it is
in the
generally partake
more
set are
mens and
more
delicate,
bud
to
Botany an
interest
no conception of.
254. That flowers answer
As
to branches
may be shown
first
from
And
bud
at
is
explained in the
foretell
whether the
to give rise to
255. That the sepals and petals are of the nature of leaves is
from their appearance ; persons who are not botanists com-
fevident
monly
call
flower.
The calyx
(leaf-like)
in
is
most gen-
texture.
And
though the corolla is rarely green, yet neither are proper leaves
always green. In our wild Painted-Cup, and in some scarlet Sages,
common
And
spice) there
much
sometimes (as in many Cactuses, and in Carolina Allsuch a regular gradation from the last leaves of the
is
98
14.
[LESSON
it is
im-
And
if
no clearly fixed
limit between them.
Not only in the Carolina Allspice and Cactus
(Fig. 197), but in the Water-Lily (Fig. 198) and a variety of
sepals are leaves, so also are petals
flowers with
for there
is
such a complete
petals, there is
between calyx and corolla that no one can surely tell hosf
of
the
leaves belong to the one and how many to the other.
many
transition
256. It is very true that the calyx or the corolla often takes the
form of a cup or tube, instead of being in separate pieces, as in Fig.
194 196.
It is then composed of two or more leaves grown
This
together.
is
no objection
to the petals
being leaves
for the
plants, as,
is
in
transitions
blossoms
many
es-
is,
to
Some wild and natural flowers show the same interesting transitions.
The Carolina Allspice and the White Water-Lily exhibit complete
gradations not only between sepals and petals, but between petals
The sepals of the Water-Lily are green outside, but
and stamens.
white and petal-like on the inside ; the petals, in many rows, gradually grow narrower towards the centre of the flower some of these
;
are tipped with a trace of a yellow anther, but still are petals ; the
next are more contracted and stamen-like, but with a flat petal-like
filament ; and a further narrowing of this completes the genuine sta-
men.
some Willows
and
is
shown
in Fig. 198.
into
each other
in
leaves.
And
in
So the
leafy branch.
his idea of
pistil is,
till
degenerates into a
that
it
consists of
it
is
to
a leaf with
its
form a closed
upon the
PistiL
LESSON
15.]
Lesson 10,
either to a succes-
manner of whorled
spiral arrangement.
LESSON
XV.
HAVING
more
particularly
its
we proceed
with the leaves of the blossom, namely, the calyx and corolla.
first
to con-
And
as to
else
For most blossoms we meet with have some of their organs grown
We have noticed it as to the corolla of Getogether more or less.
rardia, Catalpa,
FIG.
198.
This growing
Succession of sepals, petals, gradations between petals and stamens, and trua
ways
may
be united.
15.
[LESSON
The
first
same
kind,
we may
call
of parts of
monly
same
We
sort.
very com-
is
monium
growing
together
those of the
way,
wort,
in
Woodbines
take of
it
And
that this
is
met with
206 another,
in short
each corolla
is
tips,
vals
and open
formed of
corollas.
How many
leaves or petals
may be
263.
little,
When
sepalous.
that
the corolla
is,
of one piece.
" of
"
;
FTG.
199.
LESSON
UNION OP PARTS.
15.]
toothed or dentate,
entire,
when
'','
all
i,
J0V
when only
the border
is
/A
other
264.
flat
bodies,
There
is
corollas, or other
shape, which
the principal
we
its
when a
which
it
flat-spreading border
is
204
beneath.
The
corolla of the
this
sort
of the petals of the last figure here all united into a tube.
FIG. 202. Flower of the Cypress-Vine ; the petals a little farther united into a five-lobed
spreading border.
FIG. 203.
five petals
it
is
composed
o.
perfectly united into a trumpet-shaped tube, with the spreading border nearly even (or entire).
FIG. 204. Wheel-shaped and five-parted corolla of Bittersweet (Solanum Dulcamara).
FIG. 205.
FIG. 206.
9*
102
[LESSON
15.
widens upward,
is
narrow below,
in the
shape of a funnel or
of the
when prolonged
Trumpet
much spreading
at
210
211
is,
down nearly
&e.
is
sometimes distinguishable
lamina or
blade.
When
parts of the same set are not united (as in the Flax>
Cherry, &c., Fig. 212 - 215), we call them distinct. Thus the sepals
or the petals are distinct when not at all united with each other. As
267.
into
one body
is
that
is,
PIG. 207. Flower of the Harebell, with a campanulate or bell-shaped corolla. 208. Of a
with labiate ringent (or
Phlox, with salver-shaped corolla. 209. Of Dead-Nettie (Lamium),
210. Of Snapdragon, with labiate personate corolla. 211. Of Toad-Flax,
gaping) corolla.
tvith a similar corolla spurred at the base.
LESSON
CONSOLIDATION OF PARTS.
15.]
polysepalous,
that
is,
is
/,\
sepals.
W&
And
said to be polypetalous.
different
Lessons 13 and
in
several
14), the
from
rise
parts
the
stem
short
above
the
or within
stamens
the
within
and
these,
the
then
summit
Now when
centre.
sepals,
above
just
next
pistils
just
petals
the
or
the
or
The nature
solidation will
of this con-
be at once un-
Fig.
the
common
lengthwise, so as to
the parts.
.'he
receptacle or axis of
In other words,
blossom.
the
here
is
no union at
all
of the
So
ing
"under the
PIG. 212.
FIG. 213.
FIG. 214.
pistil").
same way.
is
15.
Here
is,
[LESSON
in other
pistil).
the
One
pistil.
step
The
consolidation in the
and stamens
more we have
is a similar
the calyx
Cherry
is still
is
con-
free from
in
section of a flower of a Purslane.
seeming
it
is
when
It is better to say,
entirely free.
however,
we
and Saxifrages.
The
consol-
and
its
limb, or free part, therefore appears to spring from its top, instead of
underneath it, as it naturally should.
So the calyx is said to be
sup&rior, or (more properly) adherent to, or coherent with, the ovary.
In most cases (and very strikingly in the Evening Primrose), the
FIG.
216.
LESSON
IRREGULARITY OP PARTS.
15.]
105
273. But if the tube of the calyx ends immediately at the summit
of the ovary, and its lobes as well as the corolla and stamens are as
it were inserted directly on the ovary, they are said to be
epigynous
(meaning on the pistil), as in Cornel, the Huckleberry, and the Cran-
There
a flower.
is infinite
when they
We
occur.
to
mention one or
kind,
among
polypetalous (267)
flowers, is
The Papilionaceous
275.
flower
In
that family.
this
we have an
217
butterfly
terfly)
to
a but-
for
is
which
or banner.
is
all
is
gen-
the rest
The two
side petals
commonly
stick
together a little, and which enclose the stamens and pistil in the flower, from their
forming a
body shaped somewhat like the keel, or rather the prow, of an
ancient boat, are together named the keel.
276. The Labiate or bilabiate (that is,
two-lipped) flower
common form
FIG. 217.
is
a very
S&F
218.
The
parts o.
106
(Fig. 210),
[LESSON
15.
Horsemint, &c. and in the Sage, the Catalpa, &c., the calyx also is
This is owing to unequal union of the different parts of
two-lipped.
;
more or
And
lobed.
if
the calyx
to
less three-lobed,
is
lip,
is
which therefore
at
since
the parts of the calyx always alternate with those of the corolla
then the upper lip has three lobes or teeth, namely, is com(247),
posed of three sepals united, while the lower has only two ; which is
the reverse of the arrangement in the corolla.
So that all these
flowers are really constructed on the plan of five, and not on that of
In Gerardia, &c. (Fig.
two, as one would at first be apt to suppose.
more or
ber
is
abortion.
less
rv
VV \N^\ /Vv ol
^n si*^, shaped
pound
called
is
The
seen in
Ligulate or strapof most com-
corolla
What was
flowers.
the compound flower
Whiteweed, &c.,
of
many
closely
distinct
consists
blossoms,
edge have flat and open or strap-shaped corollas, while the rest
are regular and tubular, but small, as in the Whiteweed, Sunflower,
&c.
Fig. 219 represents such a case in a Coreopsis, with the
we
PIG. S19.
lanitthwise.
Head of flowers
(th
so-called
Coreopsis, divided
LESSON
axil
it
15.]
grew
107
a strap-shaped corolla
cluster in
tillate,
as in
and
that
is,
have a
Whiteweed.
all
pistil
But
only,
in the Dandelion,
different shape.
of that tribe, these flowers are perfect, that is, bear both
And moreover all the flowers of the head are
pistils.
stamens and
We
222.
Head
left
(c)k
108
[LESSON
16.
and spread out flat. To prove that this is the case, we have
compare such a corolla (that of Coreopsis, Fig. 220, c, or
one from the Succory, for instance) with that of the Cardinal-flower,
one
side,
only to
or of any other Lobelia, which is equally split down along one side ;
this again with the less irregular corolla of the Woodbine, par-
and
down on one
tially split
side.
LESSON
XVI.
importance
in distinguishing
221.
Compound
flowers,
i.
e.
The
LESSON
16.]
109
to
280. The pieces of the calyx or the corolla either overlap each
other ki the bud, or they do not.
When they do not, the aestivation
is
commonly
Valvate, as
it
is
called
when
the pieces
their
as the calyx of
the Linden or Basswood (Fig. 223) and the Mallow, and the corolla
of the Grape, Virginia Creeper, &c.
Or it may be
Induplicate, which
is
in
it.
it is
these cases the parts are five in number ; and the regular way then
is
(as in the calyx of the figures above cited) to have two pieces en
tirely external (1
and
2),
first,
while the other edge covers that of the adjacent one on the other
side,
covered by the
The
spiral
10
the sepals
numbered
in their order
ARRANGEMENT OF PARTS
110
the blossom
is
the
same
is
IN
THE BUD.
16.
an additional evi-
a sort of branch.
^LESSON
in Fig. 190.
This
is
Fig. 171).
282. In the Mignonette, and some other flowers, the aestivation is
open ; that is, the calyx and corolla are not closed at all over the
Gentian, &c.
When
all in
one direc-
manner, the
aestivation
said to be
FIG. 225.
triulerneath
is
corolla of a
in the bud.
LESSON
THE STAMENS.
17.]
LESSON
Ill
XVII.
THE STAMENS
tinct (that
corolla.
when they
Hypogynous (269),
of the flower, under the
shown
pistils,
in Fig. 212.
calyx
be borne by
and
it,
as
in
Also
the Orchis Family.
Epipetalous (meaning on the petals), when
they are borne by the corolla ; as in Fig. 194,
(Fig. 226)
and
in
all
As
to
may
be united by
by
their anthers.
Diadelphous
as in the
(in
all
set,
in
two
and one
sets,
here
FIG. 226. Style of a Lady's Slipper (Cypripedium), and stamens united with it : a, a, the
anthers of the two good stamens st,, an abortive stameii, what should be ifcs anther changed
into a petal-like body
stiff., tho etigaia.
;
THE STAMENS.
112
[LESSON
common
St.
17.
Johns-
wort
Polyadelphous,
when
as in the Loblolly
five clusters.
On
Syngenesious,
when
the Violet
(slightly),
and
in
what are
called
by
and
Squash
and
their anthers
their filaments.
is sometimes
expressed by terms
numerals
and
of
the
Greek
the
word
used to signify
compounded
stamen ; as, monandrous, for a flower having
with
trandrous,
stamens
four
pentandrous,
and so on, up
to polyan-
drous
may
be
number, two longer than the other two, as in the Mint, Catnip,
and tetradynamous,
Gerardia (Fig. 194), Trumpet-Creeper, &c.
when they are six, with four of them regularly longer than the
in
two
parts, the
it
is
to the
FIG. 227.
may be
sessile,
or without a filament.
228.
When
present,
Lupine.
FIG.
229.
tub* of anthers
a),
&c.
230.
Same, with
the
LESSON 17.]
the filament
may
be of any shape
but
it
is
113
thread-like,
commonly
which serves
Pollen,
may
perfect seeds.
first,
as to
292.
three
is
Its
ways
to
the
fertilize
powder, called
so that
pistil,
it
considered,
Of this
6 '"'
there are
is
Adnate
(as in
by one
tached
whole length,
ment ; and
to
Fig. 233),
for
face,
usually
the side of the
by
its
when
when
atits
fila-
fixed
When
wards.
it is
turned inwards, or
pistil
is
anther
When
294.
Its
Structure,
&c.
a stamen
and
for
is,
that
it
leaf.
in
a special purpose.
similar sides
The
ing to the left, the other to the right, side of the blade. The two lobes
are often connected by a prolongation of the filament, which answers
to the midrib of
a leaf
It is
so broad that
it
very conseparates
other.
FIG. 231.
FIG. 232.
extrorse)
is
10*
114
295.
THE STAMENS.
To
[LESSON
commonly by a
length of each
of each
(as in Fig.
231)
when
is
to
but
the
when
often on the
introrse,
cell.
by a chink,
dehiscent)
is
cell,
line
17.
ass
Azalea, Pyrola or False Wintergreen (Fig. 235),
and sometimes a part of the face separates as a sort of trap-door
valve), hinged at the top, and opening to allow the escape of the
285
&c.
(or
really four-celled
when young
to the
slightly in
shown
leaf,
is
Ama-
supposed to be
in Fig. 240,
an ideal
figure, the
lower
297. Pollen,
low
color,
which
This
fills
is
commonly of a
yel-
is
fall
discharged during
off or wither away.
LESSON
POLLEN.
17.J
and
So
plants.
it is
the
all alike in
same
may sometimes be
pollen alone.
its
delicate^
cavity
is
filled
with a thickish
fluid, often x
that
the
Musk
One
One
the angles.
all
central
to right,
lobes.
The
figures
number from
left
THE
116
LESSON
XVIII.
MORPHOLOGY OF
THE
300.
flower
PISTILS.
when
[LESSON 1&
PISTILS.
when
several, they
commonly form a
ring
or circle
elongated receptacle.
301. Their number in a blossom
is
sometimes expressed,
in Sys-
with one
pistil is said to
three, trigynous
so on
with
which there
polygynous,
pistils,
many
be monogynous
is
no need
commit
to
as already explained
Pistil,
The ovary
is
is
also essential
it
memory.
the summit
to
The
stigma at
may become
But
seeds.
no
pistil
style in
many
pistils
is
to the stamen.
in these the
stigma
Accordingly, there
is sessile,
that
is,
rests
shapes.
The
303.
many
pistil exhibits
complications.
To
an almost
understand these,
it
is
and
needful to begin
way
in
Ideal
which a simple
pistil
answers
to a leaf.
LESSON
117
SIMPLE PISTILS.
18.]
simple or compound.
simple
pistil
answers
tc
a sin^K
itaf.
of the blade of a
Pistil,
leaf,
to
OF Carpel (as it is
So that
ing in this way a closed case or pod, which is the ovary.
the upper face of the altered leaf answers to the inner surface of the
ovary, and the lower, to its outer surface.
to the united edges of the
on what answers
any
And
The
leaf.
style,
tapering sumthere is
when
make
in this
at
To
the tip or along the inner side of the style, form the stigma.
way
in
that
Fig. 252
in
season, notice
split
how
down along
or,
later
in
the
scale, the
Stonecrop (Fig. 168) has five such pistils in a circle, each with the
where the ovules are attached turned to the centre of the flower.
side
The
307
line or
side,
which answers
to the
united edges of the leaf, and bears the ovules, is called the ventral or
inner Suture.
corresponding line down the back of the ovary,
and which answers to the middle of the leaf, is named the dorsal or
outer Suture.
308.
FIG.
The
251.
FIG. 252.
A leaf rolled
Pistil
up inwards,
to
show how
the
it
projects a
pistil is
little
supposed to he formed.
of Isopyrum biternatum cut across, with the inner suture turned towarda
the eye.
FIG. 253.
into the
Pod or
THE
118
PISTILS.
[LESSON
is
Obviously a simple pistil can have but one placenta but this
its nature double, one half answering to each margin of the
;
And
if
18.
is in
leaf.
all
in the
Marsh-Marigold,
in
Many compound
simple.
310.
pistils
are one-celled.
however,
(305)
may even be
;
311.
split into
The Compound
two
lobes.
Pistil
any greater
number of pistil-leaves,
or carpels (305), in a
circle, united into one
body, at least by their
The
ovaries.
Culti-
compound
pistil
com-
are
styles
But
in.
one
the five
separate.
our
of
wild species of Flax, the styles are united into one also, for about
half their length.
So the Common
St.
fields
has
compound ovary, of three united carpels, but the three styles are
separate (Fig. 255), while some of our wild, shrubby species have the
t
styles also
combined
into
in the fruit
they
FIG. 254.
Pistil
FIG. 256.
The same
of shrubby
St.
John's-wort
LESSON
COMPOUND
18.]
119
PISTILS.
Even when
312.
mas are
the styles are all consolidated into one, the stigenough so to show by the number of their
often separate, or
cells in the
These are
all
pistil is
compound.
cases of
would be formed
if
As each
314.
simple ovary has its placenta, or seed(308), at the inner angle, so the resulting
line
bearing
many
its
as
many
is,
as
2S7
shown
more or
This
is
254-256, &c.
and
We
and those with parietal placentae. That is, first, where the
ovules or seeds are borne in the axis or centre of the ovary, and,
axile,
secondly,
its
walls.
The
first
of these
cases, or that
FIG. 237.
Pistil of
Spiderwort (Tradescantia)
120
THE
PISTILS.
Placenta, is
[LESSON
what
Snd
*r<
in
18.
Purslane
(Fig. 214), and in most Chickweeds (Fig. 258, 259) and Pinks.
The difference between this and the foregoing case is only that the
delicate partitions
may often
of the
mode
ovary.
The
Violet,
Frost-weed
pistil
many Hypericums,
perfectly, we have
number of
or pod (as
five
petals unite
petalous corolla,
Here each
pistil-leaves
grown
together.
320. All degrees occur between this and the several-celled ovary with the placentce in the axis.
Com-
way
FIG. 258. Pistil of a Sandwort, with the ovary divided lengthwise ; and 259, the same
divided transversely, to show the free central placenta.
FIG. 260. Plan of a one-celled ovary of three carpel-leaves, with parietal placentae, cut
across below, where it is complete the upper part showing the top of the three leaves it is
composed of, approaching, but not united.
FIG. 2CL Cross-section of the ovary of Frost-weed (Heliantheimun), with three parietal
;
Vlacentse,,
bearing ovules.
LESSON
OPEN
18.]
121
PISTILS.
The ovary, especially when compound, is often covered bywith the tube of the calyx, as has already been explained
united
and
"
describe this by saying either
ovary adherent," or
(272).
"
"
we
&c.
Or
say ovary inferior" when the tube
calyx adherent,"
321.
We
of the calyx
is
adherent throughout to
appear
in Fig.
to
be borne on
its
summit, as
and the
like, that
is,
superior," therefore,
"
ovary
inferior," the
superior."
At
the time of
shed from the staminate blossoms, falls directly upon the exposed ovules. Afterwards
the scales close over each other until the
seeds are ripe.
that the seeds
Then they
may
separate again,
be shed.
As
their ovules
inside view,
showing
its
is,
pair of
Hypericum graveolens.
naked ovules.
FIG. 265.
pistils
11
its
base.
Lia:d
THE
122
PISTILS.
18:
[LESSON
seeds.
As
may
Horizontal,
269).
be
cell,
not from
its
very base, as
in
when
rising upright
from
Buck-
cell, as in the
;
Flax
mit of the
cell,
as in the
Anemone
(Fig. 269),
Dogwood, &c.
All
324.
kernel,
is
There
is
a hole
which answers
ovule
is
attached
seed breaks
Orifice or
to the
is its
away and
leaves a scar,
is
named
the Hilum.
The
place where the coats blend, and cohere with each other and with the
will point out these parts in
nucleus, is named the C/ialaza.
We
although ovules are usually so small that a good mdgnifying-glass is needed for their examination. Moreover, their names,
all taken from the Greek, are unfortunately rather formidable.
to understand,
325.
The
simplest
sort,
is
what
is
called the
FIG. 269.
The Buckwheat
affords
a good
LESSON
OVULES.
18.]
instance of
it
is
it
shown
In
in Fig. 274.
which
123
(/)
is
is
(c) are
grow on one
its
side
it
it
enlarges,
would
mon form
of
all is
the
down
the seed-stalk
to
near the
orifice
(f)
to
orifice
but the
chalaza (c) is
it and the hilum
runs a ridge or cord, called the Rhaphe (r), which is simply that part
of the stalk which, as the ovule grew and turned over, adhered to its
Lastly, the
surface.
and the
326.
at one
is
end
The
is
sufficiently displayed
a longitudinal
slice
of two
FIG. 270.
FIG. 271.
c,
/, orifice.
FIG
272.
FIG. 273.
THE RECEPTACLE.
124
ovules
The
[LESSON
19.
cleus or kernel.
LESSON
XJX.
THE RECEPTACLE
(also called
the Torus)
is
the axis, or
stem, which the leaves and other parts of the blossom are attached
It is commonly small and short (as in Fig. 169) ; but it
to (231).
sometimes occurs
in
328. Occasionally
family (Fig.
329.
longed above and between the insertion of the pistils, in the form
of a slender beak.
In the blossom, and until the fruit is ripe, it
is
pistils
united around
it,
and their
flat styles
LESSON
cally
THE RECEPTACLE.
19.]
125
When
330.
bears a great
tils, its
a flower
many
is
receptacle
pis-
gen-
erally enlarged so as to
times
and
flat,
ering
times
some-
broad
becoming
Flow-
as in the
Raspberry, someas
elongated,
&c.
ceptacle
in
Mag-
It is the re-
in
the
Straw-
much
enlarged and pulpy when ripe, which forms the eatable part of the
fruit, and bears the small seed-like pistils on itS
surface.
convex or
331. A Disk
is
It
is
from
all
Rue and
It is perigy-
it
the
adheres to the
FIG. 277.
FIG. 278.
tacle,
FIG. 281.
Pistil of the
11*
its
base.
THE FRUIT.
126
Often
283).
it
[LESSON
20.
New
332. In
Nelumbium,
a large
wa-
in the
Water-Lily, abounding
our Western States,
ters of
the
LESSON
XX.
THE FRUIT.
When
334.
all
Some
fruits, as
in the strict
botanical sense.
we have just seen, 330, Fig. 282), although one of the choicest fruits
in the common acceptation, is only an enlarged and pulpy receptacle,
bearing the real fruits (that
FIG.
PIG.
282.
284.
is,
disk.
283.
The same,
its
divided.
LESSON
127
ITS KINDS.
20.]
&c.
contained in
it.
same
as that of tha
is
some
fruit of
and rarely more than one or two, and only as many cells. Yet the
vestiges of the seeds that have not matured, and of the wanting cells
of the pod,
tion is
first
may always be
more complete
in the
Oak and
cells,
fruit.
Chestnut.
This oblitera-
The ovary
of the
two seeds
in each cell.
Whereas,
to
in fact,
ovules but one are uniformly obliterated in the forming fruit, which
thus becomes one-celled and one-seeded, and rarely can any vestige
split
kind
is
340. The Berry, such as the gooseberry and currant, the blueberry
and cranberry, the tomato, and the grape. Here the whole flesh is
equally soft throughout.
leathery rind.
The orange
is
'4
THE FRUIT.
128
[LESSON
20.
to the
softer.
The pumpkin,
cipal examples.
342.
The Pome
is
name
fleshy fruits like a berry, but the principal thickness is calyx, only
the papery pods arranged like a star in the core really belonging to
the
pistil itself
(333).
343. Secondly, as to fruits which are partly fleshy and partly hard,
one of the most familiar kinds is
From
the
way
which the
in
pistil
is
con-
it
345.
Whenever
is
is
fruit"),
The
and the
the
stone of a peach,
fruit,
middle one
is
called the
stone.
be perceived, belongs to
the walls are separable into three
like, it will
When
is
Endocarp (from
But in
fruit'').
named
Mesocarp
either exocarp or
e.
(i.
middle
fruit)
Epicarp ; the
and the inner-
throughout.
(338) ; others are dehiscent, that is, split open at maturity in some
Of indehiscent or closed dry fruits the principal kinds
regular way.
are the following.
347. The AcheniUffl, or
FIG. 285.
Ahem,
is
Longitudinal section of a peach, showing the flesh, the stone, and the seed
ITS KINDS.
LESSON 23.J
129
is
popularly taken for a naked seed
a
and shows the reovary,
ripened
plainly
mains of its style or stigma, or the place
from which
ass
Of
fallen.
but
it
is
has
it
this sort
simple
pistils
flower,
the Nettle,
Hemp,
&c., there
is
same
fruits.
only one
In
pistil to
each blossom,
is
a similar
drupe.
So
that
receptacle, or
a miniature
the
in
stone-fruit, or
strawberry
we
eat
the
in the rasp-
is
evident
FIG. 286.
FIG. 288.
Achenium
in
Coreopsis,
in the
of Buttercup.
it
287.
it
form of two
consists of
two
through.
FIG. 289.
enlarged
showing the
S&F
290
One
in Fig. 285.
mow
THE FRUIT.
130
which
thin scales
fall off
at the touch
in the
[LESSON
2(X
Sneezeweed, of about
very thin
and
like
Pappus ;
Thistle
scales,
but
it
applied to
is
all
these forms,
the achenium as
into
it
a slender beak,
350. A Utricle
like
the
is
same
When
297).
ripe
it
bursts open
and
Pigweed
irregularly to
the
351.
corporated into one body; as in wheat, Indian corn, and other kinds of grain.
352. A Nut is a dry and indehiscent fruit,
one-celled and one-seedci, with a hard, crus-
commonly
taceous, or
chestnut,
PIG. 091. Achenium of Mayweed (no pappus). 292. That of Succory (its pappus a shal
low cup). 293. Of Sunflower (pappus of two deciduous scales). 294. Of Sneezeweed (Hele'
nium), with
its
hair?.
Of the Dandelion,
29fi.
IG. 297.
PIG.
PIG.
298.
209.
Utricle of the
its
its
album).
LESSON
ITS KINDS.
20.]
353. A Samara, or
Key-fruit, is either
131
Mapls
(Fig. 1),
which
Ash
split
But several
fruit of a simple
the inner suture
Follicle is
opening along
pistil
The
(307).
umbine,
Marsh-Marigold
and Milkweed are of this
Larkspur,
(Fig. 302),
kind.
The
edges
of
the
pistil-leaf
302
gume belongs
to plants of the
named a
Lament.
357. The true Capsule
it
ovary
resulted from,
it
is
the pod of a
may
compound
be one-celled, or
it
pistil.
may
Like the
have as many
in
some
part, as in Lobelia
open (or
splits
is
but commonly
valves.
FIG.
300.
FIG. 30a
'FIG. 303.
FIG
304.
Samara
or key of the
Follicle of
it
White Ash.
301.
THE FRUIT.
132
20.
[LESSON
compound
pistil,
when
when
it
the dehiscence
splits
is
loculicidal, as in Fig.
305
its
or
cell
when
inner angle,
it
These names
first
meaning
Of
the
first
From
(305-311) the
that the line down
pistil
pod opens by
component
this
when
loculicidal,
which open as
carpels,
while
follicles,
so
separates into
it
when
Some
septicidal.
many
valves
359. In loculicidal dehiscence the valves naturally bear the paron their middle in the septicidal, half the thickness of a
titions
partition
is
Fig. 307
shown
the partitions.
This is
seen in the Morning- Glory.
names,
viz.
FIG. 305.
FIG. 306.
FIG. 307.
Capsule of
Pod of a Marsh
St.
LESSON
361. The
ily
MULTIPLE FRUITS.
20.]
133
(Fig. 310), the peculiar pod of the Mustard famtwo-celled by a false partition stretched across between
Siliujie
which
is
left
fall off.
is
363. The Pyxis is a pod which opens by a circular horizontal line, the upper part forming a lid, as
in
Purslane (Fig. 311), the Plantain, HenIn these the dehiscence extends
bane, &c.
all
round, or
circumcissile.
is
So
it
does
31
which represents a sort of oneseeded pyxis. In JefFersonia or Twin-leaf, the
in Fig. 298,
line
Multiple
masses of
OF
Collective
Fruits
resulting
fruits,
the
This
how-
ever, being to a
365. A
Strobile, or
is
the pe-
the like
viz.
and
cone-
form of
flat
scales,
sl*
31S
and pressed together in a spike or head.
Each scale bears one or two naked seeds on its inner face. When
the cone is ripe and dry, the scales turn back or
diverge, and the
seed peels off and falls, generally
carrying with it a wing, which was
other,
FIG. 310.
FIG. 311.
FIG. 312.
The
common
Purslane
12
THE SEED.
134
[LESSON
21.
of the small cone are few, and not very unlike the leaves (Fig.
265).
In Cypress they are very thick at the top and narrow at the base, so
as to make a peculiar sort of closed cone.
In Juniper and Red Cedar, the few scales of the very small cone
into
fruit
for
LESSON
become
fleshy,
and ripen
a berry.
XXI.
THE SEED.
366.
THE
ovules (323),
16) formed
(or unde-
consists
inner.
lengthwise.
The
whence
it is
inner
thin
and
is
369.
ferent seeds,
FIG. 314.
PIG. 315.
coat
c,
the
outer coat
is
the
delicate.
a, the
hilum or scar
6,
diffits
the outer
LESSON
ITS
21.]
COATS OR COVERINGS.
135
it
wing
such as
The
sometimes
object of wings or
This
winds.
is clear,
downy
tufts is to
may
winged and tufted seeds are found only in fruits that split open
The coat of some
maturity, never in those that remain closed.
that
at
seeds
is
Cotton,
one of
since it forms
the most important vegetable products,
of
the human
the principal clothing of the larger part
hairs
which
and
consists of the long
woolly
race,
the seed.
thickly cover the whole surface of
seeds have an additional, but more or
less
Certain
incomplete
scarlet pulp
Waxwork
(Celastrus)
3I8
stalk
is
called
The
now
orifice
separates
the Hilum.
of the ovule,
The
scar
left
its
kinds
closed
named
the Micropyk.
FIG. 31G.
FIG. 317.
FIG.
FIG.
FIG.
318.
319.
The terms
FIG. 322.
embryo.
Seed of a
Li
136
THE SEED.
[LESSON
21.
and so do those
apply to seeds just as they do to ovulea (325)
which express the direction of the ovule or the seed in the
;
terras
cell
such as
(323)
erect,
therefore
it is
part of
is all
Embryo ;
in others
a large
it is
an accumulation of nourishing
is
matter (starch, &c.), commonly surrounding the embryo, and destined to nourish
it
when
it
earlier Lessons
(30-32). It
38, 39), buckwheat, and the
texture.
In Poppy-seeds
it
like.
is
But
it is not
always mealy in
In the seeds of Prcony and
fleshy ; in coffee it is corneous
oily.
However
liquefies
rest of the
When
the
embryo is small and its parts little developed, the albumen is the
more abundant, and makes up the principal bulk of the seed, as in
Apple (Fig. 11, 12), Beech (Fig. 13), and the like.
ever nourishment is needed to establish the plantlet
stored
in the
And
43,
up
away.
LESSON
THE EMBRYO.
21.]
375.
137
Even
its
become a young
as in a Pumpkin-seed, for
to.
we may
short, as
is
sometimes long
In the seed
it always
what answers to the
foramen of the ovule (Fig. 325, 326). As to its position in the fruit, it is said to be inferior when it points
to the base of the pericarp, superior
its
The
summit, &c.
when
it
points to
The number
we
of
we have a
Monocotyledonous embryo, namely, one furnished with only a single cotyledon or seed-leaf.
rest of our illustrations exhibit various forms of the
Nearly
all
the
Dicotyledonous embryo namely, with a pair of cotyledons or seedIn the Pine family we find a
leaves, always opposite each other.
;
or
Polycotyledonous embryo (Fig. 45, 46) ; that is, one with several,
more than two, seed-leaves, arranged in a circle or whorl.
378. The Plumule
is
the
little
In germination th
the
form
trunk or stem of
ascending
plumule develops upward,
the plant, while the other end of the radicle grows downward,
wrapped round
it,
Embryo
Pumpkin, seen
flatwise.
324.
Same
edgewise, enlarged
FIG. 325.
root.
of the
edgewise being an anatropous seed, the radicle of the straight embryc points
base near the hilum.
;
FIG. 326.
down
to the
Similar section of the orthotropous seed of Buckwheat. Here the radicle points
the hilum, and to the apex of the seed; also the thin cotyledons happen
MI this plant to be bent round into the same direction.
directly
away from
12*
HOW
140
PLANTS GROW.
[LESSON
22.
The pollen (297) which falls upon the stigma grows there
a peculiar way its delicate inner coat extends into a tube (the
pollen-tube), which sinks into the loose tissue of the stigma and
385.
in
the
329)
Its wall of
Cell.
mucilaginous
is
very delicate
liquid, in
membrane
(called
387.
call
encloses a
more mag-
soft
mass
nucleus).
after enlarging to
a certain
this vesicle
size, dividing
or
cell,
by the for-
mation of a cross partition into two such cells, cohering together (Fig. 330) ; one of these into two
first,
it.
and by a continuation of
the same process, the emself; the
the
to
shape itforms
end
upper
bryo begins
radicle
or root-end,
while the other end shows a notch between two lobes (Fig. 333),
these lobes become the cotyledons or seed-leaves, and the embryo
as
it
is
first cell of the embryo, with a portion of the summit of the embryo,
Same, more advanced, divided into two cells. 331. Same, a little farther advanced, consisting of three cells. 332. Same, still more advanced, consisting of a
little mass of young cells.
FIG. 333. Forming embryo of Buckwheat, moderately magnified, showing a nick at the
0nd where the cotyledons are to be. 334. Same, more advanced in growth. 335. Same,
FIG. 329.
Vesicle or
sac, detached.
etill
330.
farther advanced.
as
shown
336.
in a section
LESSON
22.]
when
it
141
plantlet.
The
Fig. 56, on page 30, represents the end of the rootlet of Fig.
best
to
enough
55, magnified
cells
that form
show the
the surface.
Fig.
of
bits
we make a
young
crosswise,
both
root
and view
microscope
/Tr
ig.
and
lengthwise
it
under a good
340),
we may
is
per-
made up
of just such
It is
cells.
the same with the young stem and the leaves (Fig. 355, 357).
It is essentially the same in the full-grown herb and the tree.
389. So the plant
vesicles,
is
little
And
a plant
individual
bricks,
itself,
and shapes
its
own
materials into
fitting forms.
more than
FIG. 337.
^^
of an inch in diameter)
the ex-
commonly not
838.
1st,
cell, like
HOW
140
385.
The
a peculiar way
in
PLANTS GROW.
its
[LESSON
22.
pollen-tube), which sinks into the loose tissue of the stigma and
the interior of the style, something as the root of a seedling
sinks into the loose soil, reaches the cavity of the ovary, and at
The point of the pollenlength penetrates the orifice of an ovule.
tube reaches the surface of the embryo-sac, and in
particle of soft
pulpy
or mucilaginous matter (Fig. 328) to form a membranous coat and to expand into a vesicle, which is
the
386. This vesicle (shown detached and more magnified in Fig. 329) is a specimen of what botanists call
831
Its wall
Cell.
387.
its
soft
mass
nucleus).
after enlarging to
a certain
this vesicle
size, dividing
or
cell,
by the for-
mation of a cross partition into two such cells, cohering together (Fig. 330) ; one of these into two
first,
it.
and by a continuation of
the same process, the emself; the
the
to
shape itforms
end
upper
bryo begins
radicle
or root-end,
while the other end shows a notch between two lobes (Fig. 333),
these lobes become the cotyledons or seed-leaves, and the embryo
as
it
FIG. 329.
Vesicle or
sac, detached.
330.
first cell
332.
into
Same,
336)
summit of the embryo,
still
FIG. 333. Forming embryo of Buckwheat, moderately magnified, showing a nick at the
nd where the cotyledons are to be. 334. Same, more advanced in growth. 335. Same,
Btill farther advanced.
336. The completed embryo, displayed and straightened out; the
i
as
shown
in a section
when
LESSON
22.]
when
it
141
is
young
root,
than the
rest,
best.
enough
55, magnified
cells
that form
to
show
the surface.
both
root
crosswise,
and view
microscope
And
we make a
young
of
bits
the surface
if
the
Fig.
/T
^ig.
lengthwise
it
340),
and
\\
{/
under a good
we may
~~
per-
sas
made up
It is
of just such cells.
the same with the young stem and the leaves (Fig. 355, 357).
It is essentially the same in the full-grown herb and the tree.
389. So the plant is an aggregation of countless millions of little
vesicles,
is
And
a plant
individual
bricks,
itself,
and shapes
its
own
materials into
fitting forms.
more than
FIG. 337.
^^
of an inch in diameter)
the ex-
commonly not
38.
1st,
cell, like
VEGETABLE FABRIC.
142
of the cells in number.
It
is
by the
latter,
23.
[LESSON
LESSON
VEGETABLE FABRIC
XXIII.
CELLULAR TISSUE.
A mineral
a piece of marble
may be divided into smaller and still smaller
and
the
minutest
portion that can be seen with the miyet
pieces,
will
have
all
the
characters
of the larger body, and be
croscope
further
if
of
still
we
had the means of doing it,
subdivision,
capable
into just
such
divided into a
particles,
number of
similar parts
A plant
first into
may
branches
also be
;
then
each branch or stem, into joints or similar parts (34), each with
leaf or pair of leaves.
But
its
we
whole
if
things
it is
made
of,
to cavities
to Cells, as
we
them (386),
essentially the
FIG. 340.
of
Magnified view, or diagram, of some perfectly regular cellular tissue, formed
CELLULAR
LESSON 23.]
make
143
TISSUE.
was shown
We
cannot divide them into similar smaller parts having the prop
erties of the whole, as we may any mineral body.
may cut
We
them
This
in pieces
cell.
we have
said (389),
still
may
be
better to a
a few minutes and then pulling the parts asunder. And in soft fruits
the cells separate in ripening, although they were perfectly united
into a tissue,
when
spaces or passages of all sizes (Fig. 356) ; and in the leaves and
stems of aquatic and marsh plants, in particular, the cells are built
up
into
narrow
partitions,
shown
filled
with
air.
any of these
They may be
likened
inter-
is,
any
where the
and
cells
this is apt to
cell is
The
slice is
made,
reason of this
globular
is
Cells which
heap
is
If the spheres be
VEGETABLE FABRIC.
144
[LESSON
23.
398. The size of the common cells of plants varies from about
the thirtieth to the thousandth of an inch in diameter.
An ordinary
size is
from 27
Now when
remembered
it
is
that
We
in the
many
and materials
^^
all
cells,
we
harden, as
(Fig. 345)
Sometimes
wood
another.
And
to the other.
example, are cells drawn out into tubes, or are composed of a row
of cells, growing on the surface. Cotton consists of simple long hairs
on the coat of the seed
single cells.
The
hair-
LESSON
145
"WOOD.
24.]
which abound on young roots are rery slender projecsome of the superficial cells, as is seen in Fig. 337. Even
the fibres of wood, and what are called vessels in plants, are only
like bodies
tions of
cells.
LESSON
XXI\.
VEGETABLE FABRIC
404.
CELLULAR
WOOD.
makes up the whole structure of all very young plants, and the
whole of Mosses and other vegetables of the lowest grade, even
when full grown. But this fabric is too tender or too brittle to
give needful strength and toughness for plants which are to rise to
any considerable height and support themselves. So all such plants
have also
405.
in their composition
Wood,
This
is
only there
more or
found in
and leaves
is
It is
;
less
of
common herbs,
so much of it in
all
not
traces of
it
as well as in
proportion to
in the
growth of
appearing in large embryos
Wood
is
likewise formed of
cells,
of cells which at
are just like those that form the soft parts of plants.
their growth,
their walls
first
But early
in
HO.
341.
grow
to
Part of a
slice across
13
VEGETABLE FABRIC.
146
[LESSON
24.
Vessels.
consists of both
or
bundles
into
threads
which
run
In trees
In herbs they
mass of wood.
solid
is
That
the difference.
The
407.
some kinds of
porosity of
*
6
is
to
generally contain
young
parts,
and
except in very
air,
at
that
time.
But
a Sugar-Maple
in
woody
plants
by
the
These are
(Fig. 342-345.)
Woody
two thousandths, but in
and
one
between
commonly
Pine-wood sometimes two or three hundredths, of an inch in diam408.
Wood-Cells,
or
Fibre.
email tubes,
They
each other,
gether, namely, with their tapering ends overlapping
and toughmore
thus
it were,
as
strength
giving
spliced together,
ness to the stem, &c.
FIG. 342.
343.
Some
Two wood-cells
tissue of the
wood
epirally
marked
FIG. 345.
duct.
Some
LESSON
WOOD.
24.]
147
409. In hard woods, such as Hickory, Oak, and Button wood (Fig.
345), the walls of these tubes are very thick, as well as dense ; while
in soft woods,
thin.
living),
have no openings each has its own cavity, closed and independent
They do not form anything like a set of pipes opening one into an;
other, so as to
in the
cell to
other.
way
or
manner
Some
to
of them
are exhibited in Fig. 345, both as looked directly down upon, when
they appear as dots or holes, and in profile where the cells are cut
through.
The
latter
one
cell
it
were
it
may
finer,
and
upon each
be
known even
in the smallest
tougher than those of the proper wood, and appear more like fibre?.
For example, Fig. 344 represents a cell of the wood of Basswood,
of average length, and Fig. 342 one (and part of
another) of the
fibrous bark, both drawn to the same scale.
As these long cells
FIG.
346.
A bit
VEGETABLE FABRIC.
148
hemp
the
[LESSON
24.
wood of
the
when
cut
they are
for
across
usually
this.
They
(407),
much
are
although
small
too
either
long
a row
to end.
Fig.
349, a piece of a large dotted duct,
and two of the ducts in Fig. 350,
show
this
mark
cells
414.
The
kinds of markings.
by
their
joints,
which
of.
Dotted Ducts (Fig. 348, 349), which are the commonest and the
their cut ends making the visible porosity of Oaklargest of all,
the whole wall
wood,
they become
old, these
is
delicate fibre
the wall.
In the
spirally coiled, or by rings or bands, thickening
be
the
transthread
the
uncoiled, tearing
may
genuine spiral duct,
most
be
seen
as
wall
in
by breaking
may
young
parent
pieces ;
shoots, or the leaves of Strawberry or Amaryllis, and pulling the
broken ends gently asunder, uncoiling these gossamer threads in
abundance. In Fig. 355, some of these various sorts of ducts or
vessels are
shown
415.
FIG.
Milk-
348.
Part of a dotted duct from a Grape-vine. 349. A similar one, evidently comcells.
350. Part of a bundle of spiral and annular ducts from the stem
posed of a row of
of
Polygonum
WESSON 25.]
149
LESSON XXV.
ANATOMY OF THE ROOT, STEM, AND LEAVES.
416.
HAVING
how they
how
we may now
briefly consider
plant's operations.
417.
The
former
much
also.
demands a moment's
Rootlets,
however, or the
tip
of the root,
The
as in the
first
attention.
The new
roots, or their
new
sorbing ends of roots are entirely composed of soft, new, and very
thin-walled cellular tissue ; it is only farther back that some woodThe moisture (and probably also air)
cells and ducts are found.
presented to them
is
419. But as the rootlet grows older, the cells of its external layer
harden their walls, and form a sort of skin, or epidermis (like that
which everywhere covers the stem and foliage above ground), which
to
it.
13*
ANATOMY OF ENDOGENOUS
150
[LESSON
But
25.
as they grow,
422. This
different
sort
we
the other
kinds of wood.
scattered here
in
it,
This
last is the
wood
is
And
dogenous stems.
all
such belong
En.
to plants
to the
em-
bryo (32).
nous or Monocotyledonous Plants, using sometimes
one name, and sometimes the other. Endogenous
we have most
to do with, sinoe
all
collected into
by a
distinct
LESSON 25.]
outer part of which
in
is
common wood.
also cellular.
This structure
is
much
151
same
is
very familiar
an herb,
in the stem of
less in quantity.
Compare, for
Flax (Fig. 352)
In an herb, the
the same age.
consists of separate threads or
wood
little
at the beginning
wedges of wood;
a zone (or
in
may
be, ait
the
cross-section a ring)
bark without.
426.
The accompa-
may
illustrate
omy
of
serve to
the anat-
woody
exogenous stem, of
one year old. The
parts are explained
in the references be-
is
Surround-
From
the pith to the bark on all sides run a set of narrow plates of cellular
tissue, called
Medullary Rays
these
make
On
Cross-section of the stem of Flax, showing its bark, wood, and pith.
Piece of a stem of Soft Maple, of a year old, cut crosswise and lengthwise.
medullary sheath ; c, the wood ; rf, d, dotted ducts in the wood ; e, <?, annular ducts /, the liber
or inner bark g, the green bark ; h, the corky layer ; i, the skin, or epidermis j /, one of the
medullary 'ays, or plates of silver-grain, seen on the cross-section.
;
ANATOMY OF THE
152
[LESSON
25.
At
first it is all
of flax
its
composition.
The
Cellular or Outer
Bark
It is
distinguished into
same purpose.
two
first
season, in
woody
stems, this
it
is
the
same substance
Cork-Oak, of Spain. It is
shrubs and trees the aspect and the color peculiar to each
gray in the Ash, purple in the
woods, &c. Lastly,
light
empty
cells,
year.
name
Red Maple,
namely,
red in several Dog-
plant, consisting of
a layer of thick-
season.
as
old.
after year,
The stems
So much
for an
exogenous
of exogenous,
i.
e.
outside-growing.
The second
first
year, such a
Bother outside of that and so on, as long as the tree lives. So that
the trunk of an exogenous tree, when cut off at the base, exhibits as
many concentric rings of wood as it is years old. Over twelve hun;
dred layers have actually been counted on the stump of an aged tree,
such as the Giant Cedar or Redwood of California; and there are
doubtless
some
were already
429.
first
As
trees
now
season.
layers, inside
LESSON
EXOGENOUS STEM.
25.]
153
within finally
a while
by
it,
and
falls
its
year.
and
More commonly
exposed
away
in succession.
In
many
or
split into
fragments, and
fall
trees the
dead
in the stems of
Honey-
suckles and Grape-vines, the bark all separates and hangs in loose
shreds when only a year or two old.
431. Sap-WOOd,
In the wood, on the contrary,
owing to its
the older layers are quietly buried
growing on the outside alone,
under the newer ones, and protected by them from all disturbance.
All the wood of the young sapling may be alive, and all its cells
woody tubes active in carrying up the sap from the roots to the
or
It
leaves.
is
called.
is all
Sap-wood or Alburnum, as young and fresh wood
But the older layers, removed a step farther every year
Sooner or
later,
much more
to each,
to each
Bpecies.
433.
The
S&F
may decay
154
[^LESSON 25.
so, without the least injury to the tree, except by impairing the strength of the trunk, and so rendering it more liable to
be overthrown.
434.
these
first,
and
third,
a zone consisting of
the newest
the
feet apart.
No
And
these
wonder, there-
fore, that trees may live so long, since they annually reproduce
everything that is essential to their life and growth, and since only
a very small part of their bulk is alive at once. The tree sur-
now
In
is
itself afresh in
it,
old,
as elsewhere,
and displaying
the new.
435. Cambium-Layer.
The new growth in the stem, by which it
increases in diameter year after year, is confined to a narrow line
Cambium
wood
mucilage which
in spring.
It
is
was supposed
to
is
the old
name
wood
are
still
united by a delicate
tissue of
called the
Here, nourished by
new cells are rapidly formthe inner ones are added to the wood,
436.
At
new
growing
rootlets,
and new
shoots,
in
Only,
annually develop fresh crops of leaves in the air above.
while the additions to the wood and bark remain as a permanent
portion of the tree, or until destroyed by decay, the foliage is temhave
porary, the crop of leaves being annually thrown off after they
leaf,
Leaves
The woody
woody
and a
LESSON
AND LEAVES.
25.]
155
serve not only to strengthen the leaf, but also to bring in the
ascending sap, and to distribute it by the veinlets throughout every
They
The
part.
cellular portion
is
the stem.
438.
many
named
Chlorophyll
It
leaves).
the
through
where
cells
gives the
tation,
(i.
this
is
e.
substance,
transparent
it
is
the green of
walls
seen
of the
accumulated, which
and especially
to vege-
to foliage.
is
in Fig.
drical,
cells
In
many
plants
The green
color
drought, and which hold their leaves during the dry season (the
Oleander for example), the greater part of the thickness of the leaf
consists of layers of long cells, placed
Section through the thickness of a leaf of the Star Anise (Illicium), of Florida,
magnified. The upper and the lower layers of thick-walled and empty cells represent the
epidermis or skin. All those between are cells of the green pulp, containing grains of
FIG.
356.
chlorophyll.
156
[LESSON
25.
pacted, so as to expose as
On
little surface as
possible to the direct action
the other hand, the leaves of marsh plants, and
jf others
In
the action of direct sunshine, and for restraining a too copious evaporation, which would dry up and destroy the tender cells, at least
when moisture
doing so,
442.
it
perishes.
A large
part of
this,
no doubt,
flies off
it.
The very object of this skin is to restrain evaporation.
greater part of the moisture exhaled escapes from the leaf
tion of
The
through the
443. Stomates
OF Breathing-pores,
the epidermis into the air-chambers, establishing a direct communication between the whole interior of the leaf and the external air.
thin-walled
cells,
be.
is
air
The
may
to arrest
it
the dryness.
injured by
444. Like the air-chambers, the breathing-pores belong mainly to
where they are
In the White Lily,
the under side of the leaf.
unusually large, and easily seen by a simple microscope of modthere are about 60,000 to the square inch on the
erate power,
in
epidermis of the lower surface of the leaf, and only about 3,000
THE PLANT
LESSON
IN ACTION.
157
the same space of the upper surface. More commonly there are few
or none on the upper side ; direct sunshine evidently being unfavorable to their operation.
square inch of the lower surface so that each leaf has not far from
100,000 of these openings or mouths.
;
LESSON XXVI.
THE PLANT
445.
IN ACTION, DOING
BEING now
446. It has already been stated, in the first of these Lessons (7),
work of plants is to change inorganic into organic
matter ; that is, to take portions of earth and air,
of mineral mat-
ter,
live at all,
and
to convert
them
FIG. 357. Portion of a White-Lily leaf, cut through and magnified, showing a section ol
the thickness, and also a part of the skin of the lower
side, with some breathing-porea-
14
158
[LESSON
26.
into something
the food of
all
vegetables ;
upon the air.
447. Plants
animals
feed
This
Air,
is
which they
in
the
live.
Many
grow from the seed in pure sand, and increase its weight many times,
even if it will not come to perfection. Many naturally live suspended
from the branches of trees high in the air, and nourished by it alone,
never having any connection with the soil (81); and some which
of the gardens,
naturally grow on the ground, like the Live-for-ever
when pulled up by the roots and hung in the air will often flourish
summer
the whole
long.
448. It
will
animals,
what
is
come
to maturity only in
an enriched
soil.
But
One which
a rich soil
aided by
once from the beginning. So that in these cases also all the organic
matter was made by plants, and made out of earth and air.
The
449. Their Chemical Composition shows what Plants are made of,
and the air in which plants live, and by which they are every-
soil
To
useful to the plant, others not.
makes use of, we must first know of
materials,
know what
what
some
likely to be
its fabric
and
its
products
are composed.
450.
which
We
is
may
other, also to
plants, or in the
former
is
If we burn thoroughly a
451. The Earthy or Inorganic Constituents,
other
of
a
or
a
of
wood,
any
part
vegetable, almost all of
leaf,
piece
LESSON
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION.
ITS
26.J
159
But they make no part of their real fabric ; and they fortQ
from
one or two to nine or ten parts out of a hundred of any
only
The ashes vary according to the nature
vegetable substance.
plants.
of the
soil.
happened
to
ter
off
consumed by the
is
pure (as
largely does, 447) by
behind in the cells,
just as it
it
plant, or
is left
is left
it is
through the leaves that most of the water escapes from the plant.
man
we burn
in the
and from 88
to
open
air
a piece of any
more than 99
to
whole bulk,
by weight of its
and vapor. These are
And we may
actly the
used in
its
Vegetation,
in
it has been
decomposed into ex
and the vapor of water, that the plant
The burning has merely undone the work of
same kinds of
making.
air,
to
is,
160
[LESSON 2&
*ue,
455. The Plant's Food must contain these three elements in some
Let us look
shape or other.
is
ed
plant needs
it,
by the leaves
is
way
likewise,
when
the
lose
We inquire,
457.
This
is
is
Charcoal
after charring,
and
original material.
by water
in
it
weight
Carbon
amounts
itself is
as such, therefore,
particles
solid,
and not
at all dissolved
it
is
in
It
fluid form.
The only
to the
substance
of the atmosphere,
we
459.
The
air
around us
LESSON
FOOD.
ITS
26.]
The
and nitrogen.
161
ing carbon from their bodies with oxygen of the air they inspire
oxygen into their lungs ; they breath it out as carbonic acid. So
;
with every breath animals are diminishing the oxygen of the air,
and are increasing its carbonic acid,
life,
so necessary to animal
so hurtful to
were allowed
animal
to
life
accumulate in the
The
air.
reason
why
it
it
does not
increase in the air beyond this minute proportion is that plants feed
upon it. They draw their whole stock of carbon from the carbonic
acid of the
air.
it
in
by
their leaves.
Every
current, or breeze
that stirs the foliage, brings to every leaf a succession of fresh atoms
thousands of breathingprove
very easily, by putting a small plant or
pores.
a fresh leafy bough into a glass globe, exposed to sunshine, and having two openings, causing air mixed with a known proportion of
We may
it
absorbs through
its
this
carbonic acid gas to enter by one opening, slowly traverse the foliage,
and pass out by the other into a vessel proper to receive it now,
:
will be found to
it
have
less carbonic
in
pecially in a rich
soil,
contains
many
times as
which the absorbing rootlets spread and ramify. Besides, as this gas
is dissolved by water in a moderate
degree, every rain-drop that falls
to the
dissolving or washing
down
And what
it
it
little
passes,
carbonic acid,
and bringing
it
are the
14*
at least
THE PLANT
162
the fabric
IN ACTION,
[LESSON
26.
changed
This
is
464. The Plant's proper Work, Assimilation, viz. the conversion by the
vegetable of foreign, dead, mineral matter into its own living substance, or into organic matter capable of
To do
this
and where
465. It
as
is,
is it
is
we have
done
How
supplies a
simple
and
it
shows
at the
same
time, in the
simplest way, what the plant does with the water and carbonic acid
it
consumes.
Namely,
1st, it is
and
what
required to
render the chemical composition of water and carbonic acid the same
This shows
as that of cellulose (454), that is, of the plant's fabric.
oxygen gas
is
just
is
why
we may
collect
may
see bubbles
it
the plant.
so,
because cellulose
is
composed of
5 parts o
oxygen) has only to give up all its oxygen. In other words, the
in its foliage under sunshine, decomposes carbonic acid gas,
plant,
and turns the carbon together with water into cellulose, at the same
time giving off the oxygen of the carbonic acid into the air.
468. And we can readily prove that it is so,
namely, that plants
LESSON
26.]
163
do decompose carbonic acid in their leaves and give out its oxygen,
There the
by the experiment mentioned in paragraph 461.
is,
make
growing
fabric at
making
it
The
future use.
or in subter-
many
rootstocks
73-75),
in the
or even in the
Bean
embryo
itself,
Pea
(Fig. 16),
as in the Horsechestnut
In
all
these
forms
this
itself
is
Now
starch
is
is
it
it,
its
oxygen
conveys
it
to the air.
to the
In using
growing
it
parts,
for
and
growth 5
consoli'
into fabric.
470. Sugar, another principal vegetable product, also has essentially the same chemical composition, and may be formed out of the
same common food of plants, with the same result. The different
kinds of sugar (that of the cane, &c. and of grapes) consist of the
cellulose, only with a little more
The
is
stored up,
and sugar
that in
which
it
is
ex-
164
is
26.
[LESSON
AIR,
In the
;
its
in ger-
growth
with
and dissolved
in the sap, to
We
(such as
in.
retained,
and
its
In producing any
decomposed, its carbon
sufficient.
is
That
to the air.
is to
say,
472. Plants purify the Air for Animals, by taking away the carbonic
acid injurious to them, continually poured into it by their breathing,
as well as
by the burning of
fuel
in its
And by the
place an equal bulk of life-sustaining oxygen (4GO).
with
the
elements
of water,
carbon
this
same operation, combining
and elaborating them into organic matter,
starch, sugar, oil, and the like,
&c.,
especially into
The herbiv473. Plants produce all the Food and Fabric of Animals,
and
the
carnivorous
feed
animals
orous
directly upon vegetables ;
Neither the one nor the other originate
ieed upon the herbivorous.
it all
take
matter.
They
ready-made from plants,
any organic
altering the form and qualities
ing or decomposing
474. Starch, sugar, and
more or
less,
and
at length destroy-
it.
oil,
for
When
being changed a
be stored up
for
a time
in the
form
little
in its nature
air
by the animal
form that
it
its
as the very
food (463)
left
LESSON
But
475.
26.]
starch, sugar,
and the
like,
165
And
whereas the
in its composition.
The materials of the animal body, called
Fibrine in the flesh or muscles, Gelatine in the sinews and bones,
Caserne in the curd of milk, &c., are all forms of one and the same
ments
As
substance, composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
a
is
constituent
of
the
and
animals
are
large
nitrogen
atmosphere,
into their lungs with
it
taking
suppose that they take this element of their frame directly from the
consider
still
different class
simplicity)
476. Proteine.
cause
it
is
make any
It does not
parts.
contained in
portion of their
a thin
jelly, mingled
with the sap or juice, or as a delicate mucilaginous lining. In fact,
it is formed earlier than the cell-wall itself, and the latter is moulded
tissue,
on
it,
as
common
it
were
cells as
Taken by animals
as food,
it
composition,
forms.
To
just the
produce
it,
same
thing, indeed, in
some
slightly different
and water already mentioned as its general food, some ammonia ; which is a compound of hydrogen and
Ammonia
nitrogen.
is
the
same
as
is
(which
thing
hartshorn)
constantly escaping
acid
into the
air
in small
Every
quantities from
Besides,
it
is
all
decomposing vegetable
produced
some
to
in
166
PLANT-LIFE.
[LESSON
27.
form of nitrate of ammonia) out of the nitrogen of the air and the
vapor of water. The reason why it never accumulates in the air
so as to be perceptible
is,
that
it
is
all its
So
compounds.
it is
leaves along with carbon and water, proteine is formed, the very
So all flesh is vegetable matter
substance of the flesh of animals.
in its origin.
477.
Even
the earthy matter of the bones, and the iron and other
in the blood of animals, are derived from the plants
mineral matters
accumulated
in the
animal frame.
tions,
the latter.
LESSON XXVIL
PLANT-LIFE.
479.
what
LIFE
it is ;
is
but
their
move
is,
by
in
into
new
Life
is
also
self-caused
which is
upon organized food,
needs have the power of going after it, of collecting it, or at least of
taking it in which requires them to make spontaneous movements.
;
But
always
in con-
LESSON
CIRCULATION IN CELLS.
27.]
and
air
on which they
feed,
167
the latter and the
have no need
most important of these everywhere just the same,
of locomotion, and so are generally fixed fast to the spot where
they grow.
481. Yet
there
is
many
move
plants
no occasion
for
it
that
we can
when
when
of the
jarred, also the sudden starting forwards of the stamens
show
ination will
common
vegetables.
like those
they are
482. It
is
that there
is
in animals,
circulate,
by
the plant,
light
sorts,
Cells,
ill
on a circulation of
its
But
in plants
own, at least
each living
cell carries
active.
This
and so round
it
small
more
green grains, which make the current
This circulation may also be observed in hairs, particularly
168
PLANT-LIFE.
27.
[LESSON
under the glass like strings of blue beads, each bead being a cell.
But here a microscope magnifying six or eight hundred times in
diameter is needed to see the current distinctly.
484. The movement belongs to the protoplasm (476), or jelly-like
matter under the cell-wall. As this substance has just the same
to the seed
is
at
iirst
a covering of
fix
life for
come
form
to rest,
cellulose,
themselves to
perfect plant.
cells
are carried up through the stem to the leaves even of the topmost
bough of the tallest tree. And the sap, after its assimilation by the
leaves,
is
down
carried
and
dis-
is
continually losing
which must
all
up and
Of course they do
before
the
it
loss
did
is
die
when
the stem
separation
when
sepa-
from the
roots.
as they do so promptly
is
cut off
only the
supply
is
no longer kept
up from below.
487.
The
rise of the
It
mode
acts in this
way.
Whenever two
fluids
of different
CONVEYANCE OF THE
LESSON 27.J
when we
tration is seen
and
slightly moisten
169
SAP.
them
stronger than the juice in the cells of the fruit ; so this is gradually
drawn out. Also when pulpy fruits are boiled in a strong sirup ; as
soon as the sirup becomes denser than the juice in the fruit, the
times
&c.
sugar,
and
this
particularly abounds
in
young and
To answer
this question,
we must
is
ly evaporates from the leaves (447) ; it flies off into the air as vapor,
these not
leaving behind all the earthy and the organic matters,
being volatile
cells of
the stalk, these upon those of the stem below, and so on, from cell to
cell down to the root, causing a flow from the roots to the leaves,
which begins in the latter,
just as a wind begins in the direction
which
it
is
manages and directs this as the purposes of the vegetable economy demand. Now, when the proper materials are brought to the
it
>
170
PLANT-LIFE.
[LESSON
27.
The organs
each
part, or the
one part upon another to do so. Almost every species does this,
well as what are called sensitive plants. In springing from the seed,
the radicle or stem of the embryo, if not in the proper positioi?
;.
the stem
bends towards
that, as
posed
to the sun.
But how
we can no more
how
on that
side,
and bends
still
for if
we
split
we can
We
icate
growth and the formation of vegetable fabric, while the blue and
violet rays produce the bending.
Leaves also move, even more
freely than steins.
They
tl
ently hang over to one side from their weight, are in fact bent over,
and, the direction of the bend constantly chan<rin<r, the shoot is
steadily sweeping round the circle, making a revolution every few-
hours, or even
LESSON
light
MOVEMENTS.
27.]
171
extraneous body,
of the support
it
the
it
coil,
part
coil-
ing one way, part the other, thus drawing the shoot up to the supporting body or, if the tendril be free, it winds up in a simple coil.
;
yos)
and
is
so
in
be readily seen.
leaf-stalks,
to
such as
much
similar, but
Locust raising them upright, the Sensitive Plant turning them forand the next morning they resume their
;
One
fact,
among
others,
are not caused by the light, but by some power in the plant itself, is
this.
The leaves of the Sensitive Plant close long before sunset;
but they export again before sunrise, under much less light than
they had wh^n they closed. In several plants the leaves take the
nocturnal position when brushed or jarred,
in the common Sensitive
Locust a
little
when
it
close,
same
the Honey
The way in
less quickly, in
thing.
light increases,
The stamens
some
of the
as by an
Barberry, when touched at the base on the inner side,
make a sudden
by the point of a pin,
jerk
forward, and in
the process
pollen
subserved.
But what
shall
we
it
might be sure of
plant can need, yet provided with an apparatus for catching insects,
Fig. 81)
Or
in the
172
Desmodium gyrans of
27.
We
* *
#
493. IN
to
all
Of
it
move.
this
to
There are
be
others,
sort are
gamous Plants;
cells
(392).
and
this is
now known
to
the
of these plants, as well as of the Mosses, Liverworts, Lichens, Seaweeds, and Fungi, are explained in the Structural Botany, or Botanical
When
Text-Book, and
in
become prepared
more
LESSON
28.]
LESSON
173
XXVIII.
496.
and
structure
their
mod* of
1
life.
We
to their relationships.
selves.
is
1st, they form themselves ; and 2d, they multiply themThey reproduce themselves in a continued succession of
divisible
applies the
499.
name
Species,
compose one
of
species.
And
it
or, in
that the
other words, keep up a succession of similar individuals,
So we are led to conclude that the Creidea of species originated.
number of
which
are which
501.
we know
We
to
do not infer
resemblance of kind,
as
is
the
15*
174
[[LESSON 28.
and between the latter and the Scarlet Oak these, we take for
but from
granted, have not originated from one and the same. stock,
:
differences,
and such
When
they are
we
call
them
varieties in the
commonly prove
distinction can
same
individual, yet in
its
series of generations
when propa-
Races.
propagated by seed.
Our
different sorts of
an analogous instance.
man.
often surprising
enough
now
Such
peculiarities
we know
not
how (the plant sports, as the gardeners say) ; they are only prethe cultierved, propagated, and generally further developed, by
LESSON 28.]
CLASSIFICATION.
If
left alone,
175
the Mississippi.
.great diversity.
to
upon the one plan of vegetawhich we have been studying, and so connected and so an-
to
swering
by
also,
the
way
in
One Mind.
We
perceive
this,
504. Kinds,
If the species, when arranged according to their resemblances, were found to differ from one another about equally,
that
No.
is, if
3,
No.
1 differed
the diversity in the vegetable kingdom there is now, there would yet
be no foundation in nature for grouping species into kinds. Species
and kinds would mean just the same thing. We should classify them,
no doubt, for convenience, but our classification would be arbitrary.
The
fact
is,
equal degrees.
Slracture,
and
we
say,
in
very un-
these,
eral
Some
structed on the
in the details
same
Then,
by the
and
leaves,
and by
176
f_Li;SSON 28.
vegetation
plants,
in
which
From
both vegetables.
505. Genera (plural of
trees or
Flowering plants
is
Beech
the
to
third.
genus, the Quince represents another, the various species of HawIn the animal kingdom the common cat, the wild cat,
thorn a third.
the panther, the tiger, the leopard, and the lion are species of the cat
kind or genus ; while the dog, the jackal, the different species of wolf,
and the foxes, compose another genus. Some genera are represented
by a vast number of species, others by few, very many by only one
genera
for the
same thing
that
is,
they are to genera what genera are to species. As familiar illustrations, the Oak, Chestnut, and Beech genera, along with the HazeJ
genus and the Hornbeams, all belong to one order, viz. the Oak Famthe Poplars
the Birches and the Alders make another family
ily
;
and Willows, another; the Walnuts (with the Butternut) and the
The Apple genus, the Quince and the HawHickories, another.
horns, along with the Plums and Cherries and the Peach, the
Raspberry, with the Blackberry, the Strawberry, the Rose, and many
other genera, belong to a large order, the Rose Family.
same time
ulars.
itself,
differ strikingly from the rest in certain important particIn the Rose Family, for example, there is the Rose genus
with the Raspberry genus, the Strawberry, tha Cinquefoil,
&c. near
it,
but by no means so
much
like
it
LESSON
other
28.]
177
answers to what
the Rose
itself
on the other hand, do the Plum and Cherry, the Peach and
So this great Rose Family, or Order, is composed of
the Almond.
and
so,
kinds.
508. Classes.
no
classes.
One
class
comprises
all
cotyledonous embryo
(32),
two
endogenous stems
;
classes together
Series
Series,
CLASS,
Subclass,
ORDER, or FAMILY,
Suborder,
Tribe,
Subtribe,
GENUS,
Subgenus or Section,
SPECIES,
S&F
Variety.
BOTANICAL NAME8.
178
LESSON
[LESSON
29.
XXIX.
PLANTS
511.
are classified,
i.
e.
and
those they are most related to ;
that
students
maj' readily ascertain the botanical names
Secondly,
of the plants they meet with, and learn their peculiarities, properties,
and place
512. It
And by
in the system.
is
young student
he
is
chiefly interested.
up to a higher
from
which
he
take
an
of
view,
intelligent survey of the
point
may
whole general system of plants. But the best way for the student
his studies in this regard
is
gradually led
in finding out
by
it
name and
the
513.
The
Names,
botanist designates
the species.
botanical
is
the
name
of the
rubra ; the
tanical
names are
all in
And
common language
of science everywhere
LESSON
BOTANICAL NAMES.
29.]
179
But as more genera beBeech, Corylus, the Hazel, and the like.
make
or borrow.
names
to
new
had
came known, botanists
Many
Myosurus,
p. 5,
means
mouse-tail.
Delphinium,
p.
0, is
from del-
named from
the tri-foliolate
its
leaf.
bladdery pods.
Myriophylhim,
p.
99,
very many
515. Other genera are dedicated to distinguished botanists or
promoters of natural science, and bear their names such are Par:
as,
Purshia,
collector,
of the
p. 80,
first
to
first
made
known by
516.
Names,
Specific
word, appended
The name
of the species
to that of the
genus.
It is
is
also a single
commonly an
adjective,
and therefore agrees with the generic name in case, gender, &c.
Sometimes it relates to the country the species inhabits as, Claytonia Caroliniana, first made known from the Carolinas Viola Canadensis, from Canada, &c. More commonly it denotes some obvious
;
as, for example, in Petalosteone species is named violaceus, from its violet-purple
flowers, while another is named candidus, because its petals are
white a species of Mitella, p. 93, is called trifida, meaning three-
mon,
p. 58,
them known
ler,
as Berberis Fendleri,
one of the
named
for
compliment
first
Fend-
Mr. Nuttall.
named
name
is
180
[LESSON 29.
p. 87,
with a capital
gender, &c.
517.
any,
is
distinct
enough
to require
is
it
as,
written
(i.
8,
e.
the
or the
518. Names
The names
of Groups.
when
written out in
full,
that
is,
Ranunculaceous Plants.
This
ingly the
name
and so on.
of Clematidece;
So
name
519.
it
The
called
p.
129)
is
named because
it
consists of
520. Characters,
tific
terms,
Then,
after the
ordinal character)
p. 2) is
name
is
first
division under
its
character (the
(as, 1.
Clematis,
LESSON
HOW
30.]
TO STUDY PLANTS.
181
and finally, following the name of each spethe specific character, a succinct enumeration of the points
in which it mainly differs from other species of the same genus.
it
tially distinguishes
cies, is
from
all
others like
it.
convenience in analysis,
the character or
it,
and
But these
therefore not having to be repeated under each species.
details are best understood by practice in the actual studying of
And to this the student
plants to ascertain their name and place.
is
now ready
to proceed.
LESSON XXX.
HOW TO STUDY
HAVING
,522.
PLANTS.
explained, in the two preceding Lessons, the genand of Botanical Names, we may
now show, by
We
suppose the student to be provided with a hand magnifying-alass, and, if possible, with a simple microscope, i. e. with a
mounted on a
magnifying-glass, of two or more different powers,
523.
by a sharp
is
Such a microscope
knife.
but
it
is
is
a great convenience at
all times,
and
We
of
the
Southern States
Manual of
the
Botany
if
of the
Eocky Mountains,
Coulter's
HOW
182
TO STUDY PLANTS.
[LESSON 30.
terms in
in
appear
to be.
to give
very
little
trouble.
to
And
varieties of
mind, equal,
if
the plants
language
form and structure,
scriptive
The
common
is
classical language.
and working
teachers,
of a Plant,
all
botanists.
to
is
although the name may almost always be ascerThis common yellow flower being under examare to refer the plant to its proper class and order or
essential,
tained without
ination,
we
The
it.
family.
able only
" those
without true flowers or seeds."
PH^ENOGAMOUS
or
To the
FLOWERING
LESSON
HOW
30.]
TO STUDY PLANTS.
183
528.
as to
to
We
on.
observe that
it
has
higher up on the
them
receptacle,
and, lastly, covering the summit or centre of the receptacle, an indefinite number of pistils.
to
is
neatly divided, or
may
be so by a second slicing.
Each pistil, we see, is a closed ovary,
near the base
a
ovule
single
containing
(Fig- 359) ascending from
of the ceil, and is tipped with a very short broad style, which has
The
the stigma running down the whole length of its inner edge.
ovary is little changed as it ripens into the sort of fruit termed an
akene (Fig. 360) ; the ovule becoming the seed and fitting the cell
Reverting to the key, on p. ix, we find that the series
which our plant belongs has two classes, one with " pistil a closed
ovary containing the ovules"; the other (p. xvi.) with "ovules
naked upon a scale or bract," etc. The latter is nearly restricted
(Fig. 361).
to
to the
Pine Family.
The examination
is
it
quite
ANGIOSPEIIMJE.
to which might
flowers usually 4 or 5-merous,"
be added the dicotyledonous embryo, but that in the present case is
netted-veined
A flower of a
if
and enlarged.
its
HOW
184
TO STUDY PLANTS.
[LESSON
30.
and
(p. xv.)
We
To
artificial
divisions
which, having "stamens more than 10, and more than twice the
number of the petals," our plant must pertain.
Under
it
appears in the lineal arrangement of the Manual. The proposame grade, two or more, from which determination
sitions of the
to be made, not only stand one directly under the other, but
begin with the same word or phrase, or with some counterpart.
The propositions under 1, to which we are now directed, are
is
The one
two, beginning with the word "Pistils" and "Pistil."
which applies to the flower in hand is, clearly, the first " Pistils
few to many distinct carpels," and this line leads out at once to the
:
first
Knowing
we have next
to a correct
Here are eleven genera to choose from but their characters are
analyzed under tribes and subsections (* , H-, -H-, etc.) so as to
;
facilitate the
way
Of
we
and fruit. With Tribe II., " Sepals imbricate, often petal-like :
the fruit a head or spike of akenes," our plant agrees as far as the
LESSON
HOW
30.]
TO STUDY PLANTS.
185
description goes.
* Petals
5,
The
in all
2.
other particulars answers to
Three subsections, indicated by asterisks, depend upon leaf charhas not all the leaves undivided,
acters, and as our plant evidently
The
Some
we
"--
selected,
is
is,
for example,
might have been some other species of the genus, but having
the genus from any one species, the student would
ascertained
not
fail
532.
to recognize
The
it
name
is
name
the
comes the
another
533.
is
Clover.
we proceed
Key (p. ix.), we
heads of flowers,
Red
to the examination.
Turning
to
our
Analytical
readily determine that our plant is
a Phasnogam, an Angiosperm, and a Dicotyledon.
But now the
question is asked whether it is Polypetalous, Gamopetalous, or
Apetalous.
present.
Plainly
it is
not the
last,
careful examination of
structure as
HOW
186
TO STUDY PLANTS.
[LESSON
30.
keel.
stamens and
pistil.
to contain the
ail five petals
blend below to form a tube, and thus refer our Clover to Division
This will serve to emphasize the
II., GAMOPETAL^E (p. xii.).
fact that the division of Dicotyledons into Polypetalae, Gamopetalge,
and Apetalse
most of the
535.
is
purely an
artificial
is
Under GamopetaltE we
left to
and but
with our
(572), for
POLYPETALAE, and
we
classification
plant,
that
13
the
first
is
in
which the
of the corolla,
lobes
Between
five petals.
with
we choose
the
for
two orders
"
single
pistil
and simple
leaves
compound."
536. Accordingly we turn to the order LEGUMINOS^E, page 50,
find it subdivided into three suborders.
reading of their
and
choices
I.
PAPILIONACE^E.
Two
now
stamen characters.
is
about free.
The
head
wh
we
TKIFOLIUM.
find 12 Clovers
marked
The
habit
T. repens,
We
it
to
this
is
and that
HOW
LESSON 31.]
TO STUDY PLANTS.
187
LESSON XXXI.
HOW
the
sight,
by the family
the
first
likeness.
it
view,
Or
studied out.
531).
For
the sake of an
in the
example
Gamopetalae,
we
take a
are to be found
ovules refers
to
it
five-rnerous flowers
The
corolla
formed of
ANGIOSPERMJE.
make
DICOTYLEDON.
being
it
plainly a
tubular
below,
it
theoretically
and
regarded
as
GA-
MOPETAL^E.
The
student
is
sometimes puzzled at
first to tell
how many
petals
lobed,
is
An
examination of each
lip
petals, for
it
is
making
five
blended petals,
a two-lipped
is two-
is
made
ter
would place
it
in
the section
marked
3.
It
would be
well,
HOW
188
however, to
down
split
[LESSON 31.
TO STUDY PLANTS.
character of the
first divis-
An
that the " upper lip of the corolla is external in the bud." and that
our plant belongs to one of the first 8 genera.
The form of the corolla (not saccate or produced at base), no
rudiment of a fifth stamen, the solitary pedicels in the axils of the
all
Under
under the
Hence
order,
of
it is to be referred to the
genus MIMULUS, the sixth of the
and a perusal of the generic characters confirms our choice.
arranged
nor glandular,"
The yellow
we
we
as
our plant
is
'
Mimulus
* * Neither viscid
>
-i
its
extreme
variability.
hand
satisfies
safe to call
it
by
M.
luteus
species,
it
is
that name.
545. After several analyses of this kind, the student will be able
to pass rapidly over most of the preliminary steps, and should be
HOW
LESSON 31.]
TO STUDY PLANTS.
189
imaginary than
many
and while
is
more
some
in
exceedingly
form
547. To aid in familiarizing the path through the somewhat formidable looking Key to the 83 genera of this great order, we will
select a very common and
early blooming species, the Common
called.
and
its naked
corymbs of bright yellow flowers, and varishaped and cut leaves, those at the root often differing
widely from those on the stem in size and character, make it easily
places,
ously
recognized.
548. With this
Golden Ragwort
in
some
shown
be collected
rounded by a
an akene)
is
to
circle of involucral
HOW
190
Class
to
I.,
The
DONS.
TO STUDY PLANTS.
[LESSON 31.
ANGIOSPERIMLE, and then to Subclass I., DICOTYLEtubular corollas in our head of flowers at once lead us
GAMOPLTAL^E
to Division II.,
(p. xii.).
under
5,
syngenesious."
Under
this are
we
551. It will usually be entirely unnecessary to use this AnalytiKey for Composite, as the flowers of this order are so charac-
cal
teristic that
directly
to
it can be at once
recognized, and the student can turn
the family as presented in the Manual, beginning at
page 129.
552. In the "
tribes are
FLOR^E.
Key
grouped
As our
demands that
all
Tribes
to the
in
two
"
series,
it
will
in both of
is
is
discoid.
In
in
SENKCIONIDE^E.
553. Turning to page 139,
we
supplementary tribe
LKSSOX
H^W
31.]
TO STUDY 1'LANTS.
191
ters
many-
bracts,
The choice
flowered: herbs, with opposite or alternate leaves."
now lies between the two genera Arnica and Senecio, and the
The
copious soft pappus and alternate leaves indicate the latter.
character of the involucre of Arnica also refers our plant to
Senecio in a negative way.
Accordingly we turn to the 70th
genus, SENECIO, page 20G, and find under it 21 species.
554. The first grouping of species, marked by asterisks, depends
upon the size of the heads, and as ours do not by any means
measure half an inch in height, the second group is selected
Then follow two choices, indicated by daggers, the
(p. 207).
second of which, " H
the plant in hand.
.n*
++
-H-
.H.
*
the third,
Heads
by
-H-
-n-
dicated
*-+
Under
character of
with
by
four groups
<-->
daggers,
*-
The
its
the letters
is
at
Under
leaves.
a, b,
and
this
naked
none
==
c.
(p.
Our
is
in-
plant
leaves too deeply cut, for the first ; while it is too tall
for the second, besides being entirely unlik& it in habit.
accordingly select the third division, c, and under it find two choices
low, and
its
We
we decide upon
As none
the group
marked
1,
and must
*'
pinnately
now make
and
so,
plant
worts.
and
is
by
Many
in the highest
by
its
As an example of
common or simple plant
555.
could be selected
HOW
192
TO STUDY PLANTS.
[LESSON 31.
page 130, we
corollas
to
this series,
CicnoRiACE^:,
is
presented
flattened,
but
it
has
flattened
557. Three genera are thus presented for our selection. In the
(Troxiinon) there is an imbricated involucre and a ten-ribbed
first
is
composed of a single
some small ones at
series
is
or
five-ribbed.
In
Taraxacum.
558. Turning to page 222, we find but one species, and upon
it we are satisfied that it accords exactly with our plant,
reading
officinale,
Weber.
The
old specific
species, the
the oldest
of the rest.
to retain
HOW
LESSON 32.]
TO STUDY PLANTS.
193
LESSON XXXII.
HOW
TO STUDY PLANTS
THE
.560.
FURTHER ILLUSTRATIONS.
subclass Dicotyledons.
selecting a very
and
common and
foot-hills, the
With specimens
561.
in
Manual open
at the
Ana-
Nothing
Subclass
I.
accords
its
parallel-
veined leaves and flowers in threes agree exactly with Subclass II.,
MONOCOTYLEDONS (p. xv.). Dissection of a matured seed would
onfirm
this decision
ledon.
B,
562.
"
The
so," etc.
lead.
last,
the carpels are distinct and the plants mostly aquatic, which plainly
not the case with ours.
Choice must thus be mttde of the first
"
with
united
into a compound ovary : perianth
Carpels
group,
is
corolla-like
Under
terrestrial plants."
this,
woody climbers
"
"
made. Under the latter, the fact that our plant has a
perianth with divisions colored somewhat alike and neither of them
is easily
deliquescent,
563.
Under
this
order
and
we
III.
find
21 genera, arranged
in
three
The deciduous
a single asterisk.
marked with
HOW
194
Two
sets of characters
TO STUDY PLANTS.
are
now
[LESSON
presented, indicated
32.
by daggers.
was
first
Gray in one of the Pacific Railroad Reports, arid that (7. Gunnisoni
was first characterized by Mr. Watson in his Botany of the Fortieth
Parallel, known as King's Expedition.
565 Whenever the student has fairly studied out one species of
a genus, he will be likely to know the others when he sees them.
And when plants of another genus of the same order are met wiih,
the order
may
resemblance.
the
Crowfoot Family
at once in the
in
Anemones,
we recognize it
Caltha and Trollius, and even in the
to
as
many
Lily Family.
566. So the study of one plant leads naturally and easily to the
knowledge of the whole order or family of plants it belongs to;
For
is a great advantage, and a vast saving of labor.
although we have about ninety orders of Flowering Plants, represented in our Botany of the Rocky Mountains by over 2,000 species,
yet half of these species belong to nine or ten of these orders ; and
which
more than four fifths of the species belong to forty of the orders.
One or two hundred species, therefore, well examined, might give
And students who will
a good general idea of our whole botany.
patiently
thirty well-chosen
567.
And
of the Creator in
the
Vegetable
Kingdom.
LESSON
NATURAL SYSTEM.
33.]
LESSON
195
XXXIII.
BOTANICAL SYSTEMS.
568. Natural System,
or families, duly arranged under their classes, and having the tribes,
the genera, and the species arranged in them according to their relationships.
because
it is
degrees of relationship
to
among plants, as presented in nature;
rank those species, those genera, &c. next to each other in the classification which are really most alike in all respects, or, in other words,
telligent
therefore,
exhibit in a classification.
In
is
it
to
a system
it
is
this
in-
system,
was
its
many
natural systems, if
we mean
the attempts of
creation,
among
the
men
to interpret
vary with our advancing knowledge, and with the judgment and
skill of different botanists,
and which must all be very imperfect.
They will all bear the impress of individual minds, and be shaped
make
id
* The
shows only transitions, and to consider genera, &c. as equal units, or groups of
to assume, on
equally related species, while in fact they may be very unequal,
106
BOTANICAL SYSTEMS.
571.
of
it
which
receive
it,
and as
33.
to that portion
is
laid before
The
we
as
represented in the
is
[LESSON
orders, however,
still
enabling the student easily to find the natural order of any plant.
This is a sort of
572.
The
Artificial Classification,
tion is
merely
and place of a
to furnish a
makes no attempt
It
plant.
name
It
cording to their relationships, but serves as a kind of dictionary.
some one peculiarity or set of pecu-
(just as
first letters),
573.
At
only as a
unknown
Key
plant to
the student.
made
down
out,
an
artificial classification
Two
to the genus.
such
classifications
the calyx and corolla this was the prevalent system throughout the
first half of the eighteenth century ; but it has long since gone by.
It was succeeded by the well-known artificial system of Linnaeus,
:
some account
574. The
Had
Artificial
It
pistils.
number of
until lately
and which
it
is still
worth while
of.
System Of LinnffiUS
consists of twenty-four
orders, which
were
and of a variable
same under
all
classifications.
paper at
least,
much
of genera, of
tribes,
and of orders,
LESSON
33.]
197
The
The
first
of these
is
in the
Natural System.
the
pistils,
is
shown
view.
Series
I.
PH^ENOGAMIA
flowers.
Stamens
* Not
H-
in the
same flower as
the pistils
6 or 4 in number.
pistils,
i.
e.
with
reaj
198
576.
words.
from
sion,
1 to 11,
33.
[LESSON
of
Greek
in succes-
sta-
mens
e. g.
to nineteen stamens,
" with
twenty stamens," but takes in
any higher
number, although only when the stamens are borne on the calyx,
The
The 20th is compounded of the words for stamens and pistils united.
The 21st and 22d are composed of the word meaning house and the
numerals one, or single, and two : Moncecia, in one house, Dicecia*
in two houses.
The 23d is fancifully formed of the words meaning
and
from which the English word polygamy is
marriage,
plurality
The 24th
derived.
and
is
opposed to all the rest, which are called Phccnogamous, because their stamens and pistils, or parts of fructification, are evident.
is
pistils,
or rather on the
number of styles,
when there are no styles, and they are named, like the
Greek
numerals, prefixed to gynia, which means pistil.
by
or of stigmas
classes,
"
"
Nine
"
"
Ten
"
"
10.
"
11.
MONOGYNIA.
Di GYNIA.
TRI GYNIA.
TETRAGYNIA.
PENTAGYNIA.
HEXAGYNIA.
HEPTAGYNIA.
OCTOGYNIA.
ENNEAGYNIA.
DECAGYNIA.
DODECAGYNIA.
13
POLYGYNIA.
One
style or sessile
Two
stigma belong to
Order
1.
2.
Three
"
"
3.
Four
"
"
4.
Five
"
"
5.
Six
"
Seven
"
"
"
Eight
Eleven or twelve
"
6.
7.
8.
9.
LESSON 34.]
HOW
TO COLLECT SPECIMENS.
199
The
578.
and
But there
is
no need
to
enumerate
them
here, nor farther to illustrate the Linnaean Artificial ClassifiFor as a system it has gone entirely out of use ; and as a
cation.
to
the
Natural Orders it is not so convenient, nor by any means
Key
so certain, as a proper Artificial
as
Key, prepared
LESSON XXXIV.
HOW TO COLLECT
579. For Collecting Specimens the needful things are a large knife,
strong enough to be used for digging up bulbs, small rootstocks,
and the like, as well as for cutting woody branches ; and a botanical
box, or a portfolio, for holding specimens
any
which are
to
be carried
to
distance.
580. It
is
well to
The
have both.
which are
to
botanical box
is
be examined fresh.
most useful
It is
made
tin, in
like
venient
size,
long, will
fifteen inches
close, so that
the specimens may not wilt : then it will keep leafy branches and
oiost flowers perfectly fresh for a day or two, especially if slightly
moistened.
the side.
HOW
200
[LESSON 34
TO PRESERVE SPECIMENS,
Of
all,
is
an annual,
biennial, or perennial.
Thick
show
roots,
means of applying
many
All that
pressure.
botanical specimens
is,
to
dry them
is
requisite to
make good
dried
more
much
delicate parts.
584. For drying paper, the softer and smoother sorts of cheap
wrapping-paper answer very well. This paper may be made up
into driers, each of a dozen sheets or less, according to the thickness,
to the press.
be laid in a folded sheet of the same thin, smooth, and soft paper
and these sheets are to hold the plants until
;
sheets, are to
driers,
renewed, while the moist sheets are spread out to dry, that they may
This course must be
take their turn again at the next shifting.
continued until the specimens are no longer moist to the touch,
LESSON
34.]
201
which for most plants requires about a week ; then they may be
transferred to the sheets of paper in which they are to be preserved.
If a great abundance of drying-paper is used, it is not necessary
to
Herbarium,
The
botanist's
first
day or two.
collection
of dried specimens,
and time of
collection, and systematically arranged under their genera, orders, &c., forms a Hor-
tus Siccus or
Herbarium.
It
by
slips
of
paper, or by
sheet should be
gummed
Each
name
afford,
should be duly recorded upon the sheet or the ticket. The sheets
of the herbarium should all be of exactly the same dimensions. The
herbarium of Linnaeus
is
on paper of the
common
and a
half, or
586.
The
is
an approved
size.
to
These are
to
be arranged
flat in
compartments,
in closed
S&F
10
GLOSSARY
DICTIONARY OF TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING PLANTS,
A,
at the beginning of
or the absence of something ; as apetalous, without petals ; aphyllous, leafIf the word begins with a vowel, the prefix is an ; as anantherless, &c.
ous, destitute of anther.
fig.
195
some
part.
fig.
128, p. 65.
Acaulescent (acaulis)
Violets; p. 36.
Accessory : something additional ; as Accessory buds, p. 26.
Accrescent : growing larger after flowering, as the calyx of Physalis.
Accumbent: lying against a thing. The cotyledons are accumbent
when
thev
lie
Acetdbuliform
fig.
140, p. 72.
saucer-shaped.
a one-seeded, seed-like
without
Acicular: needle-shaped
fig.
fig.
180.
289.
p.
Acotytedonons
.-
204
GLOSSARY.
armed with
Aculeate:
prickles,
i.
e. aculei;
Rose and
as the
Brier.
less
see monadelphous
and
diadeJphous.
to, or, more commonly, growing fast to another body ; p. 104.
Adnate: growing fast to it means born adherent. The anther is adnate when
fixed by its whole length to the filament or its prolongation, as in Tulip-
Adherent: sticking
e. g.
Air-Plants, p. 34.
Akenium, or akene.
Ala
(plural
fig.
alee.)
See achenium.
a wing; the sidvpetals of a papilionaceous corolla,
p. 105,
218, w.
Alabdstrum
a flower-bud.
(fig.
Elm
Albescent
Absorption, p. 168.
Albumen of the seed
com
(fig.
38,
tween them,
p. 93.
Alveolate
Ament :
stamens with the petals, when they stand over the intervals be-
Amorphous
shapeless
Amphifjdstrium
(plural
Liverworts
AmpUctant: embracing.
Ampulldceous
Amyldceous
Ampfexicaul (leaves)
272.
fig.
by
the base.
GLOSSARY.
Andntherous
without anthers.
Andnthous
205
destitute of flowers
flowerless.
Andrcecium
or the support
oa
carp, p. 183.
it is
raised
from the
seed,
and
posterior side
the keel
is
is
i.
e.
is anterior,
external
while the
Anther: the essential part of the stamen, which contains the pollen ; p. 86, 113.
Autkeridium (plural antkeridia)
the organ in Mosses, &c. which answers to
:
anther-bearing,
same
Anticous:
as anterior.
Aphyllous
fig.
179.
Apical
Apicidate : pointletted
:
Appendage
:
provided with appendages.
Appreased: where branches are close pressed to the stem, or leaves to the
Appendicitlate
branch, &c.
Apterous: wingless.
Aquatic : living or growing in water
;
applied to plants whether growing under
water, or with all but the base raised out of it.
Arachnoid: cobwebby
Arboreous, Arborescent
18
downy
fibres.
206
GLOSSARY.
is
analogoui
marked out
Arillate (seeds)
Aril or Arillus
areolce.
Artstate: awned.
4
nstulate
i.
e furnished with
diminutive of the
last
an
short-awned.
Articulated: jointed
inclines to
do
separates QJ
it
Awn :
p. 68.
;
pendage.
bristle-shaped tip.
Axil: the angle on the upper side between a leaf and the stem, p. 20.
Axile : belonging to the axis, or occupying the axis ; p. 1 1 9, &c.
'.
Ascending Axis, p.
9.
Descending Axis, p.
9.
p. 127.
Barbate
bristle
on tho
Berry
fruit
p. 127.
fig.
207, p. 102.
GLOSSARY.
Biarticulate
Bicallose
Biauriculate
:
207
96.
Biennial
two-ranked
Bifdrious
one season.
p. 21.
or,
leaflets
p. 66.
into
two branches.
Binate
two-celled
as
254), &c.
(fig.
two together.
the Latin form of two-parted
in couples,
Bipartite
Bipinnate
Bipinndtifid
p. 62.
(leaf)
:
pinnatifid.
Biplicate
Bise'rial,
or Bise'riate
Biserrate
doubly
Biternate
twice ternate
serrate, as
when
i.
e.
Maple and
Lilac.
more or
different
less
78
p.
Bractlet (bracteola)
Branch,
Bristles
Bristly
.axil
of which a flower or
its
pedicel proceeds
and a
is
fig
p. 20, 36.
stiff,
Brush-shaped
see aspergilliform.
scales, usually
Bidbose or bulbouf
subterranean
15&
208
GLOSSARY.
above ground, as on the stems of the bulb-bearing
Lily and on the fronds of Cistopteris bulbifera and some other Ferns; p. 46.
Bulb-scales, p. 50.
Bullate: appearing as
if
Poppy Family,
falling
when
as the calyx in
Ccespitose,
and
Violet,
tig.
181.
Cdlycine
Calyculate
Calyptra
the
hood or
veil
p. 85.
layer, p. 154.
fig.
207.
Campi/losperinous
when
Canaliculate
the seed
is
curved in
at the edges,
is
covered with
: hair-like in
shape as fine as hair or slender bristles.
like the bead on a pin ; as the stigma of
a
apex,
Capitate
having
globular
Cherry, fig. 213; or forming a head, like the flower-cluster of Button-bush,
Capilldceons, Capillary
fig.
161.
Capite'llate:
Capitulum (a
flowers; p. 80,
sessile
161.
fig.
Capsule: a pod; any dry dehiscent seed-vessel; p. 131, fig. 305, 306.
Cdpsular : relating to, or like a capsule.
Carina : a keel ; the two anterior petals of a papilionaceous flower, which are
or Caryo'psis
Cdrneous: flesh-colored
pale red.
Cdrnose: fleshy in texture.
Carpel, or Carpidium : a simple pistil, or one of the parts or leaves of which a
compound pistil is composed p. 117.
;
Cdrpellary
pertaining to a carpel.
GLOSSARY.
209
276-278.
fig.
Cartilaginous, or Cartilagineous
firm
:
pink -like applied to a corolla of 5 long-clawed petals
Catkin: a scaly deciduous spike of flowers, an ament; p. 81.
Caudate : tailed, or tail-pointed.
:
Caryophylfdceous
an upright rootstock
fig.
200.
p. 37.
Caulicle
little
Cau.'ine: of or belonging to
Cell
(diminutive Cellule}
a stem
6.
Cellular
composed
Bark,
one of
p. 140, 142.
p. 152.
Cellulose, p. 159.
Centrifugal (inflorescence)
outwards
p. 82.
produced or expanding
The
radicle
is
centrifugal,
in succession
when
it
points
away from
the
p. 79, 83.
which distinguish
Chartdceous
Chlorophyll
to the light,
its
green color
p.
55.
beset
cilia,
i.
e.
when
liquid.
rolled inwards
p. 76, fig.
154
Circumscissile, or
from the
Ferns j
Circumcissile
Circumscription
p 175, 177.
Classification, p. 173.
18*
p 37.
GLOSSARY.
210
same
Cldthrate
Cldvate
club-shaped
latticed
Climbing
Clustered
as cancellate.
slender below
to other objects
p. 37.
see clavate.
a bunch
buckler-shaped.
Coddunate : same as connate
Clypeate
stalk-like base of
by clinging
rising
Club-shaped
Coale'scent
Codrctate
i.
e.
united.
growing together.
Cochlednform
Cdchleate
spoon-shaped.
Codospermous
applied to those fruits of Umbellifene which have the seed holface, by the curving inwards of the top and bottom ; as in
Botany,
is
usually the
same as connate;
p. 104.
Collum or Collar
Columella
and the
as in
is
pistils
Columnar
Coma
tuft
root.
united into
fig.
317.
Commissure
Common : used
as
"
general," in contradistinction to
"
**'
partial
e. g.
"
common
involucre," p. 81.
Cdmplanate
Compound
flattened.
leaf, p. 64.
Compound pistil,
p. 118.
Compound
umbel, &c., p. 81
itself.
folded
upon
itself
bud, p. 76.
Cone: the fruit of the Pine famil/ ; p. 133, fig. 314.
Confluent : blended together ; or the same as coherent.
it,
Congested, Conaldmerate
it
is
crowded together.
first.
GLOSSARY.
211
: the
part of the anther connecting
Connwent : converging, or brought close together.
Consolidated forms of vegetation, p. 47.
Connective, Connecttvum
Continuous
its
two
cells
p. 113.
Contorted (estivation
twisted back
same as
convolute; p. 109.
itself.
upon
it is
compared.
Convolute
rolled
up lengthwise, as
Plum
in vernation
p. 76,
151.
fig.
Cordate
Contrary
heart-shaped
Coro/ldceous, Corollme
Corona
a coronet or crown
Silene
petals, as
belonging to a corolla.
like or
Hound's-Tongue, &c.
furnished with a crown.
: crowned
Cordnate
Cdrymb: a sort of
flat
or convex flower-cluster
arranged in corymbs.
Costa : a rib ; the midrib of a
Cotyle'dons
the
Creeping (stems)
Cremocarp
leaf,
leaves of the
growing
half-fruit,
&c.
Costate
embryo
ribbed.
p. 6, 137.
flat
Crown
p. 62, fig.
114
crest.
see corona.
Crowning
Cruciate, or Cruciform
tard
way;
broadly cup-shaped.
on or beneath the ground and rooting; p. 37.
or one of the two carpels of Umbelliferae.
goblet-shaped
Crate'riforin
first
that
(fig.
Crustaceous
Mih.
and
187),
Culm
a straw
of Indian Turnip,
fig.
Cuneate, Cuneiform
wedge-shaped
162.
212
GLOSSARY.
Cut
Cuspidate
same
Cuticle
more
and deep
division.
: in the
shape of a cup, or particularly of a wine-glass.
Cycle: one complete turn of a spire, or a circle ; p. 73.
Cyclical, rolled up circularly, or coiled into a complete circle.
Cydthiform
Cycldsis
:
approaching to the
form as that of stems, &c., which are round, and gradually
Cylindraceous
Cylindrical
if at all
tapering.
Cymbazform, or Cymbiform
Cyme: a
same
as boat-shaped.
p 82,
Cymose : furnished with cymes, or like a cyme.
fig.
165, 167.
:
said of leaves which fall in autumn,
falling off, or subject to fall
and of a calyx and corolla which fall before the fruit forms.
Declined: turned to one side, or downwards, as the stamens of Azalea nudiflora.
Deciduous
67,
fig.
138.
to rise, p. 37.
Decurrent (leaves)
prolonged on the stem beneath the insertion, as in Thistles.
Decussate: arranged in pairs which successively cross each other; fig. 147.
Definite: when of a uniform number, and not above twelve or so.
1
past the flowering state, as an anther after it has discharged its pollen.
the mode in which an anther or a pod regularly bursts or splits
Dehiscence
open
Dehiscent
p. 132.
is
Dendroid, Dendritic
diminutive of
the last.
227.
p. Ill, fig-
GLOSSARY.
213
Diclinous
fig.
pistils
in another
89,
p.
176, 177.
Dicdccous (fruit)
two
splitting into
Dicotyledonous (embryo)
cocci,
or closed carpels.
p. 16, 137.
Didynamous (stamens)
the other, as in
Diffuse
Diyitate (fingered)
pairs,
thaii
194, 195.
fig.
compound
on
the
Dimorphous
of two forms.
Dioecious, or Dioicous
different plants
pistils are in
separate flowers
on
p. 89.
: of two
petals.
Diphyllous : two-leaved.
Dipterous: two-winged.
Disciform or Disk-shaped : flat and circular, like a disk or quoit.
Disk : the face of any flat body the central part of a head of flowers, like the
Sunflower, or Coreopsis (fig. 224), as opposed to the ray or margin; a
fleshy expansion of the receptacle of a flower
p. 125.
Dipe'talous
Distichous
Distinct:
Divaricate
two-ranked
straddling
fig.
p. 119.
p. 73.
p. 102.
mid
125.
Dodecdcjynous
axe-shaped.
Drupe: a
p. 85, 98.
214
GLOSSARY.
ecostate,
destitute of bracts.
(like
a hedgehog).
Echinulate : a diminutive of
it-
Edentate: toothless.
:
past bearing, &c. ; said of anthers which have discharged their pollen.
Eg/andulose : destitute of glands.
Eldters : threads mixed with the spores of Liverworts.
Effete
Ellipsoidal
approaching an
elliptical figure.
Elliptical
with eleven
pistils
Endecdndrous
or styles.
p.
Endogenous Plants,
p. 150.
nine.
Ennedndrous
Ennedgynous
: sword
-shaped ; as the leaves of Iris, fig 134.
Entire: the margins not at all toothed, notched, or divided, but even
Ephemeral : lasting for a day or less, as the corolla of Purslane, &c>
Ensiform
p. 61.
kpicarp
p. 128.
p. 152, 155.
it
p. 34.
same
as regular
of the body
Equally pinnate
compared with.
same as abruptly pinnate
may
bo,
it is
not beaked
p. 65.
133, 134.
fig.
85.
Evergreen
GLOSSARY.
Exciirrent
215
leaf,
or a trunk
p. 122.
said of a branch or
bud a
little
fig.
201.
as the uppef
on the
Falcate
scythe-shaped
176
Family:
flat
body curved,
its
p. 113.
edges parallel.
(fig
which grow
flat.
p. 83.
a bundle or
Fasciculated: growing in
and Larch
a close cluster
Fascicled,
Fastiuiate
Farinose
in texture.
mealy
Fdsciate: banded
Faux
side, as in Iris
p.
Farinaceous
Fascicle
tuft, as
and Dahlia,
fig.
60.
close, parallel,
(plural, fauces)
Faveolate, Fdvose
honeycombed
same
as alveolate
Female (flowers)
with
pistils
sides of
a mid.
and no stamens.
Fene'strate
producing
of anthers
when
shaped appendage.
Bilamc'ntose, or Filamentous:
.Filiform
Flabelliform or Flabe'llate
rowed
and
fan-shaped
at the base.
Fleshy
flesh.
216
GLOSSARY.
a diminutive flower
flower) of
compound
Flower
p. 3.
Composite,
p. 106.
Phaenogamous plants
p. 84.
p. 177.
belonging
leafy
to,
abounding
of,
a leaf (folium).
in leaves.
Follicular
p. 122.
Fornix :
little
Free: not united with any other parts of a different sort p. 103.
Fringed : the margin beset with slender appendages, bristles, &c.
;
in
Ferns
the stem
into
one
Liverworts, &c.
Frondescence
: the
bursting into leaf.
Frdndose : frond-bearing like a frond or sometimes used for leafy.
Organs of, p. 76.
Fructification: the state of fruiting.
:
it
contains or
is
connected with;
p. 126.
(frutex).
like
a funne
Furcate: forked.
Furfurdceons
spindle-shaped
p. 32.
Gamophyllous
same
Gelatine, p. 165.
word
p. 102.
GLOSSARY.
Geminate : twin
Gemma
in pairs
217
a bud.
Gemmation : the
Gemmule
a small bud
the plumule, p. 6.
many stems.
Genus
a kind
p. 175, 176.
Germen
Glabrate :
Glabrous
Iris, fig.
134.
Glands : small cellular organs which secrete oily or aromatic or other products :
they are sometimes sunk in the leaves or rind, as in the Orange, Prickly
The name
dew.
is
also given to
any small
Glaucescent
Glaucous
viz.
off, like
hooked
point.
Gldmerate
Glo'merule
Glossology
the department of
Glumaceous
Botany
p. 83.
in
glume-like, or glume-bearing.
Glume: Glumes are the husks or floral coverings of Grasses, or, particularly,
the outer husks or bracts of each spikelet.
Glumelles
Growth, p 138.
Grumous or Grumose
Gattate
spotted, as if
Gyrnnocdrpous
Gynmospe'rmous
naked-fruited.
:
naked-seeded; p. 121.
Gynobase
a compound
ovam
as in
19
Geranium,
fig.
pistils,
277, 278.
fig.
226.
or of the carpels of
GLOSSARY.
218
Gynophore : a stalk raising a
pistil
in the
Cleome Family,
p. 276.
Habtt
Habitat
Hairs :
its
mode
of growth.
Hairy
:
bearing a small hook ; a diminutive of the last.
Hastate or Hastile : shaped like a halberd ; furnished with a spreading lobe on
each side at the base ; p. 59, fig. 97.
Hdmulose
p. 153.
Hemi-
(in
compounds from
the Greek)
half;
e.
g. Hemispherical, &c.
Hemicarp:
half-fruit,
Heptdmerous
its
or styles.
pistils
parts in sevens.
Herb, p. 20.
Herbaceous : of the texture of
same
as perfect; p. 89.
Hexa-
(in
Greek compounds)
six
as
its
place of attachment
p. 122, 135.
Hippocrepiform : horseshoe-shaped.
Hirsute : hairy with stiffish or beard-like hairs.
Hoary
grayish-white
Homdgamous : a head or
stiff hairs.
Hisptduloiis
is
a diminutive of
it.
all
bent or curved
GLOSSARY.
ffomomdrpftous
all
219
of one shape.
Homdtropous or Homtitropal (embryo) curved with the seed; curved one way.
Hood: same as helmet or galea. Hooded: hood-shaped; see cucullate.
:
Hyaline
fig.
202, 208.
Ilorscchesnut
(fig.
(fig.
In
49).
on both
aestivation,
sides
where some
by others ;
p. 109.
when
fig.
126.
a Begonia.
p. 62.
beyond another.
Incumbent : leaning or resting upon : the cotyledons are incumbent when tho
back of one of them lies against the radicle ; the anthers are incumbent
when turned or looking inwards, p. 113.
Incurved: gradually curving inwards.
Indefinite: not uniform in .number, or too
12).
open
i.
e.
Inferior:
p. 104, 121.
Inflated: turgid
Iiiflexed:
bent inwards.
Injlorescence : the
p. 76.
GLOSSARY.
220
Insertion
its
support
p. 72.
Intercellular
two nodes
p. 42.
Water Avens.
as in
Inverse or Inverted:
it is
organ
compared
is
with.
a whorl or
an involucre.
set of bracts
Involute, in vernation, p.
76
p. 79-
rolled inwards
more places
into pieces
p. 64, &c-
Keel: a projecting ridge on a surface, like the keel of a boat; the two anterior
k.
petals of a papilionaceous corolla; p. 105, fig. 217, 218,
Keeled: furnished with a keel or sharp longitudinal ridge.
Kernel of the ovule and seed, p. 122, 136.
Kidney -shaped: resembling the outline of a kidney
LaMlum:
Labiate:
Ldcunose :
Lanate
(lamellce).
c.,
p 54.
fig.
hairs.
86.
p. 26, 27.
Lax :
Leaf, p. 49.
Leaflet:
Leaf-like:
Leathery
same
leaf; p. 64.
as foliaceous.
Legume: a simple pod, dehiscent into two pieces, like that of the Pea, p.
the fruit of the Pea Family (Leguminosie), of whatever shape.
fig. 303
;
Legumine, p. 165.
Leguminous
Lenticular: lens-shaped;
131,
GLOSSARY.
221
Grasses.
marked with
>Lineate :
parallel lines.
p. 54, 102.
parallel
Lineolate
lines.
Lmgulate, Linguiform
tongue-shaped.
Lip: the principal lobes of a bilabiate corolla or calyx, p. 105
peculiar petal in the Orchis Family.
anther.
cell
:
splitting
305.
p. 132, fig
Ltirate
:
thong-shaped.
Lunate : crescent-shaped. Lunulate : diminutive of lunate.
Lyrate : lyre-shaped ; a pinnatifid leaf of an obovate or spatulate outline, the
end-lobe large and roundish, and the lower lobes small, as in Winter-
fig. 59.
Mace: the
aril
Maculate
spotted or blotched.
Male
(flowers)
Mdmmose :
of the
Nutmeg;
p. 135.
pistil.
breast-shaped.
Masked:
see personate.
Median
Medullary: belonging
to,
rest.
pithy.
p. 151.
less translucent.
Mentecoid: crescent-shaped.
layers; p. 128.
Mesophloeum
19*
when
222
GLOSSARY.
Miniate : vermilion-colored.
:
mitre-shaped ; in the form of a peaked cap.
Monadeiphous : stamens united by their filaments into one set; p. 111.
Mondndrous (flower) having only one stamen; p. 112.
Moniliform : necklace-shaped a cylindrical body contracted at intervals.
Mitriform
floral envelope,
i.
e.
Anemone,
fig.
is
179,
p. 16, 137.
Mondgynous (flower)
pistil,
p. 101.
Monospe'rmous
one-seeded.
Monstrosity :
Morphology : the department of botany which treats of the forms which an organ
may assume
(say a leaf)
p. 28.
Mucronate: tipped with an abrupt short point (mucro) ; p. 60, fig. 111.
Mucrdnulate : tipped with a minute abrupt point ; a diminutive of the last.
Multi-, in composition
many
Multangular: many-angled.
Multifarious: in
Muliildcular
many rows
or ranks.
many-headed, &c
Multise'rial : in
many-celled.
as
Multictpital :
and hard
many
rows.
points.
Muriform
wall-like
(i.
e.
Musci).
Mycelium
spawn of Fungi
the
i.
e.
Mushrooms, &c.
originate.
Nectariferous
Nectary
the old
name
when
Columbine
corolla.
when of unusual
shape, especially
Monkshood,
or having a nectary.
for petals and other parts of the flower
honey-bearing
fig.
honey-bearing.
186, &c.
So
GLOSSARY.
223
Needle-shaped: long, slender, and rigid, like the leaves of Pines ; p. 68, fig. 140.
name for the ribs or veins of leaves, when simple and parallel ; p. 56.
Nerved: furnished with nerves, or simple and parallel ribs or veins ; p. 56, fig. 84.
Nerve: a
: furnished with
branching veins forming network; p. 56, fig. 83.
Nodding (in Latin form, Nutant) bending so that the summit hangs downward.
"
Node: a knot the "joints
of a stem, or the part whence a leaf or a pair of
Netted-veined
leaves springs
p. 40.
little
knobs or knots.
:
relating to or resembling a small nut.
nut-shaped or nut-like. Nucule : a small nut.
Nucleus: the kernel of an ovule (p. 122) or seed (p. 136) of a
some law
to
Nucajnentaceous
Nuciform
Nut
fruit
cell
p. 140.
as a chestnut, butternut,
Nutlet
fig.
109.
in outline
same
Obverse:
as inverse.
(in the
dull cre"am-color.
composition of
Octdgi/nous : with eight pistils or styles.
Octdmerous: its parts in eights.
Octdndrous: with eight stamens, &e.
Offset: short branches next the ground which take root ; p. 38.
Octo-, eight, enters into the
Opposite
said of leaves
each other
(i.
e. in
pairs)
before them.
Organ : any
member
Organs of Vegetation,
p. 7
Organized, Organic: p.
1,
p. 1.
GLOSSARY.
224
OrtMropom
is
Palmate
when
leaflets
in
all
fingers
p. 86, 116.
plane
sur-
or, in
fig.
220,
and Sunflower.
a palmate manner;
less
compound
p. 81,
163.
fig.
Papillate, Papillose
thistle-down.
Pappus :
other Composite, represents the calyx ; so the scales, teeth, chaff, as well
as bristles, or whatever takes the place of the calyx in this family, are called
the pappus; fig. 292-296, p. 130.
Parallel-veined, or nerved (leaves)
p. 55, 56.
carp
p. 119, 120.
Parted: separated or
^irtial involucre,
same
Patent
an umbellet,
spreading
few
par-
p. 81.
Patulous
open.
Pauci-, in composition
an involved
as
:
moderately spreading.
as pauciftorous, few-flowered, &c.
Pedate
like
again
Pedately
a bird's foot
cleft,
palmate or palmately
cleft, lobed,
&c.
cleft,
a cluster;
GLOSSARY.
Peduncle
225
p. 78.
Pe'dancled, Pedunculate
:
shield-shaped said of a leaf, whatever its shape, when the petiole is
attached to the lower side, somewhere within the margin p. 59, fig. 102, 178.
Pendent : hanging. Pendulous : somewhat hanging or drooping.
Peltate
Penicillate
as the stig*
mas of some
with five
Pentdinerous
with
Pentdndrous
having
Pentdgynous
Pepo: a
its
five
as
or styles p. 116.
parts in fives, or on the plan of
pistils
five
stamens
five.
Pentdstichous
p. 112.
in five ranks.
p. 128.
Perforate
pistils
p. 89.
Perftiliate:
Orange-leaf.
Perianth : the leaves of the flower generally, especially
distinguish them into calyx and corolla p. 85.
when we cannot
readily
Pericarp
p. 127.
Perigynous
Peripherie :
:
Pe'risperm
the fringe of teeth, &c. around the orifice of the capsule of Mosses.
remaining beyond the period when such parts commonly fall, as the
leaves of evergreens, and the calyx, &c. of such flowers as remain during
Peristome
Persistent
masked
Personate :
as of the
Snapdragon
in the throat,
Petaloid : petal-like
Petioled, Petiolate
Petidlulate
said of a leaflet
when
raised
on
its
own
partial leafstalk.
Phyttotdxis, or Phyllotaxy
a dilated
8&F
is
petiole, as in
p. 71.
226
GLOSSARY.
Phyton : a name used to designate the pieces which by their repetition make up
a plant, theoretically, viz. a joint of stem with its leaf or pair of leaves.
Piliferous: bearing a slender bristle or hair (pilum), or beset with hairs.
Pilose
Pinna
hairy
leaf,
as
fig.
130, p. 66.
Pistillidium
body which
the
Pith
p. 150, 151.
p. 118.
Plane:
Plicate
same
150
p. 76, fig.
outspread.
flat,
as plaited.
dons
the
little
bud or
p. 6, fig. 5
Pluri-, in composition
:
Plurifoliolate
first
many
with several
or several
leaflets
the fertilizing
Pollen-mass
Milkweed and
Poly- (in
any pointed
as
also applied to
tip,
any
sort of capsule.
when
p. 86, 114.
Orchis.
origin, viz
p. 66.
cotyle-.
p. 137.
Pod:
Pollen
is
many
origin)
same
as
Polyadelphous : having the stamens united by their filaments into several bun.
dies; p. 112.
:
Polydndrous
tacle)
p. 112.
Polycotyle'donous
137,
Polygamous
having
many (more
45, 46.
fig.
Red Maple.
many-angled.
Polygynous : with many pistils or styles p. 116.
Pofymerous : formed of many parts of each set.
Polygonal
Polymorphous
Polypetdous
p. 103.
when
GLOSSARY.
many-leaved
Sedum,
fig.
same
Polysfyalous
formed of several
168, Flax,
calyx of
174, &c.
fig.
as the last
227
when
p. 103.
Polyspermous : many-seeded.
Pome:
Porous :
Pouch
Prcefloration
Prcefoliation
Prcemdrse
Prickles
Prickly
and similar
fleshy fruits
p. 128.
of holes or pores.
the silicic or short pod, as of Shepherd's Purse
full
ending abruptly, as
p. 133.
bitten
off.
sharp elevations of the bark, coming off with it, as of the Rose
bearing prickles, or sharp projections like them.
p. 39.
sides.
Process
Procumbent
Produced
is
produced
rises
from an
Puberulent
Pubescent
p. 165.
Priiinose, Pruinate
:
frosted
Pulverulent, or Pulveraceous
like such.
Pulvinate
Punctate
:
very hard, and sharp-pointed prickly-pointed.
Putdmen: the stone of a drupe, or the shell of a nut p. 128.
Pungent
Quadrangular: four-angled.
four
fig.
298, 311.
as
Quadrifoliate
four-leaved.
in fours.
Quincuncial
outside,
fig.
Qmnate : in fives.
quincunx when the parts in estivation are five, two of them
two inside, and one half out and half in, as shown in the calyx,
in a
224.
Quintuple: five-fold.
228
GLOSSARY.
sides of
Racemose
Rachis
see rhachis.
Rddicant
Radicle
6, fig. 4,
&c.
Ray
p.
p. 137.
Raphe
Trum-
: see
rhaphe.
the marginal flowers of a
head
full
of branches (rami).
fig.
219) or cluster
Hydrangea, fig. 167), when different from the rest, especially when
the branches of an umbel,
ligulate, and diverging (like rays or sunbeams)
which diverge from a centre p. 79.
(as of
common
axis or
Reftexed
Repdnd." wavy-margined
Repent: creeping,
Re'plum
i.
e.
prostrate
some pods
(as of Prickly
Poppy and
Cress),
away.
Reproduction, organs of: all that pertains to the flower and fruit; p. 76.
Resupinate : inverted, or appearing as if upside down, or reversed.
Reticulated:
somewhat indented
p. 60,
107.
(p.
123) or seed
Rhdphides
fig.
273,
r,
b.
Rhizdma : a rootstock
p. 40, fig.
64 - 67.
Rhombic
in the
229
GLOSSARY.
Ring
Rinyent
fig.
209.
Root, p. 28.
Root-hairs, p. 31, 149.
Rootlets
Rootstock
p. 29.
on or under ground
p. 40.
Rtistrate
Rtisulate
full
or double
Houseleek, &c.
:
imperfectly developed, or in an early state of development.
wrinkled, roughened with wrinkles.
Ruminated (albumen) penetrated with irregular channels or portions filled with
Rudimentary
Rugose
a nutmeg.
Runcinate : coarsely saw-toothed or cut, the pointed teeth turned towards the
base of the leaf, as the leaf of a Dandelion.
softer matter, as
of a Strawberry, p. 38.
Sac
fig.
cavity.
95.
: with a border
spreading at right angles to a slender tube, as the corolla of Phlox, p. 101, fig. 208, 202.
Samara : a wing-fruit, or key, as of Maple, p. 5, fig. 1, Ash, p. 131, fig. 300, and
Salver-shaped, or Salver-form
Elm,
fig.
Sap: the
301.
like a
Sdmaroid:
samara or
key-fruit.
p.
161, 168.
Elaborated sap, that which has been digested or assimilated by the plant
p. 162, 169.
procumbent.
Saw-toothed
Scabrous
see serrate.
Scape
Scdpiform : scape-like.
Scar of the seed, p. 135.
Scdrious or Scariose
Sctfbifonn:
Leaf-scars, p. 21.
thin, dry,
resembling sawdust.
20
and membranous.
it,
p. 46, &c.
GLOSSARY.
230
pitted
:
Scurf, Scurfiness
tail
of a scor-
pits.
many
leaves, as of Goosefoot,
Buffalo-berry, &c.
Scutate
buckler-shaped.
Scutettate, or Scutelliform
Se'cund
one-sided
Secundine
e.
i.
saucer-shaped or platter-shaped.
leaves, &c. are all turned to one
where flowers,
Seed, p. 134.
Seed-coats, p. 134.
side.
p. 124.
Seed-vessel, p. 127.
heart-shaped.
Seminal
Sepal
Seminiferous
Septate: divided
p. 85.
by
Septifragal
titions
Serdtinous
fig.
splits
306.
away from
the par-
in
rows
as biserial, in
silky
:
132,
p.
p. 132.
Serial, or Seriate
Sericeous
p. 89.
Septiferous
partitions (septa).
Septicidal
Semicordate: half-
seed-bearing.
Septenate
214.
evergreen.
a leaf or division of the calyx
Sempervirent
fig.
(serratures) pointing
forwards/
same
Serrulate:
Sessile
sitting
destitute of filament.
Seta
bristle,
Setaceous: bristle-like.
Setigerous
bearing
: bristle-shaped.
Setose: beset with bristles or bristly hairs.
Setiform
bristles.
Shield-shaped:
p. 59.
Shrub, p. 21.
Sigmoidi curved in two directions, like the letter S, or the Greek sigma.
a fruit resembling it.
Silfqtu: a longer
p. 133.
fig.
310.
GLOSSARY.
231
Siliquose
Silky
wavy with the margin alternately bowed inwards and outwards; p. 62, fig. 116.
Sinus : a recess or bay the re-entering angle or space between two lobes or pro
Sinuate : strongly
jections.
Solitary
single
Specific
Names,
p. 179.
Spicate
Spike : an inflorescence like a raceme, only the flowers are sessile p. 80,
Spikelet : a small or a secondary spike ; the inflorescence of Grasses.
;
Spine: a thorn;
fig.
160.
p. 39.
fig.
59.
p. 163.
GLOSSARY.
232
Station
occurs.
Stellate, Stellular:
common
from a
Stemless
Sterile
the stalk of a
pistil, &c.,
when
p. 87.
has any
it
the stem of a
Mushroom.
a stipule of a
Stipel :
leaflet,
other Leguminous
plants.
Stipitate: furnished with
of Cleome,
fig.
276.
Stipules: the
Stolons
p. 69.
trailing or reclined
producing stolons.
Stolomferous
(Latin
Strict
striae}.
and narrow
close
Strigillose, Strigose
straight
and narrow.
and appressed,
scale.-like
or rigid
bristles.
Strobildceous
Strdbile
of the Pine;
Strdphiole
same as
Struma : a wen
caruncle.
Strophiolate
Stylopddium
Hop and
314, p. 133.
fig.
an epigynous
style,
fub~
Subulate
awl-shaped
point
Succulent
Suborder, p. 176.
;
Subtribe, p. 177.
to a sharp
tapering from a broadish or thickish base
p. 68.
juicy or pulpy.
Suckers: shoots from subterranean branches; p. 37.
Siiffrut¢ : slightly shrubby or woody at the base only
:
p. 36.
Sugar, p. 163.
Sulcate: grooved longitudinally
furrows.
Supernumerary Buds: p. 26.
Supe'rvolute : plaited and convolute in bud; p. 110,
Supra-axillary : borne above the axil, as some buds
Supra-decompound:
many
times
compounded or
fig.
;
225.
divided.
GLOSSARY.
Surculose
233
p. 1
2,
229.
Syncdrpous
(fruit
or pistil)
composed of
System, p. 195.
Tawny
body used
as in Virginia Creeper,
fig.
fig.
62
127.
Terminology
same as
glossology.
Testa
Tetra- (in
Tetractfccous
p. 134.
four; as,
Tetradynamous : where a flower has six stamens, two of them shorter than th
other four, as in Mustard, p. 92, 112, fig. 188.
Tetrdgynous: with four pistils or styles
Tetrdinerons : with its parts or sets in fours.
Tetrdf/onal: four-angled.
a case
and
p. 116.
p. 112.
and a
little
as the filament of
below.
To'mentose
wards
20*
its
apex downwards.
234
GLOSSARY.
Tdrose, Tdrulose:
knobby; where a
cylindrical
body
is
swollen at interrals.
composition
three
as
Trichdtomous
Tricolor
three-forked.
Tric6ccous
Tricdstate
having three
ribs.
Tridentate: three-toothed.
Tricuspidate : three-pointed.
Triennial : lasting for three years.
Trifdrious : in three vertical rows ; looking three ways.
Trfftd: three-cleft; p. 62.
Trifoliate
three-leaved.
Trifdliolate
of three leaflets
p. 66.
Trifurcate : three-forked.
fig.
225-227.
Trimerous: with
fig.
189.
Trine'rvate
Tricecious
viduals
Tripartite
its
as in
Tripetalous
Triphyllous
three-leaved
p. 66.
base of the
:
different indi-
Tripartite
three-parted
p. 62.
as in fig. 189.
composed of three
frique'trous
on the same or
sorts of flowers
Red Maple.
pieces.
Tripinndtifid
p. 64.
Sunflower.
leaf, as in
sharply three-angled
bayonet.
Triserial, or Triseriate: in three rows, under each other.
Tristichous : in three longitudinal or perpendicular ranks.
Tristigmdtic, or Tristigmatose
Trisulcate
Trivial
three-grooved.
Name :
p. 67.
Trochlear
:
pulley-shaped.
or
Trumpet-shaped: tubular, enlarged at or towards the summit, as the corolla
Trumpet-Creeper.
Truncate
as a potato,
p 43,
fig.
68.
Tuberded, or Tubercufate
GLOSSARY.
Tumid : swollen
somewhat
235
inflated.
Tunicate
coated
as
Asparagus-shoots.
Turnip-shaped
Twin
fig.
57.
in umbels.
Umbelliferous
bearing umbels.
p. 81.
an apple.
depressed in the centre, like the ends of
Umbonate : bossed ; furnished with a low, rounded projection like a boss (urnbo)or the top of the style of
Umbrdculiform ; umbrella-shaped, like a Mushroom,
Sarracenia.
Umbilicate
Unarmed :
Uncinate : hook-shaped
Under-shrub
partially shrubby, or
petals of a Rose,
is
compound words
Uniflorous
Unifdliolate
one
one-flowered.
:
:
of one
is
(fig.
200),
very long.
as
:
one-leaved.
leaflet
Unildbiate: one-lipped.
Unifdliate
;
p. 66.
Unil6cular: one-celled, as the pistil in fig. 261, and the anther in fig. 238, 239.
Unidvulate: having only one ovule, as in fig. 213, and fig. 267-269.
Unise'rial
in
Unisexual: having stamens or pistils only, as in Moonseed, fig. 176, 177, &c.
Univalved: a pod of only one piece after dehiscence, as fig. 253.
Urceolate
:
urn-shaped.
a small, thin-walled, one-seeded
Utricular : like a small bladder.
Utricle
fruit,
as of Goosefoot
p. 130, fig.
350
opening by valves.
p. 146, 148.
Vegetable Physiology, p. 3.
Veil : the calyptra of Mosses.
Veins
p. 55.
236
GLOSSARY.
furnished with a
Velutinous
Venation
Venose
veil.
p. 55.
veiny
Ve'ntricose
Venulose
Vermicular
Vernation
Ve'rnicose
Ve'micose
on one
warty
beset with
by one
Versatile: attached
little
same
p. 75.
point, so that
side.
it
may swing
to
and
the anthers
as the apex.
fro, as
234.
p. 113, fig.
Vesicle: a
little
bladder.
Vesicle, p. 139.
Embryonal
fig.
148.
Vesicular: bladdery.
p. 146, 148.
fig.
218,
Villose:
Vimineous
Wavy :
Waxy :
p. 37.
and concave
p. 62.
Whorl, Whorled:
when
148.
THE END.
p. 105
301.
BY
JOHN
M.
COULTER,
PH.D.,
IVISON,
Copyright, 1885,
BY JOHN M. COULTER.
PREFACE.
THIS manual
is
intended to do for
its
lies
it.
From
Mexican
Arizona,
Mexico
One
is
in character, extending
The
PREFACE.
VI
zona and
New
its
Ari-
Mexican
The
Wheeler Survey.
attempts to provide for, its only predecessor being the Synopof the Flora of Colorado, already referred to. Essentially,
sis
Wyoming, Montana,
While
boundary.
our range
is
all
except their
naturally carried
own
peculiar plants.
In Utah,
The author
it
the usefulness of this book, if in the abundance of corrections called forth a more complete edition may be attempted
at
an early day.
and
would simply be a catalogue of the very
information, as
it
little
more
is
PREFACE.
To Dr. Gray
possible.
grew
Vll
is
and
it
Mr. Watson has also responded generously to every demand made upon him while to Messrs. M. S. Bebb and
L. H. Bailey, Jr. is due the relief of some original work, the
former being our well-known authority in the difficult genus
possesses.
Sal-ix,
and the
latter
At the time
sperms
and Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons subordinated to Angiosperms. This change has been made simply because it better
expresses relationships which have long been recognized. The
term "Cryptogam" has been discarded as the correlative of
Phsenogam, and Pteridophyta (Vascular Cryptogams) is used
as the
name
The
orders
To save
reduced to
The
for through analytical keys.
professional botanist will note a glaring inconsistency in this
especially
must be sought
left to
PEEFACE.
Vlll
species.
and
of this book.
italicized,
is
done to
facilitate the
work
its
abuse
offset its
JOHN
WABASH COLLEGE, CRAWFORDSVILLE,
January
1,
1885.
INDIANA,
M.
COULTER.
SERIES
PH^ENOOAMIA
I.
OR
FLOWERING PLANTS.
and
with, flowers
CLASS
ANGIOSPERM^E.
I.
Pistil
Those
seeds.
ovules.
SUBCLASS
DICOTYLEDONS.
I.
DIVISION
POLYPETAL^E.
I.
cotyledons.
A.
Stamens numerous,
Stamens on
1.
Pistils
few to many
more than
at least
10,
tJie
distinct carpels
RANUNCULACE^E,
Pistil
Five to sixteen
sepals persistent.
as sepals,
one.
NTMPH^JACE^, 3
PAPAVERACE^E, 4
PORTULACACE^E, 12
number
CAPPARIDACE^E, 7
MALVACEAE,
15
HYPERICACE^E, 14
pellucid-punctate.
2.
Stamens on
CACTACE^E, 34
FICOIDEJS, 35
PORTULACACE^E, 12
ovary 1-celled
SAXIFRAGACE^J, 27
ROSACEJE, 26
LOASACE.E, 32
.
ANALYTICAL KEY.
X
Stamens
JB.
1.
Ovary
*
Pistils
Pistils
and
distinct.
RANUNCULACE^;,
....
* *
ROSACEJE, 26
SAXIFRAGACE^E, 27
CRASSULACE^E, 98
fleshy.
style,
stigma,
and
cell.
ROSACE^E, 26
or akene
compound, as shown by
*- -i- Pistil
the
number of
or placenta;, styles or
cells
stigmas.
Ovary
1-celled,
with
(2 to 4, rarely
VIOLACE^E, 8
SAXIFRAGACE^;, 27
FUMARIACE.E, 5
CAPPARIDACE^E, 7
.
.
.
flower irregular.
bract-like sepals 2
Petals and sepals each 4 stamens 6.
Ovary and pod 2-celled 2 parietal placentae stamens tetra-
Petals 4
...
dynamous
Ovary and capsule
Truly so
Sepals 2
1-celled, several to
CRUCIFERYE, 6
many-seeded on a central placenta,
PORTULACACE.E,
CARYOPHYLLACE^S,
12
1 1
ELATINACE^E, 13
LYTIIRACE.E, 30
No
stipules
Ovary and fruit 1-celled, with a single seed on a stalk
Shrubs styles or stigmas 3 fruit drupe-like.
:
ILLECEBRACE^), 63
summit.
base.
ANACARDIACE^E, 24
No
from the
axis, or base, or
POLYGALACE.E,
cells 1-seeded.
Monotropeae,
etc., in
ERICACEAE, 45
RCTACE.E, 19
ERICACEAE, 45
ANALYTICAL KEY.
xi
Strong-scented shrub
late.
ZYGOPHYLLACE.3E, 17
GERANIACE^E, 18
Ovules
to 4 in each cell.
Leaves
Leaves
all
all opposite,
compound, and
LINAGES, 16
leaflets
ZYGOPHYLLACE^E, 17
entire.
latter
with
GERANIACE^E, 18
Ovules numerous.
many
as the sepals,
ELATINACE^E, 13
Stamens 2 or rarely
3.
2.
SAPINDACE.E, 23
OLEACE.E, 47
,-,
CELASTKACEJE, 20
SAPINDACE^E, 23
leaves.
inferior or
mainly
so.
CDCURBITACE.E, 33
HALORAGE.E, 29
Stamens
if
of the
Styles 2 to
5,
number
Fruit a few-seeded
ROSACES, 26
pome
Ribes, in
SAXIFRAGACE.E, 27
SAXIFRAGACE^E, 27
berry-like
CORNACE^J, 38
LOASACE.E, 32
ONAGRACE^;, 31
UAIBELLIFER^E, 36
fruit
ARALIACE^, 37
ANALYTICAL KEY.
XI 1
DIVISION
GAMOPETAL.E.
II.
piece.
A.
Ovary
tinct
ERICACEAE,
Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, 5 (or 4), syngenesious.
Flowers in an involucrate head.
COMPOSITE,
Flowers separate, racemose or spicate
LOBELIACE^D,
Stamens as many as the corolla lobes (at least 4), distinct,
Nearly or quite free from the corolla leaves alternate
no stipules.
CAMPANDLACE.E,
Inserted on the corolla leaves opposite or whorled,
45
42
43
44
With
B.
1.
Ovary superior
Pistil
2.
Style
3.
the lobes
the lobes
of
of
the lobes
of
LEGUMINOS^E, 25
ERICACEAE, 45
and
the corolla
Stamens as many as
the corolla.
Stamens as many as
VALERIANACE^E, 41
CUCURBITACEJE, 33
Pistil single
corolla.
RUBIACE/E, 40
CAPRIFOLIACE.E, 39
the corolla,
and
opposite them.
.
PRIMULACE.E, 46
* No
Corolla regular
minute.
Corolla regular
stamens free
green herbage.
seeds very many
and
Monotropeae, in ERICACEAE, 45
fruit 2-celled.
Cuscuta, in CONVOLVULACE^E, 54
Corolla irregular
stamens didynamous
capsule 1-celled,
OROBANCHACE.E, 57
many-seeded.
5.
OLEACE.E, 47
Stamens
ASCLEPIADACE^E, 49
cles
Pollen powdery.
Ovaries 2 fruit a pair of
:
follicles.
APOCYNACE.E, 48
ANALYTICAL KEY.
Ovary
xiil
......
4-lobed,
like nutlets.
BORRAGINACE^E, 53
entire.
capsule 3-celled
corolla
POLEMONIACEJE, 51
Styles or stigmas 2 or 1
Ovules and seeds at most 4, large, with large embryo and
little or no albumen peduncles axillary. CONVOLVULACE.E, 54
.
embryo
small, in albumen.
Leaves
all
capsule
GENTIANACE^;, 50
to 2-
HYDROPHYLLACE^E, 52
celled
1
Style
stigma usually
2-celled, rarely
more
H- Corolla irregular
capsule or berry
SOLANACE^E, 55
SCROPHULARIACE-S:, 56
...
2-celled
SCROPHULARIACE2E, 56
nite
1-celled,
in the axis
LENTIBULARIACE^E, 58
Ovary 4-parted, in
Ovary undivided
:
nutlets.
DIVISION
III.
fruit as
many
seed-like nutlets.
LABIATE, 60
VERBENACEJG, 59
APETAL^E.
A.
1.
style 1.
Corolla,
Flowers not
1-celled
superior,
and
in aments.
than one.
Stipules sheathing the stem at the nodes.
Stipules not sheathing the stem or none.
Shrubs or trees.
Leaves alternate
flowers perfect
fruit
POLYGONACE^, 66
a tailed akene.
Cercocarpus, in
ROSACES, 26
stipules
AMARANTACE^:, 64
XIV
ANALYTICAL KEY.
Bracts herbaceous or none
no
CHENOPODIACE^E, 65
ILLECEBRACE^E, 63
stipules.
Stipules scarious
Fruit a more or less triangular akene
embryo curved.
POLYGONACE^E, 66
Akene
not triangular
Flowers unisexual
embryo
straight.
filaments incurved in
bud
leaves
URTICACE.E, 73
simple
Submerged
flowers
naked
axillary,
leaves sessile,
filiformly dissected
CERATOPHYLLACE.E, 72
usually corolla-like.
2.
As
....
to several-ovuled
calyx
RANUNCULACE,E,
in (1), but
flowers dioecious
fruit baccate.
Herbs
ELJEAGNACE^E, 67
calyx corolla-like
fruit
an akene.
without stipules: flowers
entire,
involucrate
NYCTAGINACE.E, 62
3.
ROSACES, 26
of 2 or more carpels.
superior,
EUPHORBIACE.E, 70
Fruit 4-celled, 4-lobed, compressed, indehiscent
small aquatic, with opposite entire leaves.
Fruit fleshy, 3-celled, 3-lobed
leaves
styles 2
CALLITRICHACE^:,
71
RHAMNACE^E,
21
SAPINDACE^E, 23
Capsule 3 to 5-celled
Capsule
1 -celled
succulent.
FICOIDE.E, 35
placentae central.
sepals
4.
CARYOPHYLLACE^:,
11
inferior.
-celled:
leaves
SAXIFRAGACE^;, 27
1 -seeded.
Flowers perfect
fruit nut-like
leaves
SANTALACEJE, 69
stems
verticillate leaves.
LORANTHACEJE, 68
HALORAGE^E, 29
ANALYTICAL KEY.
Flowers unisexual, at
13.
XV
alternate leaves.
Monoecious
male flowers
ovary inferior
Anthers 2-celled
Anther
cells
in
aments
separate
CUPULIFERJE, 74
lucre
Corylus in CUPULIFER.E, 74
Monoecious or dioecious, flowers all in aments ovary superior.
Fruit a 1 -seeded nutlet: bracts thickened and rigid in fruit:
:
SUBCLASS
bracts herbaceous
A.
Ovary
SALICACE^E, 75
MONOCOTYLEDONS.
II.
CUPULIFER.E, 74
Betuleae, in
dioecious
Embryo with a
single
terrestrial
flowers perfect.
Flowers regular
stamens
perigynous
6,
AMARYLLIDACE^E, 78
B.
Ovary
superior or nearly so
compound ovary
perianth corolla-like,
Herbs
SMILACE^E, 80
anthers 2-celled.
LILIACE^E, 79
Perianth of 3 green sepals, and 3 ephemeral deliquescent
stems from fibrous roots.
.
.
COMMELIN^CEJE, 81
petals
.
'
....
leaves linear.
TYPHACEJE, 83
NAIADACEJE, 86
Carpels numerous in a whorl or head
3 petaloid.
3 sepals herbaceous,
ALISMACE^, 85
:
capsule 3-valved.
Rushes or sedge-like
JUNCACE^E, 82
Flowers in the axils of scales or glumes, spicate, without evident perianth. Stems solid sheaths closed scales single
:
CYPERACE.E, 87
anthers basifixed
Culms hollow,
versatile.
terete
sheaths split
glumes
in pairs
anthers
.
GRAMINEJE, 88
XVI
ANALYTICAL KEY.
CLASS
II.
GYMNOSPERM.E.
bract, or within
open integuments.
shrubs.
Male flowers
dioscious shrubs.
GNETACE^S, 89
Female
SERIES
II.
PTERIDOPHYTA,
or the
CONIFERS, 90
FERN GROUP.
Plants
and with a
terminal spikes.
Stems
SELAGINELL^, 92
LYCOPODIACE^E, 93
subterranean, bearing long-petioled often com.
solid,
pounded leaves
(fronds).
....
sporangia in special
spikes or panicles
Terrestrial : leaves circinate in vernation
OPHIOGLOSSACE^, 95
:
sporangia on the
FILICES, 96
cone.
EQUISETACE.E, 97
BOTANY
OF THE
ROCKY MOUNTAINS,
SERIES
PH^ENOGAMIA
I.
FLOWERING PLANTS.
OR
pistils
CLASS
ANGIOSPEKM.E.
I.
fruit.
SUBCLASS
Embryo with a
veiued.
I.
DICOTYLEDONS.
Leaves netted-
Flowers usually
DIVISION
I.
POLYPETAL.E.
the
KANUNCULACE.E.
ORDER
1.
(CROWFOOT FAMILY.)
BANUNCULACE^E.
(CROWFOOT FAMILY.)
The fruits are akenes, dry pods, or berries. The leaves vary from
simple to much compounded, usually on the palmately veined type,
with petioles dilated at base, and without stipules.
ing.
Tribe
I.
naked
II.
Clematis.
Tribe
styles.
The
fruit a
2.
Anemone.
3.
Thalictrum.
4.
5.
Leaves alternate.
Ranunculus.
from
all
Tribe III.
Sepals imbricate.
Leaves alternate.
6.
7.
8.
5.
Leaves
compound.
*-
-i-
Flowers irregular.
Pods
10.
11.
Actrea.
9.
Pods 8 to
1 to 5.
into a spur.
Sepals caducous.
are in a single raceme.
1.
CLEMATIS,
L.
The flowers
VIRGIN'S-BOWER.
its
few
* Petals none.
H
Stem erect.
1. C. Fremontii, Watson.
Stems slant, clustered, 6 to 12 inches high,
at the
leafy and usually branched, more or less villous-tomentose, especially
nodes leaves simple, 3 to 4 pairs, thickish and with the veinlets conspicuously
:
KANUNCULACE^E.
(CROWFOOT FAMILY.)
Proc.
Am. Acad.
x. 339.
It
others, and is
C. Douglasii, Hook. Stem simple or branching, more or less villous,
woolly at the joints leaves from pinnate to 2 or 3-pinnatifid ; the leaflets linear or
Watson and
2.
linear-lanceolate:
at the apex,
and
From Colorado
to
Washington Territory.
form with leaflets ovate or
Var. Scottii. A
reflexed and probably
more
lanceolate,
and
tips of sepals
less woolly.
Col-
- Stem
climbing, more or
less
woody.
C. alpina,
Mill., var.
OCCidentalis, Gray.
The C. alpina, var. Ochotensis, of the various Western reports. From New
Mexico to the Wahsatch and Teton Mountains.
5.
C. verticillaris, DC.
Climbing: leaves trifoliolate, with leaflets
about as in the
2.
ANEMONE,
L.
WIND-FLOWER.
Sepals colored and petal-like. Style short and stigma lateral. Akenes
Perennial herbs with
compressed, pointed or ending in long feathery awns.
radical leaves.
* Akenes with
1
Wisconsin.
BANUNCULACE^.
(CROWFOOT FAMILY.)
Low
A. decapetala,
2.
densely villous.
Stem
L.
from a round
3 to 6 inches high
tuber
root-
leaves once or twice 3-parted or cleft involucre (mostly sessile and far below
the flower) 3-parted, the wedge-shaped divisions 3-cleft sepals 10 to 20, oblongA. Caroliniana, Walt. From
linear, purple or whitish: head of fruit oblong.
:
New
Carolinas.
A. parviflora, Michx.
3.
stock
white
Stem 3
from a slender
to 12 inches high
root-
Arctic Sea.
n- +*
Taller (6 inches
or more peduncles
to
sepals 5 to 8, silky or
4. A. multifida, Poir.
Silky-hairy (6 to 12 inches high) : principal
involucre 2 to 3-leaved, bearing one naked and one or two 2-leaved peduncles ;
leaves of the secondary involucre short-petioled, similar to the root-leaves,
twice or thrice 3-parted and cleft, their divisions linear ; sepals red, sometimes
head of fruit spherical or oval.
Across the
greenish-yellow or whitish
continent in northern latitudes, and southward in the mountains through
:
Colorado.
A. eylindrica,
5.
2 to
6,
as
many
From Colorado
to Bitter
<
A. dichotoma,
turn
L.
and toothed
A. Pennsylvania, L.
radical
sepals
Common
5,
eastward.
A. nemorosa,
L.
Smooth or somewhat villous stem perfectly simple
filiform rootstock, slender, leafless, except the involucre of 3 longpetioled trifoliolate leaves ; their leaflets wedge-shaped or oblong, toothed or
7.
from a
ones 2-parted
A. narcissiflora,
7,
carpels oblong,
L.
<- i-
Akenes glabrous.
ments cuneiform,
similar,
8.
sepals 4 to
Villous
incisely
RANUNCULACEJE.
(CROWFOOT FAMILY.)
THALICTRUM,
3.
L.
In Colorado at
MEADOW-RUE.
Perennial
Sepals 4 to 7, either greenish or petal-like. Pistils 4 to 15.
herbs with leaves 2 or 3 times ternately compound, the leaflets stalked.
Stem
T. alpinum, L.
crenately toothed
pubescent
leaflets roundish,
/lowers nodding in
a simple raceme
America.
Subalpine.
# # Flowers
3.
Stem 2
T. Comuti, L.
to
also in California.
dioecious.
leaflets
5.
T. OCCidentale, Gray.
a head
in
(1
4.
Sepals
5.
Stamens 5
MYOSURUS,
Petals
to 20.
5, linear,
L.
MOUSETAIL.
pit at its
summit.
diminutive plantain.
1. M.
minimus, L. Scapes 2 to 6 inches high leaves usually shorter
akenes blunt, on slender spikes 1 or 2 inches long.
From California through
Colorado to the Ohio Valley.
:
KANUNCULACE^E.
(CROWFOOT FAMILY.)
RANUNCULUS,
5.
Sepals usually
L.
CROWFOOT.
Akenes mostly
Petals 3 to 15.
5.
BUTTERCUP.
flattened, pointed.
1.
Aquatic herbs with the submersed leaves, if any, finely divided : petals
white, the claw yellow : akenes transversely wrinkled,
R. aquatilis, L
trichophyllus, Chaix.
var.
coarsely filiform leaves all submersed and cut into numerous soft capillary
segments, which usually collapse when withdrawn from the water: akenes in a
:
Common
Var. stagnatilis,
DC.
Leaves
all
in stagnant or slow-
reports.
range.
2.
Terrestrial herbs, but often growing in wet places, mostly erect : sepals green,
rarely yellow : petals yellow : akenes neither wrinkled nor hispid.
2.
R. Flammula,
* All
L., var.
entire.
reptans, Gray.
the leaves
plump
6 to
ovate head.
The form
Watson,
The Eastern
ambigens, Watson.
;
R. Macauleyi, Gray. Leaves Ungulate, the truncate apex
radical ones (early ones oblong) tapering into a petiole; cauline ones sessile:
sepals very dark villous outside : petals golden carpels tapering into a short
subulate style
fruit unknown, though head of akeiies probably oblong.
3-toothed
4.
Proc.
Am. Acad.
it
* * Radical
Mountains
xv. 45.
resemble those of R.
nivalis,
in
San Juan
Co., Colorado.
The
flowers
species.
leaves undivided
glabrous
Pursh.
Flowering stems or scapes leafless, 1 to
leaves broadly ovate or ovate-cordate, coarsely crenate, clustered at
R. Cymbalaria,
7-flowered
KANUNCULACE^.
(CROWFOOT FAMILY.)
the root and at the joints of the long filiform rooting runners : petals longer than
the sepals the akenes striate-veined on the sides, enlarging upwards, with a
Across the continent in marshy ground.
short oblique beak: head oblong.
:
to 3-flowered
# # * Some
t-
also in California.
or all the leaves cleft or divided.
Primary
Dwarf (3 to 6 inches high), hairy : rootleaves roundish or rhombic-ovate, rarely subcordate lowest stem-leaves similar
or 3 to 5-lobed the upper 3 to 5-parted, almost sessile, the lobes linear petals
7.
R. rhomboideus,
Goldie.
calyx
S.
W.
Colo-
Most
variable as to foliage.
style
as long as the
ciliate
ward
in the
11.
mountains.
R. sceleratus,
root-leaves 3-lobed
toothed
the receptacle.
-W- -w-
Style curved.
= Stem usually
R. pygmseus, Wahl.
12.
5-cleft
petals
Stem
l-flowered.
KANUNCULACEJS.
R. adoneus,
13.
Low, sparsely
Gray.
(CROWFOOT FAMILY.)
becoming glabrous stems
sometimes sannentose-decum-
villous,
to 3-leaved above,
==
56.
High
altitudes close
14.
b.
A foot
In the Wahsatch,
style.
or two high.
R.
less pubescent.
Colorado
flowers
small
parted
rigid,
length.
more or
less
Proc.
Am.
ward.
H
17.
stem
-t-
-i-
Leaves
R. PennsylvanicUS, L.
stout, erect
all ternately
divided.
somewhat
ovate, unequally
sharply cut and toothed, acute petals pale, not exceeding the sepals :
akenes not margined, pointed with a sharp straight beak, in oblong heads.
Colorado and northward, and in the Atlantic States.
:
3-cleft,
18. R. repens, L.
Low, hairy or nearly glabrous stems ascending and
some of them forming long runners : divisions of the leaves all (or at least the
terminal one) stalked, broadly wedge-shaped or ovate, unequally 3-cleft or
:
parted and variously cut petals obovate, much larger than the spreading sepals :
akenes strongly margined, pointed by a stout straightish beak, in globular heads.
Across the continent.
19. R. macranthus, Scheele.
Stem erect, taller, more or less hirsute
:
leaves ternately or
more frequently
bi-ternately divided,
segments usually stalked, laciniately lobed and toothed flowers large, with
sepals strictly reflexed : akenes crowded in subglobose heads, about equalling
:
the
the
KANUNCULACE^E.
The
tains,
K. Nuttallii,
20.
Gray.
(CROWFOOT FAMILY.)
radical leaves
bi-ter-
of
and
re.niform
and
filiform
style.
Colorado
-i
More
R. orthorhyncus, Hook.
22.
the divisions
or rooting in the mud and the leaves roundmore or less deepbj lobed and toothed : petioles short, broadly
leaves long
the
sti/le.
or 2 feet high divisions of the leaves variously lobed and cut, the
segments often narrow sepals reflexed petals bright yellow or purple-tinged
outside akenes large, flattened, in a close globose head, with a slender straight
1
slender,
C ALT HA,
MARSH MARIGOLD.
L.
seeds,
to Alaska.
An
excel-
lent pot-herb.
7.
TR OL LI US,
GLOBE-FLOWER.
L.
Smooth perennials,
Sepals 5 to 15, petal-like. Pods sessile, many-seeded.
with large solitary terminal flowers and palmately parted and cut leaves.
1
T. laxus,
petals
less
much
Salisb.
Flowers pale greenish-yellow or nearly white
shorter than the stamens.
Associated with the preceding, but
:
common.
8.
AQUILEGIA,
L.
COLUMBINE.
flowers
RANUKCULACE^E.
10
Caulescent
M1.
A. Canadensis,
(CROWFOOT FAMILY.)
Spur
straight.
L.
flowers 2
the sepals:
inches long, scarlet, yellow inside (or rarely all over), nodding so that the
spurs turn upwards limb or lip of the petals distinct stamens and styles
:
A. formosa,
2.
rivulets
Along subalpine
Fisch.
M- -H-
A. COBruloa,
3.
James.
Stem
showy
plant.
A. chrysantha,
4.
Gray.
sepals lanceolate-oblong, longer but not broader than the limb of the petals.
Am. Acad. viii. 621. Colorado and southward.
Proc.
Spur hooked
A. flavescens, Watson.
at the
tip.
Plant 2
to
Rep.
6.
10.
A. brevistyla, Hook.
bi-ternate
leaflets 3-lobed,
Stems &
crenate
to
flowers small,
sepals oblong-ovate
petals
little
rootstock; the partial petioles short or wanting, so that the 9 small obovate
Am. Nat.
entire leaflets are in a dense cluster: pods reticulated, smooth.
viii.
211.
Summit
9.
Sepals
of
DELPHINIUM,
L.
LARKSPUR.
5, petal-like.
many-seeded.
leaves, and racemose flowers, which are blue shading to white.
EANUNCULACE^E.
11
(CROWFOOT FAMILY.)
D. azureum, Michx.
1.
Colorado,
upwards.
D. Menziesii, DC.
to
cent above with spreading hairs, especially the inflorescence: leaves 5-parted,
3.
D. bicolor,
Nutt.
Very
and northward.
4.
D. SCOpulorum,
glabrous
deeply 2
New Mexico
America.
to British
* * Glandular pubescent.
D. OCCidentale, Watson.
ACONITTJM,
10.
Sepals
5, petal-like.
ACONITE.
L.
Petals 2 to 5
1.
Pods many-seeded.
A. Columbianum,
WOLFSBANE.
the upper 2 with long claws and irreguhood the lower 3 very minute or
obsolete.
MOXKSHOOD.
less
pubescent above with short spreading yellowish viscid hairs divisions of the
leaves broadly cuneate and laciniately toothed or lobed
flowers purple or
:
much
&
in breadth
Torr.
12.
and
in
A. Fischeri
the
Sierra
Nevada.
11.
ACTJEA,
L.
BAtfEBERRY.
A. spicata,
larger
L., var.
arguta, Torr.
in the
12
BERBERIDACE.E.
(BARBERRY FAMILY.)
From
the mountains
westward.
Var.
Ait.
rubra,
Raceme
berries cherry-red.
From
much
shorter
Atlantic.
ORDER
BEKBEKIDACE.E.
2.
(BARBERRY FAMILY.)
Our
BERBERIS,
1.
L.
style
BARBERRY.
B. repens,
ovate, acute
Mountains.
Lindl.
leaflets
3 to
7,
B. Aquifolium ranges farther west, especially in Oregon and Washington Territory, and is a much larger shrub, with clusters of racemes.
2. B. Fendleri, Gray.
Much taller (3 to 6 feet), with branches smooth
Reports.
and
ORDER
NYUIPKMEACEJE.
3.
PI.
(Wiw^ER-LiLY FAMILY.)
and
distinct
free,
solitary
numerous.
1.
NUPHAR,
Smith.
YELLOW POND-LILY.
SPATTER-DOCK.
In shallow water, sending up large leathery leaves which are usually upright,
but sometimes floating.
1. N. advena, Ait.
Emersed and erect leaves thick, varying from
roundish
to ovate
sepals 6
Abundant
FUMARIACE^.
13
(FUMITORY FAMILY.)
2. N. polysepalum, Engelm.
Larger: leaves 6 to 12 inches long,
rounded above, deeply cordate at base : sepals 8 to 12 petals dilated and unlike
Mountain lakes in Colothe stamens, often tinged with red fruit globular.
:
rado,
ORDER
PAPAVERACE^E.
4.
(POPPY FAMILY.)
without stipules.
bud.
commonly crumpled
in the
1.
Papaver.
2.
Argemone.
Ovary
strictly 1-celled.
Pod opening by
valves,
prickly.
1.
PAPAVER,
L.
Pod
POPPY.
Herbs with a
1. P. nudicaule, L.
Scape 1-flowered, 2 to 3 inches high, naked, hispid
as well as the calyx with brownish hairs leaves lance-ovate in outline, deeply
P. alpinum of the Fl.
pod obovate, hispid.
pinnatifid petals lemon-yellow
:
Colorado.
Alpine.
2.
ARGEMONE,
L.
PRICKLY POPPY.
3, often prickly.
Stigma 3 to 6-rayed. Pod oblong; seeds
Well marked by the prickly bristles and yellow juice. Leaves
Sepals 2 or
crested.
sessile, sinuate-lobed,
1.
throughout or armed
to a winged petiole
Flower-buds
erect.
Otto.
pod oblong.
It is
south.
ORDER
5.
FlIMARIACE^E.
(FUMITORY FAMILY.)
1.
2.
Dicentra.
Corydalis.
FOMAUIACEJE.
14
1.
(FUMITORY FAMILY.)
DICENTRA,
Borkh.
Sepals 2, small and scale-like. Petals 4, in two sets ; the outer pair larger,
saccate at base, the tips spreading the inner much narrower, spoon-shaped,
the hollowed tips lightly united at the apex, thus forming a cavity which con;
fleshy
or pinnately
1.
compound
D. uniflora,
into a
leaves.
The
Kellogg.
flowers flesh-colored, ^ inch long, the divergent or reflexed tips of the outer
petals equalling or exceeding the erect gibbous-saccate base inner ones not
;
Alpine.
Nevada.
2.
CORYDALIS,
DC.
* Corolla golden-yellow
1
C. aurea, Willd.
Otherwise as in Dicentra.
of
the flower.
racemes simple
slightly decurved spur not half the length of the rest of the flower
the
tips of the
outer petals blunt, c restless and naked on the back: pods usually pendent:
seeds smooth and even, turgid, marginless, partly covered by the scale-shaped
aril.
From Colorado northward and eastward.
More common
Spur
C. Clirvisiliqua, Engelm.
4-angular pods ascending on vert/ short pedicels : the acute-margined seeds muriCommon in the mountains of
ca t e
C. aurca, var. curvisiliqua, Gray.
.
the rest
of
the flower.
C. Brandegei, Watson.
Mountains of
beyond the obtuse summit : pod oblong-obovate, obtuse, reflexed.
S. Colorado and in the Wahsatch.
Formerly referred to C. Caseana, which
has a more westerly range.
Leaves Bipinnately divided the oblong-oval leafthe broad margins of the hood produced
beyond its acute- apex and folded back over the narrow and somewhat crisped
or erose crest : pod acute.
Extending from Oregon into the Bitter Boot
Mountains.
4.
lets
C. Cusickii, Watson.
CRUCIFEK.E.
ORDER
CRUCIFER.E. (MUSTARD
6.
15
(MUSTABD FAMILY.)
FAMILY.)
silicle,
from the partition, which persists and is called the replum, in a few
genera indehisceut. Ovules few or numerous. Flowers generally 111
Leaves
without stipules.
alternate,
Pod
dehiscent, 2-valved.
* Pod strongly compressed parallel with the broad partition : cotyledons accumbent
the radicle and cotyledons appearing in cross-section thus 08).
t-
Seeds wingless.
** Valves nerveless
replum thickened
Cardamine.
e.
Draba.
1.
(i.
Pod moderately
Pod elongated.
seeds wingless flowers white leaves all petioled.
beaked or pointed. Stems leafy, with elongated
:
racemes.
Valves 1-nerved
H- -H-
8.
4.
An there short, scarcely emarginate at base. Petals with a flat blade and
Calyx short or narrow, rarely colored. Seeds in 1 or 2 rows.
Streptanthus. Anthers elongated, sagittate at base. Petals often without a dilated
Arabia.
claw.
5.
blade,
more or
usually colored.
* * Pod terete or
*-
Pod
cross-
6.
7.
Thely podium.
H-
nearly sessile,
somewhat
much
ceeding the narrow sepals, usually pink to purple. Filaments often exserted.
short ; stigma mostly entire. Pod sessile or short-stipitate.
Flowers yellow.
Stigma sessile, entire. Anthers not
Leaves entire or pinnatifid.
Pod 4-angled, sessile. Stigma 2-lobed. Anthers sagittate, Dot coiled.
H-
8.
Stanleya.
ex-
Style
Pod somowhat
-H-
terete, long-stipitate.
Erysimum.
- --
Pod
an introduced genus, may be looked for in this group, differing from the other
nearly terete pod with a long stout beak, globose seeds with the cotyledons
infolding the radicle, and long sagittate anthers. See foot-note, p. 23.
Brassica,
genera in
its
16
CRUCIFER^E.
Barbarea. Pod somewhat
10.
cumbent.
(MUSTARD FAMILY.)
Seeds oblong cotyledons nearly acA smooth marsh
Leaves lyrately-phmatifid.
4-angled, pointed.
perennial
Pod
Sisymbrium.
11.
dons incumbent.
Anthers linear-oblong,
sagittate.
Pod
Smelowskia.
12.
Pod
13.
Nasturtium.
11.
somewhat hispid.
Vesicaria. Pod ovate to
Pod oblong
globose.
Seed flattened.
Smooth
or
stellate-
canescent.
is
cumbent
Pod
Subularia.
15.
cells several-seeded
cotyledons in-
flowers white.
Thlaspi.
17.
--- Valves
nerveless
inflated,
cells several-seeded
cells 2 to 4-seeded.
smooth
cells 1 to 2-seeded.
summit;
cotyledons accumbent
flowers
yellow.
Pod didymous
Physaria.
19.
entire leaves.
II.
Pod of 2 indehiscent
Biscutella.
20.
cells,
8
separating at maturity from the persistent axis.
Flowers rather
large.
Stigma
DRAB A,
1.
L.
WHITLOW-GRASS.
* Stems
1.
D. Stellata,
Jacq.
a short
perhaps
stellate
pubescence
anthers rounded
or2-leaved).
flowers white
pedicels puberulent
pods narrowl/i
Var.
Johannis,
Regel.
shoi't
woollij
D. nemorosa,
is
is
attenuated above.
known by
its
See foot-note,
CRUCIFER^E.
17
(MUSTARD FAMILY.)
eels glabrous.
pods
ovate-elliptical, glabrous.
and
in California.
3.
D. alpina,
L.
Bather rigid
more or
somewhat
branching hairs
hirsute
petals yellow,
the length of the sepals : pods somewhat corymbed, oblongto Arctic America.
Alpine, Colorado, Uintas, and northward
Var. glacialiS, Dickie. Dwarf: leaves more rigid, linear or narrowly
not ciliate pods
oblanceolate, more or less strongly carinate, stellate pubescent,
short-ovate, pubescent.
D.
glacialis of
Peaks about
# * Stems
4.
D. incana,
L.
Hoary
leafy.
Flowers white.
t-
base
pubescent, seldom branching at the
D. CUneifolia,
Nutt.
leaves
pods pubescent.
Moun-
leaves obovate or
hairs, usually branching at base, leafy below or only at base
spatulate with a narrow or cuneate base, sparingly toothed toward the apex
:
pods
linear-oblong,
ing pedicels.
1- --*
Pods
in one variety
of No.
spread-
7).
D. Stenoloba, Ledeb.
above
sessile
petals bright or pale yellow pods linear, in an elongated raceme
on spreading scattered pedicels ; style none.
D. nemorosa, var. lutea, of Bot.
King's Exp. 22. Colorado mountains, the Uintas and Wahsatch, and west-
and
ward
7.
to California.
D. nemorosa,
toothed
L.
racemes elongated
lanceolate,
more or
less
Var. leiocarpa, Lindb. Often with stem nearly or quite leafless, and
petals sometimes pinkish-white sepals sparsely hirsute pedicels scarcely exD. nemorosa, var. lutea, of
ceeding or even shorter than the glabrous pods.
Fl. Colorado and Hayd. Eep. 1871.
Colorado and throughout Yellowstone
:
Park.
Var.
Lindb.
hebecarpa,
18
CRUCIFER^E.
(MUSTARD FAMILY.)
D. chrysantha, Watson.
8.
from a branch-
ing rootstock, which becomes covered with the persistent bases of dead leaves,
sparingly pubescent with simple hairs basal leaves narrowly oblanceolate,
:
Acad.
xvii. 364.
Arizona.
*-*
-W-
Pods
not glabrous.
D. montana, Watson.
Colorado.
10. D. aurea, Vahl.
More or less canescently stellate pubescent and usually
somewhat villous with branching hairs stems 3 to 18 inches high, solitary or
several from the same root, simple or branched leaves oblanceolate, petioled
:
into
America.
Var. stylosa, Gray.
Southwestern
Colorado.
D. Streptocarpa,
Gray.
span high, with simple or simply forked,
spreading hairs : radical leaves rosulate, spatulate-lanceolate,
attenuated into a large-margined petiole ; cauline very entire, sessile racemes
11.
In the mountains of Colorado to the very summit, the alpine forms being
much dwarfed.
12. D. ventosa, Gray.
throughout, the pubescence
Depressed and
leaves
ccspitose,
canescently tomentose
crowded on
stellate
valleys," Parry.
L.
BITTER CRESS.
top
CBUCIFEK^S.
19
(MUSTAED FAMILY.)
and cordate-reniform
Am.
From Wyoming
Proc.
style, ascending.
cisecta of
to California
and
Oregon.
Stem 3
C. hirsuta, L.
3.
to
From
ascending in line with the pedicels ; <*tyle very short or almost none.
Colorado to Alaska and eastward across the continent.
3.
PARRYA,
R. Br.
retuse
pods broadly
linear, erect,
slightly incurved,
4.
ARAB IS,
L.
Watson).
ROCK CRESS.
2-lobed.
Pod
Seeds
linear.
flat
at base.
* Biennials
1.
pods
erect or
A. perfoliata, Lam.
to
feet high, mostly glabrous but often hirsute toward the base : lower leaves spatulate, sinnate-pinnatijid or toothed ; the cauliiie entire, ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
:
petals little exceeding the sepals : pods erect and
narrowly linear; style short: seeds in two rows, narrowly
Across the continent and far northward.
winged or wingless.
2. A. hirsuta, Scop.
Rough-hairy, sometimes smoothish, 1 to 2 feet high :
:
petals
greenish-white, longer than the sepals: pedicels and pods strict!,// upright ; style
Colorado and northward, and eastscarcely any : seeds in one row, wingless.
ward across the continent.
A. Spathulata,
4 inches high
about twice the length of the sepals : pedicel about half the length of the pod,
which is rather short, diverging, pointed with a distinct slender style : seeds with
20
CRUCIFER^E.
a narrow margin.
(MUSTARD FAMILY.)
W. Nevada
to
and
Oregon.
4. A. lyrata, L.
Low, diffuse or spreading from the base, mostly glabrous,
except the lyrate-pinnatifid root-leaves; cauline leaves scattered, spatulate or
linear with a tapering base: petals much longer than the yellowish sepals: pods
From Colorado northward and
ascending or spreading: seeds marginless.
eastward.
usual.li/ erect
and
or ascending
deeper-colored.
5. A. Drummondii, Gray.
Scarcely glaucous, I to 2 feet high : stemleaves lanceolate or oblong-linear and sagittate, or the lowest spatulate petals
white or rose-color, fully twice the length of the sepals
pedicels and pods
:
the whole
Throughout
wing-margined.
Very
variable.
A. Lyalli, Watson.
more or
Colorado, Utah,
A. canescens,
high, tufted
seeds in
Wyoming
Nevada and
to
California.
style none.
STBEPTANTHUS,
Nutt.
CKUCIFER^E.
6.
21
(MUSTARD FAMILY.)
Watson.
C. hastatUS, Watson.
somewhat branched:
Glabrous, simple or
leaves petioled, very variable; radical ones lyrate or entire, the terminal
leaflet ovate, hastate, or truncate at base, the lateral leaflets very small ; cauline
ovate-oblong, entire, hastate, rounded or cuneate at base flowers in a loose
:
On
7.
THELYPODIUM,
Anthers
* Leaves
Endl.
linear, curved.
entire.
cauline lanceolate,
sessile,
1
:
:
petals rose-purple : pods erect, on
sepals turning purplish
spreading pedicels, very slender, teretish, apiculate with a very short style.
Bot. King's Exp. 25. Streptanthus linear ifolius, Gray. Wyoming, Colorado,
olate, sessile
and southward.
3.
T. sagittatum, Endl.
purplish
erect,
cauline sagittate
12
to
18 inches high:
and
clasping: sepals
pods somewhat torulose, acuminate with the
W. Wyoming, S. W. Montana, to Utah and
Nevada.
4.
T. Nuttallii, Watson.
Resembling the
last
erect,
5 feet high : radical leaves ovate : sepals and petals bright purple, rarely
whitish.
Bot. King's Exp. 26. Streptanthus sagittatus, Nutt.
Wyoming
and Montana to Oregon and California.
to
* * At
Stem 2 to 3 feet high leaves lanceolate, repanddentate or denticulate, all narrowed into a short petiole flowering racemes
short and dense pedicels divaricate petals scarcely exceeding the sepals
5.
T. Wrightii, Gray.
stipe.
22
CRUCIFER^E.
8.
(MUSTARD FAMILY.)
STANLEYA,
Nutt.
Sepals narrow, spreading, yellow. Petals with long connivent claws. FilaStout perennials with large flowers in elongated
racemes.
1. S.
pinnatifida, Nutt. Stems 2 to 3 feet high, decumbent at base:
lower leaves lyrate-pinnatijid ; upper leaves entire, lanceolate, narrowed at base
to a slender petiole :
pods somewhat torulose, twice longer than the stipe.
S. mtegrifolia, James. From Arizona and New Mexico to the head-waters of
the Missouri, eastward to Western Iowa, and westward to California.
Am.
viii.
Naturalist,
212.
slopes," Parry.
3. S Viridiflora, Nutt.
Stems 2 to 4 feet high, simple, erect, glabrous :
radical leaves obovate or lanceolate, entire or with a few runcinate teeth towards
the base ; cauliue lanceolate, clasping : sepals and
petals greenish-yellow pods
:
torulose.
ERYSIMUM,
L.
* Flowers small
E. cheiranthoides,
L.
'
2. E. asperum, DC.
Canescent with short oppressed hairs: stems solitary and simple, rarely branched above leaves oUanceolate or narrowly spatulate ; the cauline linear to linear-lanceolate, entire or sparingly
repand : petals
:
light yellow to
From Mexico
Var.
Arkansanum,
Gray.
Minutely roughish-hoary
leaves lanceolate,
somewhat toothed pods nearly erect on very short pedicels, exactly 4-sided.
On the plains and in the mountains of Colorado and eastward.
3. E. pumillim, Nutt.
Somewhat scabrous: stems 2 to 4 inches high:
:
: flowers
pale yellow pods flatly 4-sided, very long,
on very short pedicels.
E. asperum, var. pumilum, and Hesperis Pallasii
of Fl. Colorado. Alpine in Colorado, also in the foothills of Nevada.
:
erect,
4.
E. parviflorum, Nutt.
somewhat
Saskatchewan.
Canescent
E. asperum,
Nevada
to the
CRUCIFER^E.
B ABB ARE A,
10.
23
(MUSTARD FAMILY.)
WINTER
R. Br.
CRESS.
From Oregon
appressed.
eastward.
SISYMBBIUM,
11.
HEDGE MUSTARD.
L.
* Leaves pinnate
or bipinnate.
1.
common on
Very
vania.
S.
2.
incisum, Engelm.
Pubescence
short,
more or
less
glandular
steins
to 4 feet high
Watson
ward
to
* * Leaves
3.
S.
glaucum,
Nutt.
east-
entire or toothed.
Glaucous, about
foot
high:
radical leaves
small,
spatulate
4.
S.
virgatum,
Nutt.
and
stellate hairs
stem about a span high, virgately branched from the base : leaves lanceolatelinear, clasping ; lower ones denticulate or entire
flowers larger, pale purple :
On the Platte and its tributaries.
pods erect seeds in two rows.
:
5. S. linifolium, Nutt.
Glabrous and glaucous, 1 to l feet high: leaves
narrowly oblanceolate or linear : flowers light yellow : pods ascending on short
spreading pedicels, with short thick styles seeds in one row.
S.juncenm of
:
W. Wyoming and
BRASSICA
species
is
an
B. Sinapistrum, Boiss.
Known by
its
nstially
with a
large coarsely toothed terminal lobe, upper leaves often undivided, and the pods more than
a third occupied by the stout 2-edged beak.
Around settlements iu S. Montana and Idaho,
24
CKUCIFER^E.
SMELOWSKIA,
12.
Dwarf
(MUSTAKD FAMILY.)
alpine perennials,
distinguished
C.A.Meyer.
4-angled pods.
1. S.
calycina, C. A. Meyer. Densely white-tomentose to nearly glabrous, cespitose, the much-branched rootstock thickly covered with the sheathing bases of dead leaves leaves mostly radical and with long slender petioles,
:
pinnate or piniiatifid
NASTURTIUM,
13.
Growing
in
WATEK-CBESS.
R. Br.
so,
piunatifid or lyrate.
* Flowers
N. ObtUSUm,
1.
Nutt.
leaves pinnately parted or divided, often lyrate, decurrent; segments oblongroundish, obtusely toothed or repand : racemes elongated in fruit pods ovate
:
Lower
the
Var.
(?)
alpinum, Watson.
King's Exp.
2.
15.
N. palustre, DC.
lanceolate,
Dwarf:
pods mostly
Uinta Mountains.
:
Bot.
to 3 feet high:
leaves
lyrately-pinnatijid, petioled
a few
&
Meyer.
oblong.
N.
3.
CUrvisiliqua, Nutt. Smooth, usually erect, | to 1 foot high :
leaves narrowly oblong or oblanceolate, pinnalijid with oblong usually toothed lobes,
rarely only sinuate-toothed : pods rather slender on pedicels of about the
W. Wyo-
N. sinuatum,
4.
slightly roughened,
Nutt.
Stems
or subterranean
pods
linear,
leaves
From
curved, as also the slender pedicel.
sippi and westward to the Sierra Nevada.
smooth or
shoots
style,
becoming
Upper
Missis-
* * Flowers white. 1
N. trachycarpum,
5.
leaves
1
N.
lyrate-subpinnatifid
officinale,
R. Br.,
leaves
and sinuate
duced
in the streams
is
leaflets,
CRUCIFER^E.
25
(MUSTARD FAMILY.)
ascending on stout pedicels, soon recurved, shorter than the long subulate
Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 54.
S. W. Colorado on the San Juan, etc.,
style.
Brandegee.
V E S I C A III A,
14.
Low
BLADDER-POD.
Tourn.
1.
V. Fendleri,
Gray.
many-flowered
raceme densely
mostly entire
PL Fendl. 9. V. stenophylla, Gray, of
pod membranaceous.
Southern Colorado and southward.
Fl. Colorado, 6.
* * Pod hairy.
Stem simple or somewhat branched above
radical leaves spatulate, entire; cauline linear : pod olwate, globose, a little longer
than the style.
Colorado and Wyoming.
3. V. montana, Gray.
Stems spreading, leafy: radical leai'es subocate,
cauline spatulate: fruiting raceme elongated:
petioled, sometimes 1 or 2-toothed
pod oval or ellipsoidal, a little longer than the style and a little shorter than the
2.
V. Ludoviciana, DC.
>
flowers in short corymbose racemes, large for the size of the plant
pod
inflated beloic, compressed at the summit, shorter than the stt/le, densely clothed with
:
W. Wyoming and
stellate hairs.
15.
S.
W. Montana.
SUBULARIA,
L.
AWLWORT.
A dwarf stemless aquatic, smooth, with tufted subulate leaves, few minute
white flowers, and no style.
1. S.
aquatica, L. Scapes 1 to 3 inches high: leaves usually shorter
than the scapes
flowers scattered
Lake, Parry.
Maine.
16.
The
CAP SELL A,
Momch.
SHEPHERD'S PURSE.
Slender and mostly smooth annuals, with small white flowers and
simple or
2
pinnate leaves.
1.
C.
W. Wyoming, and
Camclina
margined pods
westward.
saiiva, Crantz., is
Known
2 C.
Jr
CRUCIFEE^E.
26
THLASPI,
17.
Pod
(MUSTARD FAMILY.)
PENNYCRESS.
L.
usually emargiriate.
Low
Low
LEPIDITJM,
L. intermedium, Gray.
1.
brous
PEPPERGRASS.
L.
or linear
New
2.
Mexico, Texas,
L.
etc.
montanum,
what woody
root,
3.
Stems
L. alyssoides, Gray.
style.
diffuse,
Plains from
New Mexico
leaves narrowly linear, mucrotndate, attenuate at base, very entire, lowest often
piuuately lobed
pods
ocate, shortly
from a somewhat woody base leaves linear, entire or sparingly lobed : racemes
rather short and few-flowered: pods rounded, abruptly cuneate at base, sliylitly
Bot. King's Exp. 30, with plate. S.
emarginate with short very obtuse teeth.
Colorado and through S. Utah to Nevada and California.
:
19.
Low and
globular
PHYSARIA,
Nutt.
cells of
by the
inflated, nearly
numerous round-oval
i L.
sativvm, L., has leaves variously divided and cut, with very
Introduced in Colorado, Utah, and elsewinged pods, and flowers sometimes rose-color.
where.
CAPPARIDACE^E.
BISCUTELLA,
20
27
(CAPER FAMILY.)
1
L.
throughout with a
fine,
reports.
S.
W.
ORDER
7.
CAPPARIDACEJE.
(CAPER FAMILY.)
than, folded.
* Stamens 8 to
1.
Polanisia.
2.
Cleome.
3.
Cleomella.
32.
POLANISIA,
1.
Raf.
Sepals sometimes united at base. Petals with claws and emarginate. Pod
Annual herbs, ill-scented and mostly
compressed or cylindrical, many-seeded.
glandular, with 3-foliolate petioled leaves, and flowers in leafy bracted racemes.
P. trachysperma,
1.
floral bracts
stamens 12
pitted
Ex p.
and
to 16,
exserted
&
Gray.
leaflets;
P. uniylandu/osa of the
often warty.
Colorado and
Torr.
mostly simple
Wyoming
and Texas.
sas
2.
P. graveolens, Raf.
leaflets
flowers small
calyx and filaments purplish: petals yellowish-white: stamens about 11, scarcely
exceeding the
2.
CLEOME,
L.
an
Raphanus
sativus, L.
is
28
VIOLACE^E.
Smooth
C. lutea, Hook.
1.
leaflets
(VIOLET FAMILY.)
or slightly pubescent, 1 to 2 feet high
flowers showy, bright yellow, corymbose,
stamens much exserted
pod equalling or
5, linear- to oblong-lanceolate
leaflets 3, lanceolate
eastward.
C. SonorSB, Gray.
3.
Glabrous:
leaflets 3, linear:
turgid,
PL
3.
CLEOMELLA,
the pedicel.
DC.
Like Cleome, but the pod few-seeded, small and ovoid-globose or rhomErect branching annuals, with yellow racemose flowers and 3-folio-
boidal.
late leaves.
C. angUStifolia, Torr.
many
earlier
2.
stipe, ovate
the
seeds
Mesa Verde,
S.
ORDER
Proc.
or 2, smooth.
W.
Colorado
Am. Acad.
also in
VIOLACEJE.
8.
xi. 72.
On
the borders of
Nevada.
(VIOLET FAMILY.)
Viola.
2.
lonidium.
Sepals atiricled.
Sepals not
Lower
auricled.
Lower
petal
1.
VIOLA,
L.
VIOLET.
Anthers often coherent, the connectives of the two lower bearing spurs
which project into the spur of the petal.
Mostly perennial herbs with alternate leaves, foliaceous persistent stipules, and 1-flowered axillary peduncles.
The
VIOLACE^E.
# Stemless,
1.
the leaves
and kidney-form,
beardless
Smooth:
pallistris, L.
"V".
29
(VIOLET FAMILY.)
slightly crenate
Jloivers
round heart-shaped
with purple streaks, nearly
lilac,
far northward
V. CUCUllata,
2.
white
V. delphinifolia,
3.
scaly
leaves all
linear lobes
pa I mate y
I.
Nutt.
or pedately 5 to 7 -parted
erect, not
From Colorado
this
From
Colorado northward
and eastward.
Gray. Leaves ovate, often somewhat cordate at base, obspur as long as the sepals, rather slender, hooked or curved.
Rocky Mountains and westward.
Var. longipes, Watson. Very similar, but the stout obtuse spur is nearly
Var.
adunca,
scurely crenate
Bot. Calif,
straight.
5.
i.
56.
V. Canadensis,
serrate
sti/mles entire
Same range
as the last.
L.
bearded
++
*-*
stigma beakless.
less
Colorado, Montana,
Wyoming,
often purple-veined.
Bot. Calif,
i.
56.
Hayd. Rep.
1872.
The species belongs to the Sierra Nevada and westward, while the
variety ranges eastward to the Wahsatch and Uintas.
30
POLYGALACE^E.
(MILKWORT FAMILY.)
From
V.
8.
Stem weak,
biflora, L.
Mow,
two-leaved above.
leaves rcniform,
very obtuse, crenate stipules ovate, very entire flowers very small, yellow
Colorado.
petals marked with brown lines spurs short.
:
2.
IONIDIUM,
Vent.
Petals very unequal, the two upper shorter, the lower one very large.
Stamens approximate, the anterior ones each furnished with a nectarifer-
solitary.
1.
serrulate
linear
From
stipules linear
ORDER
POLYOAL.ACE.!:.
9.
entire leaves
flowers small.
(MILKWORT FAMILY.)
and no
stipules,
remarkable
for the
POLYGALA,
1.
Sepals
5,
MILKWORT.
Tourn.
to each other
Stamens 6 or
crested or beaked.
8.
Ovary
2-celled:
P. verticillata, L.
1.
in fours,
sometimes in
fives; those
the plains.
P. alba,
2.
mit:
Nutt.
two ear-like
lobes
white
Somewhat
flowers deciduous,
Plains of the
P. acanthoclada, Gray.
Upper
Missouri.
CARYOPHYLLACE.E.
Low
31
(PINK FAMILY.)
no
1,
FKANKENIA*
L.
ing a crown.
5,
F. Jamesii,
1.
Torr.
base, 6 to 10 inches
high
ORDER
CARYOPIIYLLACEJG.
11.
(PINK FAMILY.)
Leaves opposite.
Styles 2 to 5, mostly distinct. Fruit a capsule opening by valves, or by
teeth at the summit.
Stipules none in our genera.
seeds reniform.
Tribe
1.
2.
Silene.
Tribe
Styles 4 or
5.
II.
spicuous or wanting.
3.
bifid.
Styles usually 5.
4.
Stellaria.
5.
Arenarla.
6.
ALSINE^
Sagina.
Capsule short, splitting to the base. Petals 2-deft or none. Styles mostly 3.
Differs from the last chiefly in the entire
petals, these rarely
wanting.
1.
SILENE,
L.
CATCIIPLT.
Capsule usually
Saponana, an introduced genus, has a terete calyx, petals not crowned, and two styles.
smooth annual, with ovate-lanceolate leaves, pale red flowers in corymbed cymes, and calyx enlarged and wing-angled in fruit.
Vaccaria vulgaris of Gray's
S. Vac.caria, L., is a
Manual
CARYOPHYLLACE.E.
32
# Annual: flowers
in
naked panicles
(PINK FAMILY.)
:
1. S. antirrhina,
Glabrous, with a part of each joint viscid, erect,
flowers iu a dichotomous panicle, on
leaves lanceolate or linear
slender
L.
long pedicels calyx becoming expanded by the enlarging ovary petals pink.
From S. Colorado to British America and eastward across the continent
:
also in California.
petals without a
-i-
-t
Peduncles 3-
S. multicaulis, Nutt.
3.
to
crown
many-flowered: stems
Minutely pubescent
erect.
stems
numerous, about
a foot
high, rigid
leaves linear-oblanceolate
the Pacific.
S.
4.
Douglasii, Hook.
3 feet
to
hiyli
Scouleri,
calyx somewhat dilating, the teeth broadthe broad bifid limb with
lanceolate, slightly ciliate
petals white or pinkish,
notched lobes and appendages; claws aurided, woolly-ciliate as well as the filaments.
New Mexico
to British America.
2.
Calyx more or
LYCHNIS,
* Stems
COCKLED
calyx-lobes
to oblanceolate leaves.
;
L.
membranous margin:
\-flowered: seeds with a loose
dwarf and
cespitose,
alpine.
1
below
Glandular-pubescent above, nearly glabrous
than the very narrow
emarginate blade not broader
The L.
rather broadly margined.
appendages very small: seeds
of
of the Fl. Colorado and other Western reports. Mountain peaks
L. montana, Watson.
or nearly
petals included
claw;
so, the.
attain
Colorado, and in the Uintas.
CARYOPHYLLACE^E.
L. Kingii, Watson.
2.
33
(PINK FAMILY.)
Pubescent throughout
and
# * Flowers
L.
3.
Drummondii,
rarely solitary
Watson.
seeds tuberculate.
Rather
blade narrow
-r
Colorado,
L. Parryi, Watson.
4.
appendages minute.
Siiene
Drummondii
leaves
flowers with the lateral pedicels mostly short petals long-exserted, purplish, the broad blade clejl to the middle and with a short narrow lobe on each
side appendages quadrate or ovate, crenate ; claw broadly auricled.
Proc. Am.
linear
Acad.
xii.
W. Wyoming,
N.
248.
CERASTIUM,
3.
Parry.
MOUSE-EAR CHICKWEED.
L.
Stamens 10. Capsule often incurved, thrice the length of the calyx.
Mostly pubescent or hirsute low herbs flowers white, in terminal leafy or
scariously bracted dichotomous cymes.
:
1.
C. nutans, Raf. Annual, viscid-pubescent, erect : leaves narrowly oblong
or linear-lanceolate, clasping, the lowest spatulate
cyme open, rather manyflowered : pedicels often nodding or reflexed in fruit : petals sli(/htly longer than the
:
sepals
capsule curved.
Mexico.
2.
C. alpinum, L. Silky-hirsute, decumbent, few-flowered : leaves ellipticalmore or less elongated: petals bifid, twice the length of the
ovate: peduncles
hairy sepals
Var.
Behringianum,
1872,
W. Wyoming.
3. C. arvense, L.
Perennial, downy with reflexed hairs, cespitose : leaves
linear to linear-lanceolate,
clasping cyme few-flowerr-d : pedicels erector nodding:
petals nearly twice longer than the sepals : capsule little exceeding the calyx, nearly
:
S TELL ARIA,
4.
L.
CHICKWEED.
Stamens 10 or fewer.
Low
oblong.
solitary or
Styles 3, or rarely 2, 4, or 5.
Capsule globose to
herbs, mostly diffuse leaves rarely subulate flowers white,
cymose
i-
1.
S.
Umbellata,
Turcz.
Petals none.
Glabrous
leaves
CARYOPHYLLACE^.
34
(PINK FAMILY.)
or oblong-lanceolate
elliptic
like few-rayed
59.
-i
S. longifblia, Mubl. Stem erect, weak, often with rough angles : leaves
linear, acutish at both ends, spreading : cymes naked and at length lateral, pedun2.
cled, many-flowered
&
Edwardsii,
Gray.
Var.
to British
continent.
S. longipes, Goldie.
3.
From Oregon
With
base
sepals acutish.
* * Bracts
leaves
at the
foliaceoiis.
t-
S. borealis, Bigelow.
4.
to
the last,
Erect or spreading
last,
smooth-edged, 1-nerved, and the delicate reticulated veins uniting into distinct
intramarginal nerves : seeds (under the lens) cotx-red with oblong-linear pectinate
Bot. Gazette, vii. 5. W. Colorado on the tributaries of the Gunnison River, Brandegee ; also in British Columbia.
tubercles.
i- -t-
S. crassifolia, Ehrhart.
6.
Stems diffuse or
erect,
flaccid
leaven rather
fleshy,
S.
7.
Somewhat
Torr.
Jamesii,
linear to ovate-lanceolate
viscfdly pubescent,
pedicels divaricate
rather stout
seeds smooth.
New
leaves
Mexico,
ARE NAB I A,
5.
Styles
L.
SANDWORT.
3.
The 3
1.
hilum
1.
late,
A. COHg8Sta,
appendaged
ARENARIA
at the
proper.
Nutt.
flowers in
to
3 dense subuinbellate
CAKYOPHYLLACE.E.
35
(PINK FAMILY.)
membranous
dilated
fascicles, with large
Var. subcongesta, Watson. Flowers less densely fascicled and someBot. Calif, i. 69. A. Fendleri, var. subcongesta, of Bot. King's
what cymose.
Exp. and Fl. Colorado. Colorado, S. Idaho, and westward.
More or less glandular2. A. capillaris, Poir., var. nardifolia, Regel.
in an open cyme ;
pubescent above : leaves linear-subulate, pungent : flowers few
Watson in Bot.
bracts smtilf, lanceolate : petals half longer than the sepals.
A. nardifolia, Ledeb., and A. formosa, Hook., in Bot. King's
Calif, i. 69.
From
39.
Exp.
California.
* # Petals
A. saxosa,
3.
midrib.
PI.
Wright,
Pubescent throughout,
cespitose
leaves linear-
and westward
tains,
S.
18.
Nutt.
crowded
subulate, pungent,
acuminate, pungent
ci/mose
ii.
A. pungens,
4.
Gray.
manyflowered, somewhat
sepals
Moun-
to California.
A. Franklinii,
5.
Am. With
Var.
last
A. Fendleri,
6.
more or
below,
less
the
W. Wyoming,
Gray.
Parry.
Stems numerous from a perennial caudex, glabrous
somewhat flattened, serrulate-scabrous, smooth except on the marcymes strict and few-flowered : sepals acuminate, with a broad scarious
leaves long,
gins
margin:
seeds papillose-scabrous.
southward.
leaves
short.
Nevada.
Branches of the cyme elongated, lax and widely spreadUte Pass, Colorado, Porter.
flowers numerous.
The 3 valves of the capsule entire: seeds not appendaged at the hifum. Ours
are all cespitose, not more than 3 inches in height, usually 1 to few-flowered, and
with petals commonly exceeding the sepals.
ALSINE.
2.
7.
A. verna,
nerved, erect
L.
cyme
Erect, pubescent
erect
or glabrous
little
leaves
linear-subulate,
Exp.
41.
With the
last.
Bot. King's
CARYOPHYLLACE^E.
36
(PINK FAMILY.)
Bibl. Index,
A. a/pina of the
94.
i.
Leaves
Fl. Colorado.
Colorado.
carinate,
obtuse,
serrulate-c/'liate,
obscurely
peduncles glandular-pubescent:
Watson,
oblong sepals.
A. arctica, var.
1.
A.
c.
1.
Hook.
Alsine stricta,
c.
A.
Colorado.
3.
Wahl.
Watson,
Parts of
A.
/?oss
stricta,
the flower
seed appendaged
ovary S-celled:
MCEHRINGIA.
A. lateriflora,
10.
L.
lent above
green
New
California; also in
6.
Mexico.
SA
GIN A,
PEARLWORT.
L.
Low green herbs, with subulate or filiform glabrous leaves, and small
terminal usually long-pedicelled flowers.
Stems decumbent, ascending: leaves
1. S. decumbens, Torr. & Gray.
somewhat secund, mucronate peduncles much longer than the leaves : petals as long
as the
stamens 5 to 10.
Including S. subulata, Torr. & Gray, of
:
sepals:
is
credited to
Wimmer.
Rocky Mountains
leaves
>JT
Mexico
3.
to Arctic America.
S. nivalis, Lindb.
leaves mucronate
peduncles
Cespitose, stems
short, strict
PORTULACACE^E.
ORDER
PORTULACACE^E.
12.
37
(PURSLANE FAMILY.)
(PURSLANE FAMILY.)
More
open only
* Sepals
1.
2,
Portulaca.
a
Stamens 7 to
20.
Capsule opening by
lid.
* * Sepals
2,
- Style 3-cleft
2.
Talinum. Stamens
3.
Calandrinia.
Talinum)
ovary
free.
10 to 30.
5.
Petals 5 or more.
shining.
4.
Claytonia.
Stamens
Petals
5.
5.
6.
Spraguea. Stamens 3.
Calyptridium. Stamen
5.
i- t- Style 2-cleft
1.
Petals
* * * Sepals 4 to
7.
Leuisia.
Stamens many.
1.
2.
8,
Stems branching,
distinct,
Style 3- to 8-cleft.
PORTULACA,
much
leafy.
imbricated.
Petals 8 to
16.
Scapes 1-flowered.
PURSLANE.
Tourn.
P. retusa, 1 Engelm.
1.
leaves
flat,
obovate to spatulate
sepals
S. W. Colorado and
:
seeds tuberculate.
southward.
2.
TALINUM,
Adans.
Distinguished from Calandrinia by the deciduous sepals, the style less deeply
the capsule 3-celled at base when young, and the seeds on a globular
3-cleft,
stalked placenta.
1. T. teretifolium, Pursh.
Leafy stems low, tuberous at the base:
leaves linear, cylindrical peduncle long and naked, bearing an open cyme of
In the mountains of Colorado and eastward.
pink flowers.
:
3.
CALANDRINIA,
HBK.
Low
succulent herbs, with radical leaves (in ours) and white to reddish
ephemeral flowers in bracteate racemes or panicles, or few upon short scapelike stems.
1
P. oleracea, L., is prostrate, not so green, with larger leaves, acute sepals,
more
finely tuberculate.
Common
Purslane or Pig-weed
and seeds
PORTULACACE.E.
38
(PURSLANE FAMILY.)
C. pygmsea, Gray.
leaves
Smooth, with a thick fusiform root
with broad scariously winged underground petioles scapes mostly
simple, an inch or two high, with a pair of small scarious bracts : sepals glandulardentate : petals red.
Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 623.
Talinum pygmceum, Gray.
1.
linear,
'
4.
CLAYTONIA,
SPRING-BEAUTY.
L.
H-
"jC
often connate.
C. perfoliata, Donn.
usually nearly sessile and loosely flowered, the short pedicels often secund.
From the Uintas and the Wahsatch to California, and thence northward to
Alaska.
2.
/V
C. COrdifolia, Watson.
radical leaves broadly cordate, acutish; cauline pair sessile, ovate, acute: racemes
few-flowered, with slender pedicels : petals thrice longer than the rounded sepals.
Am. Acad.
Proc.
xvii.
N.
365.
W. Montana
Oregon.
t-
3.
leafy.
slender, erect or
decum-
opposite, oblariceolate or
spatulate racemes few-flowered the flowers very variable in size, on slender
C. aquatica, Nutt. Abundant in Colorado and northpedicels petals white.
ward to the British boundary and westward. In the spray of the Lower Falls
bent,
,y^
- Stems
usually branching,
of the Yellowstone.
tuber.
C. Caroliniana, Michx.
and petals very obtuse, the latter pale rose-color with deeper
veins.
In the Rocky Mountains and eastward to the Atlantic.
Var. sessilifolia, Torr. Radical leaf narrow cauline sessile, lanceolate
to linear raceme nearly sessile and cymose, with a single scarious bract at
raceme
sepals
ward
to the Sierra
Hayden Reports.
Nevada.
King's Exp.,
Colorado and northward, and west-
( WATER-WORT
ELATINACE^E.
39
FAMILY.)
C. megarrhiza, Parry.
High
alpine,
growing
Mountains of Colorado
SPRAGUEA,
5.
Torr.
a scape-like peduncle.
1. S. umbellata, Torr.
root, 2 to 12
Wyoming
localities.
CALYPTRIDIITM,
Petals
Nutt.
somewhat coherent
at the apex.
Smooth
Bot.
few or none
California.
7.
LEWI SI A,
Pursh.
Sepals broadly ovate, unequal, persistent. Petals large and showy. Style
Low acaulescent fleshy perennials, cespitose,
parted nearly to the base.
with thick fusiform roots.
L. rediviva, Pursh.
Leaves densely clustered, linear-oblong, subscapes but little longer, jointed at the middle,
and with 5 to 7 subulate scarious bracts verticillate at the joint petals rosecolored or white.
Arizona, Utah, Wyoming, Montana (in the Bitter Root
1.
terete,
The
ORDER
Low
13.
name
life.
ELATINACEJE. (WATER-WORT
FAMILY.)
annuals, with
leaves, regular
specific
40
MALVACEAE.
(MALLOW FAMILY.)
capsular in
fruit.
1.
E L A T I N E,
WATER-WORT.
L.
Ovary globose.
xiii.
1.
361.
E. triandra, Schkuhr.
petals, stamens,
On the
sepals almost the seeds of the next, or more slender, less marked.
Platte River, in Nebraska or Colorado (Hall) ; also in Illinois.
2. E. Americana, Arn.
Leaves obovate, very obtuse : flowers with their
:
ORDER
14.
HYPERICACE2E.
JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY.)
(ST.
Herbs (in ours), with opposite entire leaves punctate with translucent
or dark-colored glandular dots, no stipules, and perfect flowers with 5
petals and numerous stamens, the fruit a many-seeded capsule.
Sepals
Petals convolute, glandular-punctate. Stamens very nu5, imbricate.
merous in 3 bundles.
1.
Styles
to 5.
H Y P E R I C U M,
L.
ST. JOHN'S-WORT.
In our species the capsule is 3-celled by the union of the placenta with the
and the flowers yellow with black dots.
I. H.
Scouleri, Hook. Stems erect from a running rootstock, simple
axis, septicidal,
or sparingly branched
cyme
styles elongated.
ORDER
15.
flowers in an open
MALVACEAE. (MALLOW
FAMILY.)
Mostly berbs, with mucilaginous juice, and alternate leaves with stipules; distinguished by the valvate calyx, convolute petals, their bases
or short claws united with each other and with the base of a column of
numerous monadelphous stamens, these with reuiform 1 -celled anthers.
Calyx 5-parted, often surrounded by an involucel. Petals 5. Pistils
a ring of ovaries around a projection of the receptacle. Leaves most
Peduncles axillary.
commonly palmately
ribbed.
and showy.
the top.
In
all
anther-bearing at
MALVACEAE.
* Styles stigmatio
1.
2.
down
4.
5.
carpels iudehiscent
Malvastrum.
Carpels beaked.
series, those of the outer series
* * Stigmas capitate
3.
41
(MALLOW FAMILY.)
Bractlets 1 to
Ovule
3.
Ovules
1 to 3.
Sphreralcea. Bractlets
Abutilon. Bractlets none.
Ovules 3 or
solitary, ascending.
2,
more
CALLIRRHOE,
1.
Nutt.
empty beak, separated within from the 1 -seeded cell by a narrow projection.
1.
C. involucrata, Gray. Hirsute: stem branching, procumbent leaves
:
C. alCBBOideS, Gray.
2.
most divided into linear segments flowers corymbose, rose-color or white : involucel none : carpels crested and strongly wrinkled on the back.
Valley of the
Platte, southward and eastward to Kentucky and Tennessee.
:
SIDALCEA,
2.
Gray.
:
pedicels
at first shorter, at length longer than the subulate bracts : flowers purple or white :
From Mexico to Colorado and Oregon.
carpels 7, pointless.
;
olate, entire
On
3.
MALVASTRUM,
FALSE MALLOW.
Gray.
M. COCCineum,
Gray.
Low and
hoary:
leaves
b-parted or pedate:
i
Malva, an introduced genus, has 3 distinct bractlets, obcordate petals, and carpels
rounded, beakless.
M. rotundifolia, L., has procumbent stems, round heart-shaped crenate obscurelylobed leaves on very long petioles, whitish petals twice the length of the sepals, and pu-
bescent carpels.
cultivated ground.
Commonly
42
LINAGES.
(FLAX FAMILY.)
M.
2.
Mlinroanum, Gray. Taller, grayish or hoary-pubescent : leaves
broadly ovate, usually cordate at base, 3 to 5-lobed or deeply cleft flowers scar:
let.
SPHJERALCEA,
4.
St. Hilaire.
toothed
flowers small.
S.
S. rivulariS, Torr.
5
cordate, deeply
to
7-lobed,
W. Wyoming,
ABUTILON,
5.
A. parvulum,
Gray.
Tourn.
INDIAN MALLOW.
leaves small,
Colorado
Greene),
and southward.
ORDER
16.
L,INACE^E.
(FLAX FAMILY.)
Herbs, with the regular and symmetrical hypogynous flowers 4 to 6merous throughout, strongly imbricated calyx and convolute
(5 in ours)
petals, the stamens monadelphous at the base, and the pod 8 to 10-seeded,
having twice as many cells as there are styles.
1.
LINUM,
L.
FLAX.
ovary globose.
cymose or pauicled
flowers.
* Petals
-*
blue.
L. perenne, L.
Branching above, leafy: leaves linear to linearlanceolate, acute flowers large, in few-flowered corymbs or scattered on the
leafy branches capsule exceeding the sepals, the prominent false partitions
Common on dry soils throughout our whole range, thence
long-ciliate.
northward and westward.
1.
2.
L. rigidum, Pursh.
pungently-acute, rigid,
leaves linear,
and
GERANIACE^E.
43
(GERANIUM FAMILY.)
forming an
Missouri River.
3.
L. Kingii, "Watson.
ORDER
styles distinct:
at base: leaves
Mountains of Utah.
ZYGOPHYL,L,ACE^.
17.
Stamens
Ovary 5
to 12-celled,
with
Trlbulus.
2.
Larrea.
disk.
TRIBULTJS,
1.
L.
Petals
mostly persistent.
Loosely branched and hairy prostrate herbs, with apparently axillary white or yellow flowers.
1. T. maximus, L.
Leaflets ovate-oblong, more or less oblique: sepals
tuberculate carpels.
Kallstroemia
very hairy, linear, acuminate fruit beaked by a stout style.
maxima, Torr. & Gray. Fremont County, Colorado (Brandegee), to S. California and Texas.
:
2.
LARREA,
Cav.
CREOSOTE-BUSH.
Sepals deciduous.
little
slender style.
ORDER
S.
18.
Colorado to
somewhat lacerate:
California and Texas.
OEBANIACE^E.
fruit
beaked by a
(GERANIUM FAMILY.)
stipules, either
44
GERANIACE^E.
(GERANIUM FAMILY.)
Tribe
Five glands of the receptacle alternate with the petals. Ovary deeply 5-lobed,
I.
the carpels separating elastically at maturity from the long-beaked and indurated central
axis from below upward the styles forming long tails which become revolute upwards
:
1.
2.
or spirally twisted.
GERANIE^E.
Geranium*
Erodium.
Tribe
No
II.
Fertile
Fertile
leaflets.
in fruit a
Juice sour.
OXALIDE^E.
3.
Oxalis.
Leaves in ours
3-foliolate.
GERANIUM,
1.
CRANESBILL.
L.
Annual or perennial herbs, with enlarged joints, palmately lobed and mostly
opposite leaves, scarious stipules, and 1 to 3-flowered peduncles.
* Annual
or biennial
Jiowers small.
or ascending, diffusely branched,
pubescent: leaves palmately 5 to 7-parted, the divisions cleft into oblonglinear lobes petals rose-color, equalling the awned sepals
carpels hairy.
1.
G. Carolinianum,
Decumbent
L.
much
Peduncles usually solitary, and, with the pediBot. King's Exp. 50. Colorado and southward.
elongated.
* * Perennial: Jiowers
2.
G. Fremontii,
out, with
Torr.
Rather
stout,
large.
more or
less
pubescent through-
Idaho.
Much
that
is
called
leaves less deeply cut, ultimate lobes or teeth o>;ate, somewhat obtuse.
Gray's Peak,
Colorado.
3.
G. Richardson!,
Fisch.
Mey.
with the pubescence usually fine and oppressed, or somewhat glandular and
spreading upon the pedicels leaves 5 to 7-cleft nearly to the base, the broad
:
lobes
more or
mountains from
4.
less
New Mexico
G. incisum,
alandular-pubescent
Nutt.
to British
In the
and
last,
but more
laciniatdy cut
villous
and
petals usually
deep purple.
5.
northward.
Includes
many
7-cleft,
called G. Fremontii.
2.
ERODIUM,
L'Her.
STOKKSBILL.
lucre
petals small.
KUTACE^E.
45
(RUE FAMILY.)
Hairy, much branched from the base leafwith narrow acute lobes peduncles exceeding the
pedicels at length reflexed, the fruit still
petals bright rose-color
E. Utah and throughout the whole region west of the Kocky Moun"
and "
Known as "
E. cieutarium, L'Her.
1.
leaves
erect.
tains.
Alfilaria,"
Pin-clover,"
OXALIS,
3.
Pin-grass."
WOOD-SORREL.
L.
petals violet
capsule few-seeded.
O. COrniculata,
2.
stocks
L.
Without
petals yellow
0.
stipules.
stricta,
from running
root-
capsule many-seeded.
L.
Colorado and
east-
continent.
ORDER
Shrubs or small
RUTACEJE.
19.
(RUE FAMILY.)
trees,
leaves, definite
4 or
5,
a hypogynous disk.
Ptelea.
or
2.
Leaves
mens
Sta-
8.
PTELEA,
1.
Flowers polygamous.
SHRUBBY TREFOIL.
L.
P. angUStifolia, Benth.
HOP-TREE.
;
narrow.
Stamens 4
5.
Thamnosma.
1.
Stipules none.
3-foliolate.
compound corymbs.
A shrub
becoming smooth
S.
2.
fruit
THAMNOSMA,
Ovary
the stipe
Torr.
stipitate, 2-celled
cells 5
or
1.
T. Texana, Torr.
purple.
Woody
inches high
flowers
KHAMNACE^E.
46
ORDER
(BUCKTHORN FAMILY.)
CELASTRACE^E.
20.
(STAFF-TREE FAMILY.)
1.
PACHYSTIMA,
lobes.
Kaf.
Petals
4.
Ovary
free,
Seeds
to 2-seeded.
at base:
fruit
smooth.
to California.
The
known
New Mexico
to
British
ORDER
21.
RHARINACE^E.
(BUCKTHORN FAMILY.)
Shrubs or small trees, with simple undivided leaves, small arid often
caducous stipules, and small regular flowers.
Sepals valvate in the
bud a conspicuous disk lining the short tube of the calyx. Petals
;
1.
is
Ilhamims.
alternate.
Calyx and disk free from the ovary calyx-lobes erect or spreading.
Filaments very short. Fruit berry-like, with 2
;
Ceanothus.
Calyx and disk adnate to the base of the ovary calyx-lobes connivent.
Fruit diy, with 3 dehiscent
Filaments exserted.
;
1.
RHAMNUS,
BUCKTHORN.
L.
Seeds and
1.
-
R. alnifolia,
L'Her.
flowers mostly
proper.
W. Wyoming,
RHAMNUS
KHAMNACE^E.
Seeds and
2.
nutlets
R. Caroliniana,
Walter.
deciduous
FRANGULA.
cymes.
2.
47
(BUCKTHORN FAMILY.)
evergreen
'
R. Purshiana, DC.
4.
Sometimes 20
feet
high
leaves
2.
elliptic, denticulate,
CEANOTHUS,
NEW
L.
JERSEY TEA.
cent,
flowers.
x. 333.
Ours
all
large,
glandular-serrate.
1.
shrub 2 to 3 feet high, usu'ally glabrous
C. velutinus, Dougl.
leaves thick, broadly ovate or elliptical, resinous and shining above, sometimes
Colorado,
velvety beneath : flowers in a loose thyrse
peduncles usually short.
:
common than
the type
boundary.
2.
C. ovatus, Desf.
nearly glabrous
thyrse umbel-like?
the pedicels elongated and closely approximated.
Includes C. ocalis, Bigel.
elliptical-lanceolate,
glandular-serrulate,
its tributaries.
spinose, grayish
leaves
small, entire.
4.
shrub one or two feet high, widely and intrileaves oval or elliptic, silky-canescent beneath, smoothish
flowers in clusters, dense, sessile, glabrous.
Colorado and
C. Fendleri, Gray.
cately branched
/L
48
SAPINDACE^E.
ORDER
(SOAPBERRY FAMILY.)
VITACEJE.
22.
(VINE FAMILY.)
pound
polygamous or
dioecious.
Vitis. Calyx filled with an adnate fleshy disk which bears the petals and stamens.
Leaves simple.
2.
Ampelopsis.
Disk none.
1.
VITIS,
Tourn.
Stamens
distinct.
GRAPE.
Ovary
2-celled,
with a pair
cell.
seeds
berries mostly with bloom
panicles small, rather simple
pointed
V. cordiobtuse or somewhat obcordate and with an inconspicuous rhaphe.
Colorado ; common in the Atlantic States.
folia, var. riparia, Gray.
2.
AMPELOPSIS,
Michx.
VIRGINIA CREEPER.
Calyx slightly 5-toothed. Petals concave, thick, expanding before the fall.
Leaves with 5 oblong-lanceolate sparingly serrate leaflets. Tendrils fixing
themselves to trunks or walls by dilated sucker-like disks at their tips.
1. A. quinquefolia, Michx.
woody vine in low rich grounds, climb-
tendrils
ing extensively, sometimes by rootlets as well as by its disk-bearing
Colorado (Meehan), and throughout the Atberries small and blackish.
Leaves turning bright crimson in
lantic and Mississippi Valley States.
:
autumn.
ORDER
Ours are
23.
SAPINDACEJE.
all trees of
the
(SOAPBERRY FAMILY.)
1.
Acer.
2.
Neguudo.
ANACARDIACE.E.
1.
ACER,
MAPLE.
Tourn.
Petals as
5-lobed.
many
or none.
usually
8,
A. grandidentatum,
49
(CASHEW FAMILY.)
Stamens 3 to
12,
Fruit divaricately
Flowers in umbel-
Nutt.
deeply 3-lobed, with broad round sinuses lobes rather acute, coarsely sinuatedentate : the umbel-like corymb nearly sessile, few-flowered, the pedicels long
;
Utah and northward along the western slopes of the mounRarely attains a foot in diameter and 30 to 40 feet in height.
A. glabrum, Torr. Shrub 6 to 10 feet high : leaves subreniform, orbicu-
and nodding.
tains.
2.
and
acutely incised
like
toothed,
corymb pedunculate:
to
somewhat
3-lobed,
sepals about
Wyoming and
8.
westward.
the mountains.
WE GUN DO,
2.
BOX-ELDER.
Mcench.
Fruit as in Acer.
Sterile flowers
on clustered
fruit
ORDER
24.
ANACARDIACE^.
(CASHEW FAMILY.)
many
or twice as
many
as the petals.
The free ovary 1-celled and
Fruit a dry drupe.
RHTJS,
* Leaflets
1.
glabra, L.
11 to 31
L.
SUMACH.^
5.
Shrub 2
continent.
Not poisonous.
* *
R. Toxicodendron,
Leaflets 3.
ate, or cut-lobed
L.
and
flowers in loose
fruit globular,
Colorado, Utah,
Wyo-
50
LEGUMINOS.E.
(PULSE FAMILY.)
R.
viscid.
trilobata,
Common
Nutt.
ORDER
UEGUJJIINOS^E.
25.
(PULSE FAMILY.)
Plants with irregular or sometimes regular flowers, mostly 10 monadelphous or diadelphous stamens, and a single simple free pistil
Leaves alternate, with stipules, usually
becoming a legume in fruit.
compound.
SUBORDER
Flower
PAPILIONACE.E.
I.
Calyx mostly
irregular.
Corolla of 5
5-cleft or 5-toothed.
(rarely
pistil.
* Stamens distinct.
- Leaves
digitately 3-foliolate.
Tliermopsis.
Sopliora.
1.
Pod
Leaves
coriaceous.
9.
Pod
Amorplia.
small, 1 to 2-seeded.
Petal one.
base.
3.
Lupinus.
Calyx 2-lipped.
1).
more than 3
leaves digitate, of
Pod
falcate.
large,
straight.
H-
4.
w-
Trifolium.
7),
=
5.
leaflets entire
no
tendril.
= = Flowers in spikes,
6.
Hosackia.
a.
Anthers reniforni.
Leaflets 3 (rarely 5 to
++
*-
Herbage glandular-dotted
Pod
linear, several-seeded.
Psoralea.
Pod
one-
ovuled, one-seeded.
1
free
Medicago
is
in axillary
See foot-note,
p. 54.
LEGUMINOS^E.
Dalea.
7.
heads.
51
(PULSE FAMILY.)
leaves
its
Pod
summit.
to
2-seeded.
9.
Amorpha.
Wings and
keel of the corolla wanting. Stamens monadelphous only at base, otherwise distinct.
Pod 1 to 2-ovuled, 1 to 2-seeded.
6.
Shrubs or shrubby
10.
Peteria.
11.
Robinia.
leaves pinnate
diadelphous.
Racemes terminal or opposite the leaves.
pod
flat,
2-valved: stamens
i
Leaflets
not stipellate.
c.
Pod
thin,
Leaflets stipellate.
Herbage glandular or glutinous and more or less punctate leaves unequally pinnate
stamens diadelphous anthers confidently one-celled.
:
12.
Glycyrrhiza.
Pod
celled.
d.
stamens diadelphous
anthers 2-celled
pinnate.
13. Astragalus.
Pods mostly bladdery or turgid, or more or less 2-celled
the dorsal suture. Keel not tipped with a point or sharp appendage.
14.
H-
15.
Oxytropis.
-H-
-H-
leaves
by intrusion of
otherwise as in Astragalus.
Hedysarum.
Stamens diadelphous
(5
and
1).
16.
17.
Lathyrus.
w-
-H-
-H.
-H-
the apex.
SUBORDER
Flower more or
II.
CJESALPINI^E.
less irregular.
PeHgynous
base of the calyx. Petals imbricated in the bud, the one corresponding
to the standard within the lateral ones. Stamens 10 or fewer, distinct.
is
all
papilionaceous.
Leaves simply and abruptly pinnate. Anthers either 10 and unequal, or some
of the upper ones imperfect, abortive, or wanting.
18.
Cassia.
19.
Hoifmanseggia. Leaves
glands.
Stamens
10,
the leaves.
SUBORDER
III.
MIUIOSE,*:.
Schrankia.
rough projections,
prickles or
52
LEGUMINOS.E.
(PULSE FAMILY.)
THERMOPSIS,
1.
cleft to
Calyx campanulate,
wings, the sides reflexed
R. Br.
the middle.
much
linear to oblong-linear,
1. T. rhombifolia, Richardson.
Stems angular, nearly smooth stipules
as long as the petioles; leaflets obovate-cuneiform, silky-puberulent, at length
nearly glabrous bracts oval: pod alcate, recurved or pendulous, glabrous, 10
:
to 14-seeded.
ward
&
Torr.
to the borders of
SOPHORA,
2.
Calyx-tube campanulate
teeth short.
L.
standard broad.
racemes.
1. S. sericea, Nutt.
Low. 6 to 12 inches high, more or less silky-canescent: leaflets about 21, elliptic or cuneate-oval racemes short, at first scarce
exserted beyond the leaves calyx gibbous at base.
High plains of Colorado
and northward along the plains of the Platte and the Missouri.
:
LUPINUS,
3.
Wings
L.
LUPINE.
Pod
Stigma bearded.
2-valved,
Generally herbaceous
stipules adnate to the
compressed, coriaceous.
Flowers in terminal racemes, verticillate, or scattered, bracteate.
petioles.
;
1.
LUPINUS proper.
Ovules several: cotyledons petioled in germination.
Ours are all herbaceous perennials, with oblong pods.
# Dwarf and
1.
cespitose
&
Gray, Fl.
ward
2
i.
379.
raceme
sessile,
elliptical.
to 4-seeded.
oblanceolate
Torr.
bracts setaceous, deciduous
petals pale blue.
From the mountains of W. Colorado and Utah north-
L. aridus, Dougl.
pods 3
to the head-waters of
leaflets oblanceolate
to
L. CCCSpitOSUS, Nutt.
leaflets
obovate or
bracts linear
petals
LEGUMINOS^E.
purple
the
and
ritory
N.
W. Wyoming
to
Washington Ter-
California.
L. Lyallii, Gray.
4.
From
standard orbicular.
53
(PULSE FAMILY.)
muck exceeding the leaves ; bracts short petals purple the standard elliptical.
Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 334. Bitter Root Mountains, and in the Cascades of
:
Washington Territory.
* # Stems
<-
Flowers large
talfer, erect
L. Burkei, Watson.
5.
or ascending,
appressed:
and racemes
elongated.
above or nearly so
and
ovules 5 to 8.
leaflets
raceme usually short and dense ; bracts villous flowers purple or sometimes
white calyx with spreading pubescence : keel nearly semicircular : pod 8-seeded.
:
Am. Acad. viii. 525. L. poly/rftylltts, of Bot. King's Exp. and Hayd.
Head-waters of Yellowstone and Snake Rivers, to
Rep. 1871 and 1872.
N. Nevada.
6. L. Sitgreavesii, Watson.
Puberulent and somewhat silky villous with
Proc.
L.
xvii. 369.
Lower
w-
ornattts,
Common
Hayden Reports.
-t-
Flowers smaller
(3 to 5 lines long)
ovules 2 to 6.
racemes
densely
-M-
mostly short
9.
L. parviflorus,
Nutt.
Stems 2 or 3
feet high
glabrous above,
Mountains of Central
standard naked.
L. laxiflorus, Dougl.
Stems
to 2 feet high
leaflets
6 to 8, nar-
rowly oblanceolate, silky on both sid<-s, at least half as long as the pttioles
narrowed and saccate at base: standard somewhat pubescent.
Wahsatch
tains,
11.
westward
to N. California
L. argenteus, Pursh.
feet high
calyx
Moun-
to 2
LEGUMINOS^E.
54
(PULSE FAMILY.)
L. laxiflorus, var.
of
tene/ius,
From
nearly
:
flowers larger
equally so on both sides, longer than the petioles
Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 532. S. Colorado and
spurred.
New
calyx decidedly
Mexico.
2.
ovate.
pod
PLATYCARPOS, Watson.
as the petioles racemes spicate, nearly sessile, 2 or 3 inches long : petals purple
From the Upper Missouri to the Columbia
or rose-color pod very hirsute.
:
villous
with soft white hairs : racemes very short, few-flowered, on long slender peduncles :
Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 534. L. Sderi, Watson. Utah,
pods and seeds smaller.
TBIFOLIUM,
4.
L.
CLOVER.
leaves, stipules
Leaflets 5 to 7
sessile
calyx-teeth filiform,
1.
T.
megacephalum, Nutt.
Stout,
somewhat
villous
leaflets cuneate-
oblong to obovate, obtuse, toothed flowers very large (1 inch long), purplish,
in spicate heads calyx half as long, the teeth very much longer than the tube
Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 315. Head-waters of the Mispod stipitate, smooth.
:
souri, to
* *
Leaflets 3
California.
flowers
sessile
or nearly so
perennial or biennial.
- Caulescent,
2.
2
often tall: calyx-teeth very narrow, shorter than the corolla.
T. eriocephalum, Nutt.
leaflets
the stem
1
Medicago sativa, L., has leaves pinnately 3-foliolate, the leaflets obovate-oblong, and
Known as " Lucerne," and introduced into Wyoming, Utah, and westward.
purple flowers.
2 T.
and may be known by
pratense, L., the common Red Clover, is becoming introduced
its oval or obovate leaflets often notched at the end and marked above with a pale spot, broad
bristle-pointed stipules, ovate sessile heads of rose-purple flowers, and scarcely hairy calyx.
T. repens, L., the White Clover, is also introduced, and may be known by its creeping
stems, axillary peduncles, inversely heart-shaped or merely notched leaflets, narrow stipand peduncles, the short pedicels reflexed when old, and the white
LEGUMINOS^.
serrulate
55
(PULSE FAMILY.)
Fl.
313.
i.
S.
W.
T. longipes, Nutt.
3.
leaflets
last,
not
the
leaflets
and
heads
narrowly oblong to linear, serrulate
reflexed: flowers ochroleucous or tinged with
:
Var.
latifolium, Hooker.
Often low
With
the species.
4.
tkrottahout
broader
leaflets
leaflets
flowers
oblong to oblanceolate,
corolla.
From Montana
<-
nanum,
T.
5.
<-
Glabrous
Dwarf,
flowers large
to 1-ovuled.
serrulate,
strongly veined
Utah.
T. Brandegei, Watson.
6.
peduncles
flowers spicate in a loose naked head, purplish calyxteeth lanceolate, acuminate, a little longer than the tube : ovary stipitate, 1-ovuled.
about equalling the leaves
Am. Acad,
Proc.
w-
Pubescent
xi. 130.
W.
S.
Colorado and N.
exserted
T.
7.
rate
gymnocarpon,
on short pedicels
Bot. King's Exp.
# # #
Leaflets 3
Nutt.
Low
or
Mexico.
2-ovuled, at length
the calyx.
i.
320.
dwarf perennials,
lucre parted,
8.
villous,
involucre, axillary
t-
from
W. New
T. Pairyi, Gray.
somewhat scarious.
sharply dentate : bracts 5 to 7, oblong, obtuse : flowers 20 or more in a head calyxteeth broadly subulate, equalling the tube: corolla rose-purple.
Am. Jour.
Mountains of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming.
Sci. u. xxxiii. 409.
:
10.
T. andinum, Nutt.
veined
leaflets
rigid, cuneate-
56
LEGUMINOSJ3.
(PULSE FAMILY.)
one-ovukd.
60,
ovary
W. Wyoming and
N. E.
8.
t.
Utah.
- -- Slender
annuals, glabrous :
lobes
of
and
sharply
toothed.
11.
I
New Mexico
T.
leaflets
mostly
to the Pacific.
stems ascending or decumbent: leaflets obovate or oblanceolate or sometimes linear, usually obtuse or
refuse, serrulate : heads rather few-flowered : involucre small : flowers little ex12.
pauciflomm,
Nutt.
Very slender
ceeding the calyx, deep purple or light rose-colored calyx-teeth rigid, setosely
T. variegatum, Nutt., in Bot. King's Exp. and Hayd.
acuminate: ovules two,
Rep. 1872. From Washington Terr, and Montana to S. California and Utah.
:
5.
HOSACKIA,
Douglas.
Calyx-teeth nearly equal, usually shorter than the tube. Petals free from
the stamens, nearly equal keel somewhat incurved. Pod sessile, partitioned
between the seeds.
Herbaceous: leaves (in ours) 1 to 5-foliolate; stipules
;
H. Wrightii,
1.
leafy
leaflets 3 to 5,
Watson
in Bot. King's
Exp. 432.
Gray.
to 2-flowered
calyx-
falcately-attenuate,
1,
or sometimes
to
6.
Carolina.
PSOEALEA,
L.
Two upper calyx-lobes often connate. Keel united with the wings. StaPerennial
mens mostly diadelphous. Pod sessile, thick and often wrinkled.
herbs
petiole
leaves (in ours) digitate, the leaflets entire; stipules not adnate to the
flowers white or purplish.
* Flowers
in panicled racemes.
Slender,
1.
leaflets
into Illinois.
LEGUMINOS^J.
* * Flowers
in interrupted spikes
57
(PULSE FAMILY.)
:
elongated.
2.
P. argophylla, Pursh.
Silvery
all
silky-white
over,
divergently
branched
From
Colorado.
3.
Like the
P. campestriS, Nutt.
last
but much
and
less hirsute
:
stipules linear
silvery,
leaflets
bracts 3-flowered,
broadly ovate.
P. digitata, Nutt.
reflexed
leaflets cuneate-oblong
Root tuberous.
*5.
P. esculenta, Pursh.
vate or lanceolate-oblong
bracts lanceolate.
Roughish-hairy
all over
High
plains
stem stout
leaflets obo-
to Louisiana
and
and
Texas.
leaflets linear-lanceolate
P. lanceolata, Pursh.
linear-lanceolate
ling the leaves
leaflets linear to
stipules
its
*-
-i-
7.
ovary very
silky
to the
:
From
S. E.
7.
Calyx
claw
(in ours)
free.
entire,
Pod
sometimes
deeply
cleft,
10
to
L.
Standard cordate,
its
Leaflets small,
stipellate.
* Glabrous : flowers
1.
DALEA,
D. alopecuroides,
20 pairs, linear-oblong
not yellow
Willd.
leaflets
to
Erect annual,
20 pairs, dotted.
to 2 feet high
leaflets
LEGUMINOS^E.
58
(PULSE FAMILY.)
:
calyx very villous, with long slender
Arizona and eastward to the Mississippi from
From Colorado
teeth.
Texas
2.
to S.
to Illinois.
D. laxiflora,
spreading
Pursh.
leaflets
to
5 pairs, linear-oblong
From Colorado
and Texas.
3. D. formosa, Torr.
leaflets very small,
Suffruticose, much branched
about 5 pairs, cuneate-oblong, retuse, dotted with black glands beneath : spikes loose,
few-flowered, on short peduncles flowers large and showy, bright purple : bracts
On the Platte (James), and southward.
ovate, silky-villous on the margin.
:
t-
4.
high,
D. Jamesii,
very obtuse
villous.
S.
M5.
Torr.
somewhat woody
&
in
No.
7).
Gray.
at base
-t-
D. aurea,
Nutt.
and
Stem pubescent,
to
erect,
more or
G pairs of leaflets.
2 feet high
leaflets
less silky-pubescent
to
spikes ovate,
very compact, on long peduncles bracts rhombic-ovate, as long as the calyx.
On the plains from the Missouri River to Texas.
6. D. rilbescens, Watson.
Like the last but more slender, the leaves tri-
pairs, oblong-obovate
linear-oblong,
:
foliolate,
Am.
Acad.
xvii. 369.
D. lanata,
stems
Spreng.
to 3 feet long
Proc.
becoming purplish.
Gray. S. E. Colorado,
elutior,
leaflets
PETALOSTEMON,
Similar to the
last,
Michx.
PRAIRIE CLOVER.
* Smooth
1.
or nearly so
leaflets 5
P. violaceUS, Michx.
ovate, or oblong-cylindrical
hoan/ calyx
linear: spikes globosebracts pointed, not longer than the si/kyPrairies from the Saskatchewan to Texas,
Leaflets 5, narroivly
when
corolla rose-purple.
to
old
to Indiana.
:
bracts as long as the flower :
spikes cylindrical, elongated
From Colorado to Oregon.
calyx silky-villous : corolla nearly white.
dotted beneath
LEGUMINOS^E.
* * Soft downy or
4.
59
(PULSE FAMILY.)
13
leaflets
17
to
spikes cylindrical.
P. villosus, Nutt.
short-peduncled
sippi to N. Wisconsin.
:
AMORPHA,
9.
Standard
L.
FALSE INDIGO.
The
LEAD PLANT.
* Pods 1-seeded :
1.
A. canescens,
leaflets 15 to
America
to
25 pairs,
crowded.
leaflets small,
to
8 feet high:
From
British
A. microphylla,
what
Pursh.
ovate-elliptical, rigid:
* * Pods 2-seeded :
A. fruticosa,
leaflets scattered.
L.
PETE HI A,
10.
Gray.
P. scoparia, Gray.
Wright,
i.
50.
W.
S.
11.
Calyx slightly
ROB INI A,
LOCUST.
L.
2-lipped.
Trees
or shrubs, often with prickly spines for stipules flowers showy, in hanging
axillary racemes. Base of the leaf-stalks covering the buds of the next year.
1.
R. Neo-Mexicana, Gray. Shrub 4 to 6 feet high stipular prickles
:
leaflets elliptical
or oblong
ward.
12.
GLYCYRRHIZA,
L.
LIQUORICE.
Flowers nearly as in Astragalus. Ovary sessile style short and rigid. Pod
Erect perennial herbs
flowers in dense
compressed, and often curved.
axillary pedunculate spikes, with caducous bracts root large and sweet.
:
G. lepidota,
Pursh.
:
Somewhat
LEGUMINOS^E.
60
ASTRAGALUS,
13.
at base
racemes
RATTLE-WEED.
Tourn.
Corolla and
woody
(PULSE FAMILY.)
its
SERIES
I.
Pod
GALUS, L.
Artificial
Key.
Nos.
...
Conspicuously
Notsulcate
1.
1, 2, 3
27
4
nearly glabrous
Deeply sulcate.
14, 15, 16
24
Short-stipitate,
22
Notsulcate
Sulcate,
25
Incurved, mottled
Straight,
Completely 2-celled
11, 13
Incompletely 2-celled
23, 26
Sessile.
3.
Completely 2-celled,
Glabrous
Pubescent or hoary
5,
8, 9, 10,
12
Villous or woolly
Incompletely 2-celled.
Stems a span or more high
Stems not rising so high, or none at
Pod straight or
Pod curved
18,
19
17,
28
32
all.
nearly so
Systematic Synopsis.
1.
Pod plum-shaped,
nearly free
racemes
and fleshy,
stipules distinct,
short, spike-like.
A. caryocarpus,
2.
A. MexicanilS, A.DC.
colored or white:
scarcely pointed.
Taller, greener, less pubescent : flowers lightercalyx softly white-villous or tomentose: pod ovate-globose,
From Colorado to Missouri and S. Texas.
# * Ovary
3.
hoary-hirsute
plish above :
Colorado to
glabrate.
A. Plattensis,
Nutt.
Nebraska and
Loosely villous
Illinois,
and southward
to
LEGUMINOS^E.
Pod
2.
%-celled
seeded.
A. diphysus,
4.
61
(PULSE FAMILY.)
flowers spicate.
Gray.
leaflets 6 to 11
obovate or oblong
pairs,
curved-acuminate,
westAvard in the Great Basin.
Pod
3.
dense
flowers
W.
spikes
violet.
A. mollissimUS,
5.
subdidymous
brous,
yellow pubescence
Pod
Torr.
Texas.
6.
woolly, but
slightly sulcate.
Pod coriaceous, turgid, oblong, terete, scarcely sulcate and only on the back,
Tall, with oppressed gray punearly straight, sessile, completely 2-celled.
bescence or glabrate : spikes dense : flowers whitish, ochroleucous or purplish :
stipules distinct or united, free.
4.
A. Canadensis,
7.
L.
Leaflets 10
to
tuse
5.
Pod
less
more or
9.
less sheathing.
A. adsurgens,
drical
flowers purplish
Pall.
pod
sessile.
A. terminalis, Watson.
raceme an
A. hypoglottis,
L.
Slender
From
S.
pod
silky-vil-
Watson
in
Am.
Naturalist,
LEGUMINOS^E.
62
Pod
6.
coriaceous,
obovoid,
(PULSE FAMILY.)
short-stipitate,
straight,
A. Brandegei,
13.
Low,
Porter.
Fl. Colorado,
peduncles, loosely few-flowered pod hairy.
Arkansas near Canon City, Colorado, Brandegee.
:
24.
Banks
of the
7.
Stems erect,
or beyond.
racemes, rather large.
stout, sulcate,
very leafy
A. Drummondii,
14.
2-lobed.
15.
at.
tral
A. r aceniOSUS,
1 6.
Pursh.
somewhat equally
Pod
8.
From
triradiate.
coriaceous, obcompressed,
sessile,
ivith the
hoary pubescence
A. flavus,
17.
W. Wyoming,
Pod
9.
to
ventral suture
rigid,
Low
or prostrate, with
a fine
Nutt.
:
leaflets linear
straight.
thick
and prominent.
flowers purple
18.
always wholly
lea/lets 5 to
one-celled, the
Subcinereous
to whitish.
A. gracilis,
Nutt.
Stems virgate:
leaflets
19.
A. microlobus,
oblong-linear
purple
flattened
203.
Stems diffuse:
Gray.
leaflets
shorter, linear or
flowers deep
From
the
Rocky Mountains
to Missouri
and Nebraska.
Pod
10.
Pod
few
LEGUMINOS^E.
Pod
+-
63
(PULSE FAMILY.)
violet.
20.
A. aboriginum,
Hoar //-pubescent
Rich.
or subvillous
stems numer-
pod semi-elliptic.
Mountains of Colorado, northward throughout W. British America.
ous, rigid
21.
A. glabriusculus, Gray.
scattered hairs
<-
Pod
-H-
pod
Proc.
lanceolate-subfal-
Am. Acad.
vi.
204.
cent hairs
A. Robbinsii,
22.
Pod
* #
- Pod
tJie
ventral suture
less triangu-
the
little
more
gibbous.
A. oroboides, Hornem.,
puberulent
steins
to
feet
Pod
-t
triangular,
cross-section
A. alpinus,
24.
oval or oblong
all
-pubescent
ward
to Arctic
America;
A. sparsiflorus,
25.
pod
also in
Colorado,
Wyoming, and
north-
Gray.
to
Colorado.
Closely resembling the last, but villous or canescent, lower, and with yellowpod semi-ovate or oblong, turgid, coriaceous, subtriangular, with
ish flowers:
and more
26.
A. lotiflorus, Hook.
Heads few-flowered:
the calyx: the cross-section of the pod obovate, retuse, or usually broadly obFrom Colorado and Wyoming to Texas, Nebraska,
cordate toward the base.
Pod
sessile,
LEGUMINOS^E.
64
# Annual
(PULSE FAMILY.)
or biennial,
mem-
inflated,
branous, incurved.
A. pubentissinms, Torr. & Gray. Dwarf, hirsute-canescent leafoblong or obovate flowers few: pod villous, ovate-lunate, strongly incurved.
Colorado and W. Wyoming.
27.
lets
* * Perennial, short-stemmed or
flowers rather large : pod
thick-coriaceous,
versely rugulose.
A. Missouriensis,
28.
few-flowered
Nutt.
A. Short! anus,
29.
a very
thick,
ovate-lanceolate
puberulent,
30.
southward into
also
A. Parryi,
Gray.
to
New
Stems
lanceolate-linear.
From
westward
appressed pubescence
closely
arcuate,
Nutt.
blackish, elliptic.
Includes A.
Mexico.
flowers loosely subcapitate, whitish or yellowish, the keel tinged with purple
pod arched or
and rugulose,
Am.
Jour. Sci. n.
xxxiii. 410.
31.
appressed hairy pubescence, or usually nearly glabrous with scattered hairs upon the petioles and
margins of the leaves: stems decumbent: leaflets obovate or orbicular: spikes
short.,
dense
pod
irregularly folded.
32.
A. glareoSUS,
hairs: flowers 3 to 6:
pod
SERIES
Pod
II.
Wyoming and
Dougl.
S. Idaho.
A.
and
more
PHACA, L.
leaflets, or simple.
Key.
rigid, persistent
No. 61
Pod
inflated,
Stipitate,
36
Mottled
Not mottled.
Stipe very short
Stipe equalling or exceeding the calyx
37
38, 39
Sessile.
Annual; pod 7 to 12
Perennial
Pod coriaceous
pod
lines long
2 to 4 lines long
34,35
40, 41, 42,
43
Exsert-stipitate,
Deeply sulcate
Not deeply
sulcate
44,45
53
LEGUMINOS^E.
65
(PULSE FAMILY.)
Short-stipitate,
Glabrous
50, 52
Puberulent
49, 51
Sessile,
Glabrous
46, 47, 60
Puberulent or pubescent.
Stems a span or more high
56, 57, 58
54, 55, 59
Cespitose
Woolly or villous
33,
48
Systematic Synopsis.
Pod
13.
woolly, short,
14.
Pod
* Annual: pod
sessile, not
mottled
Low,
A. triflOFUS,
Gray.
Cinereous-pubescent, very much branched from
branches ascending, 6 to 12 inches high flowers 3 to 15: pod oval,
obtuse or acutish.
PI. Wright, ii. 45.
S. Colorado and southward into
34.
the base,
Mexico.
35. A. Geyeri, Gray.
Somewhat simple, 3 to 6 inches high, subcanescent,
with an appressed hairy pubescence leaflets glabrous above flowers 3 to 5
Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 214. Wyopod ovate-lunate with an incurved acumination.
:
Pod
Hoary with a
Gray.
narrowly linear or
New
Mexico.
leaflets 3 to
filiform,
Idaho and
W. Nevada.
A. pictus,
7 pairs,
In sandy places.
Var. filifolius, Gray. Leaves usually imperfect leaflets very few, mostly
Loc.
attenuated, the terminal one or the filiform rachis produced, persistent.
;
cit.
215.
On
H-
Nearly
-t-
stemless, few-flowered
Pod
not mottled.
leaflets
to
6-paired
pod
with
a very
short
stipe.
37.
scape
A. megacarpus,
much
Gray.
Glabrous:
leaflets
Loc.
cit.
215.
pod
"Plains of
66
LEGUMINOS^E.
(PULSE FAMILY.)
A. frigidus,
38.
Watson.
Americanus,
Gray, var.
Subglabrous
193.
A. frigidus of Bot. King's Exp., Hayd. Rep. 1871, and Fl. Colorado.
In the mountains from Colorado to the Arctic regions.
i.
Pod
15.
membranous, lanceolate-cylindric,
A. lonchocarpus,
39.
branched
Torr.
leaflets filiform-linear,
racemes loosely many-flowered flowers white, penPac. R. Rep. iv. 80. S. Colopod very sharply acuminate at each end.
rado to New Mexico and Utah.
flattened-filiform rachis
dent
Pod membranous
16.
and
A. microcystis,
40.
4 t o 6 pairs, oblong or
violet or whitish
Proc.
cent.
Gray.
oblong-lanceolate, obtuse :
pod globose-ovate, 3
Am. Acad.
vi.
and
usually few.
Ashy-pubescent,
leaflets
corolla
W. Wyoming
220.
Territory.
A. leptaleus,
41.
Nearly glabrous:
Gray.
leaflets
A. jejunus, Watson.
42.
Loc.
7 to 11
pairs, lance-
corolla white
pod ovate
Colorado.
cit.
to 2
obtuse,
dorsal.li/,
t.
lines long,
membranous, gla-
13.
Watson).
A. humillimus,
43.
cate
and
Gray.
Habit of the
last,
but
stems scarcely an inch long, with the scarious coalescent stipules imbripetioles persistent and spinescent: leaflets 3 to 5 pairs, oblong, canescent,
condensed
Pod
17.
Mesa Verde,
S.
A. bisulcatus,
44.
W.
Colorado (Brandegee).
Strig ulose-puberulent
Gray.
narrower flowers
violet, in
45.
A. HaydenianilS,
Gray.
spike
tube :
elongated, virgate : flowers much smaller : calyx-teeth much shorter than the
corolla white, keel tinged with purple at the end: pod rugulose with transverse
Proc.
Am. Acad.
xii. 56.
Colorado.
LEGUMLNOS^E.
18.
Pod
67
(PULSE FAMILY.)
sessile, neither
high, stem
and
foot
rachis, persistent.
47.
A. Grayi,
Parry.
Watson
Am.
in
Nat.
viii.
212.
W. Wyoming
(Parry).
Pod
13.
scarcely stipitate.
* Nearly
A. Wewberryi,
Gray. Stems very short, crowded from a deep elongated root: leaflets 3 to 7, either broad- or uarrow-obovate, approximate:
corolla ochroleucous pod villous, the broad point
peduncles few-flowered
48.
Gray, in part.
On
Proc.
A. Fendleri,
:
pod
sessile
oblong or linear-oblong
erect
A. Chamcduce,
Colorado.
55.
W.
PL Wright,
ii.
44.
Colorado and
New
Mexico.
50. A. Hallii, Gray.
Subcinereous-pubescent, glabrate, ascending : leaflets
narrow-oblong, subcuneate, refuse : flowers violet, in a dense head-like raceme :
Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 224.
pod straight, glabrous, with stipe a line long.
New Mexico.
A. flexUQSUS, Dougl.
Colorado to
51.
Ashy-puberulent, ascending
leaflets oblongor retuse
racemes mostly elongated, loose : corolla
white or purplish pod cylindric, puberulent, straight or subincurved, stipe
From Colorado to Nebraska and the Saskatchewan.
very short but evident.
:
or cuneate-linear, obtuse
52.
A. Patterson!,
sometimes glabrous
Gray.
:
peduncles racemosely manysometimes purplish at the tip pod glabrous,
Loc. cit. xii.
abruptly contracted within the calyx, becoming somewhat stipe-like.
55.
S. W. Colorado and Utah.
leitf,
flowered
20.
* Flowers
*-
in
many
53.
or few leaflets, or in
(1 to 2Q)-ovuled.
LEGUMINOS.E.
68
(PULSE FAMILY.)
flowers ochroleucous,
cles not exceeding the leaves, loosely few-flowered
Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 226. From
tinged with purple pod oblong, reflexed.
Colorado to the plains of Nebraska, northward to lat. 65, and westward to
:
w-
54.
A. pauciflorilS, Hook.
Dwarf,
the
matted-decum-
cinereous-pubescent,
From
long.
of British America.
55.
A. tegetarius, Watson.
pubescence
to 3-flowered
corolla ochroleucous:
13.
t.
pod ovate-oblong,
Nevada, Idaho, and
Montana.
Var. implexus, W. M. Canby. Leaflets in 2 pairs, crowded on the stems :
stipules tipped with a short straight point flowers violet, the keel deep purple :
Fl. Colorado, Appx.
South Park,
pods mostly smaller, 1 or 2 lines long.
:
Colorado.
Calyx-teeth short or about equalling the tube. . Slender, rather rigid, branched:
leaflets linear to oblong, or none: Jlowers in loose
long-peduncled racemes, ochroleucous or purplish.
M. -H-
57.
deciimbens, Gray. Cinereous- or silky-pubescent : stems diffuse
or ascending petioles sometimes someichat flattened, mostly irith 7 to 13 leaflets:
racemes 5 to 10-flowered : keel with a short inflexed tip: pod broad-linear,
:
straight or falcate,
Loc.
hoary puberulent.
cit.
Mountains of Colorado
and northward.
58.
A. junceus,
Gray.
stems usually
solitary, erect: stipules small: petioles slender, sometimes 6 inches long, usually
naked, or with
distant:
pubescent.
1 to
keel strongly
Loc.
cit.
230.
Includes
diversifolius,
Gray.
Gravelly plains,
*Stipules scarious, connate : pod short, sessile. Acaulescent, cespitose, silkycanescent: leaves simple, lanceolate- or spatulate-linear : scapes exceeding the
i- -i-
leaves,
59.
A. CSBSpitOSUS,
Gray.
Loc.
rose-color.
Racemes
cit.
spike-like
LEGUMINOS^E.
69
(PULSE FAMILY.)
* * Cushioned: flowers scarcely exserted from among the simple leaves: pod manyovuled, margined with rather strong sutures.
Leaves hoary with an appressed silky
60. A. Simplicifolius, Gray.
pubescence, linear- or spatulate-lanceolate, crowding the extremities of the
flowers purple, the keel
scapes 2 to 3-flowered
usually short branches
Loc. cit. 231.
strongly arched: pod half-included in the calyx, glabrous.
:
W. Wyoming
* * * Caulescent,
pods 3
(Parry).
to -i-ovuled,
of
the leaves
leaves pinnate,
with
few
leaflets
Wyoming
to
Pod
21.
3-foliolate.
what included
Perennial, cespitose
crowded leaves :
from
leaflets
crowded.
A. triphyllus,
62.
Pursh.
5-foliolate
rest with 3 longer lanceolate leaflets, long-petioled, exceeding the sessile crowded
flowers : cal;jx-teeth half shorter than the tube : corolla ochroleucous or white : pod
From Nebraska to the Saskatchewan.
villous, included.
63.
A. tridactylicus,
Gray.
Resembling the
last in habit
and
leaves,
but
stipules villous, flowers pale purple, calyx-teeth equalling the tube, pod puberuProc.
Acad. vi. 527. Mounlent, exposed by the falling away of the calyx.
Am.
tains of Colorado.
64.
A. sericoleilCUS,
Gray.
Very broadly
villous stipules
Am.
From
N. Nebraska.
OXYTROPIS,
14.
DC.
Like Astragalus, but distinguished by a subulate beak at the tip of the keel.
Mostly low perennials, with tufts of numerous very short stems from a hard
and thick root or rootstock, covered with scaly adnate stipules pinnate leaves
:
of
many
leaflets
Stipules free
from
the petiole
other
leafy-stemmed or depau-
O. deflexa, DC.
foot high
leaflets
crowded
taller
forms over a
i to
inch
70
LEGUMINOS^E.
(PULSE FAMILY.)
In the
oblong-lanceolate, not stipitate, 1-celled, much surpassing the calyx.
mountains from British America to S. Colorado and westward to Utah. Subalpine forms are often depauperate and almost stemless.
Stipules adnate to the petiole, imbricated on the short branches of the caudex
which bears the scapes and leaves : no other ascending stems.
2.
villoas caljjx.
O. SplendenS, Dougl.
Pod
*-
peduncles weak,
3.
O. multieeps,
Nutt.
Matted
^-flowered.
cespitose, subcaulescent,
leaflets 3 to 4 pairs
flowers purple
to 3 inches
pod short-stipitate.
Alpine region of the Rocky Mountains, S. Wyoming and Colorado.
Nuttall's specimens are larger-leaved and less cespitose than those of subsehigh, canescently silky
nearly
quite
to several-flowered,
4.
O. liana,
and
often
Nutt.
or rarely 6 pairs, narrowly lanceolate : flowers purple or whitish pod turgidoblong, somewhat coriaceous, the acuminate tip barely projecting out of the
Torr. & Gray, Fl. May be 0. argentea, Pursh,
undivided lightly villous calyx.
:
Fl.
ii.
5.
473.
Mountains of
O. lagopus,
Nutt.
and more
4 or 5 pairs, lanceolate or obJong: flowers bright violet: pod ovate, thin-membranaceous and almost bladdery, obtuse, abruptly tipped with the persistent
one side.
Jour.
style, slightly surpassing the calyx which soon splits down
lets
Acad. Philad.
H-
-)-
vii. 17.
Mountains of
-- Poo? well
surpassing the calyx
down one
side or re-
maining unchanged.
wBladdery-inflated and membranaceous, ovate, one-celled: scapes or peduncles
few-flowered, in fruit usually decumbent: very low and depressed-tufted plants.
6.
O. podocarpa, Gray.
Villous,
or in age glabrate:
leaflets 5
to
11
subalpine,
from
S.
regions.
7.
O. oreophila, Gray.
to
to
LEGUMINOS^E.
71
(PULSE FAMILY.)
: flowers
only 4 or 5 lines long, apparently purple: pod hardly % inch
oblong-ovate, cinereous-pubescent, not at all stipitate, the ventral suture moderProc. Am. Acad. xx. 3.
species of S. California and
ately introflexed.
Utah, collected on Aquarius Plateau, Utah, by L. F. Ward; probably to
8-Jlo>vered
long,
Pod
w- -M-
O. Parryi, Gray.
8.
high
groove,
pod nearly
gravish-pubescent, not at
&
0. arctica of Hall
Pod
M- -M- -M-
nearly
More
O. viscida,
rarely obscurely so
Western Reports.
9.
to 3-Jlotcered.
cinereous-pubescent
of
Silky-canescent
Nutt.
and commonly
Leaflets
(2 to
the pod.
4 lines long),
thickish, oval or oblong, often pubescent when young, at maturity green and
glabrate flowers in a dense oblong head or at length in a short spike, less
than ^ inch long calyx villous and with sessile glands usually evident pod
:
to Colorado
common
in
Wyoming.
Not glandular nor viscid : leaves more or less silky at least when young.
10. O. monticola, Gray.
Loosely silky-villous, at least the scapes (5 to
9 inches high) and calyx: leaflets sometimes glabrate, oblong or lanceolate
==
(3 to 7 lines long)
flower
Acad. xx.
Proc.
Am.
Mountains of
O.
Lamberti,
often a foot or
New Mexico,
LEGUMINOS^E.
72
(PULSE FAMILY.)
HEDYSARUM,
15.
iv. 80.
Tourn.
Keel nearly straight, obliquely truncate, not appendaged, longer than the
Pod flattened, the separable joints roundish and equal-sided.
Peren-
wings.
nial herbs.
1. H.
Mackenzii, Richard. Stems 2 feet high, minutely pubescent,
simple or branched leaflets 11 to 17 (usually 11), canescently pubescent, nearly
glabrous above racemes loosely 7 to 30-Jlowered, elongating in fruit flowers
:
pod 2
to
From Colorado
H. boreale,
Nutt.
16.
Wings
VI CIA,
VETCH.
Tourn.
TAKE.
Style inflexed.
Pod
flat,
Seeds globular.
Herbs, with angular stems, more or less climbleaflets entire or toothed at the apex
stipules semi-sagittate flowers
smooth.
ing
* Perennial : peduncles 4
V. Americana, Muhl.
1.
.
/-
brous
acute
to 8-Jloivered.
1 to 4 feet
high, gla4 to 8 pairs, very variable, linear to ovate-oblong, truncate to
flowers purplish
peduncles 4 to 8-flowered
pod oblong, 3 to 6-
leaflets
2.
i'
V. exigua,
leaflets
plish
pod
Torr.
linear-oblong.
&
less pubescent
peduncles rarely 2-flowered flowers purGray, Fl. i. 272. S. Colorado and New
:
brous,
V. micrantha,
climbing
Nutt.
Stem
or linear-oblong, obtuse or
Loc.
cit.
17.
271.
LA THY HITS,
L.
EVERLASTING PEA.
LEGUMINOS^E.
1
#
1.
Leaflets 8 to 12
L. venosus, Muhl.
sessile.
and purple
or purplish flowers.
mostly obtuse
73
(PULSE FAMILY.)
somewhat downy:
leaf-
lets oblong-ovate,
pod smooth.
to Washington Territory.
# * Leaflets 4
to 8
peduncles 2 to ^-flowered.
stem
Slender, glabrous or somewhat pubescent
often winged: leaflets narrowly oblong to linear: flowers smaller (6 lines
Common everywhere throughout the northern portions of both
long).
2.
L. paluster, L.
hemispheres.
Var. myrtifolius, Gray. Stipules usually broader and larger; leaflets
L. myrtifolius,
PI. Fendl. 30.
ovate to oblong, shorter (an inch long or less).
MuhL L. venosus, var. 8, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 274. L. polyphyllus, Watson,
Bot. King's Exp. 78.
The
With the
species.
2.
In ours
stipitate.
the
pod 3 or 4
Colorado and
lines
broad
New
row and hilum short.
4. L. ornatllS, Nutt.
Resembling the last except the leaves are narrower and shorter, the pod somewhat broader, and the funiculus broader.
Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 277. Mountains of Colorado and Utah.
18.
CASSIA,
L.
SENNA.
Anthers
at the apex.
Pod
clusters.
1.
C. Chamsecrista, L. Leaflets small, somewhat sensitive to the touch,
10 to 15 pairs, linear-oblong, oblique at the base, a cup-shaped gland beneath
the lowest pair flowers on slender pedicels, in small clusters above the axils,
:
2 or 3 of the
showy
19.
HOFFMANSEGGIA,
Cav.
Sepals united into a short obconic base. Petals obovate, on short claws,
spreading, one or more of them often glandular at base. Filaments thickened
or dilated toward the base. Pod oblong or linear, often falcate, compressed,
dry, 2-valved.
Low perennial
black glands.
1.
H. Jamcsii,
Torr.
&
5,
Gray.
Canescenthj-pubescent,
abruptly 10 to 16-foliolate
much branched
leaflets oval,
nearly
ROSACES.
74
glabrous above
(ROSE FAMILY.)
tute
H. drepanocarpa,
of
(/lands:
Gray. Minutely cinereous-pubendent, wholly destistems numerous, from a thick woody root: pinnae 5 to 11,
Colorado,
New
20.
SCHRAWKIA,
Willd.
SENSITIVE BRIAR.
minute, 5-toothed.
4-valved.
1.
S.
uncinata,
Willd.
nearly terete.
to Colorado
Throughout the
E. States
S.
pod oblong-linear,
and westward across the plains
:
and Dakota.
ORDER
Herbs, shrubs, or
26.
ROSACE^E.
trees,
(ROSE FAMILY.)
SUBORDER
Carpels
calyx, this or
its
AMYGDAL.E^E.
I.
solitary, or rarely 5,
becoming drupes,
lobes deciduous.
Ovules
2, pendulous,
Prunus.
Flowers perfect.
SUBORDER
Carpel solitary.
II.
ROSACE^E
PROPER.
or drupe-like in
fruit,
or fleshy and
pome-like.
Tribe
I.
SPIR^ACE^E.
Calyx open.
ROSACE^E.
Calyx persistent in fruit
M2.
3.
stamens perigynous
-H-
Aruncus.
75
(ROSE FAMILY.)
carpels several-seeded.
distinct.
re-
>-
i-
albumen very
distinct
membranaceous,
stipules
caducous.
Follicles
Physocarpus.
4.
5.
6.
Holodiscus.
Tribe
RUBE^I.
II.
drupelets in
fruit.
Rubus.
7.
solitary.
woody
Leaves lobed,
fruit.
POTENTII^E^E. Carpels numerous, several, or solitary, 1-ovuled, becoming dry akenes. Calyx not enclosing or at least not constricted over the fruit.
Seed erect or ascending.
Tribe III.
Purshia.
Coleogyne.
Petals none.
Radicle, superior.
entire.
* * Trees or shrubs
10.
Cercocarpus.
rarely
2.
Flowers
solitary,
axillary,
Calyx-tube long-cylindrical
small.
Petals none.
Carpels solitary,
toothed.
11.
Cowania.
Carpels
5 to 12.
12.
* * * Herbs
carpels few to
many
Carpels
i-
13.
14.
cell
radicle inferior
Dryas.
*- -t-
15.
Fragaria.
16.
Potentilla. Petals yellow, rarely white, sessile. Stamens usually 20 or more filaments narrow or filiform. Carpels mostly numerous, on a dry receptacle. Leaves
lateral.
pinnate or digitate
17.
Sibbaldia.
leaflets
toothed or
cleft,
not confluent.
Stamens
filaments very
Leaves 3-foliolate
leaflets
KOSACE^E.
76
(ROSE FAMILY.)
Ivesia.
Leaves many-cleft
the segments
linear.
20.
Petals
Stamens 5 to
yellow.
21.
Agrimoiiia.
Poterium.
Calyx-lobes
4,
Petals none.
ROSE^E. Carpels many, in fruit bony akenes, enclosed and concealed in the
globose or urn-shaped fleshy calyx-tube, which resembles a pome. Petals conspicuous.
Tribe V.
Stamens numerous.
22.
Rosa.
SUBORDER
III.
POITIE^E.
Carpels 2 to
5,
in fruit
free
or nearly so.
23.
Cratsegus.
Ovary
2 to 5-celled
Amelanchier.
and
cells or carpels.
Ovary
5-celled
Peraphyllum. Ovary
usually
2-
(incompletely
4-) celled.
Styles
2.
Otherwise like
Amelanchier.
1.
Calyx
5-cleft.
petals.
* Flowers
P.
Petals
Tourn.
spreading.
5,
PLUM, CHERRY,
Stamens 15 to
axils, or in
1.
P RUN US,
&c.
25, inserted
with the
terminal racemes.
in umbel- or corymb-like dusters from lateral scaly
or coe'taneous with the leaves.
preceding
Americana, Marshall.
Tree
or RED PLUM).
somewhat ohovate, conspicuously
(WILD YELLOW
leaves ovate, or
pleasant-tasted,
Colorado.
2.
Stem
scarcely thorny:
of
leaves nearly lanceolate, finely serrulate, glabrous: fruit nearly destitute
rounded at both
bloom, globular, red ; the stone ovoid, almost as thick as wide,
Perhaps native only west of the Missutures^ one of them minutely grooved.
but introduced eastward, and westward to
sissippi from Arkansas southward,
Colorado.
ROSACES.
P. Pennsylvanica, L.
3.
77
(ROSE FAMILY.)
Tree 20 to 30
feet
P. emarginata, Walpers,
4.
mollis, Brewer.
var.
Becoming a small
tree 25 feet high, with bark like that of an ordinary Cherry-tree, more or less
woolly-pubescent : leaves oblong-ovate to lanceolate, mostlij obtuse, crenately serrulate,
narrowed to a short
and astringent
black, bitter
Bot. Calif,
petiole,
stone with
167.
i.
less woolly-pubescent
and westward
into
side.
Oregon and
California.
* # Flowers
in
P. demissa, Walpers.
2 to 12 feet high
(WILD CHERRY.)
An
P. Virginiana, L.
6.
From
stone globose.
(CHOKE CHERRY.)
the
Rocky Mountains
Leaves rarely at
all pubes-
more frequently somewhat cuneate at base: fruit dark red, very astringent
and scarcely edible ; the stone more ovoid and acutish : otherwise like the last,
but more diffuse in habit, and preferring stream banks and moist localities.
cent,
This species appears to be distributed throughout the whole of North America except in the region west of the Rocky Mountains.
2.
Petals
PI 11-33 A,
sessile.
MEADOW-SWEET.
L.
Stamens numerous.
rounded, nearly
Carpels usually
Perennial herbs or mostly shrubs flowers white or rose-colored,
in compound corymbs or spikes.
We follow the arrangement of Dr. Maximowicz in recognizing the four following genera as distinct from Spiraea.
5,
5 or more.
Bot. Calif,
* Erect
ii.
443.
shrubs
S. betulifolia, Pallas.
1.
bark
:
flowers in compound corymbs.
Glabrous or finely pubescent, with reddish
incised,
381.
W.
in dense
tufted branches of
ROSACES.
78
spatulate, silky
(ROSE FAMILY.)
AH UNO US,
New
L.
to
Mexico.
GOAT'S-BEARD.
large
A.
to
somewhat
Wyoming
Herbaceous
1.
8,
Spiraea Aruncus, L.
smooth.
PHYSOCARPUS,
4.
Carpels
to 5, divergent.
continent.
Maxim.
NINE-BARK.
Diffuse shrubs: flowers
Ovules 2 to several.
large, white.
P. opulifolia, Maxim.
shreddy bark
From California
Neiiiia opulifetiorrBeuih. & Hook.
British America and eastward across the continent.
folia, L.
y-
2.
P. Torreyi, Maxim.
smaller leaves,
its
northward
to
finer pubescence,
and
and
5.
CHAMJEBATIARIA,
In the mountains of
Maxim.
stout,
Flowers large, white, in a leafy terminal racemose panicle.
shrub.
diffusely branched, glandular-pubescent
More or less tomentose: leaves narrowly
1. C. Millefolium, Maxim.
i
carpels
5,
pubescent.
From W. Wyoming
6.
iv.
83,
t.
5.
Coulter) to California.
HOLODISCUS,
Maxim.
L,
more or
less silky-
ROSACES.
79
(HOSE FAMILY.)
Var.
dumosa, Maxim.
Only 1 to 3 feet high leaves usually small, cunea short margined petiole, often white tomentose beneath panicle
S. discolor, var.
mostly smaller and less diffuse.
Spiraea dumosa, Nutt.
dumosa, Watson. Colorado and New Mexico and thence to the Sierra Nevada
and Oregon.
:
ate into
7.
Petals
RUB US,
RASPBERRY.
L.
BLACKBERRY.
black.
Ours are all true Raspberries, having fruit with a bloom separating
from the receptacle when ripe. The Blackberries, having fruit black, shining
and persistent on the receptacle, are not known to occur within our range.
* Leaves simple:
1.
R. Nutkanus, Mopino.
and
recepta-
broad.
(SALMON-BERRY.)
Stems 3
to 8 feet high;
bark green and smooth or more or less glandular-pubescent, becoming brown and
shreddy leaves palmately and nearly equally 5-lobed, cordate at base, unequally
:
and calyx
orbicular, rugose,
tomentose-pubescent or puberulent, not glandular : leaves reniformmore or less 3 to 5-lobed, finely serrate-toothed: flowers 2
large, smooth,
Colorado.
3.
R. nivalis, Dougl.
Low,
not
leaves
cordate, 3-lobed, sharply toothed, glabrous, the petioles and veins of the leaves
armed with recurved prickles: peduncles short, 2-flowered petals red(l)
fruit
In the Bitter Root Mountains and northward.
red.
Probably a species of
:
* *
Leaflets 3 to 5
<-
ROSACES.
80
somewhat glaucous
neath, the lateral ones
(ROSE FAMILY.)
6.
British
also in
whitish-downy under-
From
not bristly
Glau-
purple-black.
to Missouri
PUBSHIA,
8.
DC.
fascicled, cuneate
1. P. tridentata, DC.
Usually 2 to 5 (rarely 8 or 10) feet high, with
brown or grayish bark the young branches and numerous short branchlets
;
leaves cuneate-obovate, 3-lobed at the apex, petioled, white-tomentose beneath, greener above
calyx tomeutose with some glandular hairs
pubescent
Arizona and
northward throughout the Rocky Mountain region to the British boundary; westward to the
petals spatulate-obovate.
Sierras.
9.
COLEOGYNE,
Torr.
inserted
very villous at base, twisted, exserted, persistent. Fruit glabrous, inDiffusely branched, somewhat spinesceut leaves coriaceous flowers
terminal on the short branchlets, subtended by 1 or 2 pairs of 3-lobed bracts,
lateral,
cluded.
yellow, showy.
1.
C. ramosissima, Torr. The short rigid branches opposite and spinescent; bark gray: leaves approximate upon the branchlets, linear oblanceolate,
puberulent with appressed hairs attached by the middle tube of the torus
:
in California.
10.
CEBCOCABPUS,
HBK.
MOUNTAIN MAHOGANY.
C. ledifolius, Nutt.
shrub or small
tree, 6 to 15 feet
high: leaves
ROSACES.
flowers
tomeutose
sessile,
81
(ROSE FAMILY.)
Torr.
at length 2 or 3 inches long.
through the Wahsatch to the Sierras
tail of
the akene
W. Wyoming and
and northward.
A shrub
C. parvifolius, Nutt.
to
to
the coast.
11.
COWANIA,
CLIFF ROSE.
Don.
FALLUGIA,
12.
Endlicher.
Sta-
mens numerous,
lobed,
1.
margin revolute
F. paradoxa,
slender branches
flowers white.
Endlicher.
Much branched
13.
DRY AS,
L.
Dwarf
14.
GEUM,
L.
AVENS.
Akenes
small, compressed.
Carpels on a conical or
Perennial herbs: leaves
EOSACE^.
82
(ROSE FAMILY.)
Styles jointed and bent near the middle, the upper part deciduous, the
lower naked and hooked, becoming elongated : calyx-lobes reflexed.
In ours
the petals are golden-yellow, broadly obovate,
exceeding the calyx.
1.
1.
G. macrophyllum,
large
and
Willd.
root-leaves lyrately
From
2. G. Strictum, Ait.
Somewhat hairy (3 to 5 feet high) root-leaves
interruptedly pinnate, the leaflets wedge-obovate ; leaflets of.the stem-leaves 3 to 5,
rhombic-ovate or oblong, acute: receptacle of fruit downy.
From Colorado
:
Style jointed
and
G. rival,
flowers large
L. Stems nearly simple root-leaves lyrate and interruptthose of the stem few, 3-foliolate or 3-lobed calyx brown purple
petals dilated-obovate, retuse, contracted into a claw, purplish orange : head
of fruit stalked in the calyx.
also
Colorado, W. Montana, and northward
3.
edly pinnate
eastward to Newfoundland.
Style not jointed, wholly persistent and straight : head of fruit sessile : flowers
:
calyx erect or spreading.
Flowering stems simple and bearing only
bracts or small leaves.
3.
large
4.
G. triflorum,
Pursh.
Low,
softly-hairy:
root-leaves interruptedly
pinnate; the
leaflets
to Arctic
G. Rossii,
somewhat larger:
ere d.
Fl.
i.
424.
15.
leaflets
2-flow-
PEAGABIA,
STRAWBERRY.
Tourn.
1. F. Virginiana, Dtichesne.
Akenes imbedded in the deeply pitted fruiting receptacle, which usually has a narrow neck calyx becoming erect after
flowering and connivent over the hairy receptacle when sterile or unfructified
:
leaflets
Atlantic States.
and appressed.
the hairs
ROSACES.
species
83
(ROSE FAMILY.)
to be
Uinta Mountains.
P. veSCelj
2.
!/
Akenes superficial on
sunk
in pits)
hairs on the scape mostly widely spreading, on the pedicels appressed : leaflets thin,
even the upper surface strongly marked by the veins.
Throughout the
POTENT ILL A,
16.
Petals
5,
Akenes
short, deciduous.
and
solitary.
the base
woody
viii.
FIVE-FINGER.
L.
Am.
Watson, Proc.
Acad.
549.
:
in-
florescence cymose.
<-
Style attached below the middle of the ovary : disk thickened : stamens 25 to
30 perennial herbs with glandular -villous pubescence and pinnate leaves.
:
1.
P. arguta, Pursh.
below
radical leaves 7 to
Stem
1 1
and
erect
foliolate
1 to 4 feet
high, simple
rounded, ovate, or subrhom-
stout,
leaflets
P. glandulosa,
Lindl.
and branched,
ward
H-
to 2 feet high,
to California
-t-
flowers small
leaves pinnate or
ternate.
w-
Annual
stamens 5
to 20.
3. P. Norvegica, L.
Erect, stout, % to 2 feet high, at length dichotomous above, hirsute: leaves ternate; leaflets obovate or oblong-lanceolate cyme
akenes rugose, or
leafy and rather loose: calyx large: stamens 15, rarely 20
:
nearly smooth
cially
Throughout N. America,
espe-
northward.
P. rivalis, Nutt.
softly-villous,
leaves ternate
loose, less leafy
KOSACE^E.
84
(ROSE FAMILY.)
Torr.
smooth
to the
Rocky Mountains.
receptacle short.
millegrana, Watson.
Var.
&
Gray, Fl.
Leaves
From
437.
i.
all ternate
leafy
spreading:
Stems decumbent
at base or erect
pubescence scanty,
leajiets pinnate! if 5
to 11,
6.
bractlets
and
P. Pennsylvanica,
at all revolute:
Colorado and
coast
cyme
less white-tomentose
leaflets incisely-pinnati-
L.
and greener
From
fastigiate but rather open, the pedicels erect.
northward, thence eastward to the New England
New Mexico
and Canada.
apex.
Mountains of Colorado,
* #
Style terminal: carpels glabrous: disk not thickened: stamens 20: herbaceous
perennials, with conspicuous flowers.
w-
and
11)
sepals.
7. P. Hippiana, Lehm.
Densely white-tomentose and silky throughout, the
upper surface of the leaves a little darker: stems branching above into a diffuse
cyme leaves occasionally digitate in reduced alpine specimens leaflets 5 to
11, diminishing uniformly down the petiole, incisely toothed at least towards the
:
glabrous above
Colorado and New Mexico.
Fendl. 41.
S.
W.
carpels 25 to 30.
PI.
ROSACES.
P. Plattensis,
10.
Nutt.
85
(ROSE FAMILY.)
silky-villous
open
Bot. King's Exp. 87. Mountains of Colorado and Nevada, and in the Uintas.
11. P. dissecta, Pursh.
Low, alpine, more or less silky-villous, with somewhat spreading hairs, or nearly glabrous : stems decumbent or ascending : leaflets
of
diversifolia, var. pinnatisecta
P.
to 7,
the
The
Canescent with a not very dense silky pubesleaves digitate or nearly so, the leaflets digitately or pinnately divided
Bot. King's Exp. 86.
the segments linear.
cence
and
Leaves digitately 5
to
1-foliolate (rarely
of the leaves.
tomentose or
villous.
12.
P. gracilis, Dougl.
Villous
and more
feet high:
wan and
leaflets
Alaska.
i.
&
Gray.
440.
Cyme
shorter
Loc.
P.
cit.
tall
and
stout.
Lehm.
Nuttallii,
P. humifusa, Nutt.
decumbent, 2
*H-
14.
to
-M-
-M.
P. nivea, L.
carpels few or
many.
the
From Colorado
leaflets
Pot. 559.
86
ROSACES.
H-
(KOSE FAMILY.)
*Style attached below the middle of the ovary : carpels on short pedicels, and,
with the receptacle,
densely villous: disk not thickened: more or less woody
perennials.
P. fruticosa, L. Shrubby, much branched, 1 to 4 feet high pubescence silky-villous: leaves pinnate; leaflets 5 to 7, crowded,
oblong-lanceolate,
entire, usually white beneath and the margins revolute.
From Colorado
15.
westward
New
to
* * *
middle of
to the
perennials.
P. Anserina, L. Spreading by slender many -jointed runners, whitetomentose and silky-villous: leaves all radical, pinnate; leaflets 7 to 21, with
smaller ones interposed, sharply serrate, silky-tomentose at least beneath.
16.
From
New
California,
Mexico,
Illinois,
to the
SIBBALDIA,
17.
L.
pine perennials
flowers cymose.
S.
1.
procumbens,
L.
Somewhat
villous
leaflets
cuneate
IVESIA,
18.
Akenes
Calyx campanulate.
flowers in cymes or open
nials
Torr.
&
Gray.
Herbaceous peren-
panicles.
Torr. & Gray. Viscid-pubescent or often somewhat hirstems 3 to 10 inches high from a thick resinous caudex
leaflets obovate, with oblong or spatulate segments; cauline leaves one or
Pac. R. Rep. vi. 72. Wyoming, Utah, Arizona, and westtwo, pinnatifid.
I.
1.
Gordon!,
sute, or glabrate
ward
to California.
CHAMJERHODOS,
19.
inserted with
them
Bunge.
membranous
disk,
petals,
Styles
Small, erect and branching glandulararising near the base of the ovaries.
pubescent herbs inflorescence dichotomously cymose.
:
lately
cleft
Stem slender, two inches to a foot high, panicuradical leaves rosulate, ternately or biternately manyColorado and northward into
the upper cauline ones 3 to 5-cleft.
C. erecta, Bunge.
1.
branched above
British America.
ROSACES.
A GRIM ONI A,
20.
87
(ROSE FAMILY.)
Tourn.
AGRIMONY.
Tall perennial herbs leaves interruptedly pinnate : flowers in slender spicate racemes, with 3-cleft bracts fruit pendulous.
Leaflets 5 to 7, with minute ones intermixed,
1. A. Eupatoria, L.
:
21.
POTERIUM,
Stamens 2 to 4 or more
BURNET.
L.
Ours
an annual:
is
in ours.
oblong:
Missouri southward into the Indian Territory ; also in California and Washington Territory.
ROSA,
22.
ROSE.
Tourn.
Calyx without bractlets. Stamens on the thick margin of the silky disk,
Ovaries several, hairy.
which nearly closes the mouth of the calyx.
or
Usually prickly leaves with mostly serrate leaflets flowers corymbose
Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 324.
solitary, showy.
:
No
infrastipular spines
fruit globose.
R. blanda,
Ait.
not resinous
:
R. fraxinisepals entire, hispid.
at its northeastern boundary, and extending
folia,
Gmelin.
and resinous
and
R. Arkansana,
prickly
stipules narrow,
Stems
Porter.
more or
to 6 feet high,
less glandular-toothed
from Colorado to
more or
less densely
leaflets 7 to 11,
nearly
glabrous or more or less pubescent beneath, usually not resinous : flowers corymFl. Colobose: outer sepals with one or more lateral lobes, usually not hispid.
rado, 38.
R. blanda, var.
setigera,
Crepin.
Abundant
to British America,
ROSACES.
88
*-
*-
R. Nutkana,
4.
(ROSE FAMILY.)
+ Sepals entire.
Stems stout, 1 to 4 feet high,
Presl.
leaflets 5 or 7.
armed with
stout
From N. Utah (in the Wahsatch) and Idaho to Oregon and northward.
Unarmed forms and others with slender spines are reported from W. Montana
Watson).
R. Fendleri,
5.
Crepin.
Stems often
tall (6
narrow and
and often petiolulate, usually glaucous,
pubescent beneath or glabrous or somewhat resinous, the teeth usually
usually naked
leaflets
stipules mostly
cuneate at base
simple: flowers smaller, corymbose or often solitary : fruit globose, 4 lines broad.
From W. Texas and New Mexico to the Sierra Nevada, and northward into
British America.
w- H-+
R. Woodsii,
6.
Stems
Lindl.
\ to
Saskatchewan.
On
distinct styles)
globose
fruit.
23.
CRAT.S1GUS,
to
W.
THORN.
L.
the limb 5-parted. Petals 5, spreading. StaShrubs or small trees leaves simple, toothed, or lobed
flowers corymbose, mostly white.
1. C.
rivularis, Nutt. Spines few, short and stout leaves rather rigid,
Calyx-tube pitcher-shaped
mens
5 to 20.
lanceolate-ovate, simply serrate, only the upper ones of the shoots broader,
doubly serrate or rarely slightly incised with narrow, glandular-incised stipules calyx-lobes usually glandular fruit black nutlets 3 lines long or over,
;
i.
4G4.
Mountains
stipules,
SAXIFRAGACEJ2.
89
(SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.)
C. COCCINEA, L., with bright coral-red fruit, and glabrous throughout, has
been reported from S. W. Colorado.
C. TOMENTOSA, L., var. PUNCTATA, Gray, with fruit dull red and yellowish
with whitish dots, and leaves villous-pubesceut when young, has been reported
common
to the section
ERYTHROCARPA,
PYRUS,
24.
L.
are very-
Petals
5-cleft.
5,
spreading,
ses-
Ours
woolly at base.
a shrub, with pinnate, serrate, deciduous leaves, and white flowers in flat
sile
is
is
distinct,
compound cymes.
1. P. sambucifolia, Cham. & Schlecht.
Atlantic.
25.
AMELANCHIER,
JUNE-BERRY.
Medicus.
SERVICE-
BERRY.
Calyx-tube campanulate
Stamens
white, racemose
20, short.
A. alnifolia,
Nutt.
shrub 3 to 8 feet high, glabrous throughout or
woolly-pubescent leaves broadly ovate or rounded, occasionally oblong-ovate, often somewhat cordate at base, serrate usually only
towards the summit petals narrowly oblong.
A. Canadensis, var. alnifolia,
1.
often
more or
Torr.
&
less
From
Gray.
the
Rocky Mountains
to California,
26.
PERAPHYLLUM,
Flowers solitary or in
sessile 2 to 3-flowered
Nutt.
spreading.
1.
shrub 2 to 6 feet high, very much
P. ramosissimum, Nutt.
leaves narrowly
branched, with grayish bark and short rigid branchlets
oblanceolate, attenuate into a very short petiole, somewhat silky-pubescent,
sparingly denticulate: flowers appearing with the leaves, pale rose-color:
:
styles elongated,
Fl. i. 474.
S.
tomentose
W.
ORDER
Herbs,
27.
and
edible.
Torr.
&
Gray,
S4XIFBAGACE^E.
(SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.)
*^
90
"by
in
SAXIFRAGACE^E.
the want of
most by the
stipules
be
numerous.
indefinitely
to
(SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.)
Seeds usually
Styles inclined
distinct.
Tribe
Herbs.
I.
Saxifraga.
2.
Boykinia.
* * Ovary
1-celled,
carpels.
no
sterile filaments.
3.
Tellima. Stamens
ous.
4.
5.
10, included.
Styles 2 or 3, very short.
visions.
6.
Tiarella. Stamens 10, and styles 2, both long, filiform and exseited. Petals entire,
inconspicuous and almost filiform. Capsule very unequally 2-valved to the base.
Mitella. Stamens 5 (in ours), very short. Petals pinnatifid or 3-cleft into capillary di
Styles very short.
Capsule depressed.
Chrysosplenium. Stamens
Petals none.
Styles
2.
Capsule
obcordate, flattened.
7.
Heuchera.
* * * Ovary
8.
Parnassia.
Tribe
II.
1-celled,
stigmas
Petals
Calyx 5-parted.
Stamens
5, large.
5.
Flower
solitary.
Shrubs.
H YD RAN-
9.
Philadelphia.
10.
11.
Fendlera.
Petals
5-celled capsule.
Filaments 2-lobed.
Tribe III.
5.
Styles 3 to
5.
Shrubs.
Petals
4.
Styles 4.
Fruit a berry.
12.
Ribes.
1.
SAXIFRAGA,
placentae
2,
parietal.
SAXIFRAGE.
L.
Calyx 5-lobed or parted, free, or its tube more or less coherent with the
lower part of the ovary. Petals entire. Stigmas mostly depressed-capitate
or reniform.
Either stemless or short-stemmed petioles commonly sheath:
ing at base the small flowers in cymes, cymose panicles, or clusters, sometimes solitary.
:
* Stem more
H1.
the
or less leafy.
: leaves
opposite.
ovary
on the
SAXIFKAGACE^E.
t-
91
(SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.)
Calyx adherent
w-
S. HirculllS, L.
2.
upper part of the 1 to 6-flowered stem more or less hairy, not glandular : sepals
From Colorado to
usually ciliate, much shorter than the very large petals.
the Arctic Sea.
S. flagellaris, Willd.
stolons
Glandular-pubescent, 1 to 5-flowered
of the radical leaves long and filiform, naked and rooting at the
the upper
ends leaves obovate-spatulate, ciliate ; the lower much crowded
3.
the axils
from
From
flowers large
sepals very glandular.
oblong or linear
mountains of Colorado to the Arctic regions.
:
S. aizoides, L.
4.
corymbose flowers
ciliate
Low,
few or several
"
the high
S.
5.
chrysantha,
late, imbricated,
Dwarf, cespitose,
Gray.
thick,
oblong-ovate,
High
==
S. CSBSpitOSa, L.
6.
Rocky Mountains.
Dwarf'(1
linear
4-flowered.
the
cemua,
S.
7.
base,
weak, 2 to
L.
5 inches
high
8.
S.
little
bronchialis, L.
Stems
leaves
purplish spots.
W.
Coast.
ovate.
also in the
White Moun-
tains.
S.
10.
adscendens,
Glandular-pubescent: stems
L.
to 3 inches high,
erect
white.
11.
Mountains of Colorado.
S.
Jamesii,
Torr.
Glandular-puberulent
5 to 10-flowered
SAXIFRAGACE^E.
92
(SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.)
-t-
-i
S. debilis, Engelm. Glabrous or very sparingly glandular-pubescent: stems weak, ascending, 2 to 4-flowered, 2 to 4 inches high: radical
leaves small, crenately lobed ; cauline 3-lobed or entire petals white or pink12.
* * Stemless :
*-
Calyx
S.
13.
L.
punctata,
lar
petals white.
free from the ovary, or nearly so: sepals almost distinct, reflexed.
and deeply
dentate
leaves long-
l^feet high, the peduncles and pedicels of the usually open panicle glanduColorado, Utah, and northward into British
petals oval or orbicular.
America.
Leaves wedge-shaped, more or
L., var. comosa, Poir.
scape 4 to 5 inches high, bearing a small contracted panicle: many
or most of the flowers changed into little tufts of green leaves petals un-
S. Stellaris,
14.
less toothed:
<-
Calyx adherent
to the
ovary at base.
w-
Sepals erect.
Leaves ovate or obovate, attenuate into a broad
S. nivalis, L.
15.
cyme : petals
mon
obovate.
M- -M.
17.
also
com-
S. integrifolia, Hook.
2.
BOYKINIA,
From
Nutt.
Calyx 5-lobed. Petals entire, the base contracted into a short claw.
Perennial, with creeping rootstocks, leafy simple stems, and paniculate or
corymbose cymes of white flowers the leaves all alternate, round-reniform,
:
palmately lobed and incised or toothed, the teeth with callous-glandular tips,
and the petiole mostly with stipule-like dilatations or appendages at base.
Stem 2 or 3 feet high leaves 4 to 8 inches in diam1. B. major, Gray.
:
eter, 5 to 9-cleft
petioles abruptly
scari-
SAXIFKAGACE^:.
ous, the
93
(SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.)
California to
TELLIMA,
3.
R. Br.
*""'
calyx obconlcal or at length almost clavate : petals deeply 3-cleft into linear or
Colorado, Utah, and
oblong divisions: ovary and capsule fully half- inferior.
high, roughish
with a minute glandular pubescence: leaves smaller than the preceding (^ inch
in diameter): calyx campanulate: petals 3 to ^-parted or even irregularly
7'-parted into mostly linear divisions
ovary and capsule free except the base.
:
Sierras.
TIARELLA,
4.
L.
the base almost free from the ovary, the lobes more or less
Perennial, low or slender with palmately lobed or divided alter-
Calyx 5-parted
colored.
Somewhat pubescent
T. unifoliata, Hook.
1.
or hairy
flowering stems
what triangular, 3 to 5-lobed and the lobes crenate-toothed the radical ones
slender- petioled the cauline mostly one, smaller, and short-petioled, or some;
From
W.
MI TELL A,
5.
Montana.
Tourn.
MITRE-WORT.
raceme or
spike.
M. pentandra,
1.
crenately sen-ate
Hook.
Leaves
all
petals
From
M.
2.
triflda, Graham. Leaves as in the last, but dentate : calyx adheof the ovary : petals 3 to 5-parted : stamens opposite the calyxstigmas entire.
By mistake in Fl. Colorado this species was described
From Colorado
to British
SAXIFRAGACE^E.
94
(SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.)
CHRYSOSPLENIUM,
6.
GOLDEN SAXIFRAGE.
Tourn.
5,
yellow within.
HE TJ CHER A,
7.
ALUM-ROOT.
L.
and narrow
* Stamens and
H. rubescens,
styles exserted.
flowered, often
white.
Torr.
somewhat reddish
S.
petals linear,
W.
more or
less rose-colored
or
H. hispida,
Generally hirsute
Pursh.
Scapes 2
to
eastward.
H. cylindrica,
3.
Dougl.
Commonly
hirsute
leaves round-reniform or cordate-ovate, crenately doubly toothed and commonly lobed scape 10 to 24 inches high: the greenish fiowers in a cylindrical
cent
or none.
spike or thyrsus: petals inconspicuous
westward into Nevada, Oregon, etc.
:
fiowers small.
Panicle glomerate, spicale.
Seringe. Small, 3 to 6 inches high scapes numerous
caudex radical leaves roundish-subcordate, incisely
toothed :
attenuate, scarcely broader than the
H- H- Puberulent or glabrous
w-
4.
H. bracteata,
Mountains of Colorado.
n5.
high,
-M-
Panicle
loose, racemose.
obtuse, exsert.
Colorado.
to 2
Scabrous-puberulent : scape naked, 6 inches
5 to 7-lobed petals minute, cadufeet high : leaves roundish-cordate, crenately
Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 581. From
cous : seeds muricate or hispid under a lens.
6.
H.
parvifolia, Nutt.
New Mexico
SAXIFRAGACE^E.
8.
95
(SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.)
PARNASSIA,
GRASS OF PARNASSUS.
Tourn.
Perennial smooth herbs, with the leaves entire and chiefly radical, and the
large solitary flowers terminating the long naked stems. Petals white, with
greenish or yellowish veins.
1.
petals
petals rather longer than the calyx, few-veined sterile filaments 9 to 15 in each
set.
Montana and Wyoming, eastward to Lake Superior, and throughout
:
British America.
* # Petals contracted
into
P. fimbriata, Banks.
and northward
to British
PHILADELPHUS,
9.
bristle-like filaments.
From Colorado
America.
SYRINGA.
L.
MOCK ORANGE.
to 3, terminal.
P. microphyllus, Gray.
JAMESIA,
10.
Torr.
&
PL
Feiidl. 54.
Gray.
with
1.
J.
Americana,
Torr.
&
Gray.
Cymes
Colorado, and
New
Mexico.
11.
FENDLERA,
Eng.
&
Gray.
Calyx-tube 8-ribbed. Petals ovate-deltoid, unguiculate, emarginate. Stamens 8 filaments 2-forked at the apex, the lobes divaricate and extended
:
Erect shrub.
Capsule crustaceous.
96
SAXIFRAGACE.E.
(SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.)
striate
77.
i.
S.
W.
12.
BIBES,
CURRANT.
L.
GOOSEBERRY.
distinct or united.
Low, sometimes
prickly, with palmately-lobed leaves, often clustered in the axils; the small
same
clusters, or
1.
the fascicles,
:
t-
lateral buds.
and sometimes
scattered-prickly
or
or
GOOSEBERRY.
reflexed at flowering-time.
*
from separate
to cylindraceous :
peduncle 1 to ^flowered.
Flowers yellow or yellowish: leaves seldom ^ inch in diameter: anthers oval-
Calyx-tube campanulate
oblong.
B. leptanthum,
,,
PI.
berry glabrous.
--
-i-
New
in the Sierras.
2.
Fendl. 53.
B. divaricatum,
soft-pubescent
stems 5
to
thorns single or triple leaves nervose-veiny at base, 3 to 5-lobed, the lobes inthe 2 to \-flowered peduncle and pedicels slender, drooping : calyx
cisely toothed
:
dark purple.
R. irriguum, Dougl.
3.
ward throughout
British
From Colorado
R. hirtellum, Michx.
America
also in California
north-
States.
4.
der,
or
downy
peduncles slen-
3-Jlowered : stamens
B. Cynosbati,
L.
like
Spines small or obsolete leaves pubescent stamens and undivided style not longer than the broad calyx berry large.
Near the sources of the Platte, and thence through the N. Atlantic States to
5.
Canada.
SAXIFRAGACE^E.
97
(SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.)
# * Calyx-tube
racemosely 5
R. lacustre,
6.
From
cut.
Young stems
Poir.
and Labrador.
Var.
parvulum,
Gray.
The commoner
western form.
and
Thornless
2.
prickless
in
No.
CURRANT.
7).
and
From
pedicels
the pale
States.
8.
the
last,
The
and the berry is darker and smooth.
R. bracteosum of King's and Hayden's Reports, not of Douglas. Montana,
Wyoming, and thence through British America to Hudson's Bay.
white,
9.
and crowded
R. cereum,
more or
less glutinous,
to
bract.
and
R. viscosissimum,
cordate-rounded
few-flowered
Pursh.
racemes ascending
also in California.
11. R. floridum, L.
Leaves sprinkled with resinous dots, slightly heartshaped, sharply 3 to 5-lobed : racemes drooping, downy bracts longer than the
On the Platte in Colorado, and common in the Atlantic States.
pedicels.
:
*-
- Flowers
rose-red, or varying to white
and
not juicy.
Var.
variegatum, Watson.
R. Wolfi,
CRASSULACE^:.
98
(ORPINE FAMILY.)
and prickless :
Thornless
3.
form calyx 3 or 4 times longer than the lobes berry yellowish turning blackish.
Colorado and northward, westward to the Pacific coast also common
:
Known
States.
as the Buffalo or
Missouri Currant.
ORDER
CRASSULACE^E.
28.
(ORPINE FAMILY.)
2.
Sedum.
Small annuals,
1.
Seeds longitudinally
TILLSEA,
striate.
Glabrous
L,
leaves entire
flowers white or
reddish.
T.
1.
Drummondii,
an inch high
Torr.
&
leaves oblong-linear,
12
length as long as the leaves : carpels
rado to Texas and Louisiana.
to ^Q-seeded.
Fl.
i.
558.
S.
W.
Colo-
From Colorado
558.
to Oregon.
S E D IT M,
2.
Sepals united at base.
* Flowers mostly
S.
1.
L.
STONE-CROP.
dioecious, in
Rhodiola,
* * Flowers
perfect, in
leaves
entire, flat.
2.
root
HALORAGEJ3.
# # * Flowers
( WATER-MILFOIL
perfect, secund
H- Leaves
the branches
upon
or yellowish
99
FAMILY.)
narrowed toward
3.
-i-
-i-
S. Stenopetalum, Pursh. Stems 3 to 6 inches high, simple or sometimes branched leaves narrowly lanceolate flowers bright yellow, nearly sessile.
4.
&
5. S. Douglasii, Hook.
Stems 3 to 4 inches high, branching at base,
from a stout proliferous rootstock leaves lanceolate or the lowermost linearsubulate, membranaceous when dry flowers sometimes polygamous, sessile :
:
W. Montana,
ORDER
National Park,
HALORAGE^E.
29.
(WATER-MILFOIL FAMILY.)
Hlppuris.
Leaves
linear, in
whorls of 8 or
12.
Flowers perfect.
Calyx
entire.
Petals
none.
mous.
1.
HIPPURIS,
Calyx-tube globular.
Smooth
L.
MARE'S TAIL.
flowers solitary.
H. vulgaris, L.
entire
dissected.
leaves
1.
Stems a foot or two high leaves usually a half to an
inch long, but often much longer, especially the submerged ones calyx hardly
In shallow ponds throughout the northern part of the cona half-line long.
tinent, and southward in the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico.
:
2.
MYRIOPHYLLUM,
L.
WATER-MILFOIL.
Limb
Stamens 8
(in
ours).
Ovary
4-celled
Smooth
leafy herbs
flowers,
ONAGRACE^E.
100
2.
M.
(EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.)
Like the
Verticillatum, L.
ORDER
30.
last,
Snake River
L.YTHRACE.E.
Coulter)
in the
(LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY.)
and
seeds.
1
A mm an ilia.
Stamens 4 or 8.
Capsule
!Lythrum.
Calyx
striate, cylindrical.
or twice as many.
Petals
commonly
6 (4 to 7).
Stamens as many
AMMANNIA,
1.
Houston.
A.
latifolia, L.
auricled base
flowers
2.
Milk River,
LYTHRUM,
S. Atlantic States.
LOOSESTRIFE.
L.
Petals oblong-
sterns,
and
L. alatum, Pursh.
the axils
petals purple.
ORDER
31.
O1VAG RACEME.
(EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.)
Herbs, with perfect symmetrical flowers, the parts being most comin fours, the calyx-tube adnate to the ovary and its lobes often
monly
on
its
showy.
is
deciduous.
ONAGEACE^E.
101
(EVENING-PRIMKOSE FAMILY.)
Parts of the
flower in fours.
Zausehneria.
2.
Epilobium.
late
H-
3.
4.
8.
Calyx-tube not produced beyond the ovary this and the membranous
capsule only 2-celled. The stamens opposite the petals usually sterile.
CEnothera. Calyx-tube produced beyond the ovary into a linear or obconical tube.
Gayophytum.
-H-
uniform.
all
wanting
5.
stamens
Anthers
H-
Calyx-tube continued
its
much
lobes reflexed.
Capsule coriaceous.
* * Fruit dry and iridehiscent, 1 to 4-seeded. Parts of the flower in fours, or rarely threes.
In ours the stamens are 8, and the anthers are attached by the middle.
G.
7.
the base.
Ovary
4-celled.
Leaves alternate.
Circeea.
Leaves opposite.
1.
ZAUSCHNERIA,
Presl.
Calyx-tube deeply colored above the ovary, with a small globose base and
4-lobed limb, appendaged with 8 small scales, 4 erect and 4 deflexed. Petals
obcordate or 2-cleft, scarlet. Stamens exserted. Style long and exserted.
woody
at base
leaves sessile
loose spike.
1.
Z. Californica, Presl.
More
2.
The
W. Wyoming, and
EPILOBIUM,
thence to California.
WILLOW-HERB.
L.
Perennial or annual
Capsule
linear, 4-sided.
* Flowers large
stigma-lobes spreading
leaves
scattered.
1.
E. spicatuin, Lam.
Stem
deflexed.
E. angustifolium, L.
to 7
anastomosed near
Common
the edge
flowers in
102
ONAGRACE^E.
E. latifolium,
2.
(EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.)
Differing from the last in
L.
its short
ascending occa-
ovate-lanceolate,
America.
# * Flowers
and
much exserted:
E. SUffruticosum,
3.
linear-lanceolate, entire,
of the branches
&
Nutt.
Stems decumbent, much branched leaves
somewhat canescent flowers axillary near the ends
:
i. 488.
Wahsatch Mountains near Ogden, Utah, and
northwestward to Oregon and Washington Territory.
* * * Flowers small : stamens and style erect, the latter included : stigma clavate
Torr.
cel.
Gray, Fl.
or cylindrical
Herbaceous perennials.
*4.
E. alpinum,
L.
Low, 2
to
stems ascend-
E. affine, Bong.
Stem
erect,
E. palustre,
L., var.
tire
flowers sessile
petals
northward.
lineare, Gray.
E.
Erect,
pods hoary.
Colorado and northward, thence across
:
New
7.
E. COloratum, Muhl.
^ decurrent
to
Stem
erect, 1 to
'
8. E. Origanifolium, Lam.
Stem generally simple, terete, 6 to 12 inches
high, with two pubescent lines : leaves more or less petioled ; the lower rounded,
the middle ones oval and
equally pointed at each end, the upper acuminate : flowers large, varying from dark purple to pure white
capsules sometimes nod:
9.
E. paniculatum,
L 10 inches
"
Nutt.
stem
erect,
10 feet high, dichotomous above: leaves narrowly linear, obthe uppermost subulate
scurely serrulate, mostly alternate and fascicled
flowers few, terminating the spreading filiform and almost leafless branches
to
petals obcordate.
Torr.
&
Gray, Fl.
i.
490.
ONAGRACE^E.
(EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.)
GAYOPHYTUM,
3.
103
A. Juss.
Fl.
5-seeded.
to
i.
Colorado and
513.
GS
4.
NO THEE, A,
Calyx-lobes reflexed.
somewhat woody
coriaceous or
woody
Acad.
1.
at base
viii.
Stamens 8. Capsule
Herbs, or sometimes
Watson, Proc. Am.
membranaceous.
to
573.
lobes linear, elongated
Stigma
throat
# Caulescent: flowers
-
EVENING PRIMROSE.
L.
in
capsules sessile,
calyx-tube
equalling
the
Same
calyx-tube.
+2.
calyx silky-
Annual or
throat naked
of the
Rocky
biennial
calyx-tips
capsules
not free,
Mexico.
4.
throat naked
toidea, Torr.
New
Mexico.
Annual
From W. Wyoming
to California,
<
104
ONAGRACE^E.
(EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.)
free, throat
From Nebraska
Fl.
i.
495.
* * * Acaulescent, or nearly so
:
flowers erect in the bud, white or rose-color:
capsules mostly sessile, ovate or ovate-oblong, obtusely or sharply angled, large
and
rigid.
the angles
to Nevada,
New
etc.
Mexico,
Var.
(?)
parviflora, Watson.
long, fertilized in the bud and rarely fully opening fruit abundant, forming
at length a densely crowded hemispherical or cylindrical mass, nearly 2 inches
Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 251. Plains
in diameter and often 2 or 3 inches high.
:
reports.
From Montana
* * * * Caulescent
to Nevada,
flowers axillary
New
Mexico, and
W.
Texas.
New
lines
long: petals
the head-
From
Mexico.
Capsule
to
2.
mostly acaulescent.
12.
tifid
&
Gray.
:
Subpubescent
Wyoming,
Colorado,
3.
anthers oblong-linear
capsule mostly
erect in the
sessile,
linear-
ci/lindric.
13.
CE.
Hartwegi,
Benth.
Low,
3 to 15 inches high
leaves numerous,
linear to lanceolate, mostly entire : calyx-tube 1 to 2 inches long, the tips free
and linear: petals 4 to 12 lines long: capsule 8 to 10 lines long.
ONAGRACE.E.
(EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.)
105
&
Gray.
14.
4.
Stigma capitate :
anthers oblong
the
and contorted.
CE. strigulosa, Torr. & Gray, var. pubens, Watson. Pubescence
and spreading, sometimes nearly smooth petals 1 to 2 lines long, yel-
above, curved
15.
hirsute
low, usually turning red capsule very narrow!// linear, often short-pedicelled.
Includes CE. dentala, Torr. & Gray. From the Wahsatch westward through
:
Oregon
As
Dwarf,
:
in
long.
18.
Like the
more
distinctly pinnate
Idaho to
S.
1 to
Am.
Nat.
S.
but stouter:
not puberu-
more slender
ix. 271.
S.
CLARKIA,
5.
villous,
3 inches long.
Of a much
inflorescence
last,
W.
Pursh.
uppermost
sessile
brittle
racemes.
1.
C. pulchella, Pursh.
Leaves linear-lanceolate
to
a long claw which has a spreading tooth on each side : perfect stamens with a linear scale on each side at base alternate stamens rudimentary
and flliform : capsule S-angled.
Bitter-Root Valley, W. Montana, to Idaho,
Oregon, and Washington Terr.
attenuate
to
2.
C.
rhomboidea,
Dougl. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to oblong-ovate: peta short broad claw which is often broadly toothed
From
6.
Tube
STENOSIPHON,
capsule ^-angled.
Spach.
106
LOASACE^E.
Fruit (very small) coriaceous, ovate, convex externally, flattish within, about
tall perennial herb, with virgate branches: linear-lanceolate,
8-ribbed.
sessile,
entire
crowded
in long
and
1.
S. virgatUS, Spach. Spikes in fruit sometimes nearly one foot long:
bracts subulate, longer than the ovary
calyx pubescent, 4 to 5 lines long
From Colopetals rather large in proportion ovary tomentose-pubescent.
:
7.
GAURA,
L.
turning to red.
1
G. biennis,
L.
lanceolate, denticulate
ward
Soft-hairy or downy, 3 to 8 feet high : leaves oblongIdaho and eastfruit oval or oblong, ribbed, downy.
to the Atlantic.
G. parviflora, Dougl.
with a minute
slightly
Washington Terr,
high,
to Texas.
G. COCCinea,
3.
Nutt.
Canescent, puberulent or glabrate, 6 to 12 inches
leaves lanceolate, linear-oblong or linear, repand-denticulate or
flowers in simple spikes, rose-color turning to scarlet fruit elliptical,
very leafy
entire
terete,
4-sided above.
the Saskatchewan.
8.
CIRC JEA,
L.
ENCHANTER'S NIGHTSHADE.
filled
Calyx-tube slightly prolonged above the ovoid ovary, the base nearly
Fruit pear-shaped, covered with
obcordate.
Petals
disk.
a
by
cup-shaped
hooked
bristles.
Low
flowers
slender erect herbs: leaves thin, petiolate
and lateral racemes fruit on slender spreading or
:
deflexed pedicels.
1. C
Magnus. Mostly glabrous leaves ovate,
Pacifica, Ascherson
rounded or cordate at base, repandly denticulate calyx white, with a very
:
ORDER
32.
LOASACE^E.
LOASACE^E.
107
MENTZELIA,
1.
L.
Erect, the stems becoming white and shinusually irregularly at the apex.
ing leaves alternate, mostly coarsely toothed or pinnatifid flowers cymose or
:
solitary,
# Seeds few,
1.
M.
:
petals 5, not large : filaments all filiform :
leaves petioled, cut-toothed or angled.
oligosperma, Nutt. Rough and adhesive, 1 to 3 feet high, much
leaves ovate and oblong petals yellow, wedgeFrom the mountains eastward
:
# # Seeds few
to
cubical, not
winged:
M.
2.
albicaulis, Dougl. Slender, 3 inches to a foot high or more:
leaves linear-lanceolate, pinnatifid with numerous narrow lobes, upper leaves
broader flowers mostly approximate near the ends of the branches petals
spatulate or obovate
capsule linear-clavate seeds numerous, rather strongly
:
Torr.
&
Gray, Fl.
i.
534.
California.
4.
M. ornata,
Torr.
leaves
oblong-lanceolate, the segments rather acute : flowers very large, terminating the
branches, bracteolate: petals 10, about 2 inches long: filaments all filiform:
capsule 5 to 7 -valued at the summit : seeds scarcely margined.
Along the Missouri and its tributaries also in S. W. Colorado.
Fl.
i.
534.
5.
M. nuda,
leaves
somewhat
Torr.
&
Gray.
Loc.
and
cit.
often sterile:
535.
*-
6.
M.
Loc.
2^ inches long: seeds very minutely tuberculate.
and Montana to the Columbia River and S. California.
7.
M. pumila,
leaves
somewhat
&
Torr.
petioled
cit.
W. Wyoming
CUCURBITACE^E.
108
(GOURD FAMILY.)
M. Chrysantha,
W.
Col. 237.
Differs
southward.
ORDER
33.
CUCURBIT AC E^E.
(GOURD FAMILY.)
calyx.
Sterile flowers
cells usually
torted.
with
1 to 3-celled
ovary.
1.
2.
Flowers
Cucurbita.
yellow.
Corolla 5-cleft.
1.
Corolla
6-parted.
CUCURBITA,
L.
yellow inside
California.
2.
ECHINOCYSTIS,
Torr.
&
Gray.
WILD BALSAM-APPLE.
Flowers monoecious.
corolla.
CACTACE^E.
1.
E. lobata,
5-lobed
Torr.
&
eastward, in rich
to
soil,
ORDER
34.
Root annual
Gray.
109
(CACTUS FAMILY.)
long
seeds
flat,
Colorado and
dark-colored.
Canada.
CACTACEJE.
(CACTUS FAMILY.)
all
No
leaves proper
spines never barbed. Flower-bearing and spine-bearing areolae
Tube of the sessile solitary flowers well developed, often long. Seeds brown
CACTE/E.
or black, mostly small.
:
distinct.
1.
2.
3.
Mamillaria.
Leaves small, subulate, early deciduous. Sessile and solitary flowers from the same
Tube of the flowers short, cup-shaped. Seeds
areolse as the always barbed spines.
larger, whitish,
4.
Opuntia.
arillus.
OPUNTIE/E.
MAMILLARIA,
Haw.
exsert.
1.
M. vivipara,
Haw.
M.
2.
to
M. Nuttallii, Eng.
globose, pitted.
the mountains and upon the plains.
Var. csespitosa, Watson.
Common
southward.
Eng.
CACTACE.E.
110
(CACTUS FAMILY.)
ECHINOCACTUS,
2.
Flowers about as long as wide. Ovary covered with few (in ours) sepaloid
Fruit succulent or dry,
scales, which are naked or woolly in their axils.
covered with the persistent scales, sometimes enveloped in copious wool, and
usually crowned with the remnants of the flower. Seed obliquely obovate,
black.
E. Simpsoni, Eng.
1.
bearing about 20 outer ash-colored spines and 5 to 10 stouter darker inner ones, all
straight and rigid flowers yellowish green to purplish : berry dry, with few
black tuberculated seeds.
From the eastern slopes of the Colorado moun:
tains
Big.
7 to
1 1
tuberculated.
From
S. Colorado
westward to
CEBEUS,
3.
S. California.
Haw.
Our
ECHINOCERECS, which
in-
cludes low and usually cespitose plants, with numerous oval or cylindric
heads, short flowers, green stigmas and spiny fruit, the seeds covered with
confluent tubercles.
C. viridiflorus, Eng.
1.
sparingly branched,
Ovate or at length
to 2 inches high
ribs about 13
cylindrical, simple or
areolaa ovate-lanceolate
spines strictly radiating, 12 to 18, with 2 to 6 superior setaceous ones, the rest
lateral' and longer, the lower frequentltj purplish brown, the others white, central
one often wanting, when present stouter, solitary, and variegated flowers
towards the apex, yellow, becoming green : berries elliptical, small.
PI.
Fendl 50. Common in Colorado and southward.
:
lateral
2.
12
ones
areolae rather
curved above, dark brown, often elongated : flowers lateral below the top,
large, 2 to 3 inches in diameter, of a deep purple color: berry 1 to 1 inches
PI. Fendl. 50.
S. Colorado and southward.
long, edible.
stout,
upper one much larger than the others, nearly equalling the central one,
remarkably stout, angular, and channelled : flowers scarlet, open day and
Pac. R. Rep. iv. 33, t. 5.
S. Colorado and southward.
apex,
the
which
is
night.
orbiculate,
somewhat crowded:
CACTACE^E.
upper ones a
little
to 3,
Pac. R. Rep.
Ill
(CACTUS FAMILY.)
iv. 34, t.
4.
S. Colorado
and
southward.
wanting or
Pac. R. Rep.
iv.
34.
S.
Colorado and
southward.
OPUNTIA,
4.
Tourn.
marked with
Joints compressed: rhaphe forming a prominent bony margin around the seed.
1.
* Fruit pulpy.
1.
Big.
joints ascending, 6 to 7 inches long, suborbiculate : areolse remote, numerbristles straw-colored or brownish, few : spines 1 to 3, compressed,
ous, armed
ing
Pac. R. Rep.
iv.
40.
S.
O. Rafinesquii, Eng.
2.
orbicular
1 to
leaves spreading
narrowed at
From
Var.
(1)
the base,
Pac. R. Rep.
iv.
From
43.
O. Missouriensis, DC.
Prostrate joints broadly obovate and tuber4 inches long : leaves minute ; their axils armed with a tuft of strawcolored bristles and 5 to 10 slender radiating spines I to 2 inches
long: flowers
3.
culate,
to
light yellow.
in the
eastward to Wisconsin.
O. rutila,
4.
inches long,
Nutt.
155.
S.
Wyoming
to
UMBELLIFER^E.
112
O. fragilis, Haw.
5.
(PARSLEY FAMILY.)
terete,
low : fruit with 20 to 28 clusters of bristles, only the upper ones with a few
From the Upper Missouri and Yellowstone to New Mexico.
short spines.
2.
: seed not
margined.
Arborescent, 5 to 6 feet high (much higher
branches numerous, verticillate, horizontal or pendulous
O. arborescens, Eng.
6.
farther south)
joints verticillate
stellate
Wisliz. Rep.
ORDER
35.
FICOIDE^.
Sesnvium.
Calyx-lobes
5,
Stamens 5 to
petaloid.
60.
Capsule circumscissile.
Suc-
culent.
2.
Mollugo.
Sepals
1.
5.
Stamens 3 or
5.
Capsule 3-valved.
SESUVIUM,
Not
succulent.
SEA PURSLANE.
L.
Calyx-tube turbiuate
branously margined.
late
2.
MOLLUGO,
CARPET-WEED.
L.
1.
M.
nodes
verticillata, L.
capsule oblong-ovoid
Arizona and
New Mexico
ORDER
36.
also in California
UMBEIJLIFER,E.
States.
(PARSLEY FAMILY.)
UMBELLIFER.E.
contains one ovule in each cell
113
(PARSLEY FAMILY.)
;
and the
a pair of
The
often surrounded
is
by an epigynous
is
the
Each
disk.
carpel has usually 5 longitudinal ribs in the intervals are usually one
The face by which the two
or more longitudinal oil-tubes, or vittce.
:
is
between them
is
Umbels
I.
irregularly
in the umbellets.
Oil-tubes obscure.
Sanicula.
1.
II.
Fruit
Umbels regularly compound. Fruit without prominent secondary ribs and not
nished with hooked or barbed prickles. 1 Oil-tubes rarely wanting.
fur-
t2.
Musenium.
carpophore
2-cleft
oil-tubes
2 or 3 in the intervals.
3.
Fruit ovoid
Orogenia.
and involute
--
t-
H-
ribs
5,
carpophore
Flowers white.
usually present.
4.
5.
face.
bifid or 2-parted.
Carum.
H- -H-
=
6.
Involucre none
carpophore 2-parted.
Bupleurum.
==
flowers white
leaves entire.
decompound.
7.
Cicuta.
8.
Slum.
9.
Osmorrhiza.
very obscure
Glycosma.
and toothed.
seed broadly
sulcate.
1 The
introduced genus Daucus has the secondary ribs most prominent and armed with
barbed or hooked prickles, and solitary oil-tubes under the wings or ribs. See foot-note,
p. 121.
UMBELLIFER.E.
* * * Fruit
i-
Fruit
more or
less
(PARSLEY FAMILY.)
somewhat compressed
the lateral
11.
12.
Thaspium.
orbicular
w-
Angelica.
14.
Archangelica.
15.
Cymopterus.
seed
flowers yellow.
flattened dorsally.
the intervals
more
oil-tubes in each
till
maturity
seed nearly
low perennials
the fruit
2 to 3 or
Peucedanum.
Heracleum.
and
H-
17.
much
13.
16.
in section
H- Fruit
involucre deciduous
flat
on
the. face.
involucre none
stout,
flowers.
18.
Archemora.
oil-tubes solitary
Ferula.
20.
SANICULA,
1.
Tourn.
numerous.
oil-tubes
1.
S.
fruit
fruit
oil-tubes very
BLACK SXAKEKOOT.
SANICLE.
Seed hemispherical.
ribs obso-
Smooth
perennials, with
the lobes more or less pin-
natifid or
bracts
rigid leaves.
incised
Marylandica,
L.
Stem
2 to 3 feet high
sterile flowers
styles elongated
States.
2.
MUSEWIUM,
Nutt.
Perennial,
Calyx-teeth persistent. Petals obovate, with mflexed point.
dwarf, rather foatid, resiniferous herbs, with fusiform roots and a short
caudex, or branching dichotomously from the base leaves 2 to 3-pinnatifid
:
involucre none
1.
M.
branching from the base : leaves, except the radical, opposite, glabrous, shining,
rhachis : /lowers yellow: fruit
bipinnatijid ; divisions confluent with the winged
somewhat glabrous
Gray, Fl.
i.
642.
"
Naked and
a strong terebinthine
oil.
Upper Missouri,"
Torr.
Nuttall.
&
UMBELLIFER^E.
Var.
M.
Hookeri,
Torr.
trachyspermum, Nutt.
Platte,
2.
and
115
(PARSLEY FAMILY.)
cit.
the
W. Montana.
S.
M. tenuifolium,
Nutt.
and somewhat
Acaulescent, erect
cespitose,
of
OROGENIA,
3.
Watson.
to the carpels
root tuberous
leaves radical,
segments
to 3 linear leaflets
ridges.
CAKUM,
L.
Stem
of a
flowers white.
to S. California.
I to
A common article
of food
the Indians,
among
who
call it
"yamp."
2.
C.
(?)
Hatlii, Watson.
the summit: leaves pinnate or pinnatisect; leaflets or segments oblong or subovate in outline, pinnately 3 to 7-lobed and few toothed: scape very simple, naJced,
surpassing the leaves, 10 inches high: involucel deeply parted : flowers yelBibl. Index,
low.
i.
416.
Musenium
Greenei,
Gray.
Colorado.
5.
Calyx-teeth minute.
broad. Seed terete.
BE HULA,
Koch.
styles short.
:
Commissure
leaves pinnate
involucre
leaflets.
B. angustifolia, Koch.
Erect,
and
angled
leaflets
California.
116
UMBELLIFER.E.
(PARSLEY FAMILY.)
BUPLEURUM,
6.
THOROUGH-WAX.
Tourn.
Calyx-teeth obsolete.
entire
leaves.
1. B.
ranunculoides, L. Radical leaves linear-lanceolate; cauline
ones clasping, cordate-oblong, striate
involucre about 3-leaved, unequal
leaflets of the involucel 5, ovate, mucronate.
Head-waters of Madison,
:
Gallatin,
CICUTA,
WATER HEMLOCK.
L.
Smooth,
tall
many-rayed
1.
C. maculata, L.
oblong-lanceolate, coarsely serrate : involucre usually wanting ; involucels of & to 8 narrow lanceolate leaflets : flowers
white : fruit broadly ovate.
Across the continent from the Atlantic to
Washington Territory and the Sierras.
2.
C.
(?)
leaflets
trachypleura, Watson.
Stem a
foot or
more high,
striate, 1
8.
SIUM,
Bibl. Index,
WATER
L.
Commissure narrow.
pinnate and leaflets
i.
417.
track i/pleu-
Thaspium
PARSNIP.
styles short.
aquatics, with angled stems : leaves
involucre and involucels of several bracts :
Smooth perennial
serrate
flowers white.
1.
S. cicutsefolium, Gmelin.
Tall:
9.
OSMORRHIZA,
S. lineare, Michx.
;
From
Colo-
Raf.
SWEET CICELY.
pound
1.
O. mida,
Torr.
Rather slender, 2 or 3 feet high, more or less pubesumbel long-peduncled, 3 to 5-rayed, usually naked
From
Colorado
Closely allied to
O. longistylis, DC.
ovary.
leaflets sparingly
pubescent or
long as the
UMBELLIFEK^:.
GLYCOSMA,
10.
117
(PARSLEY FAMILY.)
Nutt.
&
Torr.
oblong-lanceolate, serrate.
11.
LIGUSTICUM,
LOVAGE.
L.
* Flowers
white.
sheath fruit 1\ lines long, with a conical stylophore : seed with a central longitudinal ridge on the concave face.
Probably the Conioselinum Canadense of
Hayd. Rep. 1872. Colorado and northward into Montana, but more abundant
:
westward.
long,
back.
Loc.
cit. xi.
140.
sti/lophore obscure
L.
montanum,
Benth.
&
Hook.
yellow.
Very smooth
stem slender,
to 2
feet
high
12.
TH AS PI TIM,
leaflets
Nutt
MEADOW-PARSNIP.
or short.
1.
T. trifoliatum, Gray. Glabrous, stems somewhat branched rootsome of them round and heart-shaped stem-leaves simply ternate
:
leaves or
or quinate, or 3-parted
the divisions or leaflets ovate-lanceolate or roundish,
mostly abrupt or heart-shaped at the base, crenately toothed : flowers deep
;
and northward
into
Montana, and
east-
118
UMBELLIFER^.
(PARSLEY FAMILY.)
ANGELICA,
13.
L.
Usually
Involucre,
A. pinnata, Watson.
1.
to
3 feet high
leaves
Wahsatch and
Uinta Mountains.
A. Lyallii, Watson.
2.
Stout,
4 or 5 feet high
xvii. 374.
A.
3.
the
Am. Acad.
Proc.
From Montana
similar
umbel
solitary, the
Proc.
lacerately toothed bracts nearly equalling the rays involucels similar.
Am. Acad. xx. 369. Rocky Mountains near the British boundary, and proba;
bly in N. Montana.
ARCHANGELICA,
14.
Calyx-teeth short.
Hoffm.
in the
Much
pericarp.
like
Angelica.
the
New England
coast.
CYMOPTERUS,
15.
Raf.
thickened root
segments
1.
C. alpinus, Gray.
# Flowers yellow.
Caudex cespitose: leaves
pinnatisect
pinnae 3 to
5,
approximate, 3 to 7-parted
segments linearlanceolate, very entire, or the
lower 2 to 3-cleft scape 2 to 4 inches high, bearing a subcapitate iimbel a little
;
involucels 5 to 7-parted
segments equalling the
golden flowers
wings of the fruit somewhat erose oil-tubes 1 or 2 in the
Am. Jour. Sci., n. xxxiii. 408. High alpine,
intervals, 4 on the commissure.
from Colorado
to
Mentana.
'C.
terebinthinus,
UMBELLIFER.E.
119
(PARSLEY FAMILY.)
* * Flowers white.
Peduncles shorter (sometimes longer in No. 3) than the leaves.
3. C. montanus, Torr. & Gray.
Root long and fleshy: stem 2 to 6 inches
high: leaves glaucous, ovate in outline, bipinnatelt/ divided ; segments rather
few and distant involucre and involucel somewhat companulate, scarious, about
<-
C. glomeratUS, Raf.
4.
stem 3
to
8 inches
caudex bearing the leaves and peduncles at the summit leaves on long
petioles, ternatebj divided and bipinnat ifid : leaflets of the palmately 5 to 1 -parted
high
with thickened
high: leaves 3-parted, the divisions remote, bipinnat iJid : involucels minute: fruit
with somewhat thickened and spongy wings, the alternate ones obsolete ; oiltubes 6 on the commissure.
Loc. cit. " Plains of the Platte near the Rocky
Mountains"
(Nuttall).
<-
i-
Peduncles equalling
C.
(?)
anisatus, Gray.
: leaves
pinnate leaflets 4 or 5 pairs, subequal, 3 to 5 lines long or less,
pinnately divided; segments linear, entire or cleft into short linear lobes:
scape 4 to 6 inches high, much exceeding the leaves : involucels of several linearlanceolate leaflets fruit nearly sessile, 1 i or 2 lines long wings thin, but some-
lent
PEUCEDANUM,
L.
120
UMBELLIFER^E.
* Leaves
(PARSLEY FAMILY.)
broad or
1.
Acaulescent, glabrous
-t
P. graveolens,
fruit oblong
ing the leaves fruit 4 or 5 lines long, narrowly margined oil-tubes about
Bot. King's Exp. 128. Mountains
2 in the intervals, 4 on the commissure.
:
of
*-
2.
P. simplex,
oil-tubes solitary
broader
than
the
body
ribs
Nutt.
prominent.
tall
leaves ternate or
Arizona.
3.
P.
Nutt.
Glabrous, often low leaves 1 to 2-pinnate with
upper often more dissected fruit narrowly oblong, 4 lines long,
Torr. & Gray, Fl. i.
winged ; oil-tubes 2 on the commissure.
Montana to Oregon and Washington. Root much used by the
ambiguum,
narrowly
W.
626.
Indians.
yellow
P. fOBnicillaceum,
gamophyllous, 5 to
oil-tubes
From
flowers
fruit glabrous.
t-
4.
7-cleft
to 3 in the intervals, 2 to 4
ribs
prominent;
Loc.
on the commissure.
cit.
627.
P. bicolor, Watson.
* * * Leaves
smaller,
much
yellow
6.
P. villosum,
fruit pubescent
Nutt.
More
From Nebraska
Nevada and
S.
P.
to
W.
Utah.
:
flowers white
fruit
or scarcely so.
involucels conspicu-
to
N. California.
8.
P. nudicaule, Nutt.
Nearly glabrous
involucels small
fruit ellip-
tical,
ARALIACE^E.
HERACLEUM,
17.
121
(GINSENG FAMILY.)
Cow
L.
PARSNIP.
to the Atlantic
also in California.
ARCHEMORA,
18.
COWBANE.
DC.
A. Fendleri,
1.
an inch long
Gray.
stem simple, 1
cauline leaves ovate or oblong, all incisely serrate throughout
2 lines long.
PI. FendL 56.
Colorado and New Mexico.
:
19.
FERULA,
fruit
hardly
L.
nials,
leaves
pinnately
decompound
flowers
F. multifida, Gray.
or 2 leaves
20.
POLYT^INIA,
DC.
Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit oval, very flat many oil-tubes in the corky margin.
A smooth herb, with 2-pinnate leaves, the uppermost opposite and 3-cleft
;
iuvolucels bristly
segments pinnately incised or toothed fruit 3 lines long, entire at each end.
Plains of the Platte and eastward to Indiana and Louisiana.
:
ORDER
Like
to be
37.
ARALIACE^E.
(GINSENG FAMILY.)
woody, styles
(berry-like or drupaceous).
1.
2.
Aralia.
Fatsia.
Petals imbricated.
Petals valvate.
Ovary 2 to 5-celled.
Ovary 2 to 3-celled.
throughout.
Carota, L., may be known by its bristly stem, pinnatifid involucre which equals the dense and concave umbel, white or cream-colored flowers, the central
one of each umbellet being abortive and dark purple.
1
CORNACE^E.
122
(DOGWOOD FAMILY.)
ARAL I A,
1.
SPIKENARD.
L.
herbs or shrubs
A. racemosa,
L-
decompound
lea/lets cordate-ovate,
doubly serrate :
2.
FAT SI A,
Dene.
&
Planch.
Woody plant, with very large leaves palmately lobed, and the capitate umbels in a long raceme.
1.
F. horrida,
Benth.
stout
and woody, 6
to 12 feet
long, creeping at base, leafy at the summit, and very prickly throughout,
Cascade and Coast Ranges,
making the forests in places almost impassable.
ORDER
38.
CORNACEJE. (DOGWOOD
FAMILY.)
Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs, with simple and entire mainly opposite
petals
leaves, no stipules, and flowers in cymes or involucrate heads
;
COB, WITS,
Flowers perfect.
:
DOGWOOD.
to 2-celled ovary,
CORNEL.
Style slender
flowers white or greenish.
1. C. Canadensis, L.
vate.
L.
to 1 inches high,
from a
slender creeping trunk: leaves scarcely petioled, the tipper crowded into an
in a head or
apparent whorl in sixes or fours, ovate or oval : Jlowers greenish,
cence on both sides, whitish underneath : Jlowers white, in open and fat spreading
C. pubescens of Fl. Colorado
ci/mes: involucre none: fruit white or lead-color.
Same range
as the last.
CAPKITOLIACE^S.
123
(HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.)
DIVISION
II.
GAMOPETAL.E.
more or
ORDER
CAPRIFOLIACE^E.
39.
(HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.)
Shrubs, or rarely herbs, with opposite leaves, no stipules, the calyxtube adnate to the 2 to 5-celled ovary, the stamens mostly as many as
the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them, inserted on
base.
Flowers commonly 5-merous.
* Corolla regular, short, rotate or open-campanulate
3 to 5
i-
1.
fruit
baccate-drupaceous
its
inflorescence terminal
any
and cymose.
tube or
stigmas
cluster.
Adoxa.
Calyx with hemispherical tube adnate to above the middle of the ovary: limb
about 3-toothed.
Corolla rotate, 4 to 6-cleft.
Stamens a pair below each sinus
of the corolla, each with a peltate one-celled anther. Ovary 3 to 5-celled.
Fruit
greenish, maturing 2 to 5 cartilaginous nutlets.
--
*-
Shrubby
to tree-like
cymose
2.
Sainbucus.
anthers 2-celled
inflorescence
compound-
calyx 5-toothed.
Ovary
3 to 5-
celled,
3.
Ovary
1-celled
less
elongated
t-
4.
campanulate: style
fruit,
Linnsea.
Calyx with a 5-parted limb, constricted above the globular tube. Corolla
campanulate-funnelform, almost equally 5-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, included.
Style exserted.
- Shrubs, with
scaly winter buds, erect or climbing
t5.
fruit
two
to many-seeded.
Corolla regu-
6.
Corolla from campanulate to tubular, more or less gibbous at base the limb
irregular
and commonly bilabiate, sometimes almost regular. Ovary 2 to 3-celled. Fruit a few
;
to several-seeded berry.
1.
ADOXA,
L.
MOSCHATEL.
An
124
CAPRIFOLIACE.E.
5 in a slender-pedunculate
glomerule
ward
in the
Northern States.
2.
in
(HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.)
SAMBUCUS,
ELDER.
Tourn.
Plants with large pith to the vigorous shoots, serrate leaflets, small flowers
hroad cymes, and red or black berry-like fruits. Stems with warty bark.
* Compound cymes thyrsoid-paniculate ; the axis continued and sending off several
pairs of branches : pith of year-old shoots deep yellow-brown.
1.
Stems 2 to 12 feet high; branches spreading:
S. racemosa, L.
leaves from pubescent to nearly glabrous
leaflets 5 to 7, ovate-oblong to
;
>.
S.
2.
cent
melanocarpa,
to
Gray.
leaflets 5 to 7, rarely 9
New Mexico
otherwise
much
Rocky Mountains
of
Montana
Proc.
like preceding.
to Oregon,
Am. Acad.
and south
and California.
5 -rayed
of year-old
fine
a callous gland
From
the S.
fruit
VIBURNUM,
L.
Shrubs or small trees, with tough and flexible branches, simple leaves, and
In our species the drupes are
terminal depressed cymes of white flowers.
light red, globose, acid and edible, with the stone very flat, orbicular, and
even, and the leaves palmately veined.
V. pauciflorum,
1.
straggling
/.
regions.
4.
LINN
-33
A, Gronov.
TWIN-FLOWER.
trailing and creeping evergreen, with filiform branches, purplish rosecolored sweet-scented flowers which are sometimes almost white.
1.
i-
to
a short petiole
CAPRIFOLIACE^E.
125
(HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.)
bearing at summit a pair of small bracts, and from axil of each a filiform
one-flowered pedicel pedicels similarly 2-bracteolate at summit, and a pair of
:
flowers
larger ovate glandular-hairy inner bractlets subtending the ovary
From the mountains of California, Colorado, and Maryland,
nodding.
:
Circle.
SYMPHOBICARPOS,
5.
SNOWBEERY.
Dill.
INDIAN
CURRANT.
Low
diffuse, not
climbing
* Short-flowered :
and upper
S. OCCidentalis, Hook.
flowers in terminal
1.
Robust, glabrous, or slightly pubescent:
leaves oval or oblong, thickish (larger 2 inches long) axillary flower-clusters
not rarely pedunculate, sometimes becoming spicate and an inch long corolla
:
3 lines high, 5-cleJl to beyond the middle, within densely villous-hirsute with long
Mountains of Colobeard-like hairs : stamens and style more or less exserted.
"
rado and Montana, northward and eastward.
Wolf-berry."
S.
2.
ered
slender
and glabrous
leaves round-oval
axillary clusters mostly few-flowered, or lowest one-flowcorolla 2 lines high, 5-lobed above the middle, moderately villous-bearded
within,
nent.
More
racemoSUS, Michx.
to oblong, smaller
narrowed
"
at base
stamens and
Snowberry."
* # Longer-flowered :
S. oreophilus, Gray.
6.
L ONI CERA,
HONEYSUCKLE.
L.
WOODBINE.
various.
* Flowers
- Bracts at
the
summit of
from
the axils
stems erect
the
of
the
two
rounded
1.
of
and branching :
L. Utahensis, Watson.
berries red.
Leaves oval or
elliptical-oblong,
rounded at
or soon
first,
126
RUBIACE^E.
(MADDER FAMILY.)
cent within.
-t-
L. involucrata, Banks.
high
leaves
# * Flowers
in variously disposed terminal or axillary clusters, commonly verticilstems twining : uppermost pair or two of leaves connate into an oval or
orbicular disk: corolla with more or less elongated tube: berries orange or red.
late
L. ciliosa,
Poir.
Leaves ovate or oval, glaucous beneath, usually
otherwise glabrous: whorls of flowers single and terminal, or rarely
2 or 3, and occasionally from the axils of the penultimate pair of leaves,
3.
ciliate,
From
lines long.
Montana and
British Columbia.
ORDER
RUBIACE^E.
40.
(MADDER FAMILY.)
Shrubs or (ours) herbs, with opposite entire leaves connected by interposed stipules, or verticillate without apparent stipules, the calyx
adnate to the 2 to 4-celled ovary, the stamens as many as the lobes of
the regular corolla, and inserted on
1.
Kelloggia.
its
tube.
Stamens and
style
more or less
exserted.
Fruit small, dry and coriaceous, beset with hooked bristles, separating at maturity into 2 closed carpels.
Ovary
2.
2-celled.
Galium.
filaments.
1.
KELLOGGIA,
Torr.
A single
I
1.
K.
127
(MADDER FAMILY.)
or 2-dentate interposed stipules
tire
fruit
in
GALIUM,
BEDSTBAW.
L.
CLEAVERS.
Herbs (occasionally with suffrutescent base) with sessile leaves and small
flowers variously arranged.
at base: leaves 4 in the whorls ; their margins, midrib, and angles of
stem destitute of retrorse hispidness or roughness : fruit hirsute with long and
straight (not at all hooked) bristles: flowers dioecious: stems low and diffuse.
* Woody
in diameter
Proc.
bristles of
Am. Acad.
immature
xix. 80.
* * Wholly herbaceous
S.
W.
Colorado,
New
leaves 6 or 8 in
a whorl.
L.
2.
Stems
long
G. triflorum, Michx.
Diffusely procumbent, smoothish: herbage sweetstems a foot to a yard long leaves in sixes, elliptical-Ianceolate to narrowly oblong (inch or two long), scabrous or not on the margins
and midrib beneath: cymes once or twice 3-rai/ed : pedicels soon divaricate:
3.
scented in drying
t~
corolla yellowish white to greenish, its lobes hardly surpassing the bristles of
the ovary.
Across the continent.
t- -i-
bristles
leaves 4 to 6 in
whorl.
and ample
thyrsiform
4. G.
boreale, L. Erect, a foot or two high, mostly smooth and glaleaves from linear to broadly lanceolate, often with fascibrous, very leafy
cles of smaller ones in the axils
flowers in a terminal panicle ; the uppermost
:
leaves being reduced to pairs of small oblong or oval bracts fruit small, hisFrom New
pidulous, or at first canescent and soon glabrous and smooth.
:
C.
128
VALERIANACE^E.
w- -w-
Flowers few
G. bifolium, Watson.
5.
(VALERIAN FAMILY.)
in
number and
scattered.
high,
sparingly branched, slender: leaves oblanceolate to nearly linear, 4 in the
the
alternate ones smaller, or uppermost nearly reduced to a
whorls,
single pair :
Bot.
tip.
Mountains of
134.
King Exp.
W.
Colorado and
S.
Montana
to
California.
G. trifidum,
6.
L.
Weakly
erect, branching,
to
20 inches high,
smooth and glabrous, except the retrorsely scabrous angles of the stem and
usually more hispidulous and sparse roughness of the midrib beneath and
margins of the leaves: these in sixes, Jives, or not rarely fours, linear or oblanceolate, or lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, 4 to 7 lines long peduncles slender, scat:
and
fruit smooth
glabrous.
ward.
Var. pusillum, Gray, is the smallest form, a span or two high leaves
only in fours, 3 or 4 lines long, narrow, in age often reflexed peduncles
In the mountains of Colorado and California, and northward.
1-flowered.
:
The
Canada
Texas and
to
ORDER
41.
leaves
larger and broadest-leaved form
cymules few to several-flowered.
:
wide
California.
VAL.ERIANACEJE.
(VALERIAN FAMILY.)
the ovary,
ones, stamens 1 to
and inserted on its tube.
empty
lobed
3, distinct,
1.
VALEBIANA,
Tourn.
# Erect from a
and
1. V. odulis, Nutt.
Glabrous or glabrate, a foot or at length 3 feet or
more high radical leaves oblanceolate to spatulate, tapering into a margined
cauline rarely none,
petiole, entire or some sparingly lacmiate-pinnatifid
:
and pinnately parted into 3 to 7 linear or lanceolate divisions, or terminal one spatulate flowers potygamo-dioecious, yellowish white, sessile in the cymules, which form an elongated thyrsiform
naked panicle.
Mountains of New Mexico and Arizona, northward and
commonly
to 3 pairs, sessile,
eastward.
COMPOSITE.
129
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
# * Erect from creeping or ascending rootstocks, which emit slender roots : leaves
thinnish, loosely vein//, often with some simple and some divided and margins
either entire or dentate on same plant ; the radical ones on slender naked petioles
V. sylvatica,
2.
Stems from
Banks.
8 to 30 inches high.
radical leaves
few-toothed
lines long.
V. Sitchensis,
3.
More
Bong.
robust,
as-
cending rootstocks
long.
ORDER
42.
COMPOSITE.
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
The
Fruit an akene.
cleft.
or polygamous.
its
The
when
this is
I.
TUBULIFLOR^J.
naked.
to the Tribes.
Key
Ser.
is
Style-branches elongated,
tuse,
more or
less clavate-thickened
upward and
ob-
EUPATORIACEJE.
COMPOSITE.
130
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
discoid or radiate
flowers not rarely
style-branches of hermaphrodite flowers with stigmatic lines
extending either to the naked summit or to a more or less distinct
yellow
Anthers not caudate at base style-branches in hermaphrodite flowers flattened and with a distinct (but sometimes very short) terminal appendage
disk-corollas generally yellow rays of same or different color.
:
III.
Anthers caudate
ASTEROIDE^:.
late
V. HELIANTHOIDEJE.
Anthers not caudate receptacle naked pappus from chaffy to setiform
or none herbage often punctate with resinous or pellucid dots or glands
VI. HELENIOIDE.E.
otherwise nearly as preceding
:
involucre of
Pappus
of
numerous
soft-capillary bristles.
VIII. SENECIONIDE^E.
cated
or favose
receptacle densely setose or fimbrillate,
and hard
pappus usually
plurisetose.
akenes thick
radiate.
IX. CYNAEOIDE^E.
Ser. II.
LIGULIFLORJE.
Corollas
all ligulate
style-branches filiform,
Receptacle naked or chaffy anthers not caudate
naked, stigmatic only toward the base. Herbage with milky juice.
:
X. ClCHOEIACE^E.
Tribe
1.
I.
VERNONIACE^E.
Vemonia. Heads
much
several to many-flowered.
imbricated bracts.
Tribe
II.
EtTPATORIACE^.
Leaves either
scales of the involucre mostly lax, from thin-membranaceous to herbain one row.
ceous, nerveless or few-nerved, either imbricated or equal and about
flat.
Heads few to
Pappus wholly of
# Akenes 5-angled
2.
Eupatorlum.
Receptacle
many-flowered.
scabrous capillary bristles which are mostly in one row, and indefinitely numerous.
COMPOSITE.
* * Akenes 10-costate or striate
5-toothed at
summit
131
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
pappus a
corolla slender,
Kulmia. Pappus
series.
4.
t-
opposite or alternate.
- Scales of the involucre somewhat herbaceous or partly colored, not conspicuously
corollas narrow, with gradually dilated throat and elongated lanceolate or linear
striate
:
Liatris.
Heads few
to many-flowered.
Akenes slender
or tapering from apex to base, pubescent. Pappus of firm and mostly equal bristles,
Leaves alternato.
from plumose to barbellate.
Herbs, with heads in a terminal
ASTE
BOIDE^E. Heads with ligulate ray-flowers pistillate or rarely neuor with the flowers all hermaphrodite and tubular, or even dioecious.
Receptacle
seldom chaffy. Pappus various, sometimes none. Leaves mostly alternate.
Tribe III.
tral,
* Disk wholly of hermaphrodite flowers, of the same color as the ray (if present), mostly
yellow their corollas tubular with more or less ampliate throat and 4 or 5-lobed limb
:
- Pappus chaffy
6.
t-
heads radiate, small, paniculate or cymose-clustered : scales of the involucre mostly coriaceous, the outer successively shorter.
Pappus of a few
(2 to 8)
heads radiate or
Grindelia. Heads many-flowered, hemispherical or at first globose the scales numerous and narrow, imbricated in many series, firm and rigid, with more or less
herbaceous tips. Style-appendages lanceolate or linear. Akenes short and thick,
:
Pappus double the inner of numerous capillary scabrous bristles the outer composed of minute short bristles or scales, which are sometimes even obsolete heads
mostly radiate, middle-sized, terminating the stem and branches.
-i-
-t-
8.
*-!---
receptacle
ovate-lanceolate to filiform
8.
9.
without herbaceous
10.
flowers yellow.
Chrysopsis.
Bijelovia.
Heads
tips.
linear.
132
11.
COMPOSITE.
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
Solidago. Heads few- or several-, rarely many-flowered mostly radiate, small, commonly in racemiform or spiciform clusters, sometimes fastigiate-cymose or in a thyrsus.
;
Involucre narrow
its
* * Disk of hermaphrodite and mostly fertile flowers their corollas mostly yellow
not yellow, occasionally wanting: receptacle naked, flat or barely convex.
;
*-
Pappus a
awns or
of coarse
and
the ray
ray chaffy.
12.
Townsendia.
much
Awns
Style-appendages lanceolate.
13.
i- H- Pappus of numerous
capillary bristles, with or without a short outer series.
Aster. Involucre from hemispherical to campanulate, sometimes oblong or turblnate,
imbricated in several or few series of unequal bracts, mostly in part herbaceous.
Rays numerous, not very narrow. Style-appendages from slender-subulate to ovatecommonly lanceolate. Akenes mostly compressed, 2 to 10-nerved, and the
pappus mostly simple and copious, rarely distinctly double. Leafy-stemmed herbs,
acute,
14.
Erigeron.
15.
-i-
+- Corolla of the
Heads
Conyza.
in 1 to 3 series.
filiform or short
and narrow
sin-
Pappus a
pappus of
capil-
lary bristles.
16.
Baccliaris.
Heads completely
dioecious, many-flowered.
cated.
Receptacle mostly flat and naked, rarely chaffy.
with tubular-funnelform 5-cleft corolla the female with corolla reduced to a slender
truncate or minutely toothed tube. Akenes 5 to 10-costate. Pappus of the male
:
bristles
Tribe IV.
INULOIDE^E.
Female flowers
ligulate or filiform.
fruit.
Shrubby or
Style-branches
fili-
form or flattish.
Pappus capillary or none. Involucre commonly dry or scarious.
Ours do not have conspicuous rays, and are all floccose-woolly herbs.
* Involucre of few scarious bracts receptacle chaffy a bract subtending each female
flower or akene anthers sometimes only acutely sagittate or auriculate : the short style
or style-branches not truncate.
17. Evax.
Akenes from obcompressed to terete, sometimes minutely papillose or puberu:
lent.
flowers sometimes
fertile,
destitute of pappus.
Hermaphrodite
subulate.
* * Involucre of numerous more or less scarious bracts which are often colored or petaloid
at the summit
anther-tails slender
receptacle not chaffy
style or style-branches
:
mostly truncate.
18.
Antennaria.
COMPOSITE.
133
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
Anaphalis.
19.
Otherwise as
20.
in the
many series the scarious and commonly partly woolly bracts with or without colored papery tips or appendages. Style of hermaphrodite flowers 2-cleft. Pappus of
numerous merely scabrous capillary bristles, in a single series.
in
HEL,IANTHOIDEvE.
Tribe V.
Female flowers
ligulate
and
radiate, or the
heads
* Ray-flowers ligulate and fertile, the ligule mostly deciduous disk -flowers hermaphroditeakenes usually coriaceous the style mostly entire : receptacle chaffy throughsterile
out, except in No. 24.
- Involucre double exterior of 4 or 5 herbaceous or foliaceous plane bracts interior of a
;
Melampodium.
21.
-i-
pappus none.
commonly
Akenes more or
less
indurated,
naked or unarmed.
Involucre broad, of plane or barely concave bracts innermost subtending obcommuch flattened) akenes, but not enclosing nor embracing them.
;
pressed (mostly
H-
Ray-flowers and akenes in more than one series, and with elongated exserted deciduous
the akenes falling free, or with only the subtending bract.
ligules
:
22.
Silphium.
Heads
large,
many-flowered. Involucre of thickish more or less foliathe innermost small and chaffy. Receptacle comparatively
somewhat turbinate
in age
its chaffy bracts linear, flat, or
Corollas of the ray with a long and spreading
of the disk cylindrical-tubular. Akenes very flat and
:
none or sometimes a pair of short rigid awns or teeth, with which the wing
is
con-
fluently united.
++
Ray-flowers and akenes in a single series, with very short or even obsolete ligules
akenes with 2 or 3 bracts of sterile flowers attached to their base on the inner side,
which they take with them, and commonly also the subtending involucral bract, when
-H-
they
23.
fall
heads small.
Partlienium.
obovate,
which
is
firmly coherent at base with the bases of the bracts of the contiguous pair of sterile
flowers and of the subtending bract, at length tearing away from the akene ; the summit bearing the marcescent corolla. Pappus of two chaffy awns or scales, or some-
Parlhenice.
Fertile flowers 6 to
8.
sterile flowers
COMPOSITE.
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
more scarious
and
t-
27)
heads small
Head androgynous
(rarely all
male in No.
monly
25.
all
or
27),
involucre open.
areola small.
26.
Oxytenia.
5 dilated-ovate
and
27.
-H-
some
villous hairs.
Akenes
Dicoria.
male flowers 6 to
with mere rudiments of ovary and style. Involucre of 5 oval or oblong herbaceous
bracts and within one or two larger and broad thin-scarious bracts, subtending the
fertile flowers, or these wanting in male heads.
Receptacle small, flat, with a few
narrow and hyaline chafl'y bracts. Filaments rnonadelphous up to the lightly con12,
bracts.
H-
28.
Ambrosia.
29.
filiform chaff
among
female.
more or less bur-like, being armed over the surface with several or numerous prickles or spines (the spiny free tips of component bracts) in more than one
series.
Leaves mostly alternate.
4-rostrate,
H-
30.
X a ut hi inn.
bracts
COMPOSITES.
135
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
clothed with uncinate-tipped prickles each flower a single pistil, maturing a thick
ovoid akene, the two permanently enclosed in the indurated prickly involucre. Leaves
:
alternate.
* * * Ray-flowers ligulate and fertile the ligule with very short tube or none, persistent
on the akeue and becoming papery in texture disk-flowers hermaphrodite and fertile,
numerous, subtended or embraced by chaffy bracts the corolla cylindraceous leaves
;
31.
Leaves
all
Zinnia.
or mostly entire, sessile akenes of the disk compressed, all or some of them
toothed or awued from the summit of the angles or edges.
Involucre campanulate or cylindraceous: its closely appressed-imbricated
:
bracts dry and tirm, broad, with rounded summit often margined. Receptacle becoming
conical or cylindraceous the chaffy bracts couduplicate arouud the disk-flowers. Lobes
:
awns or
32.
erect
Rays showy.
chaffy teeth.
+-
Heliopsis.
Echinacea.
only convex, becoming ovoid and the receptacle acutely conical chaffy
bracts of the latter persistent, carinate-concave, acuminate into a rigid and spinescent
Disk at
first
Rudbeckia.
Involucre looser, spreading, more foliaceous. Disk from hemisphericolumnar, and receptacle from acutely conical to cylindrical its
cal or globose to
chaffy bracts not spinescent, but sometimes soft-pointed. Ligules yellow or partly
Disk-corollas with a short but usually a manifest proper tube.
brown-purple.
times none.
35.
Liepaehys.
length deciduous with them. Corollas of the disk with hardly any proper tube.
Ligules, involucre, &c. of Rudbeckia.
t-
- Receptacle from
M-
Rays
fertile
flat
very
receptacle
winged nor
flat,
36.
Balsamorrhiza.
37.
and often with intermediate nerves. Involucre broad the outer bracts foliaceous,
sometimes enlarged. Chaff linear-lanceolate- Tuberous-rooted low herbs.
Wyethia. Akenes prismatic, large, 4-angled, or in the ray 3-angled and in the disk
often flattened, also with intermediate salient nerves. Pappus a lacerate chaffy crown,
or cut into nearly distinct scales, commonly produced at one or more of the angles
into chaffy rigid awns or teeth. Involucre campanulate or broader, more or less im-
bricated
the akenes.
COMPOSITE.
136
Rays
33.
sterile, rarely
which
39.
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
is
chaffy
at length covered
commonly
usually pubescent.
Helianthus.
Pappus deciduous, of two scarious and pointed scales, mostly no inAkenes usually glabrous or glabrate. Tube of the disk-corollas
termediate ones.
short,
.(-(-- Receptacle
40.
Helianthella. Rays neutral, rarely wanting. Pappus of delicate scales between the
two chaffy teeth or awns which surmount the two acute margins of the akene, or these
41.
Verbesina.
obsolete in age.
1 to 3-awned,
* * # * * Akenes obcompressed or sometimes terete, and the subtending chaffy bracts flat
or hardly concave; otherwise as in the last section: heads many-flowered: leaves
mostly opposite : style-tips of the disk-flowers produced into a cusp or cone involucre double receptacle flat or merely convex : rays in ours neutral.
:
+42.
very base
Coreopsis.
commonly
8 in
number.
Rays about
S.
Akenes
flat,
or-
Awns
43.
of the pappus
when present
Bidens. Bracts
44.
Thelesperma.
outer of shorter
bracts, connate at base with the inner. Chaff of the flat receptacle whiteRays about 8, cuneate-obovate. Disk-corollas with long and slender tube,
and narrow
scarious.
Leaves opposite.
******
Ray-flowers ligulate and fertile, each subtended by a bract of the mostly oneseried involucre which more or less encloses its akene disk-flowers hermaphrodite, but
some or all of them sterile, their style-branches subulate and hispid chaff always
;
45.
46.
L,ayia.
Bracts of the involucre flattened on the back below, with abruptly dilated
thin margins infolded so as to enclose the ray-akene. Receptacle broad and flat,
ligules.
bearing a series of thin chaffy bracts between the ray- and disk-flowers. Akenes of
the ray obcompressed, almost always smooth, destitute of pappus ; those of the disk
similar or more linear-cuneate, mostly pubescent, bearing a pappus of 5 to 20 bristles,
or scales, or rarely none.
COMPOSITE.
Tribe VI.
HEL.ENIOIDE-.E.
137
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
Diak-flovvers hermaphrodite
and
Bracts of
fertile.
* Involucre of narrow equal erect bracts ligules persistent and becoming papery on the
usually striate-nerved akenes herbage more or less white-woolly no oil-glands.
:
Kitldellia.
47.
Heads with
3 or 4 ray-
and
Involucre of
4 to 10 linear-oblong coriaceous woolly bracts, and a few smaller scarious ones within,
sometimes an additional narrow outer one. Receptacle small, fiat. Ligules as broad
as long, abruptly contracted at base into a short tube, truncate and 2 to 3-lobed.
Disk-corollas with short externally glandular-bearded teeth.
Pappus of 4
to 6 hyaline
scales.
* * Involucre of narrow equal erect bracts, in only one series ray-flowers female or none,
the ligule deciduous disk-corollas 4-toothed akenes flat, with only marginal nerves,
usually much ciliate plants not floccose-tomentose, and with no oil-glands.
:
Pericome. Head
48.
many-flowered, homogamous.
* * * Involucre hardly at all imbricated, its bracts when broad nearly equal or in a single
series
ligules not persistent disk-flowers numerous, mostly with 5 teeth akenes few:
n6
oil-glands,
i-
Receptacle
flat
H-
49.
Eriophyllum.
erect bracts, either distinct or sometimes partially united into a cup, at least in fruit
ligules,
Involucre hemispherical or obovate and lax or open in fruit the plane bracts
and commonly narrower at the base, not embracing akenes. Receptacle
mostly flat. Female flowers with exserted ligules, or rarely none. Akenes narrow,
quadrangular. Pappus of several scarious scales. Not floccose-tomentose.
Bahia.
distinct to
H- +*
its
Hymenopappus.
its
Polypteris. Involucre from broadly campanulate to turbinate its bracts from spatulate to linear-lanceolate, commonly in two series and equal.
Rays in our species
evolute into a palmate ligule and fertile. Corolla of the disk -flowers with long lobes.
Stamens wholly exserted. Akenes from linear and downwardly attenuate to clavate;
Pappus of 6 to
12 equal hyaline-scarious
scales.
H-
*+
-H-
tip,
53.
Chaenactis.
pubescent.
its
ligule.
flat.
138
COMPOSITE.
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
H-
54.
among the
flowers.
55.
Helenium.
sterile, rarely
Pappus
lar-pubescent.
Leaves commonly
56.
-H-
in 2 or 3 series, all
among
Disk-corolla3
with 5 ovate-triangular to subulate teeth, which are beset with jointed hairs. Akenes
turbinate, 5-costate, covered with long villous hairs. Pappus conspicuous, longer
than the akene, of 5 to 10 hyaline-scarious scales with a costa mostly excurrent into
an awn.
* * * * Involucre of the small heads composed of a few equal connivent bracts in a single
series, sometimes one or two small additional ones at base: ligules small, not persistent
akenes
terete,
oblong or
linear, 8 to 10-striate-costate
leaves opposite
no
oil-
glands.
57.
Flaveria.
the flowers
all fertile,
homogamous and
Disk-corollas 5-toothed.
Involucre of 2
Pappus none.
# # * * * Involucre a
some
58.
oil-glands.
Dysodia. Pappns
multisetose-polyadelphous,
e. all
i.
or
59.
60.
Opposite-leaved herbs.
ANTHEMIDE^E.
Tribe VII.
scarious involucre.
61.
teucampyx.
heads radiate.
its
Akenes
large, obovate-
trigonous, with narrowed base and rounded summit, lightly 5-nerved, glabrous,
obsolete.
slightly incurved. Pappus an obscure crown, soon
COMPOSITE.
189
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
Involucre with imbricated bracts as in the last, but campanulate or oboChaffy bracts of the receptacle menibranaceous, like the innermost bracts of the
involucre. Rays few or several, short and broad. Akenes oblong or obovate, obcom-
Achillea. 1
62.
vate.
Heads
summit
chaff.
bose.
63.
Matricaria. 2
64.
3 to
Akenes
Anther-tips
Artemisia. Heads
tile.
pappus.
Tribe VIII.
* Involucre a series of soft herbaceous bracts heads subdioecious, racemosely or corymbosely disposed, whitish flowered herbs with ample mostly radical leaves.
:
66.
Petasites.
Akenes narrow, 5 to
many-
5),
(at
Haploesthes.
67.
Heads
radiate
Involucre short-campanulate, of
similar rather fleshy orbicular or broadly oval bracts, the outer strongly overlapping
the inner. Ligules of the rather few and short ray-flowers oval. Akenes linear, terete,
striate-costate, glabrous.
Pappus a
bristles.
flowered
Heads homogamous.
Tetradymia.
63.
* * * * Involucre of numerous or several connivent-erect herbaceous equal bracts, manyflowered herbs, with opposite or alternate leaves.
:
Arnica.
Heads conspicuously
69.
The Old- World genus Anthemis has a naturalized species within our range and may be
characterized as follows
Anthemis.
truncate
See p. 198.
comparatively large
2 The
following Old- World genus has a naturalized species within our borders
Akenes
Heads
COMPOSITE.
140
or somewhat double
series.
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
Corollas of the disk-flowers with a
commonly elongated
hirsute tube.
series
chiefly opposite.
Senecio.
70.
discoid.
ous
Corollas yellow.
Leaves alternate.
bristles.
CYNABOIDEvE.
Tribe IX.
Cnicus. 1
or less prickly.
Tribe X.
Krigia.
72.
equal.
truncate summit.
73.
bristles.
some short calyculate ones, not rarely with 2 or 3 of intermediate length, thus becoming imbricate. Akenes 5-angled or ribbed, sometimes with intermediate ribs.
Pappus a
series of
plumose
awns.
color.
Microseris.
74.
Heads
i-
its bristles
or
awns naked,
Involucre many-flowered, either imbricated or only calyculate. Receptacle sometimes with or sometimes without delicate capillary bristles interposed
among the flowers. Akenes short, oblong or columnar, glabrous, terete and striately
5 to 15-costate, or 4 to 5-angled by the prominence of stronger ribs, with broad trun-
Malacothrix.
75.
cate apex having an entire or denticulate border or sharp edge. Pappus a series of
soft and scabrous bristles, and commonly 1 to 8 outer and stronger ones which are
i-
falling
never in connection.
= Flowers yellow.
Involucre several to many-flowered, of narrow equal bracts and some
short calyculate ones. Akenes oblong or columnar, smooth and glabrous, mostly 10ribbed or striate, either terete or 4 to 5-angular, commonly of same thickness to the
Hieracium.
76.
Pappus of rather
The following Old-World genus has a naturalized species within our range
Arctium. Involucre globular bracts slender-subulate or aristiform and spreading above
the broader appressed base, hooked at tip. Receptacle densely setose. Pappus of numerSee
ous short and rigid or chaffy bristles, separately deciduous. Leaves never prickly.
p. 212.
COMPOSITE.
141
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
and soft.
Perennials,
or hirsute, or often glandular pubescence.
Involucre
few
to
somewhat
or
more
many-flowered,
Crepis.
imbricated,
commonly a
series of equal bracts and some short calyculate ones.
Akenes from columnar to
fusiform, 10 to 20-costate. Pappus of copious white and usually soft capillary bristles.
77.
Annuals or perennials.
= =
78.
commonly
bristles, in
Lygodesmia. Heads
79.
or 4 to 5-angled,
striate,
leaves dilated.
3 to 12-flowered, erect.
Akenes
linear or slender-fusiform.
commonly
rose-colored.
H-
-H-
80.
Troximon. Heads
81.
Taraxacum. Heads
heads erect.
many-flowered, solitary, terminating simple naked scapes. Involucre campanulate or oblong, more or less imbricated.
Akenes 10-costate or 10nerved, smooth, not muricate nor sculptured. Pappus white or whitish. Flowers
yelloAv, orange, or rarely purple.
scapes.
its
base.
Flowers yellow.
Pyrrhopappus.
82.
leafy
-i-
Flowers yellow.
- Akenes flattened
bristles
leafy-stemmed
plants, with
L,actuca.
83.
1.
VERNONIA,
Schreb.
IRON-WEED.
from
the branches
the
The following Old-World genus has several species naturalized within our range
Sonchus. Involucre campanulate or broader, in age usually broadened and fleshy-thickened at base, and becoming conical. Akenes obcompressed, destitute of beak or neck or
dilated pappiferous disk.
Pappus of very soft and fine flaccid bristles, which fall more or
1
less in connection,
fall
separately.
142
2.
COMPOSITE.
V. Jamesii,
&
Torr.
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
Glabrous or nearly
Gray.
to 25-flowered
its
2.
W. Texas and
EUPATORIUM,
E.
New
Fl.
ii.
Plains of Ne-
94.
Mexico.
THOROUGHWORT.
Tourn.
Herbs or shrubby, commonly with opposite leaves, mostly resinous- atomand bitter the small heads corymbosely cymose or paniculate.
iferous
# Involucre imbricated,
<
Heads
E. purpureum,
From
L.
to
leaves
pubescent
commonly 3
to 6 in
and numerous
more compact.
-t-
- Heads 10
to
20-Jlowered
leaves opposite.
E. Bruneri, Gray.
leaves
Minutely puberulent, a foot or two high
acutely serrate, ovate-oblong, 2 or 3 inches long, very short-petioled : paniculate
rather slender peduncles bearing 3 or more sessile or short-peduncled heads : in2.
From
* * Involucre of
bracts all
of
the
same
E. Berlandieri, DC.
COMPOSITE.
3.
143
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
KUHNIA,
L.
Perennials, with mostly alternate leaves, more or less sprinkled with resinous atoms, usually with scattered or cymose-clustered heads of 10 to 30
whitish or at length purple flowers; pappus mostly tawny.
1.
K. eupatorioides, L. Stem herbaceous, 2 or 3 feet high: leaves
From Montana
to
to Pennsylvania
and
New
Jersey.
variable.
Very
Var. COrymbulosa, Torr. & Gray. A foot or two high, stouter, someleaves rather rigid and sessile,
what cinereous-pubescent or tomentulose
from oblong to lanceolate, coarsely veiny heads rather crowded.
From
Dakota and Nebraska to Texas and eastward to the Mississippi States.
:
BRICKELLIA,
4.
Ell.
to
and heads
of
1.
B. grandiflora, Nutt. Puberulent or almost glabrous: stem 2 or
3 feet high, paniculately branched
the numerous heads pauiculate-cymose
and drooping leaves broadly or narrowly deltoid-cordate, coarsely dentateserrate and witli an entire gradually acuminate apex, the larger 4 inches
bracts papery and scarious-margined when dried
long
pappus white,
:
inclined to be deciduous.
to
Arizona
Var. minor, Gray, is a smaller form, with leaves only an inch or two
long,
heads proportionally small, involucre fewer-flowered.
Clear Creek, Colorado, to California in the Sierra Nevada, and Arizona.
* * Heads 9
to
mostly alternate
2.
B. Wrightii, Gray.
Usually
base,
PI.
Wright,
72.
ii.
From
3. B. microphylla,
Gray. Glandular-puberulent or pubescent and viscid,
a foot or two high from a partly woody base, paniculately much branched the
;
when
the larger
old
^ inch
to
3 heads:
those
of flowering branchlets a
PL
line or
Wright,
i.
entire,
85.
From
S.
W.
COMPOSITE.
144
5.
LI A THIS,
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
BLAZING STAR.
Schreb.
Herbs, with simple virgate very leafy stems from a tuberous or mostly globose and corm-like stock, bearing spicate heads of rose-purple flowers ; the
leaves all alternate, narrow, entire, rigid, mostly glabrous.
1.
stout, 6 to
leaves all linear and rigid the lower grass-like heads few,
or sometimes numerous in a leafy spike or raceme, the larger an inch or more
20 inches high
long: bracts of the involucre much imbricated, all herbaceous and acuminate,
or with foliaceous or herbaceous lanceolate rigid and somewhat pungent tips ;
these usually squarrose-spreadiug and prolonged.
Within the eastern limit
of our range and extending eastward across the continent.
Var.
intermedia, DC.
Heads narrow
Same range
L. punctata, Hook.
2.
# * * Pappus minutely
barbellate, not
plumose : heads 25
to 4Q-Jloicered.
mit, there either herbaceous or scarious edged and tinged with purple (rarely
From the Rocky Mountains eastward across the continent.
white-scarious).
Extremelv
variable.
6.
GUTIERREZIA,
Lag.
Ours is a suffruticose plant, with narrow entire and alternate leaves, small
heads of yellow flowers, and
of
pappus of ray and disk similar, consisting
chaffy scales which vary from narrowly oblong to linear-subulate.
1. G.
Euthamise, Torr. & Gray. Bushy, from glabrous to puberulent,
6 to 18 inches high, with mostly strict and fastigiately polycephalous branches:
leaves narrowly linear, verging to filiform heads mostly clavate-oblong, few
to several-flowered, not over 2 lines long, some short-pedunculate, others 3 to 5
in a glomerule: flowers of disk and ray not numerous: akenes sericeous:
pubescent.
California.
From
the
New Mexico
and
COMPOSITE.
GRIN DEL I A,
7.
145
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
Willd.
GUM-PLANT.
Herbs of coarse habit; with sessile or partly clasping and usually serand rather large heads of yellow flowers terminating the
branches the narrow rays numerous, occasionally wanting. Heads more or
rate rigid leaves,
;
2 or
G. squarrosa, Dunal.
1.
(in ours).
pappus-awns
3.
Commonly
leaves rigid
squarrose with the spreading and recurving short-filiform tips of the bracts
outer akenes commonly corky-thickened and with broad truncate summit,
On
Var.
and
nuda, Gray.
New Mexico.
With
Rays wanting.
G. nana,
2.
Nutt.
bracts of the involucre with slender and squarrose soon revolute tips,
as in the last rays 1 6 to 30.
From N. W. Wyoming to Oregon and Wash-
small
ington Territory
CHRYSOPSIS,
8.
Nutt.
GOLDEN ASTER.
A foot or two
high
leaves
from oblong
to lanceo-
monly
akenes oblong-
the Saskatchewan to
Var. hispida, Gray. Small and low, with hirsute and hispid
pubescence,
not canescent heads particularly small involucre not canescent, sometimes
:
glabrous.
Saskatchewan to
W. Texas and
Arizona.
canescent
10
COMPOSITE.
146
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
9.
APLOPAPPUS,
Cass.
Heads
A.
&
several, or
rigid.
Nllttallii, Torr.
Gray.
<
Heads
1
-
A. Fremonti, Gray.
branched above
Stems simple, above with decreasing or sparse leaves and solitary or few
naked and usually pedunculate heads, at base a tnft of ample lanceolate- or
-H. +-.
A. croceus,
Gray.
Stem
stout
and
erect,
commonly a
foot or
two
cauliue
high, and with radical /eaves afoot or less long (including the petiole)
leaves ovate-oblong to lanceolate, partly clasping head mostly solitary : involucre a full inch in diameter ; its bracts orate, to spatulate-oblong, very obtuse, lax,
:
4.
A. integrifollUS, T.
C. Porter.
:
radical leaves 3
to
COMPOSITE.
147
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
disk and
more
foliaceous
Am. Acad.
Gray, Proc.
oblong.
xvi. 79.
and Montana.
t-
*-
*-
Heads
to barely \ inch
conspicuously radiate, smaller : rays
long:
akenes silky pubescent or villous.
++ Mostly simple stems with a tuft of radical leaves: leaves coriaceous, entire or',
spinulose-serrate, the cauline diminished upwards: rajs 20 to 50: pappus
pale, rather soft
and
fine.
A. uniflorus,
Torr.
A. lanceolatUS,
Torr.
&
Gray.
type fully
inch high
its
-M.
Very dwarf from a multicipital caudex, leafy up to the small heads : leaves
narrow and entire : rays 7 to 10 pappus scanty, somewhat
fulvous.
all
7.
A. multicaulis,
tip.
Am.
Nat.
viii.
213.
On
rocks, mountains of N.
W.
Wyoming.
w-
-w- -w-
and
bristles
rays conspicuous, 15
and
to
rigid, its
strength.
8. A.
rubiginosus, Torr. & Gray. One to three feet high, viscid-glandular and pubescent: leaves lanceolate or
narrowly oblong, incisely pinnatifid or
dentate with salient narrow teeth: heads somewhat
cymosely paniculate, 5 or 6
lines high, usually naked
pedunculate bracts of the involucre linear-subulate,
:
COMPOSITE.
148
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
ii.
From
240.
9. A. SpinuloSUS, DC.
Canescently puberulent or glabrate : stems a span
to a foot high, cymosely branching at summit
leaves pinnately and ihe lower
lobes and teeth, as well as
often bipinnately parted into rather numerous lobes
:
to
Plains,
Heads cymose
to
and
soft
or glomerate at the
short
and glabrous
or nearly so.
A. Parryi,
Gray. Green and almost glabrous, puberulent, and somewhat viscid above stems 6 to 1 8 inches high leaves oblong-obovate and
10.
heads
spatulate, or the upper oblong-lanceolate, thinuish, 2 to 4 inches long
nearly | inch high, rather numerous involucral bracts oblong, obtuse, pale,
:
and
Am.
Jour. Sci.
H
Dwarf: heads
conspicuous.
w-
Wholly herbaceous,
a span or
less in
11.
Green, not
A. pygmaeus,
woolltj,
Gray.
nor glandular
leaves from linear-spatulate to spatulateinvolucral bracts oblong, outer ones foliaceous and loose, very obtuse,
oblong
akenes pubescent.
Am. Jour. Sci. n. xxxiii.
Alpine region of Colorado mountains.
Rather taller, larger-leaved, viscid-puberulent :
A. Lyalli, Gray.
==
Woolly or tomentose, at
also in
head
pedunculate.
13.
A. lanuginosus,
Gray.
stocks, floccose-tomentose
akenes sericeous-canescent.
lent
and
leaves rigid
short shoots,
a few on
persistent,
the
crowded on
the
to
akenes
canescently villous.
14.
A. acaulis,
mucronate, more or
COMPOSITE.
149
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
scapiform flowering stems an inch to a span high, mostly monocephabrads of the involucre from ovate to ovate-lanceolate, mucronateltj acute or
acuminate, destitute of greenish tips; the outer a little shorter than the inner.
brous
lous
Proc.
Am. Acad.
vii.
353.
15.
A. armerioides,
campanulate
Gray.
flowering stems
the outermost
much
from a
sujfrutescent base
sile, entire.
:
head commonly larger, one inch long : rays always wanting.
Mountains of Colorado, Wyoming, and westward.
close
tomentum
Loc.
cit.
BIGELOVIA,
10.
DC.
RAYLESS GOLDEN-ROD.
# Heads comparatively
large, at least
bracts of the involucre chartaceous and acuminate, some of the outer prolonged
into a slender herbaceous tip ; when numerous the vertical ranJcs are more or
less apparent: low and suffrutescent, with linear entire leaves, not punctate
nor viscid.
-t-
1.
upper ones hardly diminished in size and overtopping all trfe heads of the
strict and narrow thyrsi
form-virgate panicle: heads 10 to \5-flowered : bracts of
the involucre about 12.
Parks of the Colorado mountains.
2. B. Howard!,
Low, rather tufted, canescently tomentulose
Gray.
when young
wide, obscurely
viii.
641.
COMPOSITE.
150
*-
t-
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
to
20-
glomerate heads
line wide, rigid
Am. Acad.
Proc.
tip.
Plains of Colorado at
xi. 75.
Station.
Hugo
to
numerous and
strictly
bracts of the
5-ranked, 5 or 6 in each
heads
and no
veins
inch long
Utah.
5.
fastigiately
rigid-chartaceous,
New Mexico
to
much
cariuate, acute
W. Texas
and Colorado.
Canescent with fine close tomentum when young,
a yard high, fastigiately much branched, rigid
to f inch high
bearing a few fastigiate-clustered heads,
B. Bigelovii, Gray.
6.
branches
less leafy,
New Mexico
<- -i-
to
N.
and cuspidate-mucronafe.
more or
less balsamic-viscid
filiform-acerose, but
flat,
4-).
-H.
of
8.
B. graveolens, Gray.
somewhat
or
bracts
acute.
foot to a yard or
inch high
when young, often glabrate in age, not rigid
to
COMPOSITE.
linear- lanceolate, 2 inches
when dry
akenes linear
lucre thin-chartaceous
:
all 3-nerved ;
when
151
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
pappus
S. California to
Am. Acad.
Proc.
viii.
644.
An
sojl.
tomentum.
Var. albicaulis, Gray. Branches for the most part permanently and
very densely white-tomentose and leaves floccose-tomentose involucre either
tomentulose or glabrate its bracts commonly acutish corolla-lobes more or
Mountains of Wyoming to
less lanceolate and the tube villous-pubescent.
:
British
Var.
brate
Columbia
also in California.
Gray. Rather stout, white-tomentose or partly glaheads numerous in the corymbiform cymes bracts of the glabrous
latisquamea,
Mexico and
S.
Utah.
B. Doilglasii, Gray.
From Dakota to
rigidulmu.
California and New Mexico.
forms.
Var.
pumila,
Gray.
state,
two
a span or
bracts either
Montana
to
(5 to 7-flowered)
leut.
Synopt. Fl.
i.
140.
rounded-obtuse
10.
leafy
B. Vaseyi,
up
Gray.
bracts
of
the involucre
and glabrous.
span or two high, somewhat balsamic-viscid,
suffrutescent, green
its
COMPOSITE.
152
firm-chartaceous, and
the very obtuse apex
all
:
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
pappus
xii. 58.
Utah.
* * # Heads
several to
man ] -flowered :
bracts
of
and
usually somewhat herbaceous or thickened at the obtuse apex, all strictly ap-
pressed and imbricated, but the vertical ranks inconspicuous : akenes pubescent :
leaves linear, entire or sparingly dentate : herbaceous down to the suffrutescent
base.
11.
linear, entire
heads 15
to 18-
flowered, 4 lines high involucre somewhat turbiuate, very smooth its thinnish
bracts lanceolate, acute: otherwise like the next, of which it is probably a
form.
Colorado? probably on the Arkansas or South Fork of the Platte,
:
James
in
Long's expedition.
B. Wrightii, Gray.
12.
Commonly
glabrous or nearly so
stems rather
and slender, a foot or two high leaves thickish, narrowly linear, entire,
sometimes lower ones sparingly laciniate-dentate, margins either smooth or sparingly scabrous: heads (4 or 5 lines high) 7 to 15-Jlowered, usually numerous
strict
and crowded
Synopt. Fl.
cent.
142.
i.
Same
SO LID A GO,
11.
range.
L.
GOLDEN-ROD.
margined
petioles
flowers yellow.
VIRGAUREA.
# Heads mostly
stems low.
S. EQUltiradiata, Ait.
minutely
and
or oblong compact cluster, occasionally with one or two looser axillary clusters
or branches bracts of the involucre narrowly lanceolate, acute rays numerous
:
S. Virgaurea, var. multiradiata, Torr. & Gray. Across the continent in high latitudes and extending southward along the Rocky Mountains
to Colorado and New Mexico, where the usual form is
and narrow.
Var.
strict
SCOpulorum,
heads
Gray.
when numerous
in
COMPOSITE.
smaller:
aud merely
Am. A cad.
153
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
Proc.
acute.
xvii. 187.
humilis, Pursh.
S.
2.
stems
strict, leafy
it
Am. Acad.
viii.
389.
High mountains
Report.
* * Heads
+- Neither alpine, canescently pubescent, nor the leaves triple-ribbed: leaves entire
or little serrate.
"Front Range"
Nevada.
4.
S. speciosa, Nutt.
Commonly
leaves
and
nearly
more simple.
-t-
*-
Leaves more or
less triple-ribbed,
or with
a pair of
least as to the
stem
and
in/lores-
COMPOSITE.
154:
cence
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
clusters collected in
5. S.
Missouriensis, Nutt. Low or middle-sized : leaves thickish, with
scabrous margins, mostly tapering to both ends, and the serratures u'hen
present sharp and rigid; lower
spatulate-lanceolate, larger 4 to 6 inches long;
upper mostly linear and entire, acute sometimes all entire racemiform clusters approximated in a short and broad
panicle, recurving in age
rays 6 to
:
of
From
heads rather
largest sometimes an inch wide, sparingly serrate or entire
Loc. cit. Dry ground, in the mountains,
larger: rays more conspicuous.
:
Colorado to
S. Arizona.
S. serotina, Ait. Stem stouter and taller, 2 to 7 feet high, very smooth
up to or near the ample panicle, which is sometimes more or less hairy leaves
thinner, lanceolate or broader, sharply and saliently serrate: rays 7 to 14, mod6.
linear.
erately large
to
Oregon
From
+* **
Minutely pubescent or glabrate, not cinereous or scabrous: leaves thinnish, the
lateral ribs generally obscure : panicle mostly erect and
thyrsiform ; heads little
if at all secund
rays 12
to 18,
small.
and eastward
to
From
California to British
Columbia
Montana.
H- -M.
S.
Canadensis,
to hirsute
involucre small and pale, narrowly linear, acutish or obtuse: rays 9 to 16,
more numerous than the disk-flowers.
From Arizona to British Columbia
procera,
Torr.
COMPOSITE.
155
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
: bracts
of the involucre broadish
panicle mostly naked and compact
and
texture:
larger,
golden yellow.
fewer
rays
firm
of
9.
S.
nemoralis,
Ait.
and
obtuse,
sca-
From Arizona
to
Nevada and
east-
continent.
Var. incana, Gray. Dwarf, span to a foot high leaves oval or oblong,
sometimes strongly serrate and sometimes mostly entire
:
rigid, canescent,
cle,
bracts of the involucre oval or oblong, very obtuse: otherS. pumila, of Fl. Colorado. From Wyoming
and Nevada.
* * * Heads
in
- Leaves
and
radical leaves
to 10,
rather
large.
11. S. rigida, L.
Somewhat cinereous with a short and dense, either soft
or scabrous pubescence stem stout, 2 to 5 feet high leaves rigid, obscurely
serrate or entire; radical and lowest cauline oval or oblong, rounded at both
ends or acute at base, 3 to 7 inches long upper cauline ovate-oblong, gradu:
From Colorado
-
Leaves
to the Saskatchewan
and eastward.
heads 5
to
8-Jlowered
rays
to 3, short.
Receptacle fimbrillate or pilose: rays very small, almost always more numerous than the disk-flowers and never surpassing them in height: heads glomerately and fasciculately cymose, small : leaves very numerous, all linear, entire,
2.
1 to
5-nerved, sessile
akenes villous-pubescent.
S. OCCidentalis, Nutt. Stems 2 to 6 feet high; the branches terminated by small clusters of mostly pedicellate heads: leaves usually 3-nerved,
13.
glabrous
and smooth
bracts
156
COMPOSITE.
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
&
and
New Mexico
to
Torr.
TOWNSENDIA,
12.
Hook.
(i. e.
* Bracts of
cre
and rays ^
head large :
naked;
its
bracts
from
involu-
inch long.
lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate
invo-
blue or violet.
glochidiate-tipped hairs pappus wholly persistent, of 2 subulate at length corneous stout awns which are rather shorter than the akene, and a circle of rigid
:
T. grandiflora,
2.
the ray reduced to a crown of short scales, and of the disk plurisetose and
Plains and hills, Wyoming and W. Nebraska to New
Mexico.
T. Parryi, Eaton.
3.
Stems
barely acuminate
like that
of
the disk,
or
somewhat more
scanty.
Am.
Naturalist,
viii.
212.
Proc.
length or hardly any: involucral bracts less pointed: "rays pink."
Am. Acad. xvi. 83. Wyoming on the high divide between the Stinking Water
COMPOSITE.
(- -H-
and monocephalous.
Very lanuginous with long and
Depressed-stemless
T. COndensata, Parry.
4.
157
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
soft arach-
noid hairs, the spatulate-obovate leaves rosulate-crowded around the large and
broad sessile head, the whole forming a globular or hemispherical woolly tuft,
an inch and a half high and surmounting a slender stoloniform caudex bracts
:
all
nearly equal
rays 100 or more, narrow: pappus of ray and disk plurisetose and
Nat. viii. 213. Wyoming, on a high alpine peak of the Owl
Am.
long.
smaller or narrower
pappus of
H- Hairs on the akene mostly copious and slender, simple or bifid, the lobes ascending or merely spreading : heads middle-sized, more or less naked-pedunculate :
the
5.
Am. Acad.
Head
large,
\ inch
long.
:
the
depressed-acaulescent
6.
to
xvi. 84.
Hairs on
<
-*.
each from J
stems
span or more high, cinereous-hirsute
leaves linear or the lowest lanceolate-spatulate, acute,
mostly apiculate-acuminate
Proc.
the involucre
T. florifer, Gray.
leaves large,
T. Wilcoxiana, Wood.
much surpassing
to 3
inches long including the petiole-like base head mostly solitary, short-peduncled or subsessile : bracts of the involucre lanceolate or linear, barely acutish
:
Wheeler Rep.
chaffy bristles not longer than the breadth of the akene.
In the alpine regions of the mountains of South Park, Colorado.
*+
vi.
148.
Heads from $to f inch long, sessile or rarely on a very short naked peduncle :
plants sericeous-pubescent, depressed-acaulescent or -caulescent : ray-pappus
-M.
mostly plurisetose.
heads an
variable.
COMPOSITE.
158
inch) heads and seldom surpassing them: invopappus of the ray from $ to \ the length of that
Mountains of Wyoming to Utah and Nevada.
t-i.
sessile
more obtuse
of the disk.
H-V HH-
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
Heads
sessile
among
herbage
soft-lanate
bristles.
Mountains of Wyoming.
.w
-t-t-
-w-
-(-)
culate
Heads
small, J inch high (exclusive of the rays), mosthj short-peduninvolucre of broadly lanceolate and barely acute bracts : caulescent
the
bristles.
Am.
==
Acad.
xvi. 86.
first, but
W.
becoming
Colorado, Newberry.
and
3 ranks, acute.
close pubescence,
taller (4 to
T. Fendleri, Gray.
12.
in about
13.
S.
New Mexico
and
S. Colorado.
T. Strigosa, Nutt.
13.
ASTER,
Tourn.
ASTER.
STARWORT.
The largest and by far the most difficult of our genera, not naturally separated from Erigeron. All are herbs, mostly perennial, and especially characteristic of
North America.
Involucral bracts (at least the outer ones) with green herbaceous tips or
their
appendages, or wholly or partly foliaceous, imbricated or many-ranked,
to linear, 3 to severalmargins not scarious : akenes from obovate-oblong
1.
nerved: pappus rather fine and soft (in one or two species more coarse and
ASTER proper.
rigid), simple (with no exterior series).
well imbricated: the bracts appressed and coriaceous, with more or
spreading herbaceous tips: akenes narrow, 5 to 10-nerved: pappus more
blue or violet : leaves firm,
rigid than in the following groups : rays showy,
cordate or clasping ; the
acutely serrate, more or less scabrous, none of them
* Involucre
less
1.
3 inches long
its
bracts narrowly
COMPOSITE.
long, violet
159
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
akenes pilose-pubescent.
A. COnspiCUUS,
2.
Lindl.
Scabrous
heads
ing several or numerous corymbosely cymose
or the lower obovate, ample, 4 to 6 inches long :
disk, 5 to 6 lines high
its
ward.
rather well imbricated:
usualli/ branchlets viscidly-glandular,
leaves
40, showy, violet to purple: akenes narrow, several-nerved:
all entire or the lower with few teeth; caullne all sessile or partly clasping.
* * Involucre and
rays 15
to
heads
A. Kingii,
4.
Eaton.
A span
or
spatulate, entire, or with few sharp teeth, mucronate, thinnish, glabrous
nearly so, 1 to 3 inches long: flowering stems pubescent and above glandular,
:
involucre 4 or 5 lines high, merely
at all viscid ; the bracts linear-lanceolate with athardly
pnberulent-glandtdar,
Bot. King Exp. 141.
tenuate and squarrose-spreading green tips: rays white
In the
Wahsatch Mountains.
*-
A. campestris,
5.
heavy-scented
Nutt.
and low
species,
a span
Pruinose-puberulent
and
to
a foot or
less high.
somewhat
two wide, or lower
viscidulous,
PL
W.
*H-
lines
high;
o'tter
bracts
*-*
pruinose-glandular
the
A. Novse-AngliaB,
L.
Stem
very leafy
160
COMPOSITE.
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
to
purple.
the ordinary
form.
A. Oblongifolius,
8.
Nutt.
stem hirsute-pubescent,
Colorado by
Var. rigidulus, Gray.
Low, more
Synopt. Fl.
fastigiate,
i.
179.
* * * Heads
rays
violet,
purplish, or white.
A. sagittifolius,
9.
pubescent
stem
more or
strict,
Willd.
2 or 3 feet high
acutely
less serrate;
* # * *
base
No
nerved.
i-
10.
A.
reduced
laevis, L.
to
Rather
from ovate
tips
the
Eastern slopes of
Var.
Geyeri,
Gray.
foot or
two high
imbricated
its
bright white,
11.
A. Porteri,
Gray.
minutely pubescent.
smooth (except
COMPOSITE.
161
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
.,_
n_ s_
bracts well
imbricated, with squarrose or at least spreading herbaceous obtuse or merely mucronate tips : cauline leaves small, linear and entire, scarcely narrowed at the
akenes canescent-hirsute
rays white,
A. multiflorus,
12.
Low, a
Ait.
foot or
cinereous or green leaves rigid, scabrous-ciliate uppermost passing into inheads in the ordinary forms
volucral bracts these mostly with obtuse tips
:
little
Columbia and
British
only 10 to 15 or 20 rays.
eastward across the continent.
and with
From Arizona
to
to
H_ H_ *- +- Involucre in
loose
M.
leaves
(at least
eral to
a.
Involucre close
and
erect
branched
lately
leaves
sev-
its
A. paniculatus, Lam.
14.
or 2
Stem
from elongated
rays 3 or 4
and carneus.
simplex, tenuifolius,
ward
15.
abundant
in the
Northeastern States.
A. salicifolius, (Lam
branching
leaves
polymorphous species,
under A. Tradescanti,
From E. Montana to Louisiana and east-
commonly
?)
Ait.
ture,
and more
defi-
green
tips, these
16.
Involucre loose,
A. junceus,
ple-stemmed and
and
less
imbricated ;
its
to 3 feet high, the smaller plants simwith few heads, smooth and nearly glabrous : leaves linear or
Ait.
Slender,
11
162
COMPOSITE.
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
nearly so, 3 to 5 inches long, 2 to 4 lines wide, entire, or lower with rare denticulations
involucre 3 lines high ; its bracts all small, narrowly linear and
:
erect, thiunish, manifestly imbricated in 2 or 3 series, and the outer more or less
shorter (thus connecting with A. paniculatus of the preceding subdivision)
:
A foot to a yard
A. longifolius, Lam.
17.
leafy
Low
==
Inclined
which
is
to be
often
subalpine :
Involucre conspicuously
a.
and
and broadish
A. adscendens,
tips.
A span
Lind).
:
leaves of firm and thickish texture, linear to spatulate-lauceolate, with marbracts of the hemispherical involucre
gins commonly ciliate or scabrous
:
b.
subulate),
thtnnish,
from moderately
Low,
to
broadened
2 feet high or
less,
tips,
A. AndinilS,
19.
narrow (linear or
erect,
mostly
few heads:
and northward.
with solitary or
tains
from
to
chiejly in the
moun-
Nutt.
leaves % inch long; radical and lower cauline spatulate; cauline (2 or 3) linearIn the mountains of
lanceolate heads 4 lines high rays (35 to 40) violet.
:
Wyoming, near
A. Fremonti,
20.
Gray.
span
to
Not
since found
thought possibly
stem slender, erect: leaves with margins either quite naked and smooth or
or oblanceolate, or
obscurely scabrous; radical and lowest cauline oblong
so
somewhat obovate, inch or two long, and tapering into a slender margined
at
petiole cauline from oblong-lanceolate to linear, commonly half-clasping
;
heads solitary in the smaller specimens, several in the larger, one third
to half an inch high, somewhat naked-peduncled bracts of the involucre narbase
COMPOSITE.
2.
A. hesperius,
Gray.
163
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
From
in
low grounds
and
to the
pubescent
involucre of narrowly linear or more attenuate erect bracts, either unequal and
imbricated, or with some loose and slender exterior ones which equal the
Involucre loose
and
A. foliaceus,
pubescent
leaves
broadly linear outer bracts rays violet or purple, in the larger heads nearly
In the Pacific States from California to Alaska, extending
inch long.
-J
:
lower tapering into winged petioles, upper often with clasping base heads
solitary or few, naked-pedunculate, broad involucral bracts linear-lanceolate,
:
and not imbricated, all equalling the disk, occasionally the outermost
broader and leaf-life.
Synopt. Fl. i. 193. A. adscendens, var. Parryi, Eaton.
Subalpiue, from the borders of British Columbia to those of Colorado.
Var. apricus, Gray. Like a dwarf state of the preceding variety, growing
stems ascending from
in exposed places, somewhat rigid, thicker-leaved
tufted rootstocks, a span or two high, bearing solitary or 2 to 3 broad heads
involucral bracts all alike, somewhat spatulate-linear, obtuse or acutish rays
"
Loc. cit. High moundeep blue-violet and reddish-purple intermixed."
tains of Colorado, and in Washington Territory.
Var. Parryi, Gray. Includes some ambiguous forms, seemingly between
the preceding variety and A. Fremonti, with stems a span to a foot high, with
smooth and thickish rather large leaves, mostly naked heads the involucre
sometimes foliaceous-bracteate in the manner of the present species, sometimes wholly of the narrow and closer bracts of A. Fremonti.
Loc. cit.
Mountains of Colorado, subalpine, and S. Wyoming.
Var. Burkei, Gray. A foot or two high, rather stout, simple or branched
loose
Var. Canbyi, Gray. Like the preceding form in foliage, apparently tall
and stout (base of stem and lower leaves wanting), leafy throughout the
COMPOSITE.
164
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
heads a few of the outermost loose and foliaceous, but seldom equalling the
disk.
Loc. cit. A. Canbyi, Vasey. On White River in Western Colorado,
Vase;).
w- -W-
A. puniceus,
23.
L.
Loc.
cit.
194.
Stem commonly 3
ing above, rather stout, often red or purple, hispid with spreading bristles
leaves 3 to 6 inches long, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, from coarsely and
:
2.
rays 10
18, violet:
to
IANTHE.
* Head
A. SCOpulorum,
from
late
tana and
25.
minutely scabrous solitary naked pedunculate head larger : leaves all linear,
% to 1 inch long, a line wide, acutely mucronate, hardly margined involucre
broad its bracts barely in two moderately unequal series, linear, thinuish, often
:
pubescent
Am. Acad.
xvii. 209.
# * Heads
to
outer
26.
outer pappus
Mountains of Montana and Idaho.
inch high,
narrow: akenes
pappus of few
less
Proc.
glandular-scabrous,
setulose.
leaves
commonly
high,
canescent and
diffuse,
terminated by
COMPOSITE.
165
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
violet,
3.
ORTHOMERIS.
of
low and slender herbs, leafy-stemmed, branching above ; with linear erect leaves, and several small white-rayed heads : akenes not compressed,
this section
very glabrous.
A. ptarmicoides,
27.
in
tuft,
New
From
tip.
England.
# * Involucre appressed-imbricated
in several series
of ovate or ovate-lanceolate
less
Involucral bracts thin, acute, commonly tomentose (at least when young)
hirsute, becoming glabrate : heads showy, 4 to 6 lines high.
A. Engelmanni,
28.
Rather
Gray.
tall
akenes
to
to
A. elegans,
29.
Torr.
&
Gray.
Slender,
puberulent
and
and Montana
t- -i-
to
pubescent
heads smaller, 3
akenes merely
lines high.
A. glaUGUS,
glaucescent or pale
Torr.
ii.
150.
Mountains of
Wyoming
to Colorado
and Utah.
COMPOSITE.
166
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
# * * Involucre
leaves thickish
Heads
and narrow.
from creeping and woody
and mucronate-tipped : akenes oblong,
very villous.
31.
A. Parryi,
long
of
Gray.
densely cinereous-pubescent
broad : bracts
long, 1 to 3 lines wide ; the upper commonly equalling the 1 to 3 peduncles : heads
"
"
"
smaller : involucral bracts more attenuate
rays
pale red or
pale rose:
Mountains of Wyoming.
Heads (large for the plant) solitary on simple and scapiform stems, which
with the cluster of narrow radical leaves rise from a thickened caudcx: involucral bracts acutish: akenes linear, glabrate: pappus strongly denticulate.
-i-
little imbricated, with peduncles and upper part of stem viscidheads % inch high, with conspicuous violet or purple rays.
34. A. pauciflorus, Nutt.
Stem 6 to 20 inches high from a slender
creeping rootstock, simple and bearing few heads, or branching above leaves
* * * * Involucre
glandular
moderately
fleshy,
linear,
subspatulate or elongated-lanceolate,
bracts of short hemispherical involucre rather
or radical
4.
5.
Involucre imbricated in
many rows;
violet or bluish
COMPOSITE.
167
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
and
MACH.ERANTHERA.
* Involucre densely hisptdulous as well as viscid, very squarrose: akenes glabrous or glabrate : leaves from incisely dentate to entire, the teeth hardly at all
bristle-tipped:
rays bright
violet.
A. Patterson!,
36.
solitary
Proc.
inch long.
fullv
Am. Acad.
JMachieranthera canescens,
272.
xiii.
Peak, Colorado.
irregularly
and sometimes
incise!.;/
dentate,
sometimes entire
radical lanceolate-
much
Pacif. R. Eep.
New
Colorado and
iv. 97.
Mexico.
to
litsj>idulous:
teeth.
incisely
A. Coloradoensis, Gray.
38.
span or
less high,
forming a
tuft
of
leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, about an inch long, coarsely denheads solitary, broadly hemithe teeth tipped with conspicuous bristles
and
small
bracts
involucral
inch
numerous, well imbricated,
high
spherical,
glandular
tate,
subulate-lanceolate
densely canescent-villous,
Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 76.
Common
in
Juan Pass.
39. A. canescens, Pursh.
Commonly a foot or two high and loosely
much branched, bearing numerous paniculate heads, sometimes dwarf and with
simple contracted inflorescence, pale and cinereous-puberulent or minutely
leaves lanceolate to linear, or the lower
canescent, or greener and glabrate
:
bracts
high
hemispherical
inch wide
COMPOSITE.
168
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
Canescent or cinereous
leaves narrow, rather
the upper mostly entire, the lower coarsely dentate involucre campanulate or turbinate, squarrose ; the prominent foliaceous tips of the bracts
rigid
either spreading
viscid-glandular,
California.
- Leaves
-i-
40.
1 to
or recurved.
Loc.
cit.
Wyoming
A. tanacetifolius, HBK.
Pubescent or
viscid,
its
to
bracts
or two high
lowest leaves 2 to 3-pinnately parted
uppermost simply pinnatifid or on the flowering branchlets entire
heads ^ inch high bracts of
the involucre narrowly linear, with slender mostly linear-subulate spreading
:
From Nebraska
to
to
ERIGERON,
14.
FLEABANE.
L.
1.
disk.
EUERIGERON.
* Commonly dwarf from a mullicipilal caudex, alpine
large and mostly solitary heads: involucre loose and
spreading,
and
copiously
2.
E. lanatUS, Hook.
or few-leaved :
a narrowed
mately 3-lobed
not larger than that of the
;
last,
and involucre
ivhite.
Columbia.
3.
E. grandiflorus, Hook.
usually several-leai^ed
cauline oblong
to
inch high, very woolly ; its linear and attenuate-acuminate bracts squarrays violet or purple, 4 to ^ inch long.
rose-spreading or the tips recurved
lucre
COMPOSITE.
Rocky Mountains,
169
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
to
Colorado.
A foot
Am. Jour.
high rays inch long.
in the mountains of Colorado.
by a broad base
Sci.
involucre fully
n. xxxiii. 237.
inch
heads rather
Rays 50
E.
4.
to nearly obovate, with base attenuate into a margined petiole ; upper cauline
ovate-oblong to lanceolate, sessile, conspicuously mucronate ; uppermost small
and bract-like
purple or
violet,
from
Synopt. Fl.
E. Coulteri,
5.
Am. Acad.
xvi. 93.
Alpine,
Proc.
i.
Pt
2.
Stem 6
Porter.
less attenuate
hairs
plish.
M-
*-+
Rays 100
or more
and narrow:
exterior minute
to several
involucre closer:
stems
pappus more
or less dou-
heads
leaves entire
summit
alpine.
monly minutely glandular rays J inch long : short outer pappus sometimes
Mountains from Wyoming to New Mexico and Utah.
7.
^E. glabellus, Nutt. From partly glabrous to copiously hirsute, disposed
:
nearly chaffy.
to be
somewhat spatulate
late bracts
to
setulose.
COMPOSITE.
170
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
Var. mollis, Gray. Somewhat cinereous with a soft and short spreading
pubescence, a foot or two high, leafy to the top leaves oblong-lanceolate
cinereous pubescence of the involucre soft and spreading.
Proc. Acad.
Philad 1863, 64. Mountains of Colorado.
:
- *-Low,
hairs:
M-
E. pumilus,
8.
spicuous
and
Arizona to
Var.
Wyoming
-w-
10.
ii.
Proc.
174.
aphanactis, Gray.
or wanting.
*-
chaffy.
More branched and leafy, over a span high ; with smaller heads, fewer rays,
and somewhat naked involucre more imbricated.
E. Brandegei,
Gray.
sparsely hispidulous-hirsute
and small, or upper minute
rays 30 or more, white outer pappus of coriaceous chaffy scales, which are
commonly confluent with the scanty bristles of the inner.
Synopt. Fl. i.
Pt. 2. 210. Adobe plains, S. W. Colorado, on the borders of New Mexico,
:
Brandegee.
H-
- HDwarf,
11.
E.
margined
cespitose from a multicipital caudex, with monocephalous flowering stems: radical leaves dissected: pappus simple.
compositUS, Pursh. From hirsute to glabrate, with slender
petiole setose-ciliate
radical leaves
much crowded on
the crowns of
the caudex, usually 1 to 3-ternately parted into linear or short and narrow
spatulate lobes, the few on the erect flowering stems 3-lobed or entire and
linear
smaller.
Am.
from oblong
to obovate.
Small
Same range
as the type.
blade of leaves simply 3 to 5-fid the lobes
Proc.
Am.
Acad. xvi.
trifidus,
Hook.
numerous
violet-
E.
90.
purple rays 5 lines long leaves pinnately parted into 9 to 1 1 linear and entire
Loc. cit. Mountains of Colorado.
or rarely 2 to 3-cleft divisions.
:
COMPOSITE.
----- Dwarf or
171
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
so.
E. leiomerus, Gray.
12.
Synopt. Fl.
E. ursinus,
13.
i.
211.
and Nevada.
Eaton.
and acute:
hirsute-
Bot. King
pubescent: rays 40 or 50, purple, narrowly linear, 3 lines long.
Exp. 148. Alpine and subalpiue, mountains of Wyoming to S. Colorado,
i-
*--
M- H- None
truly alpine ; with entire leaves, not hispidly hirsute : involucre close, disposed to be imbricated and
rigid: rays not very numerous or
wanting.
++
span or two high : leaves only few and narrow on the simple or sparingly
branched steins ; but radical ones with obovate or
spatulate blade | inch long :
rays IS to 30, pale violet or purple: akenes compressed, 2 to 3-nerved: pappus
nearly simple.
E. tener, Gray.
16.
fine
pubescence
stems several
w.
-w.
172
COMPOSITE.
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
E. canus, Gray.
under a
spatulate-lanceolate or narrower
PI.
long akenes glabrous.
on the Platte in Wyoming.
*-
*-*
*-
to
high, leafy
upward
radical
lines
also
line
wide :
E. OChroleuGUS, Nutt. Low, a span or two high, somewhat cespifrom pubescent to glabrate: stems usually simple, naked above and
mostly monocephalous leaves rather rigid, the radical 2 or 3 inches long
18.
tose,
radical about 2 inches long and the broadest 2 lines wide heads only 3 lines
bracts of the sparsely hirsute involucre little unequal
rays seldom
:
high
b.
monocephalous radical leaves spatulate to lanceolate, and cauliue lanceolateoblong to linear, to 2 inches long heads short-peduncled, 3 or 4 lines high
bracts of the involucre rather unequal rays 40 or 50, linear, 3 or 4 lines long,
From the Saskatchewan to New
ivhite, sometimes tinged with rose-color.
Mexico and westward.
:
long and 3 or 4 lines wide, 3-nerved cauline linear and narrow heads sometimes solitary, usually several and cort/mbosely disposed on short slender peduncles
involucre 3 lines high, canescently pubescent: rays 30 to 50, mostly
narrow and 3 to 5 lines long, blue or violet, apparently sometimes white.
;
California.
COMPOSITE.
173
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
leafy, mostly branched above and bearing few or several heads: pubescence not cinereous nor spreading, either strigose or none : pappus simple.
Stems
c.
22.
E. decumbens,
Nutt.
Slender,
commonly low
or spreading, 6 to
rays 15 to 40,
E. PhiladelphicUS,
L.
apex of stoloniform creeping rootstocks : stem striatecorymbosely branching above and bearing several small heads
hy
anyled, erect,
leaves oblong, or lowest spatulate; upper cauline half-clasping, obtuse, sparingly and coarsely serrate or entire : peduncles thickened under the head rays
Across the continent.
pink, almost filiform pappus simple.
:
many
spatulate
and petioled
those of
PL
peduncles 2 to 5 inches long: rays white or purplish: pappus double.
Feudl. 69. From the Upper Platte to Colorado, New Mexico, and W. Texas.
* * * * Mostly cinereous-pubescent or strigose annuals, leafy-stemmed and very
branching, often diffusely : heads conspicuously radiate and mostly paniculate :
low grounds and plains.
- Akenes narrow, little
compressed, with a broad and whitish truncate apex and a
simple capillary pappus : rays 40 to 70 leaves always entire.
:
25.
E. Bellidiastrum,
Nutt.
H-
*-
Akenes compressed, 2-nerved: pappus double: inner often fragile or deciduous : rays mostly more numerous : leaves sometimes toothed or lobed.
sute
M.
ii.
From Nebraska to W.
E. StrigOSUS, Muhl. Pubescence
175.
27.
outer
stem
erect,
seldom over 2 feet high, leafy, branched above, bearing cymose or paniculate
heads leaves lanceolate and the upper entire lower from spatulate-lanceolate
:
to
narrow
tinct or
partly united slender scales, persistent after the fragile inner pappus
From Canada to the Saskatchewan and Texas, and westward to
has fallen.
Oregon and
California.
COMPOSITES.
174
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
2.
29)
28.
L.
More
cauline leaves mostly lanceolate, the lower and radical spatuinvolucre hirsute : rays slender, equalling or moderately surpassing the
(not glandular)
late
TRI MORPHIA.
E. acris,
:
to 3-cephalous
spatulate
to
E. armeriaefolius,
Synopt. Fl.
Turcz.
i.
220.
brous and most of the narrowly linear and elongated cauline bristly-ciliate:
inflorescence more racemose and strict involucre sparsely hirsute : rays filiform,
extremely numerous, slightly surpassing the disk, whitish, no Jiliform rayless
From the mountains of California and Colorado to the Sasflowers seen.
:
katchewan.
3.
Rays of
discoid (and
little
E. Canadensis,
strict, 1 to
the continent.
31.
E. divaricatus, Michx.
branched,
somewhat
f astigiate
15.
CONYZA,
Fl.
ii.
123.
Less.
COMPOSITE.
175
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
inch or two long involucre 1 or 2 lines high, hirsute with rather soft spreadthan the soft pappus flowers whitish.
Proc.
ing hairs, considerably shorter
:
Am.
Acad.
vii.
W. Texas
355.
BACCHARIS,
16.
L.
More or less shrubby with alternate simple leaves, and the branches striate,
bearing small heads of white or yellowish flowers.
Herbaceous from a woody base, very smooth and
1. B. Wrightii, Gray.
slender
two high, diffusely branching, sparsely leaved
glabrous, a foot or
:
branches terminated by solitary heads : leaves linear, small ; uppermost linearsubulate: involucre campanulate, 4 or 5 lines high; Its bracts lanceolate, gradu-
i.
101.
W. Texas
to S. Colorado
B. salicina,
2.
Torr.
&
and Arizona.
Gray.
brous or nearly
heads
Colorado to Texas.
B. glutinosa,
3.
Pers.
branches somewhat striate-angled leaves elongated-lanwith few or several scattered teeth on each side, more or less
distinctly 3-uerved
base, 3 or 4
heads mostlv 3
lines long,
From
S. California to S.
EVAX,
Gartn.
Dwarf and depressed annuals, floccose-woolly. In ours the heads are small
and aggregated in terminal foliose-involucrate glomerules.
1. E. prolifera, Nutt.
Rather stout: stem often a span high, simple
and
erect, or
those
fructiferous bracts scarious, oval or oblong, mainly naked
embracing staminate flowers more herbaceous and woolly-tipped, of firmer
or more herbaceous texture staminate flowers each on a filiform stipe representing an abortive ovary.
Diaperia prolifera, Nutt. Dry ground, Colorado
proliferous
to
ANTENNA HI A,
Gartn.
EVEBLASTING.
Mostly low, canescently and often floccosely woolly herbs, with whitish or
purplish flowers bracts of the involucre pearly white, rose-color, or brownish,
:
never yellow.
COMPOSITE.
176
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
Bristles
1.
Torr. & Gray. Depressed, cespitose from a stout mulcaudex, bearing rosulate clusters of spatulate leaves heads solitary
and subsessile at the crown, or raised on a sparsely-leaved stem of an inch or
A. dimorpha,
1.
ticipital
bracts
2.
Fl.
ii.
pappus
431.
Dry
hills,
from Wyoming
and
to California
clavate or scarious-
dilated tips.
Not surculose-stolomferous : stems simple from the subterranean branching caudex, leaft/, naked at summit, and bearing a cluster of broad heads : inner
bracts
those
of
of
male involucre
the
the
all with
lanate.
A. luzuloides,
ular
Fl.
ii.
430.
A. Carpathica,
3.
akenes gland-
R. Br.
lower
# *
4.
Heads
i-
in
A. alpina,
Gaertn.
Somewhat
cespitose
radical, shoots
above
COMPOSITE.
177
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
and obtuse papery tips akenes smooth and glabrous or sometimes minutely
Throughout the mountain region at all elevations and northglandular.
:
Wyoming, etc.
6. A. plantaginifolia, Hook.
sparsely leafy stolons : flowering stems
ing small linear or lanceolate leaves
more scapiform,
larger (4 to 6 lines
inner
tips
invo'iicre
to
Washington Terri-
Heads
A. racemosa, Hook.
7.
becoming glabrate
bearing few or numerous raceinosely or paniculately disposed heads
lower cauline obleaves thin the radical broadly oval, an incli or two long
long upper small and lanceolate involucre scarious, brownish the male
2 or 3 lines long, of obtuse bracts, the inner white-tipped female 3 or 4 lines
From the mounlong, of narrow and mostly acute bracts akenes glabrous.
:
leafy,
tains of
Wyoming
19.
to the Cascades
ANAPHALIS,
&
DC.
EVERLASTING.
Hook.
A. margaritacea,
1.
Benth.
tufts,
bosely cymose: bracts of the involucre very numerous, almost wholly pearly
cooler portions.
GNAPHALIUM,
20.
with
sessile
CUDWEED.
L.
EVERLASTING.
leaves,
fall
separately.
and
I-
high
herbs, erect,
foot or
two high
akenes smooth
glabrous.
Or.
:
178
COMPOSITES.
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
or sometimes thinly floccose, the short decurrent bases or adnate auricles rather
broad, slightly if at all glandular or heavy-scented: heads in single or few close
glomerules terminating the stem or branches involucre hemispherical, white
:
and
to
Am.
Jour. Sci.
i.
380.
cam-
From Texas
# * Involucre
less imbricated, more involved in wool, the scarious tips of the nearly
equal bracts inconspicuous and dull-colored: heads glomerate and feafy-bracteate, only a line or so in length : low and branching annuals, a few inches or
G. paluatre,
3.
diffuse or
lanceolate
weak
:
tips of
grounds from
Nutt.
In moist
New Mexico
4. G. strictum, Gray.
Appressed-woolly : stem strict and simple, a span
to a foot high, sometimes branching or with ascending stems from the base
leaves all linear, seldom a line wide : heads in spicately disposed glomerules in
the axils or on short lateral branches involucral bracts with brownish or some:
what whitish
from
tips,
Wyoming
to
Pacif. R.
obtuse.
Rep.
iv.
110.
Rocky Mountain
region,
Arizona.
MELAMPODIUM,
L.
Branching herbs, with opposite mostly sessile leaves, and pedunculate heads
terminating the branches or in the forks. In our species the rays are conspicuously exserted and white, and the fructiferous bracts hooded.
1.
M. cinereum, DC. Branched from the base, a span to a foot high,
cinereous or even silvery-canescent with a close pubescence, or greener leaves
linear or the lower lanceolate or spatulate, entire or undulate, or even sinuate:
22.
SILPHIUM,
L.
with resinous
ROSIN-WEED.
juice, large leaves,
and ample
"
pedunculate heads of yellow flowers. Our species is the
Compass-Plant,"
with alternate deeply pinnatifld or bipinnatifid leaves, and large heads (sessile
or nearly so) racemosely disposed along the naked summit, and very rough
herbage.
COMPOSITE.
179
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
to
is
from Dakota
to
PARTHENIUM,
23.
Ours
Prairies,
L.
1.
1 or 2 inches
leaves crowded, silvery-canescent with
appressed pubescence, and villous in the axils, spatulate-linear, barely an
inch long, entire heads solitary and nearly fe^sile among the leaves pappus
fine
PARTHENICE,
24.
Mountains of Wyoming.
Gray.
oled
25.
IV A,
L.
Herbs or shrubs with entire or serrate leaves, at least the lower ones opposite, and small spicatety or racemosely or paniculately disposed or scattered
and commonly nodding heads.
.
clusters
in
a naked
panicles axillary
herbaceous
and terminal
inner of as
many
above:
5,
which are strongly concave at maturity and half embrace the obovateFrom New Mexico to Idaho and the Saspyriform aud glabrate akenes.
ones,
katchewan.
in the axils
of leaves or foliaceous
and nodding.
2. I. Ciliata, Willd.
Rather stout, 2 to 6 feet high, strigose and hispid
leaves nearly all opposite, ovate, acuminate, sparsely serrate, the base abruptly
contracted into a hispid petiole : spikes strict, 3 to S inches long their bracts
:
and ovate-lanceolate,
lanceolate
COMPOSITE.
180
3.
I. axillaris, Pursh.
foot or
tico Iiiyh
leaves
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
from
sile, rarely over an inch long, even the uppermost usually much surpassing
the mostly solitary heads in their axils ; bracts of the involucre connate into a
4 or 5-lobed or sometimes parted, or merely crenate cup.
From New Mexico
to
OXYTENIA,
26.
Nutt.
27.
1.
Torr.
&
Gray.
D. Brandegei,
branched
tuse,
DIG OKI A,
less
heads
dilated-cuneate hyaline
subtending bract hardly surpassing the outer involucre akene naked and
exserted, bordered with pectinate callous teeth connected by an indistinct scasparse, racemose-paniculate
its
Proc.
rious margin.
Am. Acad.
xi. 76.
Sandy bottoms
of the
San Juan,
28.
AMBROSIA,
Tourn.
RAGWEED.
Coarse herbs with mostly lobed or dissected opposite and alternate leaves,
and dull inconspicuous flowers sterile heads racemose or spicate and with
no bracts fertile flowers usually glomerate in axils below.
.
the receptacle
leaves palmate!y
ample, petioled.
Tall and stout, 3 to 12 feet high or more, roughish
1. A. trifida, L.
hispid or almost glabrous leaves all opposite, very deeply 3-lobed or the lower
cleft,
the lobes acuminate, serrate sterile racemes long and dense fertile
heads clustered and as if involucrate by short bracts fruit very thick, with 5
to 7 strong ribs or angles terminating above in spiuous tubercles around the
5-lobed
From
continent.
2.
to
A. artemisiajfolia,
branched, a
most!//
3-pinnatiJid or dissected.
L.
or taller
to
6 short acute
teeth or spines.
A weed
in waste
and
COMPOSITE.
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
181
"
Roman Worm-
known
variously as
A. psilostachya, DC.
to (jfeet high,
upper simply and lower twice pinnatijid ; the lobes mostly lanceolate and acute :
fruit mostly solitary in the axils
sterile heads commonly short-pedicelled
:
FRANSERIA,
29.
Cav.
Ours are herbaceous, with chiefly alternate leaves, and the spines of the
and 1 to 2-flowered involucre comparatively few.
fruiting
# Fruiting
a,
either
or 2 flowers.
1
F. tenuifolia, Gray. Erect, 1 to 5 feet high, leafy to the top, hispid,
variously pubescent, or glabrate leaves mostly 2 to 3-pinnately parted or dissterile
sected into narrowly oblong or linear lobes, the terminal elongated
.
heads in numerous glomerules below, in fruit minutely glandular, usually 2-flowered, armed with 6
to 18 short and stout incurving spines, their tips almost always hooked, and
PI. Fendl. 80.
an excavated cartilaginously bordered areola above each.
From Colorado
* * Fruiting
to California, Texas,
fertile
and southward.
spines
and
stems low.
2. F. Hookeriana, Nutt.
Diffusely spreading from an annual root, freely
branched, hirsute-pubescent or hispid : leaves of ovate or roundish outline, 1 to
3 inches broad, and bipinnatiftd, or the upper oblong and pinnatifid: sterile
racemes solitary or paniculate fruiting involucre armed with fiat and thin
lanceolate-subulate smooth and glabrous long and straight spines, \-fiowered.
:
From
3.
the Saskatchewan to
F. discolor,
creeping root-stocks
Nutt.
interruptedli/-pinnat(fid,
solitary
subulate very acute
:
rado,
and
6 inches long
New
and
straight spines.
Plains,
Mexico.
4. F. tomentosa,
foot high, rather stout, erect, from an apparGray.
ently perennial base, canescent with a dense sericeous tomentum: leaves very white
beneath, cinereous above, pinnate/ 1/ 3 to 5-cIeft or parted; the terminal division
large,
lowest
entire: fruiting involucre 3 lines long, 2the short spines conical -subulate,
very acute, and the
Along streams or
river-
COMPOSITE.
182
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
XANTHIUM,
30.
COCKLE-BUR.
Tourn.
CLOT-BUR.
beset with rather long prickles, the two stout beaks at maturity usually hooked
or incurved, the surface and base of the prickles more or less hispid.
X. strumarium, var. Canadense, Torr. & Gray. From Texas to the Saskatche-
ZI1TNIA,
31.
L.
With
opposite and mostly entire sessile leaves, single heads terminating the
branches, and showy flowers. In ours the leaves are narrow and rigid, connatesessile
Z. grandiflora, Nutt.
high from a stout woody base
1.
4-aristate.
32.
With
HELIOPSIS,
Pers.
33.
ECHINACEA,
Moanch.
Perennial herbs, with rather stout erect stems, undivided leaves, the lower
heads on long peduncles terminating the stem
long-petioled, and solitary large
and few branches. Rays from flesh-color to rose-purple, much elongating
with age.
1. E. angustifolia, DC.
Hispid, a foot 01 two high, mostly simple:
leaves from broadly lanceolate to nearly linear, entire, 3-nerved, all attenuate
at base, the lower into slender petioles bracts of the involucre in only about
:
2 series.
34.
With
RUDBECKIA,
L.
CONEFLOWER.
COMPOSITE.
183
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
* Disk from hemispherical to ovoid, black or dull brown : akenes small, quadrandestitute of pappus : leaves undivided : involucre soon reflexed.
gular, wholly
first
crown: nearly
branching above
and
t-
New
-t-
ceptacle bodkin-shaped
the tip
of
scarious cup-shaped
re-
stout, simple.
3.
R. OCCidentalis,
scabrous-puberulent
Nutt.
Trans.
long, and akenes 2 lines long.
of Wyoming to Idaho and Oregon.
4.
R. montana,
Am.
Phil. Soc.
vii.
355.
Gray.
tall
Mountains
and very
Am. Acad.
xvii. 217.
Mountains of Colorado.
35.
LEPACHYS,
Raf.
1
L. columnaris, Torr. & Gray. Scabrous, 1 or 2 feet high, branching
from the base divisions of the cauline leaves 5 to 9, from oblong to narrowly
linear, sometimes 2 to 3-cleft
rays commonly an inch or more long, normally
:
184
all
COMPOSITE.
yellow
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
Plains,
from the
Rocky Mountains
Var.
pulcherrima,
Torr.
&
Gray.
A part or even
From Arizona
to
BALSAMORBHIZA,
36.
Hook.
with thick, deep and balsamic roots a tuft of radical leaves mostly
and short simple few-leaved flowering stems or naked scapes,
bearing large and mostly solitary heads of yellow flowers.
Low;
on long
petioles
* Leaves
entire or nearly so; the principal ones cordate or with cordate base
and
long-pet ioled.
1. B.
sagittata, Nutt. Silvery-canescent, and the involucre white-woolly
radical leaves from cordate-oblong to hastate, 4 to 9 inches long, the base 2 to
G inches wide, on petioles of greater length the few and inconspicuous cauline
:
from linear
to spatulate
inches long.
Used for food by the Indians.
* * Leaves
neither entire nor cordate, varying from Jacinialely dentate to bipina naked scape or one bearing a pair of small
2. B. macrophylla, Nutt.
Green, not at all canescent, glabrate, except
the ciliate margins of the leaves, usually minutely glandular-viscidulous
leaves ample, ovate or oblong in outline, a span to a foot long, some with only one
or two lobes or coarse teeth, most of them pinnate!y parted into broad1 1/ lanceo:
Phil. Soc.
3.
vii.
350.
B. Hookeri,
bescence,
but not at
to Utah.
Nutt.
all
its
bracts
from
linear- to
oblong-lanceolate, either unequal and well imbricated or sometimes the outerTorr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 301
West of our range,
most foliaceous and enlarged.
.
but represented by
Var. incana, Gray.
line.
Synopt. Fl.
i.
266.
N. California.
37.
Stout and mostly low
WYETHIA,
Nutt.
and
W.
Avith
helianthoides,
Nutt.
COMPOSITE.
185
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
akenes 4
lucre narrowly lanceolate, numerous
rays nearly 2 inches long
lines long, either prismatic-quadrangular or flattish, 12-nerved: pappus some:
times minute, chaffy coroniform and cleft into few or several teeth.
Rocky Mountains, in moist valleys, S. W. Montana to E. Oregon.
Northern
to
oblong.
W.
two outer ones occasionally foliaceous and larger rays l inches long: akenes
with a conspicuous crown cleft into acute teeth, and sometimes a small awn.
From Colorado to Montana and British Columbia. Called " Pe-ik " by the
:
Indians.
t-
3.
W. Arizonica,
Hirsutely pubescent, a foot high, bearing a sinleaves oblong-lanceolate, tapering to both ends, or the upper
Gray.
and
erect bracts:
rays 8 to 12: pappus a very narrow crown, extended into 3 or 4 stout subulate
Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 655.
S. Colorado to
teeth, or into 1 or 2 short awns.
S.
4.
GYMNOLOMIA,
38.
HBK.
With
1.
foot to a yard high, pubescent or
G. multiflora, Benth. & Hook.
leaves from narrowly
scabrous, sometimes also hispid, often much branched
linear to lanceolate, either alternate or mainly opposite, entire or obscurely
:
phous.
From Arizona
39.
to
Wyoming and W.
HELIANTHUS,
Texas.
L.
SUNFLOWER.
or coarse
186
1.
COMPOSITE.
Annuals:
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
receptacle flat or nearly so: all but the lower leaves usually alter-
H. annuus,
L.
Robust,
when
its
bracts attenuate
well developed
or scabrous :
tall, hispid,
leaves ovate
and
disk brown-
hispidulous,
serrate, the larger 6 to 12 inches long, the blade of the cauliue ones longer than
their petiole bracts of the involucre from broadly ovate to oblong, aristiformacuminate, below hispidly ciliate : disk in the wild plant commonly an inch or
:
more
in diameter.
H.
petiolaris, Nutt.
tall
seldom at
tips,
ter.
2.
I to
all ciliate:
disk \ inch or
more
in diame-
as the last.
* Involucre
attenuate
always opposite.
becoming more or less squarrose; its bracts almost equal, Jilifor indisk usually dark purple or turning brownish : all but the lower leaves
loose,
:
long-linear or filiform.
3.
commonly
plains,
Nebraska
to
Texas, west to
S.
E. Colorado.
Involucre closer, of more imbricated and unequal ovate or oblong but not foliaceous bracts: leaves from lanceolate to ovate: herbage not tomentose nor con-
# #
spicuously cinereous.
4.
H.
rigidus, Desf.
ingly branched
and
thick, both
sides hispiduloits-
its
H. pumilus,
foot or
Nutt.
5 to 1 pairs of leaves
its
bracts
COMPOSITE.
187
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
Eastern
or folia-
ceous: dish
i/elloiv
or yellowish.
H. grosse-SerratUS,
Martens.
Stem
veri/
or narrower, or
some
more
low.
involucre of
rigid bracts rays numerous, often inch and a half long, golden yelPrairies and plains west of the Mississippi, and from the Saskatchewan
:
to Texas.
8. H. Nuttallii, Torr. & Gray.
Stem slender, 2 to 4 feet high, commonly
simple, smooth and glabrous : leaves lanceolate or the upper linear, 3 to 6 inches
long, 3 to 9 lines wide, short-petioled or subsessile, serrulate or entire : bracts of
and narrow.
Fl.
ii.
somewhat
324.
hirsute at base
In wet
soil,
palese of the
pappus long
to Oregon,
- Stems
pubescent or hirsute
involucral bracts
40.
HELIANTHELLA,
Torr.
&
Gray.
slightly obcordate.
COMPOSITE.
188
* Chaffy
-
Heads
of
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
and
scarious
and
axillary : bracts
lanceolate-attenuate or linear, more or less foliaceous,
H. quinquenervis,
disk yellowish.
glabrous
Gray.
Acad. xix. 10. H. unifiora of the Fl. Colorado and Bot. King's Exp.
tains from Dakota and Montana to S. Colorado.
2.
Gray. Hispidukms-hirsute stems numerous from a thicka foot high, rather slender leaves mostly alternate, more rigid, lanceoand an inch or two long, or the lowest and radical oblong- spatulate and of
ened
late
H. Parryi,
Moun-
root,
double the size heads and rays barely half the size of the preceding : pappus of
fimbriately dissected squamellm only, or with a pair of slender awns not surpassProc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 68. Mountains of Colorado and New
ing these.
:
Mexico.
Heads
H- H-
small
dark purple
disk.
Am.
Proc.
Acad, xix.
10.
New Mexico
and
Utah.
* *
4.
Ghaffij bracts
H.
of
the receptacle
uniflora, Torr.
&
Jirm-chartaceous
Gray.
leaves
more commonly
inches long ;
rays a full inch long akenes more or less ciliate
and rather conspicuous squamellae.
Gray, Proc.
caulis of Bot.
King's Exp.
41.
VERBESINA,
L.
COMPOSITE.
189
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
Benth. & Hook. A foot or two high, freely branchand cinereous or sometimes canescent leaves mostly alternate, and
the upper face green, from ovate or cordate to deltoid-lanceolate, variously
serrate or laciniate-dentate, most with winged petioles, and commonly with
V. encelioides,
1.
ing, pale
auriculate-dilated
in
diameter:
rays 12 to 15, an inch long, deeply 3-cleft at summit: akenes obovate, mostly
Ximenesia encelioides, Cav.
From
broadly winged and with short awns.
S.
COREOPSIS,
42.
TICKSEED.
L.
short
and
incurved
close: rays
nearli/ all
:
C. involucrata, Nutt.
again
all
cleft
43.
B I DENS,
1.
awned:
* Heads
BUR-MARIGOLD.
Tourn.
soli-
to 4-
compound
to
and
spreading.
erect, rayless, or rarely with 1 to 5 small rat/s : disk greenish yellow
mostly petioled and divided.
leaves
1. B.
frondosa, L. Glabrous or somewhat hairy, branching, 2 to 6 feet
high leaves except the uppermost pinnately 3 to 5-divided into lanceolate or
broader sharply serrate petiolulate leaflets outer involucre often very leafy
akenes obovate or oblong, more or less hairy, 2-awned.
Shady or moist rich
:
"
ground,
and
awns
the rigid
B. cernua,
2.
L.
retrorsely hispid.
Stem glabrous
high
usually 4 awned.
tudes.
In wet grounds.
in
lati-
190
3.
COMPOSITE.
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
little
Wet
4-awned.
Akenes narrow,
2.
linear-tetragonal
enlarged
akeues 2 to
and more
truncate than
upward :
B. bipinnata,
L.
narrow linear
heads on naked rather long and stout peduncles, manyflowered, 4 or 5 lines high in flower akenes glabrous, 2-atvned ; inner 5 lines
outermost 3 lines long, stouter and with broad
long, with tapering summit
summit and usually short awns rays yellow, mostly surpassing the disk.
lobes
Along
44.
water-courses, Colorado,
New
THELESPERMA,
Less.
* Lobes of
finely dissected
pappus
the akenes.
1. T. ambiguum,
foot high, spreading by creeping rootstocks,
Gray.
rather rigid and naked above leaves bipinnately divided into narrowly linear
or filiform lobes bracts of the outer involucre 8, subulate-linear, almost equalling
or half the length of the inner, which are connate to or above the middle
rays
:
From Montana
to Colorado,
New
Mexico, and
W.
Texas.
T. gracile, Gray. More rigid, a foot or two high, from a deep root,
branched, naked above leaves once or twice 3 to 5-nately divided or
parted into filiform-linear or broader lobes, or some upper ones filiform and
entire: bracts of the outer involucre 4 to 6, very short, ovate or oblong; of the
2.
less
inner one connate to above the middle, the edges of their lobes slightly scarious : disk mostly yellow, scarcely brownish after anthesis akenes less papillose
:
or roughened, the breadth of the summit exceeded by the subulate awns : rays itsuLoc. cit. Plains, Nebraska
ally none, rarely present and 2 or 3 lines long,
and
Wyoming
to
W. Texas and
Arizona.
COMPOSITE.
191
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
the throat
pappus shorter and coroniform or obsolete : very leafy below, sending up long
and naked peduncles : outer involucre short.
Rather stout leaves thickish and rigid, once
3. T. subnudum, Gray.
:
72.
S.
New Mexico,
N. Arizona, and
Utah.
MADIA,
45.
TARWEED.
Molina.
of disk-flowers
of the ray
Mountains of Colorado, to
the Saskatchewan, the Sierras of California, Oregon, and Washington Terface.
ritory.
LAYIA,
46.
&
Hook.
Arn.
10 to 20 stout bristles,
glands.
1.
Am.
span to a foot or more high, diflower leaves lanceolate or linear, laciniate-pinnatifid or
fusely branched
upper narrow and entire rays 8 to 13, large and conspicuous (bright
white or tinged with rose),
to
inch long, 3-lobed: villous hairs of the pappus bristles copious, the outer straight and erect, the inner soon crisped and
interlaced into a woolly mass.
Barren ground, from New Mexico through
incised,
S.
W.
RIDDELLIA,
47.
Low and
Nutt.
connate.
1.
R. tagetina,
Nutt.
glabrate in age, rather widely branched radical and even lower cauline leaves
often laciniate-pinuatifid
heads numerous, mostly cymosely clustered and
short-peduncled scales of the pappus oblong-lanceolate, entire, usually obtuse,
:
W. Texas
to E. Colorado
and Arizona.
COMPOSITE.
192
PEBICOME,
48.
The name
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
coma
refers to the
Gray.
akenes.
1.
minutely puberuleut
half-inch or less high ; flowers golden yellow, conspicuously longer than the
glabrous involucre: pappus a crown of hyaline scales which are more or less
Rocky canons,
etc., S.
of the
Colorado,
PL Wright,
margin of the akene.
Mexico, and Arizona.
EBIOPHYLLUM,
49.
ii.
New
Lag.
Mostly floccose herbs with alternate or partly opposite leaves, and peduncled heads flowers golden yellow. In ours the heads are mostly solitary or
:
E. csespitosum, Dougl.
obsolete.
to British
Columbia
inches high
50.
BAHIA,
Lag.
branches.
* Scales of
the
pappus 4
to 8, obovate or spatulate,
cleft,
mostly opposite.
B. oppositifolia,
Nutt.
involucre oblong or oval, comparatively close rays 5 or 6, oval, hardly surpassing the disk-flowers akenes slender, glandular pappus half the length
Sterile hills and plains, Nebraska to Colorado and New
of the corolla-tube.
:
Mexico.
COMPOSITE.
* * Scales of
pappus about
the
193
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
10, linear-lanceolate,
and
and
with
distinct rib:
entire.
2.
of the scapiform
a slender peti-
inch
ole heads solitary or few and somewhat corymbosely paniculate, nearly
10 oblong bracts: rays 6 to 9, oblong: pappus fully
high: involucre of about
the thin margins of
half the length of the cuneate-linear sparsely hairy akene;
:
Mountains, N.
Am. Acad.
Proc.
xix. 27.
Wind River
W. Wyoming,
Parry.
Smaller: stems sparsely leafy almost to the
3. B. oblongifolia, Gray.
4 lines high,
3-cepha/ous naked inflorescence : leaves narrowly oblong : head only
Loc.
On
cit.
the San
* * * Leaves once
or twice
span or more high, minutely puberuleaves 3 to "-parted into narrow linear divisions uppermost little shorter
than the slender peduncles: involucre of about 10 sparingly pubescent spatu-
B. Neo-Mexicana, Gray.
4.
lent
late bracts
-i-
*-
to 20,
none.
the lobes from oblong and obtuse to nearly linear heads 5 or 6 lines
high and broad bracts of the involucre 16 to 20, crowded, from oblong-lanProc.
ceolate to obovate-oblong, most of them conspicuously acuminate.
parted
Am
water-courses, Colorado to
51.
Along mountain-
S Arizona.
HYMENOPAPPTJS,
L'Her.
* Flowers white ;
and
slender
exserted
akenes puberulent
pappus
involucre
1
H. COrymbosus, Torr. & Gray. Slender and glabrate, naked above
lower leaves 2-pinnately and the small upper ones mostly simply parted into
narrowly linear acute divisions and lobes heads 3 or 4 lines high bracts of
:
summit
COMPOSITE.
191
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
Fl.
372.
ii.
Nebraska
Prairies,
our range.
* # Flowers
a manifest
rib
akenes villous
hid.
H.
2.
tenuifolius, Pursh. Lightly tomentose, or soon glabrate and green,
leafy : leaves rather rigid, once or twice pinnately parted into very narrowly
linear or filiform divisions, their margins soon revolute
heads only 3 or 4
:
glabrate, naket above : stems a span to a foot high, sometimes scapiform leaves
nearly as in the last, or of more filiform rigid divisions : heads a third to half
:
:
bracts of the involucre oblong or obovate-oblong,
largely green or else white-woolly, the tips whitish or purplish-tinged : corolla yellowish white or sometimes clear yellow: akenes very long-villous.
Probably the
and Montana
to
From Nebraska
New Mexico
52.
Herbs more or
less
POLYPTERIS,
scabrous-pubescent
Nntt.
loosely
3-cleft.
1. P. Hookeriana, Gray.
Stout, I to 4 feet high, above glandularpubescent and somewhat viscid leaves from narrowly to broadly lanceolate
involucre many-flowered, broad, ^ inch or more high, of 12 to 16 lanceolate
:
bracts in two series, the outer looser and often wholly herbaceous, inner with
purplish tips ray-flowers 8 to 10, the rose-red rays \ inch long, but sometimes
reduced or abortive pappus of the disk of thin scales attenuate at apex into
:
53.
With
CH^SNACTIS,
DC.
COMPOSITE.
195
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
From Mon-
Washington Territory.
ACTINELLA,
54.
Low
Pers., Nutt.
mostly herbaceous plants with punctate and often resinous-atomiferous, aromatic herbage leaves all alternate and narrow or with narrow lobes
the heads of yellow flowers commonly slender-pedunculate.
:
* Leaves mostly
quite entire, all on the crowns of the caudex, which bear a simple
scapiform peduncle (or none): involucre villous-lanate : scales of the pappus
A. scaposa,
an awn.
Nutt.
afoot high, occasionally leafy along the base: leaves linear to lanceolate or
some of the earlier ones spatulate, not rarely laciniate-lobed.
From Texas
to
New Mexico, but extending into Colorado under the foUowing form
Var. linearis, Nutt. Leaves all narrowly linear and entire, more rigid.
2. A. acaulis, Nutt.
Densely cespitose, the branches of the caudex short,
and
hills,
the leaves.
PI.
Fendl.
00.
Mountains
* * Leaves
group.
A. leptoclada, Gray.
span or two high, slender, sparsely and
loosely silky-villoiis, glabrate, the linear leaves and lower part of the stems
not rarely glabrous.
Pacif. R. Rep.iv. 107.
New Mexico and S. W. Colo4.
rado.
COMPOSITE.
196
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
* * * Leaves mostly parted or dissected into narrow linear lobes, crowded on the
thick comparatively simple caudez and scattered on the short flowering stems :
heads large : involucre very woolly : scales of the pappus attenuate into a subulate but
5.
A. Brandegei,
Porter.
entire,
narrowly
A. grandifiora,
Torr.
&
Colorado.
S.
Gray.
its
woolly;
from Montana
2.
1.
Alpiue regions,
long.
to Colorado.
and
New
Mexico.
HELENIUM,
55.
SNEEZE-WEED.
L.
* Leaves
numerous in two
large.
1.
H. Hoopesii,
soon glabrate
stem
Gray.
when young,
stout,
with long tapering base rays becoming an inch long, tardily reflexed disk
^ to f inch high, hemispherical scales of the pappus ovate-lanceolate, long
Proc. Acad. Philad.
attenuate-acuminate, a little shorter than the corolla.
:
1863, 65.
Mountains of Montana to
* * Stem winged by
New
involucre small
rays cuneate or
and
2. H. autumnale, L.
Nearly glabrous or minutely pubescent stem
very leafy, narrowly winged, 2 to 6 feet high leaves lanceolate to ovateoblong heads about \ inch in diameter, usually equalled by the rays pappus
:
COMPOSITE.
or
commonly
197
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
From Arizona
to
British
GAILLARDIA,
56.
Fougeroux.
Herbs, with alternate leaves, and ample showy heads on terminal peduncles.
Ours are more or less pubescent or hirsute and leafy-stemmed, with yellow
rays and disk-flowers apt to turn brown, villous akenes, and scales of the pappus slender-awned.
or less hirsute, often 2 feet or more high
lower spatulate, from entire to laciniate-dentate or
sinuate-pinnatifid : rays in the largest heads l inches long lobes of disk-corolla
From New Mexico
subulate-acute and tipped with a cusp: pappus aristate.
and S. Colorado to Oregon, British Columbia, and the Saskatchewan.
1.
G. aristata,
More
Pursh.
2.
G. pinnatiflda,
Torr.
Cinereous-pubescent:
peduncles scapiform or
from short leafy stems, 5 to 10 inches long: some or even all the leaves pinnasometimes spatulate and sinuate
tifid, sometimes linear or with linear lobes,
or even entire
teeth
of the disk-corolla short and broad, obtuse, pointless: pappusthe plains, Colorado and Arizona to W. Texas.
On
scales lanceolate.
57.
Glabrous herbs
or yellow flowers,
FLAVERIA,
Juss.
glabrous.
1.
F. angustifolia,
Pers.
Alkaline
58.
soil,
E. Colorado and
DYSODIA,
Cav.
New Mexico
to
W.
Texas.
FETID MARIGOLD.
leafy
D. chrysanthemoides,
up
Lag.
Much-branched and
heads
ill-scented annual,
:
leaves
to 2-pin-
59.
HYMENATHERUM,
Cass.
COMPOSITE.
198
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
and erose-truncate scales, in length little exceeding the breadth of the akene.
Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 42. Plains of Colorado to W. Texas.
PECTIS,
0.
L.
Mostly low and spreading herbs, usually glabrous and scented ; with narrow
opposite leaves conspicuously dotted with round oil-glands; small heads of
yellow flowers ; and slender rigid bristles fringing at least the base of the
leaves.
Torr.
span or two high, lemon-scented: leaves
heads subsessile or short-peduncled, fastigiate or cymose at
the end of the branches bracts of the involucre about 8, linear, at length
with involute margins pappus a crown of 4 or 5 mostly connate scales, and
1.
P. angustifolia,
narrow-linear
61.
LEUCAMPYX,
Ann. Lye. N. Y.
ii.
214.
Gray.
Named from
1.
L.
nearly
inch broad
rays
ACHILLEA,
62.
Herbs
Vaill.
YARROW.
rose-colored flowers
disk
commonly
yellow.
From
A. Millefolium,
L.
Common
about the length of the involucre, white, occasionally rose-color.
" Yarrow " or " Milfoil."
either
Called
Northern
the
hemisphere.
throughout
Exceedingly variable.
1 The Old- World
genus Anthemis has several species naturalized in this country, one of
which is an excessively common weed at the East, and becoming abundant within our range.
It
may be
characterized as follows
Cotula,
DC.
COMPOSITE.
MATBICARIA,
63.
199
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
1
Toura., L.
Herbs, with finely once or thrice dissected leaves, and pedunculate heads,
the rays white (or wanting) and the disk-flowers yellow.
1. M. discoidea, DC.
Annual, somewhat aromatic, glabrous, a span to
a foot high, very leafy leaves 2 to 3-pinuately dissected into short and narrow
bracts of the involucre broadly oval,
linear lobes heads all short-peduncled
white-scarious with greenish centre, hardly half the length of the well-devel:
From W. California
two conspicuous oblique auricles of coriaceous texture.
to Montana and far northward becoming naturalized in the Atlantic States.
;
TANACETUM,
64.
TANSY.
Touru.
with stems rather slender and naked above, bearing rather small (2 lines
broad) globular heads, and leaves simply or pedately 3 to 5-cleft.
high
linear
and entire
loosely clustered,
Fl.
ii.
some
of
Mountains
415.
Wyoming.
T. capitatum, Torr. & Gray.
2.
scarious.
span high
65.
ARTEMISIA,
Tourn., L.
WORMWOOD.
SAGE-BRUSH.
Herbs and low shrubs, bitter-aromatic; with alternate leaves and small
paniculate heads, commonly nodding
sprinkled Avith resinous globules.
1.
abortive,
DRACUNCULUS.
A. spinescens,
Eaton.
spinescent
The following species of the Old- World genus Chrysanthemum has become extensively
It
naturalized, its broad heads and conspicuous white rays making it very prominent.
1
may be
C.
characterized as follows
Glabrous, a foot or two high, simple or sparingly branched cauand the upper gradually narrower, becoming small and linear, pinnately
dentate or incised, partly clasping at base radical
head broad and flat
broader, petioled
rays inch long pappus none.
Known as " Ox-eye Daisy " or " Whiteweed." Leucanthemum vulgare, Lam.
Leucanthemum, L.
200
COMPOSITE.
ions 3-lobed
lobes spatulate
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
heads globose, racemosely glomerate on short
5 or 6, broadly obovate
4 to 8.
Bot. King Exp. 180.
:
Whole
desert region of
Wyoming, Utah,
A. Canadensis, Michx.
spines.
Leaves dissected.
*-
and sometimes
all
silky-pubescent
merous
in
a compound oblong
or
pyramidal
virgate panicle
involucre greenish,
simple
in
a narrow
(rarely
compound)
spiciform thyrsus with leaves interspersed: involucre pilose or glabrate, paleIn the alpine region of Colorado, and far northward
fuscous to brownish.
across the continent.
4. A. pedatifida, Nutt.
Cespitose, with a stout lignescent caudex, very
leaves chiefly
dwarf, canescent throughout with a fine and close pubescence
crowded in radical tufts and on the base of the (inch or two high) rather naked
:
flowering stems, once or twice 3-parted into narrowly spatulate or nearly linear
obtuse entire divisions: heads (hardly 2 lines broad) few, loosely spicately or
racemosely disposed, canescently pubescent.
of Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho.
-- 4- Leaves entire or
3-cleft or -parted
Dry ground,
in the
mountains
what woody.
5. A. dracunouloides, Pursh.
Glabrous: stems 2 to 4 feet high, either
leaves mostly entire, narrowly or sometimes
virgately or paniculately branched
:
more broadly linear, some 3-cleft heads very numerous in a compound and
On plains, from Sascrowded or open and diffuse panicle, many -flowered.
:
to
^-flowered invo-
3 feet high, with virgate rigid branches, very leafy : leaves all slender
filiform, commonly 3-parted ; the upper and those in axillary fascicles entire
Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii.
heads very small, crowded in an elongated leafy panicle.
lucre, 1 to
211.
2.
Plains, from
Nebraska to
Heads heterogamous ;
EUARTEMISIA.
style.
destitute
7.
the dislc-ftowers
Ours have
of pappus.
* Receptacle
A. SCOpulorum,
Texas.
and
2-cleft
wholly
Gray.
COMPOSITE.
201
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
lobes;
bracts brown-margined
its
loits ;
Proc. Acad.
ternateiy
divided or parted into linear crowded lobes, and usually a pair of simheads globular,
ple or 3-parted stipuliform divisions at base of the petiole
barely 2 lines in diameter : involucre pale, canesc.ent, its outer bracts narrow
quinateli/
* * Receptacle
not
r,'ilous.
*-
A. biennis,
stem
strict, 1 to
south.
-t-
w-
(-
Perennials.
(2 to 5 lines), several or
A. Norvegica,
10.
or pubescent to glabrate
Fries.
Rather
alpine
numerous and
and
loosely
from
villous
more
dilated segments : heads 4 or 5 lines broad, loosely racemose or racemosepaniculate, most of them long-peduncled : bracts of the involucre broadly brownmargined corollas loosely pilose, rarely almost glabrous.
Mostly A. arctica
:
of the
Western Reports.
S. California far
From
and
northward.
A. Parryi, Gray.
11.
leafy
up
heads
2 or 3 lines broad,
corollas glabrous.
its
Heads
comparatively small (1 to 3 lines high and broad), 12 to manyflowered, variously paniculate : flowers glabrous : herbs, mostly whitened (at
least when
young and on the lower surface of the leaves) with cottony tomentum.
Tall, with
12.
A.
COMPOSITE.
202
nately incised
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
less
Dakota to Illinois.
A. longifolia, Nutt. Stem 2 to 5 feet high:
Prairies,
hardly pubescent.
13.
long.
=s
Not
BO tall
a.
Involucre
from canescent
A. LudOViCiana,
14.
Nutt.
when
entire
compara-
to woolly, 1 2 to 20-Jlowercd.
simple or
U'ith virgate
to
&
Including also var. gnaphaAcross the continent from the west to Michigan and
involucre icoollij-tomentose.
Gray.
Illinois.
5-cleft or parted
merous
in
radical cuneate, incisely pinnatifid or trifid : heads very nuloose panicle, many pedicellate, 1 to 2 lines long
involucre
an ample
and Arkansas.
Involucre glabrous, 20
b.
A. franserioideS,
to
W-fiowered.
Greene.
and upper simply pinnately parted into lanceolate-oblong obtuse entire or 2 to 3and lobes : heads numerous, loosely racemose on the branches of the
cleft divisions
leafy elongated panicle, 2 or 3 lines broad.
tains of S. Colorado,
New
Moun-
tum,
Mountains from
Washington Territory.
= ==== Rather low: leaf-divisions narrowly
to California
linear or filiform
heads 15
to
and
20-
COMPOSITE.
208
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
leaves pinnately 5 to 7-parted into very narrow linear and by revolution filiinvolucre minutely cinereous-canescent, becoming
form entire divisions
:
Proc.
glabrate.
Am. Acad.
New
xix. 48.
Mexico.
w.
-w.
Heads
*-.
small
A. Bigelovii,
19.
Gray.
Pacif. R. Rep.
and as many female flowers, all fertile.
Upper Canadian and Arkansas.
rodite
iv.
110.
Rocky
3.
hairy.
all
are
nodding.
A.
20.
stout base
3-lobed or parted, with the lobes obovate to spatulate-linear, sometimes again 2-lobed ;
those subtending the heads usually entire and narrow : panicle strict and com-
branched
characteristic
22.
A.
branched
the
"
leaves 3-cleft
and 3-parted ;
much
the lobes
involucre 3 to 5-flowered,
rarely 6 to 9-flowered, its outer or accessory bracts oblong to short-linear or
lanceolate.
Wyoming and Utah to Washington Territory and California.
23.
cent
A. cana,
Pursh.
foot or
two high,
or two long, entire, rarely with 2 or 3 acute teeth or lobes, margins not revolute
heads glomerate in a leafy contracted panicle, 6 to S-flowered, rarely 5-flowered,
:
66.
PETASITES,
Tourn.
BUTTER-BUR.
Plains, Saskatche-
SWEET COLTSFOOT.
COMPOSITE.
204
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
1. P. sagittata, Gray.
Leaves from deltoid-oblong to reniform-hastate,
from acute to rounded-obtuse, repand-dentate, very white-tomentose beneath,
when
full
grown
northward
10 inches long
7 to
Bot. Calif,
bose.
HAPLOESTHES,
67.
The name
few
refers to the
H. Greggii,
1.
Wet
407.
Somewhat
Gray.
Gray.
fleshy,
herbaceous or suffrutcscent, a
or 2 lines long.
68.
Low and
alternate
rigid shrubs,
and sometimes
TETRADYMIA,
DC.
fascicled
# Involucre 4-flowered, of 4
vert/ villous or
or 5 bracts
T. Canescens, DC.
1.
:
pappus extremely copious : afcenes either
undershrubs, a foot or two high.
Permanently canescent with a dense close tomentum,
glabrous
unarmed, fastigiately branched leaves from narrowly linear to spatulate-lanccoheads ^ to f inch long, most of them short-pedunlatc, an inch or less long
Hills and plains, N. Wyoming and British Columbia to New Mexico,
culate.
:
more
inclined to spatulate
green, primary ones slender-subulate, cuspidate, on young shoots oppressed, halfinch long those of fascicles in their axils spatulate-linear, fleshy, pointless
:
Pacif. R. Rep.
ii.
to
9-Jlowered,
of 5 or 6 broader bracts : proper pappus less copito a single series of bristles, which are covered by a
false pappus of extremely long very soft and white woolly hairs which densely
clothe the akene : shrubs 2 to 4 feet high, at least the branches densely whitetomentose.
COMPOSITE.
205
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
to Arizona, S.
ARNICA,
69.
L.
sessile
heads few,
involucre
akenes more
inch long, pubescent or villous rays commonly an inch long
From the mountains of Colorado to those of California and
:
or less hirsute.
British Columbia.
An
heads, and
A.
2.
latifolia, Bong.
Synopt. Fl.
i.
381.
smaller heads than the preceding only radical leaves cordate or subcordate and
petioled ; cauline 2 or 3 pairs, equal, ovate or oval, usually sharply dentate, closely
:
sessile
by a broad base, or lowest with contracted base akenes commonly glaPine woods, mountains of Colorado and Utah to Oregon,
:
brate or glabrous.
British Columbia,
No
* *
-i-
Leafy
and Alaska.
cordate leaves
to the top:
and
the
upper not
conspicuously diminished.
3. A. Chamissonis, Less.
From tomentose or villous-pubescent to nearly
glabrous: leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, denticulate or dentate, acute or obtuse lowest tapering into a margined petiole, upper broad at base and somewhat
;
lar,
not hairy.
5.
late,
Bot.
A. foliosa,
nervose
connate
King Exp.
Nutt.
186.
Tornentose-pubescent, strict
A. Chamissonis of the Western Reports, in part. From the Saskatchewan to Oregon and southward along the mountains to N. California
and Colorado.
glabrate.
COMPOSITE.
206
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
- Less
leafy: cauline leaves
<-
or 2 (rarely 3) pairs,
small.
and
the
upper mostly
6. A. Parry i,
foot or less high, slender, simple, somewhat hirGray.
leaves membranaceous,
sutely pubescent and above glandular
commonly denticulate radical oval to ovate-oblong, 1 to 3 inches
long, abruptly or cuneately
contracted at base into a short margined petiole ; cauline remote
involucre hirsute and glandular,
inch or less high heads rayless,
occasionally some
outermost corollas ampliate akenes glabrous or with a few sparse hairs.
:
Am.
Nat.
Colorado to
7.
angustifolia, var.
Wyoming and
A. alpina,
summit
A.
213.
viii.
Mountains from
eradiata, Gray.
westward.
Olin.
villous, strict,
leaves thickish,
rarely glabrate.
California; across the continent in high latitudes.
70.
SENECIO,
GROUNDSEL.
Tourn.
A very large genus; with alternate leaves aud heads of yellow flowers.
Ours all belong to the section of perennials having the pubescence (if any) of
a tomentose or floccose kind and never viscid nor hirsute.
* Heads an
Heads
H-
-*
Alpine species.
S. Soldanella, Gray. Apparently glabrous from the first, a span high,
somewhat succulent: leaves mostly radical and long-petioled, from round-reni-
1.
form
head
ceolate
long.
2.
S.
amplectens,
Gray.
to several-leaved,
:
leaves thinner
and sharply
dentate
acutely 2 to 3-toothed at
tip.
Am.
Alpine and
tapering base, not rarely laciniately subpinnatifid head smaller, even down
to half-inch, and with rays of only the same length.
Proc. Acad. Philad.
:
1863, 67.
High
alpine, in the
COMPOSITE.
+
-M-
Not
207
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
S.
3.
megacephalus,
:
ish
boundary.
Heads
+-
-i-
rayless,
in place
oftomentum.
to 6 inches long, abrupt at base and naked-petiwinged petiole or partly clasping base upper lanceoPacif.
heads in small plants few or solitary.
late with partly clasping base
R. Rep. iv. 111. Includes also var. Hallii, Gray. Mountains of Colorado,
New Mexico, and Arizona.
radical
* # Heads middle-sized
*-
coarser teeth, all tapering at base into a barely margined petiole, or upper
narrowed not clasping base heads (4 to almost 6 lines long) several
into a
numerous
or
yellow.
- Heads
erect,
mostly radiate.
+*
laf.iniate-dentate, never
to the
top: leaves
from
entire to
glabrous or
&
subsolitary, radiate.
Many-stemmed from a
thickish caudex,
a span to a foot high leaves thickish, from rounded-obovate or spatulate to
oblong, 1 to 2 inches long, obtuse, obtusely or acutely dentate, sometimes even
pinnatifid-dentate ; lower abruptly contracted into a winged petiole
upper6.
S.
Fremonti,
Gray.
most
sessile
Fl.
445.
ii.
and California.
Var. OCCidentalis, Gray. More slender, with rounder leaves and heads
longer-peduncled in high alpine stations becoming very dwarf, and flowering
almost from the ground.
Bot. Calif, i. 618. Mountains of N. Wyoming,
;
= =
Rather low, with numerous cymosely paniculate and small heads, always
rayless.
About a
S. rapifolius, Nutt.
COMPOSITE.
208
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
10,
beads 3
narrowly oblong.
nearly mern-
branaceous.
8. S. triangularis, Hook.
Rather stout stem simple, 2 to 5 feet high,
bearing several or somewhat numerous heads in a corymbiform open cyme
leaves all more or less petioled and thickly dentate with more or less salient
:
rays 5 to
In the
8.
sometimes
entire,
broader and
Wyoming
-*
*+
Stem
to
Oregon and
California.
to the inflorescence
involucre fleshy-thickened.
upper
spatulate or obovate-oblong, narrowed into a short winged petiole
by partly clasping or decurrent base involucre 40 to 50-flowered, of 12
fleshy-thickened but thin-edged bracts, the base also thickened, the whole
;
sessile
in fruit
rays about
Proc.
8.
Am. Acad.
xix. 54.
w- -w- -M.
Tall
and simple-stemmed,
with
a flbrous
cluster
of
roots
the inflo-
S.
hydrophilus,
Nutt.
leaves lanceolate
stem robust, 2 to
and stout-petioled,
or partly clasping heads numer:
radical oblanceolate
fornia to
Montana and
British Columbia.
COMPOSITE.
==
a.
209
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
creeping rootstocks.
S.
entire
gated-oblong, quite
attenuate-subulate from
None
permanent tomentum.
truly alpine.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, or the radical elonor denticulate; upper ones reduced and bract-like,
integerrimus,
Nutt.
monly
13.
S.
lugens, Richards.
Lightly floccose-woolly
when young,
iu the
ceolate or reduced
blackish.
i.
413.
Mountains of
date at base
Wet
ground, British
extending within the western limits of
to California,
our range.
b.
to
those
to
mere bracts.
Chiefly
alpine or subalpine.
1.
S. wernerisefolius, Gray.
petiole,
crowded on
the multicipital
from
including the petiole-like base) to elongated-oblong and short-petioled, the margins sometimes revolute scape a span high, rather stout, bearing 2 to 8 heads ;
these 4 or 5 lines high rays 10 or 12, oblong, 2 lines long, rarely few or want:
ing.
Proc.
Am.
Acad. xix.
54.
14
Moun-
210
COMPOSITE.
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
yellow,
3 lines long.
2.
of
the scape
Two
inches high from filiform creeping rootstocks leaves thickish, resembling those of Ranunculus Cymbalaria, roundedsubcordate or reniform, only about
inch wide, coarsely 5 to 7-crenate scape
or peduncle little surpassing the leaves, bearing a solitary
comparatively large
16.
S. renifolius, Porter.
:
High
alpine region
feet, J. M. Coulter.
C.
1.
Leaves from
8,
on Whitehouse Mountain,
less,
and corymbosely
cijmose
same
S. canus, Hook. Permanently tomentose-canescent, or at length floccubut rarely at all glabrate stems from a span to 2 feet high leaves sometimes all undivided or even entire, the radical and lower from spatulate to
oblong,
17.
lent,
l
inches in length, slender-petioled, sometimes laciniate-toothed or pinnatifid: akenes very glabrous.
From Dakota to Colorado and west to Cali-
% to
fornia
S. aureus, L.
Very early glabrate, usually quite free from wool at
flowering and a foot or two high from small rootstocks radical leaves mostly
18.
rounded and undivided, and cauline lanceolate and pinnatijid or facilitate : most
polymorphous species, of which the typical form is bright green, 1 to 3 feet
principal radical ones roundish, cordate or truncate at base,
to 3 inches in diameter, on long slender petioles; lower
cauline similar, with 2 or 3 lobes on the petiole, or lyrately divided or lobed ;
high
leaves thin
crenate-dentate,
glabrous.
continent.
The following
are the
Var. BalsamitaJ, Torr. & Gray. Less glabrate, not rarely holding more
or less wool until fruiting: depauperate steins a span or two, larger fully
2 feet high principal or earliest radical leaves oblong, sometimes oval, commonly verging to lanceolate, inch or two long, serrate, contracted 'into slender
:
From
numerous akenes almost always hispudulous-pubescent on the angles.
Texas to Colorado and British Columbia and eastward to Canada.
Var. COmpactUS, Gray. A span or two high, in close tufts, rather rigid,
:
fine
tomentum, glabrate
in
age
radical leaves
oblanceolate or attenuate-spatulate, entire or 3-toothed at apex, or pinnatijid-dentate, an inch or more long, thick and firm at maturity ; cauline lanceolate or
COMPOSITE.
linear, entire or pinnatifid:
rather small
From
211
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
Synopt. Fl.
i.
391.
Var. borealis, Torr &. Gray. A foot down to a span high, at summit
bearing either numerous or few heads ; these not rarely rayless leaves thickradical, from roundish with abrupt or even truncate base to cuneate-obovate
ish
and cuneate-spatulate, % to 1 inch long, slender-petioled cauline seldom much
:
It/rate
two high, bearing 2 or 3 small cauline leaves and a solitary head, or riot rarely a
pair: radical leaves few, spatulate or obovate, sometimes roundish, half-inch
or less long, occasionally lyrate cauliue incised or sparingly pinnatifid
rays
Synopt. Fl. i. 391. Wyoming to British Columbia and Caliconspicuous.
:
fornia.
S.
19.
Fendleri, Gray.
wool, in
age tardily
glabrate: stems rather stout, 5 to 15 inches high, leafy, the larger plants
branching leaves oblong-lanceolate or narrower radical sometimes almost entire,
:
more commonly
New
Leaves mostly once pinnately divided or parted and again lobed or incised.
2.
bracts
all
to
Mackenzie River.
.w
-M. -M.
21.
4H- Stems
leafi/, numerously or somewhat equably so up to the top: leaves
pinnately lobed or parted or entire, their divisions (or the whole leaf) linear
filiform.
at base,
elongated-linear,
filiform entire
COMPOSITE.
212
C NIC US,
71.
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
PLUMED THISTLE.
sessile leaves,
DC.
yellowish.
Cirsium,
* Bracts of
and
Am. Acad.
xix. 56.
Lower mountains
of Colorado
and
flow-
Proc.
New Mexico
to
California.
* * Bracts of the involucre mostly loose, not appressed-imbricated nor rigid, tapering gradually from a narrow base to a slender-prickly or muticous apex ; outer
not very much shorter than the inner, wholly destitute of dorsal glandular ridge
or spot
C. Pavryi, Gray.
2.
late,
some
Utah.
3. C. eriocephalllS, Gray.
Loosely arachnoid-woolly and partly glabrate, very leafy : leaves pinnalifid into very numerous and crowded and numerously prickly short lobes, the base decurrent on the stern into prickly wings : heads
several, sessile,
prickly
mountains of Colorado.
* *
Bracts of the involucre moderately unequal or the lower not rarely about
and imbricated at base, but most of them with
The naturalized genus Arctium, " Burdock," may be known by the hooked
tips of its
and
involucral bracts forming a bur, otherwise unarmed
large mostly cordate leaves
rather small heads of pink or purplish flowers. The species is
A. Lappa, L., and is 3 to 5 feet high, with cymose heads, leaves green and glabrous above
;
but whitish with cottony down beneath, and in the larger forms with the bur an inch or
in diameter, its bracts all spreading and glabrous.
more
COMPOSITE.
more or
less
213
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
C. Eatoni, Gray.
foot or so high, mostly simple, loosely arachnoidleaves pinnatifid or pinnately parted into short lobes,
or remaining whitish-woolly
mostly very prickly, either green and glabrate,
beneath heads an inch high, few or several and sessile in a terminal cluster:
4.
woolly or glabrate
C.
5.
commonly
part, of the
Neo-MexicamiS,
squarrose
involucre
Proc.
herbage and
from sinuateterminating the stem
Stout, 2 to 4 feet
Gray.
copiously
while-woolly
high,-
leaves
Arizona.
appendaged.
--
weak
unarmed.
6. C. Drummondii, Gray.
Green and somewhat vilhus-pubescent, or
when young lightly arachnoid-woolly, either stemless and bearing sessile heads
in
:
larger heads fully 2 inches high involucral bracts
weak-prickly pointed, innermost with more scarious and sometimes obviously
dilated and erose-fimbriate tips
corollas either white or sometimes rose-
purple.
Proc.
Am. Acad.
x. 40.
From
weak
7.
face
i.
402.
Mountain
plains,
Wyoming and
Utah.
214
t-
COMPOSITE.
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
-i-
coriaceous,
C. Pitcheri, Torr.
8.
white-tomentose throughout
into
solitary or scattered.
entire divisions.
foot or
some again pinnately parted into shorter lobes, weakly pricklytipped the winged rhachis not wider than the divisions heads few or soliinvolucre glabrate the bracts rather small, viscid down
tary, 2 inches high
either entire or
Great Lakes.
to
to be white-Lornentose
lucral bracts
more or
less rigid.
2 inches high principal bracts of the involucre broader and flatter, the viscid
back narrow or not rarely obsolete, tipped with a prominent spreading
Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 57.
yellowish prickle: corollas purple, rarely white.
:
line on the
Plains,
persistently white-tomentose: leaves rarely pinnately parted, moderately prickly : heads commonly l^inch
high principal bracts of the involucre mostly thickened on the back by the
10.
Proc.
Plains,
southward to
Var.
is a form with smaller heads, sometimes not over
an inch high, the leaves varying from ciliately spinulose-dentate to deeply
New Mexico and S. Utah to Minnesota.
pinnatifid.
undivided
to pinnately
from
11.
ovate
to lanceolate,
C. altissimus, Willd.
Stem branching, 3
to 10 feet high
leaves in
form ovate-oblong or narrower, sometimes with merely spinuloseslightly toothed margins, sometimes laciuiate-cleft or sinuate, or lower
the typical
ciliate
ones deeply sinuate-pinnatifid, weakly prickly heads l^ to 2 inches high: involucral bracts firm-coriaceous, abruptly tipped with a spreading setiform prickle,
the short outermost ovate or oblong : roots fascicled and not rarely tuberous:
leaves
COMPOSITE.
215
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
into
a very weak
From Colorado
rose-purple.
herbs
KRIGIA,
72.
Low
to
Schreb.
and
K. amplexicaulis,
thin,
and pappus of 10
to 15
oblong scales
bristles.
Nutt.
stem a foot or two high, 1 to 3-leaved, bearing one or two or few somewhat
umbellate heads on moderately long peduncles leaves oblong or oval, obtuse,
entire, repand and denticulate, or radical somewhat lyrately lobed; these
:
From Colorado
73.
to
New York
and Georgia.
STEPHANOMERIA,
Nutt.
bracts.
roots,
with striate
pappus
and
bristles not at
runcinata,
Comparatively stout and rigid, a foot or two high,
with spreading branches: heads mostly 4 or 5 lines high and scattered along
the branches : lower leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, commonly lanceolate ; upper
1.
Nutt.
S.
Plains,
of British
America
* * Annuals
to those of
or biennials
but
Mexico.
bristles
naked below
of
more or
less dilated.
S.
exigua,
branchlets
Nutt.
radical
216
COMPOSITE.
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
MICBOSERIS,
74.
Don.
* Pappus of 15
20 white and
to
branching
1.
and
soft
bristles
plumose
linear-columnar, of
to
less
leaf-bearing.
M. nutans,
Gray.
slender-peduncled
involucre of 8 to 10 linear-lanceolate gradually acuminate principal bracts:
bristles of pappus several times longer than the oblong scale at the base.
:
Am.
Proc.
Acad.
From
ix. 208.
British
to S.
W.
* * Pappus of 20
two or more
to
series,
scales,
occupying
awn : akenes
attenu-
ate-fusiform.
2. M. troximoides, Gray.
Acaulescent or nearly so leaves tufted on
the caudex, rather fleshy, narrowly linear-lanceolate, entire or undulate, 4 to
6 inches long scapes a span to a foot high involucre
inch high pappus
Proc. Am.
^ inch or more long, its almost setiform scales \ line wide below.
:
Acad.
ix. 211.
Hills and open
and California.
ritory
75.
plains,
MALACOTHRIX,
to
Washington Ter-
DC.
flowers,
1.
M. sonchoides,
Torr.
&
Gray.
lower leaves
oblong, piunatifid, with short and dentate lobes, rhachis of the principal leaves
also dentate: akenes linear-oblong, 15-striate-ribbed, somewhat angled by 5
moderately stronger
Fl.
ii.
486.
76.
the
ribs,
Plains of
HIERACIUM,
Perennial herbs
border.
W. Nebraska
HAWKWEED.
Tourn.
heads
Involucre of the comparatively large heads irregularly more or less imbriakenes columnar, truncate.
cated : pappus of copious and unequal bristles
In ours the stems are leafy to the top, the cauline /cares all closely sessile,
1.
or spreading.
COMPOSITE.
217
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
H. Canadense,
Michx. Taller, robust, with corymbosely or panicucymose heads: leaves from lanceolate to ovate-oblong, acute, sparsely
and acutely dentate or even laciniate, at least the upper partly clasping and broad
or broad ish at base : involucre usually pubescent when young, glabrate, occa2.
lately
Across
2.
and a few
short ones
pappus of more or
yellow.
monly \ to
commonly present
involucre 20 to 30-flowered, and with short peduncles more or less tomentulose as well as glandular, in a narrow almost virgate panicle : akenes fusiform :
Woods and prairies, from Nebraska to Texas,
pappus at maturity fuscous.
involucre
somewhat furfuraceous
and glandular, also sparsely or copiously beset with long bristly hairs akenes
columnar and short pappus whitish.
From Montana to Oregon and south to
the Wahsatch.
:
yellow
5.
and
tomentum) on
pappus sordid.
gracile, Hook.
Jlowers
Var.
heads
detonsum, Gray.
involucre.
Synopt. Fl.
of Colorado
* * * Not
i.
427.
H.
triste,
Mountains
bristly
and panicle),
base of stem sparsely or thickly setose-hirsute
and
6.
Flowers white
H.
stems leafy
all
narrowed
COMPOSITE.
218
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
linear-lanceolate bracts, pale or livid, mostly glabrous or nearly so, not rarely
a few bristly hairs.
From Colorado and Utah to California and British
Columbia.
Flowers yellow: stems rather scapose (2
i- -i-
to several-leaved):
leaves entire or
slightly denticulate.
7. H. cynoglossoides, Arvet.
Stem a foot or less high (either from
naked base or more commonly a radical tuft of leaves), simple, 2 to severalleaved, bearing few or several cymosely disposed heads, setose-hirsute or
hispid at base : leaves lanceolate to spatulate-oblong, at least the lower conspicuously setose-hirsute ; upper sometimes glabrous involucre glandular, sometimes as also peduncles glandular-hispidulous : akenes rather short-columnar:
:
pappus whitish.
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 68. If. Scouleri, Hooker, partly.
N. W. Wyoming and Montana to Oregon and California.
8. H. Fendleri, Schultz Bip.
Subscapose, not rarely one or two leaves
toward base of the simple or paniculately branching stem, sparsely setosecauline verging to lanceolate,
hirsute : radical leaves spatulate or broader
;
77.
CBEPIS,
pappus
L.
soft white
leaves entire
* Low
^ inch high
the
C. elegans, Hook.
heads smaller
ribs,
Many-stemmed from a
tap-root, diffusely
branched
akenes linear-fusiform,
attenuate into a short slender beak, which
:
is
discoid-dilated at summit.
to the Saskatchewan.
robust and taller, with scapiform or few-leaved stems and larger heads:
akenes thicker, not dilated-discoid at the insertion of the pappus.
* * More
*-
No
COMPOSITE.
its
remarkably copious:
3.
little
cent or glaucous
radical leaves
219
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
entire to laciniate-pinnatijid
Usually scapose,
from obovate-spatulate
so,
as
at the forks
involucre
Saskatchewan.
t-
-i-
laciniate-pinnatijid.
w.
and flowers
to
C. acuminata, Nutt.
slender,
cyme
of
no hirsute pubescence:
soft.
stem
at maturity fusi-
striate-costate,
Wyoming
moderately
to E.
Oregon,
tall,
.M.
to
ingly copious
7.
Loc.
cit.
C. occi-
Eaton.
C. OCCidentalis, Nutt.
24 and flowers 10
and harsher.
to
30
pappus exceed-
akenes longer than the pappus, usually with tapering summit and acute
ribs.
220
COMPOSITE.
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
Wyoming
to
to
PRENANTHES,
78.
Vaill.
Perennial herbs, with loosely paniculate heads, few-nerved akenes, and soft
bright white pappus. Ours belong to the subgenus Nabalus, with more contracted inflorescence, dull-colored flowers,
sordid pappus.
1.
P. racemosa, Michx.
Stems simple,
stiffer
up
to the
inflorescence, with the leaves glabrous and glaucous: leaves ordinarily only
denticulate; radical and lower leaves spatulate-oblong to obovate, tapering into
winged petioles ; upper cauline lanceolate to ovate, partly clasping, the broader
ones by a cordate or auriculate base heads not at all drooping, crowded in an
:
involucre loosely hirsute : flowers purplish: akeues about 15-nerved, somewhat angled by 4 or 5 of the stronger
nerves.
Nabalus racemosus, DC.
From Colorado to the Saskatchewan,
:
P. alata, Gray.
leaves
and
hastate-deltoid, sharply
upper
and sessile by a tapering base : heads someivhat pendulous,
loosely
and somewhat
flowers purplish
Montana by
Loc.
cit.
LYGODESMIA,
79.
Don.
Mostly smooth and glabrous with usually rush like rigid or tough stems,
and terminal or scattered heads which are always
;
erect
and
branches,
and
terminal
solitary heads: akenes slender, terete, almost filiform, slightly taper inq to sum-
mit
1.
pappus
soft
and
L. juncea, Don.
Fastigiately
about afoot high: leaves persistent, small, somewhat nervose; lower lancfolate-linear from a broadish base, inch or two long ; upper reduced to small subuinvolucre at most ^ inch long, 5-flowered ligules j or \ inch long.
Plains of the Saskatchewan and Minnesota to New Mexico and Nevada.
late scales
all entire,
of firm
COMPOSITE.
221
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
the very uppermost reduced to scales: involucre fully f inch long, 5 to 10Fl. ii. 485.
flowered: ligules of equal length, showy, rose-red.
Gravelly hills,
W. Wyoming and
Utah.
Stem
soft.
to 3 feet high, striate, leafy, corymleaves narrowly linear, attenuate to both ends, entire, obbose-paniculate
scurely 3-nerved ; cauline 3 to 7 inches long, barely 2 lines wide uppermost
3.
L. rostrata, Gray.
erect,
heads numerous, on scaly-bracteolate erect peduncles involucre 8 to 9-flowered, of as many very narrowly linear bracts rays small and
akenes slender-fusiform, distinctly attenuate at
narrow, probably purplish
Proc. Am. Acad. ix.
summit, longer than the soft rather dull-white pappus.
slender-subulate
217.
Plains,
to
Wyo-
80.
TROXIMON,
Nutt.
1.
EUTROXIMON.
rigid.
T. cuspid atum, Pursh.
what
1.
wardly
linear-attenuate,
mostly
from Dakota
to
when
and
Wisconsin and
W.
Prairies,
Illinois.
2. T. glaucum, Nutt.
Usually a foot or two high, rather stout, pale or
glaucous, either glabrous or with loose pubescence leaves linear to lanceolate,
from entire to sparingly dentate or sometimes laciniate, 4 to 12 inches long: invo:
lucre
its
bracts lanceolate or
broader; outer series shorter, often pubescent or even villous: akenes with the
stout nerved beak 5 or 6 lines long, longer than the pappus.
Macrorhi/nchus
glaucus, Eaton. Grassy plains, Saskatchewan and Dakota to British Columbia,
Synopt. Fl.
to the
parviflorum, Gray.
inches long
i.
mountains of
New
Mexico.
laciniatum, Gray.
Var. dasycepliaru.nl, Torr. & Gray. Commonly robust, with large and
the involucre inch broad as well as high, and from villous to
cinereous-pubescent, sometimes early glabrate receptacle not rarely bearing
broad heads
COMPOSITE.
222
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
2.
and mostly
pus.
3.
and
soft
pap-
MACRORHYNCHUS.
leaves
from linear-lanceolate
to spatulate, thinnish, entire, or sparingly laciniate-dentate, occasionally pinnatijid : scape from a span to a foot or more high : involucre 7 to 9 lines high ; its bracts from broadly to narrowly lanceolate and
acute, or outer and looser ones oblong and obtuse flowers orange, commonly
changing to brownish red or purple akenes thickish, 3 or 4 lines long, and
the jftrm beak only 2 or 3 lines long: pappus somewhat rigidulous.
Macrorhynchus troximoides, Torr. & Gray. Northern Rocky Mountains to British
Columbia and Oregon, and mountains of Colorado.
:
4.
T. gracilens, Gray.
leaves
mostly entire, flaccid, from lanceolate to nearly linear, or some narrowly spatulate: scape 10 to 18 inches high: head and iuvolucral bracts narrow: flowers
deep orange
or 5 lines long:
tains in
N.
Wyoming
81.
to
TARAXACUM,
HaJler.
DANDELION.
Perennials, sending up in the spring, from a rosulate cluster of runcinatepinnatifid or lyrate radical leaves, naked fistulous scapes, which elongate with
and after the blooming of the showy head of yellow flowers involucre re:
flexed at maturity
fruit,
lanceolate,
or not at
in fields
Var.
and yards.
alpinum, Koch.
Outer involucral bracts ovate to broadly lanceoLabrador to British Columbia, and southward along higher mountains to Colorado and California.
Var. lividum, Koch. Outer involucral bracts ovate to ovate-lanceolate,
leaves
all apt to be dark-colored in drying, obscurely or not at all corniculate
from denticulate to ruucinate-dentate, sometimes pinnatifid.
T. palustre, DC.
Rocky Mountains, from New Mexico to the Arctic coast.
late,
COMPOSITE.
223
(COMPOSITE FAMILY.)
Var. scopulorum, Gray. Minute leaves and scape an inch or less long
head 3 or in fruit even 5 lines high, narrow, few-flowered outer involucral
:
Gray.
82.
PYRRHOPAPPUS,
DC.
With leafy or (in ours) scapiforra stems, undivided or pinnatifid leaves, and
rather large slender pedunculate heads of golden yellow flowers. Our species
is
monocephalous.
1. P. scaposus, DC.
Hirsutulous-pubescent, low and simple: globular
tuber sending up a slender caudex, bearing at the surface of the ground a
cluster of pinnatifid leaves and scapes of a span or two high: the latter sim-
ple
and naked, sometimes a bract or small leaf near the base head seldom an
calyculate bracts of involucre short and small, subulate
:
83.
LACTTJCA,
Tourn.
LETTUCE.
Mostly tall herbs, with milky juice, leafy stems, and paniculate heads of
Includes
yellow, blue, or whitish flowers: involucre glabrous and smooth.
Mulgedium.
to oblong, abruptly
produced
into
a filiform beak of
softer
texture.
1.
high
and
Texas.
up
to the
open panicle
entire or runcinate-dentate,
1
L. pulchella, DC.
2.
leafy
foot or
leaves
flmvers,
* Coarse annuals
flat,
thin-edged, oblong-obovate
has leaves with soft and hardly spinulose teeth auricles of the cauline
akenes striate-nerved and transversely rugulose-scabrous.
S. asper, Vill. has teeth of the leaves longer and more prickly ; auricles of the claspIng base rounded and akenes smooth, 8-nerved on each side.
S. oleraceus, L.,
ones acute
224
LOBELIACE.E.
(LOBELIA FAMILY.)
base not auriculate-clasping : flowers bright blue or violet-purple : akenes lanceolatethe tip of short (no longer than the
oblong, barely 2 Hues long, striate-nervose
breadth of the body) beak soft and usually whitish.
Mulgedium
;
pulchellum,
Nutt.
* * Akenes
and eastward.
summit
into
some strong
ribs
and
3. L. leUGOphsea, Gray.
Stem 3 to 12 feet high, stout, leafy up to the
leaves ample, sinuately or runcinately
pyramidal rather crowded panicle
:
pinnatifid, coarsely
ORDER
LOBE LI AC E^.
43.
(LOBELIA FAMILY.)
their filaments and always by their anadherent to the 2-celled, many-seeded capsule:
commonly by
Calyx-tube
style one.
1.
2.
1.
LOBELIA,
inferior.
L.
varies to rose-color
LAURENTIA,
Micheli.
which
is
CAMPANULACEJ3.
225
(CAMPANULA FAMILY.)
1. L. carnosula, Benth.
Annual, rooting in the mud, glabrous, 1 to 5
to
inch
leaves oblong-linear or lanceolate, entire, sessile,
inches high
long flowers axillary and above corymbose or racemose, long-pedicelled.
Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 444. Portcrella carnulosa, Torr., of Hayd. Rep. 1872, 488.
:
Muddy
and Wyoming.
ORDER
44.
CAIWPANULACEJE. (CAMPANULA
FAMILY.)
Like the Lobeliacete, but the corolla regular bell-shaped, the stamens
Flowers generally
usually distinct and the capsule (in ours) 3-celled.
blue and showy.
1.
2.
Specularia. Calyx-tube more or less elongated and narrow. Corolla short and broad,
rotate when expanded.
Capsule prismatic or elongated.
Campanula. Calyx-tube short and broad. Corolla generally bell-shaped. Capsule
mostly short.
1.
SPECULARIA,
VENUS'S LOOKING-GLASS.
Heister.
Capsule with valvular openings either near the summit or near the middle.
Corolla blue or
Annuals, with leafy slender stems, and sessile flowers.
purplish.
1.
S. leptocarpa, Gray. Minutely hirsute or nearly glabrous: stems a
span or two high, virgate, mostly simple or branched from the base leaves
lanceolate : capsule nearly cylindrical, ^ to f inch long, inclined to curve and
:
splitting longitudinally
crenate, veiny
somewhat
2.
CAMPANULA,
Tourn.
From Colorado
to
Utah and
BELL-FLOWER, HAREBELL.
Flowers
the
or subalpine plants.
1. C.
Uniflora, L. Chiefly glabrous, 1 to 4 inches high, from a stout
several-headed rootstock: leaves small, an inch or less long, thickish, entire or
226
ERTCACE^l.
(HEATH FAMILY.)
On
bluish corolla
times longer than the tube and exceeding the tube of the shallow, wide open,
reddish-purple corolla : capsule ovate or turbinate, as long as the calyx-lobes
or shorter.
Floras.
Bot.
Gaz.
The
meadows, Colorado.
and
3.
vii.
5.
or at the base
C. rotundifolia, L.
9-flowered, smooth
leaves linear
taller,
in lower
/lower-buds erect
calyx~lobes setaceous-subulate
to
cauline
corolla
bright
subarctic species,
Wet
ORDER
45.
ERICACEAE. (HEATH
FAMILY.)
Shrubs, sometimes herbs, with the flowers regular or nearly so, the
stamens as many or twice as many as the 4 to 5 lobes or petals of the
corolla, free or nearly free from it, anthers 2-celled, commonly appen-
to
10-celled.
SUBORDER
I.
VACCINIE.E.
Vaccinium. Ovary
10-celled,
4 to 5-celled, or
by
false partitions
Anther-cells tapering
cells 8 to
upward
into a
tube.
SUBORDER
Calyx
lous,
free
II.
ERICINEJE.
hypogynous.
Arctostaphylog.
included.
Drupe
many
ERICACEAE.
227
(HEATH FAMILY.)
* * Fruit a loculicidal capsule, 5-celled and many-seeded. (In ours the calyx becomes
fleshy in fruit, enclosing the small capsules, and hence the fruit resembles a berry.)
3.
Gaultheria.
lobes imbricated.
Corolla ovate, urn-shaped to camfilaments dilated towards the base anthers
usually awned.
5-cleft, its
Calyx
Stamens 10
panulate.
gamopetalous
flowers not from scaly buds, the bracts being leaf-like or coria-
4.
Bryanthus.
straight.
5.
Kalmia.
in
whorled,
+-
to 10,
Stamens 10
limb.
Stamens 8
flat.
*- Corolla
polypetalous or
6.
Ledum.
Stamens 5 to
SUBORDER
PVROLINEJE.
III.
its
Moneses.
Flowers solitary, 4 or 5-merous. Petals widely spreading, orbicular. Staanthers conspicuously 2-horned. Style straight. Valves of the capsule
not woolly on the edges.
Pyrola. Flowers in a raceme, 5-merous. Petals concave or incurved and more or less
mens
8.
so,
8 or 10
converging. Stamens 10, often declined. Style often declined or turned downward.
Valves of the capsule cobwebby on the edges.
SUBORDER IV.
Flowers nearly as
in
HIONOTROPE-flE.
Suborders
II.
and
III.,
10.
Pterospora.
Anthers
Ours
1.
VACCINIUM,
all
belong to
L.
2-celled,
2-awned on the
BLUEBERRY.
BILBERRY.
228
ERICACEAE.
* Flowers
solitary or 2 to
(HEATH FAMILY.)
a
in
fascicle,
from a
more com-
monly 4-merous and S-androus : leaves entire, sessile or nearly so: limb of
calyx deeply 4 to 5-parted: berries blackish-blue with a bloom.
1.
V. occidental,
or acutish
Gray.
from oval
the
foot or
3 lines in diameter.
ward
in the Sierra
* * Flowers
Nevada.
less or
ward
in
Var.
Nutt.
span to near a foot high, bushy leaves
spatulate-cuneate and with rounded apex, passing in one form to spatulatelanceolate and acute the earliest not rarely entire.
Mountains of Colorado
to California, British Columbia, and Lake Superior.
CUneifolium,
*-
3.
'
>-
Low :
V. Myrtillus,
oval, thin, shining, serrate, conspicuously reticulated-veiny, and with a prominent narrow midrib (^ to $- inch long) limb of calyx almost entire: corolla
:
Var.
microphyllura, Hook.
Utah north-
2.
ARCTOSTAPHYLOS,
Shrubs with alternate
leaves,
Adans.
BEARBEERY. MANZANITA.
variously clustered.
1. A. Uva-ursi, Spreng.
Depressed-trailing or creeping, green: leaves
coriaceous and evergreen, oblong-spatulate, retuse, an inch or less long, tapering into a petiole flowers rather few in simple small clusters, 2 lines long
:
Mexico
nutlets
to Pennsylvania, California,
"
as
as
kinnick,"
3.
.well
1 -nerved
on the back.
and northward.
From New
Bearberry."
GAULTHERIA,
Kalm.
AROMATIC WINTERGREEN.
Cinches high
ERICACEJE.
teeth (| to
inches long)
4-pointed
fruit
little
depressed-campanulate,
scarlet,
229
(HEATH FAMILY.)
with pine-apple
flavor.
BRYANTHUS,
4.
Steller,
Gmelin.
mit of the branches, the pedicels glandular and subtended by foliaceous and
and the almost smooth leaves have strongly revolute thickened
rigid bracts,
margins.
1.
span or more high: pedicels somecorolla rose-color, 2 or 3 lines long, campanulate, barely
the lobes much shorter than the tube
stamens included style
B. empetriformis, Gray.
what umbellate
5-lobed
Am. Acad.
Proc.
vii.
377.
Mountains of W.
KALMIA,
5.
L.
AMERICAN LAUREL.
Leaves evergreen and entire the showy flowers umbellate-clustered, roselimb of the corolla in bud strongly 10-keeled from
colored, purple or white
:
the pouches upward, the salient keels running to the apex of the lobes
to the sinuses.
and
1. K. glauca, Ait.
Shrub 1 or 2 feet high, glabrous, mostly glaucous,
branchlets 2-edged
leaves all opposite or rarely in threes, almost sessile, oblong or linear-oblong, or appearing narrower by the usual strong revolution
:
umbel or corymb,
and northward, thence eastward across the continent. The forms extending
southward into the Colorado mountains are depauperate alpine forms a span
high and with leaves barely i inch long (var. microphylla, Hook.).
6.
LEDUM,
L.
LABRADOR TEA.
Low shrubs, with alternate persistent leaves, which are entire and more or
flowers white, develless resinous-dotted, slightly fragrant when bruised
:
pedicels
recurved in fruit.
1. L. glandulosum, Nutt.
Shrub 2 to 6 feet high, stout leaves oblong
or oval, or approaching lanceolate (1 or 2 inches long), glabrous both sides,
pale or whitish and minutely resinous-atomiferous beneath infloj-escence often
:
our range.
7.
MONESES,
Salisb.
Cells of the anther oblong, abruptly constricted under the orifice into a
conspicuous short-tubular neck.
*-
230
ERICACEAE.
(HEATH FAMILY.)
M.
cluster of roundish
color,
about
inch in diameter.
to
PYR.OLA,
8.
WINTERGREEN.
Tourn.
SHIN-LEAF.
Acaulescent evergreens
with a cluster of round or roundish leaves, and
scales on the ascending summit of slender subterranean rootstocks scape more or less scaly-bracted, bearing a raceme of white,
greenish,
;
some scarions
:
* Style
1.
straight,
P. minor,
an inch or
flesh-colored,
less
orbicular,
2.
P. secunda,
L.
* *
Mountains of Colorado,
and toward
the
apex more or
less
Cali-
curved
the
and
acute, short
Mountains of
and Canada.
beaked.
States,
5.
P. rotundifolia, L.
New Mexico
to many-flowered
anther-tips hardly at
oval,
1^ to
mostly
shorter than the slender petioles: scape a span to a foot high, several to manyor
flowered, scaly-bracteate
calyx-lobes lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, usually
Dry woods, from California,
$ the length of the white or flesh-colored petals.
New Mexico, and Georgia, northward to the arctic regions.
:
ERICACEAE.
leaves
231
(HEATH FAMILY.)
from subcordate
colored or purple.
P. picta, Smith.
6.
from broadly
long,
the
petiole,
more high,
or
inches
7 to 15-flowered
scapes a span
Wyoming and
S.
Utah
to
and northward.
California
9.
PTEROSPORA,
PINE-DROPS.
Nutt.
Calyx deeply 5-parted. Corolla globular urn-shaped. Stamens 10, inDisk none. Stigma 5-lobed. Capsule depressed-globular, 5-lobed.
Seeds innumerable, broadly winged from the apex.
cluded.
P.
1.
A chestnut-colored or purplish
andromedea, Nutt.
herb, glandu-
and clammy-pubescent
simple stem
fornia northward,
MO NOT HO PA,
10.
L.
INDIAN PIPE.
PINE-SAP.
stems rising from a thick and matted mass of fibrous rootlets, one to severalflowered.
to
loose sepals or
an imperfect
or irregular calyx
and
bi/
2 transverse
equally spreading:
M.
* * Plant
scented,
often
several-flowered
to
4-merous
at base
M. Hypopitys,
2.
colored
scales
L.
and bracts
long
'
Under coniferous
trees
from
PKIMULACE^S.
232
ORDER
(PRIMROSE FAMILY.)
PRIUIITl^ACEJE.
46.
(PRIMROSE FAMILY.)
Herbs with simple leaves and regular perfect flowers, the stamens as
as the lobes of the gamopetalous corolla and inserted opposite
them, a one-celled ovary with a free central placenta rising from the
base, bearing several or many seeds.
Style and stigma one.
many
* Ovary wholly
i-
free.
With scapes or tufted flowers chiefly 5-merous, umbellate or solitary capsule dehiscent
by valves lobes of the corolla imbricated in the bud.
H- Stamens exserted, connivent in a cone, monadelphous.
:
1.
Dodecatheon.
Corolla 5-parted, with very short tube and dilated thickened throat,
Stamens inserted on the throat of the corolla
Stamens included,
distinct,
corolla
salverform or funnelform.
2.
3.
Primula.
Corolla with tube surpassing or at least equalling the calyx, and spreading
mostly obcordate or emarginate lobes. Capsule many-seeded. Leaves all radical
Douglasia. Corolla with tube equalling or surpassing the calyx, somewhat inflated
above lobes entire. Ovary 5-ovuled. Capsule 1 or 2-seeded. Leaves imbricated or
;
Androsace.
Ovules
Flowers small.
- iLeafy-stemmed corolla (wanting in Glaux) rotate or somewhat so, and the divisions
convolute or sometimes involute in the bud leaves entire.
:
flowers 5-merous.
Steironema.
Corolla rotate, with no proper tube, deeply parted the divisions ovate,
cuspidate-pointed, erose-denticulate above, each separately involute or convolute
around
its
stamen.
Capsule 10 to 20-seeded.
fertile ones.
6.
Leaves
at apex, few-seeded.
Leafy throughout
Flowers solitary,
7.
8.
.H-
Centunculus.
calyx
late
Samolus.
mens
5,
apex, many-seeded.
1.
DODECATHEON,
L.
SHOOTING-STAR.
AMERICAN
COWSLIP.
Flowers few or numerous in an umbel terminating a naked scape corolla
from pink-purple to white. Calyx erect in fruit, enclosing the lower part of
:
the capsule.
PRIMULACE.E.
1.
D. Meadia,
233
(PRIMROSE FAMILY.)
L.
-spatu-
ward.
Var.
entire,
alpinum,
mucronate
Gray.
to
From
Var. frigidum,
57.
inch long,
Synopt. Fl.
ii.
Gray.
mostly entire,
high, few
broadly lanceolate to almost ovate, shorter than the capsule.
57.
Rocky Mountains, Sierras, and far northward.
:
Leaves
Synopt. Fl.
ii.
repand or undulate-
toothed, long-petioled
2.
PRIMULA,
L.
PRIMROSE.
tube
of the salverform
lines long
and
little
surpassing the calyx ; throat with more or less of a callous ring or processes.
at least
Labrador.
* * Flowers larger
2.
(3 or
4 lines long)
calyx.
3.
a span
to
afoot high, 5
or
to
calyx ovoid-campanulate, glandular, commonly reddish; the lanceolate-subulate lobes as long as the tube:
corolla crimson-purple with yf-llow eye; the round obovate lobes (5 lines long)
:
Along
alpine
234
PRIMULACE^E.
(PRIMROSE FAMILY.)
DOUGLASIA,
3.
Lindl.
Depressed and tufted herbs the stems branching, persistent the leaves
small, linear, imbricated or rosulate on the branches, or some of them scattered and alternate.
In ours the flowers are solitary, terminating the leafy
shoots, and the tube of the corolla barely equals the calyx.
:
D. montana,
glabrous
ANDBOSACE,
4.
# Perennials,
1.
and
many -flowered
A. Chamsejasme,
Host.
Moun-
Tourn.
flowers umbellate, white.
cespitose: leaves rosulate-imbri-
Leaves
in
more or
less
open rosulate
tufts,
from lanceolate
villous with
* # Annuals,
naked
*-
eye.
Alpine
and
teeth,
which
A. OCCidentalis,
radical leaves
Pursh.
to the Mississippi.
3.
A. septentrionallS,
lanceolate,
narrowed at
base,
Almost glabrous
L.
from
irregidarly
: leaves lanceolate or
oblongdenticulate to laciniate-toothcd :
scapes erect, 2 to 1 inches high : bracts of the small involucre subulate : lobes of
the calyx mostly shorter than the tube lobes of the corolla obovate, rather
:
High alpine to
longer than the calyx.
Nevada to the Arctic coast.
Var. SUbulifera, Gray.
tube, surpassing the corolla.
City, Colorado,
- -
4.
much
lower, from
New Mexico
and
Calyx-tube hemispherical in fruit ; the short teeth barely greenish and rather
shorter than the capsule.
A. filiformis, Retz. Glabrous leaves and scapes (1 to 4 inches high)
more
capillary
globose capsule only a line long calyx-teeth broadly triangular, shorter than
Mountains from Colorado and Utah to Wyoming.
the very small corolla
:
PRIMULACE^E.
5.
285
(PRIMROSE FAMILY.)
STEIRONEMA,
Raf.
Perennials, glabrous except the ciliate petioles: leaves all opposite, but
mostly in seeming whorls on the flowering branches flowers yellow.
1.
S. ciliatum, Raf. Stem erect, 2 to 4 feet high, mostly simple: leaves
:
New
Mexico
2.
S.
to British
lanceolatum,
Gray.
Stem
erect,
Lysimachia lanceolata,
to orbicular, small
divisions of the
and cuspidate-acuminate.
Proc. Am. Acad. xii.
Walt. Dakota and Nebraska to Louisiana and
eastward.
Var.
hybridum,
broadly linear.
6.
GLAUX,
Flowers dimorphous.
1.
G. maritima,
SEA-MILKVVORT.
Tourn.
running rootstocks
from oval to oblong-linear, i to ^ inch long, entire, sessile: calyx-lobes oval,
Salt marshes along both sea-coasts also in subsaline soil
purplish or white.
:
in the interior
7.
CENTUNCULUS,
CHAFPWEBD.
Dill.
Very small glabrous annuals, with mainly alternate leaves, and solitary inconspicuous flowers in their axils.
1. C.
minimus, L. Stems ascending, 2 to 6 inches long: leaves ovate,
obovate, or spatulate-obloug, contracted or tapering at base, all but the lowest
sessile:
calyx-lobes lanceolate-subulate.
ward
Oregon.
8.
to
SAMOLUS,
From
Illinois to
WATER PIMPERNEL.
BROOKWEED.
Tourn.
Low and
**"
OLEACE^E.
236
ORDER
(OLIVE FAMILY.)
OLEACE^E.
47.
(OLIVE FAMILY.)
a regular 4-cleft or nearly or quite 4-petalous corolla, sometimes apetalous ; the stamens generally 2, rarely 3 or 4 ; the ovary 2-celled, with
one or two pairs of ovules in each cell.
* Fruit entire, dry, indehiscent, winged
1.
Fraximis.
(a
leaves pinnate.
1-seeded
leaves simple.
Forestiera. Flowers apetalous, dioecious or polygamous.
toothed, sometimes wanting. Drupe 1-seeded.
3.
Menodora.
Corolla from
Calyx 5 to 15-cleft, persistent; the lobes mostly linear.
rotate to salverform limb 5 to 6-parted. Ovary emarginate, with 4 ovules in each
celL Seeds usually a pair in each cell, large, with a thickened and spongy outer coat.
;
1.
FRAXINUS,
Tourn.
ASH.
1-J
to 2 inches long;
2.
its
From Dakota
F. viridis, Michx.
f.
(GREEN ASH.)
Small or middle-sized
tree,
glabrous : leaflets 5 to 9, like the last, but smaller, sometimes more sharply
fruit nearly as in
serrate and bright green both sides, or barely pale beneath
:
2.
FORESTIERA,
Poir.
APOCYNACE.E.
short, few-flowered
erule.
Shrub 6
P. Neo-Mexicana, Gray.
1.
237
(DOGBANE FAMILY.)
leaves
Proc.
Am. Acad.
xii. 63.
S.
Colorado to
New
MENODORA,
Low
rotate,
M. scabra,
of the bright yellow corolla obovate, much longer than the tube.
ci. ii. xiv. 43.
W. Texas to S. Colorado and Arizona.
ORDER
48.
APOCYNACE^E.
Am.
Jour,
("DOGBANE FAMILY.)
Plants with milky or acrid juice, entire (mostly opposite) leaves, regular 5-merous and 5-androus flowers, the lobes of the corolla convolute
and twisted
by the common
comose seeds.
1.
APOCYNUM,
Tourn.
becoming
DOGBANE.
follicles
containing
INDIAN HEMP.
Calyx small, deeply 5-cleft, the tube by means of a thickish disk adnate to
the back of the ovaries below.
Corolla campanulate, 5-lobed, toward the
base bearing 5 small triangular-subulate appendages alternate with the stamens. Filaments very short smd broad anthers sagittate. Follicles slender,
:
terete.
1.
A. androsaemifolium, L.
One
A. cannabinum,
soft-pubescent
cymes
lobes
L.
loose,
spreading
corolla flesh-color,
open-
leaves
from oval
to
oblong
238
ASCLEPIADACEJH}.
and even
(MILKWEED FAMILY.)
date base :
cymes
flesh-color, smaller
longer than
a rounded or obscurely
calyx-lobes.
cor-
lanceolate
the
erect lobes
Same range
as last.
and
tube not
Exceedingly
variable.
ORDER
49.
ASCMEPIADACE^E. (MILKWEED
FAMILY.)
either to the
The tube
of monadelphous filaments
Ours
all
each adjacent
cell of different
Asclepiodora.
2.
monly alternate.
Asclepias. Corolla almost always
reflexed in anthesis.
Hoods involute or complinot fornicate, bearing a horn or crest-like process from the back or toward the
base within, either sessile next the corolla or elevated on a column which is shorter
than the anthers. Anther-wings widening down to the base, usually triangular, the
salient base being truncate or semi-hastate, or broadly rounded. Leaves opposite or
cate,
3.
Acerates.
Anther-wings
widened or augulate if at all near or above the middle, thence narrowed to the base.
Otherwise as Asclepias. Leaves alternate or scattered.
ASCLEPIODORA,
1.
Gray.
Low
ASULEPIADACE^E.
broader and strongly angulate upper portion: pollinia pearProc. Am. Acad. xii. 66.
Acerates decumbens,
cially at the
s'.iaped,
239
(MILKWEED FAMILY.)
short-caudicled.
Decaisue.
S.
Colorado and
New Mexico
to
Texas and
Arkansas.
ASCLEPIAS,
2.
L.
MILKWEED.
SILKWEED.
Herbs, from deep and thickish perennial roots flowers umbellate the
peduncles terminal and lateral, usually between the petioles: follicles softechinate, warty or naked.
:
Hoods
sessile, not attenuate at base; the horn or crest conspicuous: antherwings broadest and usually angulate-truncate and salient at base.
1.
follicles
5 inches long)
A. Speciosa,
and
Torr.
Ann. Lye. N. Y.
ii.
218.
across the
continent.
*-
Follicles wholly
tomentulose-pubescent.
w-
Umbel
a naked terminal
peduncle
A. Obtusifolia, Michx.
high
240
ASCLEPIADACE^E.
(MILKWEED FAMILY.)
incurved horn
From Dakota
to
Texas
==
times none.
a.
to oblong-lanceolate),
stems
stout,
foot or
more
little
in height.
A. Jamesii,
leaves
flowers greenish
column very short but distinct hoods barely
equalling the anthers, broad, with a truncate entire summit, which is equalled by
the upper margin of the falciform triangular crest, the apex of which extends
flowered
a short subulate horn partly over the top of the sligmatic disk.
162.
Plains of Colorado to Arizona and Texas.
into
Bot. Mex.
Bound.
5. A. arenaria, Torr.
Lanuginous-tomentose, in age glabrate stems
thickly leaved leaves smaller, coriaceous when old, obovate or oval and retuse
or the lower ovate, with rounded or subcordate base, somewhat undulate, dis:
greenish white
horn with included ascending portion or crest broadly semilunate as high as the
hood; the abruptly incurved apex subulate-beaked, horizontally exserted, or the
Bot.
Mex. Bound.
162.
On
sandbanks,
Leaves narrow (lanceolate or linear), green, and nearly glabrous, the veins
: stems branching, a span or two high : hoods obtuse : column
hardly
any : follicles when young tomentose-canescent.
oblique
A. brachystephana, Engelm.
6.
Stems 6
to
cinereous-puberulent or tomentose when young, the inflorescence more floccosetomentose leaves from lanceolate with a broader rounded base to linear,
:
lurid-purplish
Mex. Bound.
and Texas.
163.
A. uncialis,
7.
last,
Dry sandy
soil,
E. L. Greene.
little
c.
and
New
Arizona
rado,
to
Wyoming,
Colo-
Mexico.
ASCLEP1ADACE.E.
base, entire at
(MILKWEED FAMILY.)
241
A. OValifolia,
8.
Decaisne.
Tomentulose-pubescent
cels: corolla
lobe
margins below
the horn
From Dakota
9. A. Hallii, Gray. Puberulent-glabrate: stem stout: leaves thickish, ovatelanceolate or oblong-lanceolate with rounded base and rather acute apex,
narrower base, a
w-
-M-
little
glabrous.
10.
A. verticillata,
margins
than the pedicels: corolla greenish- white hoods white, broadly ovate and
entire, with somewhat auriculate involute base, barely equalling the anthers,
much shorter than their elongated-subulate falcate-incurved horn.
In dry
:
soil,
from
continent.
Var.
pumila,
cled root
leaves
Proc.
pedicels.
Gray.
A span
much crowded,
Am. Acad.
or more high,
filiform
xii. 71.
fasci-
Nebraska and
Kansas.
2.
Anther-wings widening
to the
pollinia
and
conspicuously au-
shoii,
and thick,
inter-
arcuate-obovate.
A. Stenophylla,
slender,
umbels several, 10
to 15 flowered: flowers
the apex 2-lobed and the narrow internal crest exserted in the sinus in the
form of an intermediate tooth interior crown of 5 very small 2-lobed processes between the bases of the anthers: follicles long-acuminate, erect on
:
16
242
GENTIANACE^E.
(GENTIAN FAMILY.)
ACERATES,
3.
GREEN MILKWEED.
Ell.
A. auriculata, Engelm.
stem 2 or
* * Mass of anthers and stigma longer than broad, almost equalled by the hoods,
the short insertion of which covers tJte very short column : leaves often opposite,
mostly broader.
2.
A.
viridiflora,
Ell.
Tomentose-puberulent
stem
or 2 feet high
leaves oval or oblong and obtuse or retuse, or sometimes narrower and acute :
umbels 2 to 5 or sometimes solitary, dense, mostli/ lateral and subsexsife : pedicels
little
over twice the length of the reflexed narrowly oblong lobes of the greenish
: hoods somewhat
fleshy, with small auricles at base much involute and
corolla
or two high, terminated bi/ a single pedunculate umbel: leaves frequently alternate or scattered, from oblong-ovate to lanceolate, with roundish base: pedicels 3 or 4 times t/ie length of the oblong lobes of tJie greenish corolla : hoods
purplish, obtuse
and
Wisconsin and N.
ORDER
Smooth
and emarginate:
From
if
any
the alter-
antlier-wings broadest
and
Illinois.
50.
GFNTIANACE^E.
(GENTIAN FAMILY.)
many
In
all
ours the
:
anthers twisting in age.
Corolla salverform. Anthers oblong or linear,
iu one or two turns after antbesis.
Capsule
GENTIANACE2E.
243
(GENTIAN FAMILY.)
2.
Calyx commonly with a membranous tube. Corolla furmelform, campanuthe sinuses with or without plaits or appendages. Stamens on
Gentiana.
late,
or salverform
3.
Style none
stigmas decurrent down the sutures.
ous, near the two sutures.
corolla.
with one or two nectariferous pits, spots (glands), or an adnate scale to each
+- +- Corolla
4.
Swertia.
5.
Capsule
ovate.
Frasera.
1.
Low
herbs
ERYTHR-ZEA,
CENTAURY.
Kenealm.
E. Douglasii, Gray.
the pink corolla oblong, obtuse, at most 2 lines long, nearly half the length
Bot. Calif, i. 480.
of the tube.
Wyoming to Utah and westward to California
and Oregon.
2.
GENTIANA,
GENTIAN.
Tourn.
summer
or autumn.
bitter.
GEN-
TIANELLA.
* Flowers
funnelform,
corolla companulate-
its lobes
a row of glands
(FRINGED GENTIANS.)
Flower on a naked and usually long peduncle terminating the stem or branches,
not bracteate at base
Jilaments naked
lobes, the
leafy
G. crinita,
:
Froel.
foot or
clasping base
around
G. Serrata, Gunner.
olate-linear
corolla
to
Stem
down
summit,
less so
its lobes
cuneate-
3 to 18 inches high
the
narrowing sides:
Head-waters of the Missouri to Canada,
the
around
the
capsule short-stipitate.
its
lobes
summit and
G. detonsa,
GENTIANACE^E.
244
From Nevada
Fries.
eastward to
(GENTIAN FAMILY.)
New York
and Canada.
-H-
the
G. barbellata,
3.
middle
fusiform root or caudex, 2 to 5 inches high leaves rather thick and fleshy,
obtuse, with roughish callous margins the radical spatulate or slender-peti:
linear
* # Flowers smaller, 4
when expanded ; the
corolla
stipitate.
G. tenella,
4.
5-merous
to
ii.
Rottb.
An
lowest spatulate calyx deeply 5- (or 4-) parted corolla 2| to 4 lines long,
double the length of the calyx, blue its lobes ovate-oblong, rather obtuse,
little shorter than the tube: fimbriate crown conspicuous at the throat.
:
High
-
-t-
stem.
G. heterosepala, Engelm.
5.
flowered
setce
of
the
G. Amarella,
L.
From
2 to 20 inches high
leaves
from lanceolate
calyx
5-cleft
below the
California.
strict,
wanting.
Corolla plicate at the sinuses, the plaits more or less extended into thin-mem."
branaceous teeth or lobes : no crown nor glands.
PNEUMONANTHE.
Dwarf: haves small and with ichite cartilaginous or scarious margins: flowers
2.
solitary
to 5-toothed
corolla salverform
when
GENTIAN AC E^.
expanded;
245
(GENTIAN FAMILY.)
cordate.
Stems
G. humilis,
Stev.
single or numerous, 1 to 5 inches long,
ascending : leaves glaucescent and broadly white-margined ; the radical
orbicular or ovate and rosulate ; cauline linear-oblong, erect, connate-sheathing,
7.
erect or
2 or 3 lines long corolla whitish or dull-colored ; its tube little exceeding the
inch in diameter capsule clavate-obovate, at length exserted
calyx ; the limb
on a long and stout stipe much beyond the /lower.
Grassy banks in the moun:
tains
8.
less
rather short-stipitate
linear-oblong
capsule.
northward.
* * Flowers comparatively
anthers
the Jlower.
Dwarf,
G. frigida,
9.
1 to
Heenke.
-i-
Low:
more or
stems several
from
the
Alpine
leaves 6 to 16 pairs,
inches long
the lobes
2-cleft
or lacerate.
A span or more high leaves ovate; the lowand with connate-sheathing base, the upper hardly
the involucrate uppermost leaves somewhat exceeding the calyx of the com-
10.
G. calycosa,
Griseb.
so
monly solitary Jlower : calyx-lobes ovate or oblong, or even subcor date, about the
length of the tube : corolla oblong-funnelform, its appendages in the sinuses
triangular-subulate, laciniate, or 2-cleft at the
tip.
California and
Oregon
to
span or more high leaves glaucescent, thickvarying to oblong-lanceolate, most of the pairs with a somewhat
G. Parryi, Engelm.
ish, ovate,
sheathing base
narrow, deeply
regions of
H_ M_ ^_
to
2-cleft.
New
Stems rather
taller,
and some-
many-leaved : flowers not involucrate : the laciniateof the corolla sometimes almost equal-
GENTIANACE.E.
246
unequal
(GENTIAN FAMILY.)
and
an
corolla
From
fnnnelform; its lobes ovate, acutish or mucronulate-pointed spreading.
the mountains of New Mexico and California to British Columbia and the
,
Saskatchewan.
13.
G. Bigelovii,
salient crenulate or
completely fistulous.
to Arizona.
Very similar
Gray.
and bears
Am.
plicae
the
Acad. xix.
is oblong,
87.
Colorado
smaller
Am.
(f-
Acad. xix.
86.
High meadows
of the
Wind River
PLEUROGYNE,
3.
Mountains, Wyoming.
Eschsch.
distin-
giately
much branched
and spatulate
SWERTIA,
4.
L.
inflorescence thyrsoid
to white.
1.
S.
perennis,
L.
obovate-spatulate (2 to 4 inches long) upper cauline few and narrower, sesinflorescence racemiform or narrowly paniculate, few to many-flowered
sile
;
northward.
5.
PRASERA,
Walt.
Large and stout herbs with single erect stem from a thick bitter root, the
broader leaves commonly nervose, inflorescence thyrsoid with copious flowers
and dark-dotted corolla.
;
P. speciosa, Dougl.
and
6's
multifid scale-like
to
POLEMONIACE^E.
ORDER
POLCITIOWIACE^E.
51.
247
(POLEMONIUM FAMILY.)
(POLEMONIUM FAMILY.)
Herbs, with alternate or opposite leaves, regular 5-merous and 5androus flowers, the lobes of the corolla convolute in the bud, a 3-celled
the pod few to many-seeded,
ovary and a 3-lobed style
away from the central column.
its
3 valves
usually breaking
1.
Corolla strictly salverform, with slender tube and narrow orifice. Stamens
unequally inserted on the tube of the corolla filaments very short anthers mostly
included. Leaves opposite and entire.
Phlox.
Gilia.
various.
3.
Polemoninm.
filaments
more or
PHLOX,
1.
L.
PHLOX.
flowers
cymose, showy, and variously colored. Our Rocky Mountain forms are somewhat suffrutescent, chiefly with narrow or minute and thickish-margined
leaves,
* Densely
tufts
and
cespitose
and
crowded up
to the solitary
and
also fascicled.
- Leaves more or
M.
soft,
woolly hairs,
plants very depressed, moss-like, forming pulvinate tufts: lobes of the corolla
entire.
P. bryoides,
1.
Nutt.
imbricated in 4
gins
tube
of
strict
PI.
Gamb.
153.
calyx
its
Alpine summits in
cuneate lobes
Wyoming and
P. mtlSCOides,
2.
cent moss
and
less lanafe,
-M-
3.
much
Like the preceding, more resembling some canesleaves less strictly 4-ranked
tufted, very short
:
ovate-lanceolate
Nutt.
the branches
vii.
42.
tube
of
P. Hoodii, Richards.
of
S W. Wyoming northward.
tube
of
From
the
(white?)
the mountains
POLEMONIACE^E.
248
4.
(POLEMONIUM FAMILY.)
More
leaves im-
Mexico and
California.
Leaves
<
ciliate
much crowded,
crowded.
P. C38SpitOSa, Nutt.
hispid-ciliate,
and
usually less
naked
narrow
less
Oregon
fascicled leaves.
and California.
rigid form, of
more
Am. Acad.
Proc.
arid regions,
viii.
W. Nebraska
254.
to
* * Loosely
axils
flowers slender-peduncled.
1^
sinuses
8.
P. nana,
Nutt.
ously branching, a span or more high leaves linear, 1 to 2 inches long, those
of the branches often alternate
flowers scattered or somewhat corymbose
:
calyx not at all angled: lobes of the rose-red or white corolla ample and
broadly cuneate-obovate or roundish, entire or nearly so style eery short.
:
PI.
Gamb.
153.
From
S.
2.
Colorado to
New Mexico
G I L I A,
Ruiz
&
and Texas.
Pav.
POLEMONIACEJS.
A.
249
(POLEMONIUM FAMILY.)
* Leaves
sessile
and
entire
ovules solitary
more or
less viscid-pubescent or
glandular plants,
G. linearis, Gray.
1.
the
mucilage-cells
cilis,
Dougl.
of
British Columbia.
* * Cauline leaves very numerous, simply pinnately parted into narrowly linear
divisions: inflorescence thyrsiform or panicled : ovules numerous in each cell:
slightly if at all viscid plants.
3.
G. longiflora, Don.
divisions
and slender: flowers somewhat corymbose- on slender pedunstrictly salverform, showy; the tube often 1^- inches long,
W.
G. aggregata, Spreng.
leafy,
sessile in
or lanceolate, acute or
calyx
commonly glandular
to Oregon,
From W. Nebraska
New Mexico, and W. Texas.
aggregata, Porter.
fornia,
Collomia
and southward
to Cali-
Fl.
ii.
145.
K.
* Leaves
either opposite or
their divisions
from
na.r-
to filiform.
- Leaves
opposite : flowers small,
in
a head
or dense cluster.
G. nudicaulis,
Gray.
Very glabrous, an inch to a span high, at
length branching from the base stem leafless from the cotyledons up to the
inflorescence, which is a close head or glomerule subtended by an involucre
5.
of several entire ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate foliaceous bracts : corolla salverform, white, pink, or yellow ; tlie tube 3 or 4 lines long and thrice the length
Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 266. Sandy
of the calyx: ovules 10 to 16 in each cell.
plains,
from Colorado
to
In spring.
POLEMONIACE^E.
250
(POLEMONIUM FAMILY.)
G. Nuttallii,
Gray.
Cinereous-puberulent or the leaves glabrate, more
stems or branches a span to a foot high, terminated by
a dense leafy cluster of flowers leaves 3 to 7 parted : the divisions narrowly
corolla white with a yellow more f unnelform throat ike
linear, mucronate
6.
or less
woody
at base
267.
California.
-i-
all alternate
or few in
7.
Columbia
From
cell.
the
# * Leaves
and
alternate
pinnately incised,
cleft,
and
calyx-lobes acerose-pungent
or cuspidate.
-
Calyx
lobes
G. intertexta,
leaves,
Steud.
with white spreading hairs ; its lobes equalling the white corolla (3 or 4 lines
From the Rocky Mountains westovules and seeds 3 or 4 in each cell.
long)
ward
9.
to California
and Oregon.
G. minima,
high, glabrate
Gray.
leaves acicular
and
with simpler
and fewer
tufts, ^ to
2 inches
divisions
than the
tube of the calyx white-hairy in the broad sinuses, as long as the unequal lobes, which equal or exceed the white corolla (1 lines long) ovules 1 to
Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 269. In very dry regions from Dakota
3 in each cell.
preceding
to Colorado
10.
and Oregon.
Gray. Erect or at length much branched and
a span high, very minutely glandular-puberulent
G. BreWGri,
diffusely
an inch
all over:
spreading,
to
Jlowers less glomerate : leaves with mostly simple acicular-subulate divisions : calyxlobes similar to these, narrowly subulate, about equalling the yellow corolla
(3 or 4 lines long), 3 or
cell
Proc.
Am. Acad.
viii.
269.
From Wyoming
to
ovules
or 2 in each
California.
w-
-w.
Calyx-lobes
and
stout, erect,
or entire.
11.
G. spicata,
Nutt.
Stems rather
and
POLEMONIACE.E.
251
(POLEMONIUM FAMILY.)
corolla-lobes shorter
about 3-cle/l, occasionally all entire, barely mucronate
anthers subsessile in the throat ovules 4 to 6 in each cell.
:
anthers
to 7
ovules 2 to 4 in each
cell.
Colorado to Oregon
and California.
Var. crebrifolia, Gray.
entire leaves,
G. iberidifolia, Benth.
capitate
bracted
of the aristulate-tipped
calyx-lobes: filaments slender, inserted in the sinuses, exserted, shorter than the
:
tube
of
From W. Nebraska
cell.
to
W.
147.
W. Texas
to
- H- Flowers
thyrsoid-paniculate, inconspicuously bracted or ebracteate, never
low, ovules 6 in each
w- Corolla rose-red
yel-
cell.
G. Haydeni, Gray.
Juan
in S.
+
17.
W.
-M.
G. Stenothyrsa, Gray.
filaments slender
Stem simple,
and much
exserted.
up
to the
racemiform narrow thyrsus : leaves pinnately cleft into short oblong lobes : bracts
small and entire stamens moderately exserted : corolla somewhat funnelform,
inch long.
Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 276. Uinta Mountains,
white, nearly
.
Fremont.
252
POLEMONIACE^E.
G. pinnatifida,
18.
2 feet high
(POLEMONIUM FAMILY.)
Stem simple or
Nutt.
inflorescence,
compound :
open-paniculate, often
parted into linear or narrowly oblong lobes; these sometimes again 1 or 2-lobed
stamens conspicuously exserted : corolla strictly salverform, 2 or 3 lines
long,
Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 276.
pale blue or violet, or the narrow tube white.
:
*--
S.
Wyoming through
Colorado to
New
Mexico.
in each cell.
many
w. Corolla
very
G. minutiflora, Benth.
above
stem
erect,
(on the
Wyoming
Upper
G. tenerrima, Gray.
20.
leaves entire
Proc.
Am.
Acad.
Valley, Utah.
*+ Corolla larger (3 to 12 lines), funneJform, purplish or yellow: leaves once or
twice pinnately divided: ovules few or numerous in the cells: viscid-glandular.
M.
G. inconspicua, Dougl.
21.
slight woolly pubescence when young, and viscid-glandular, branching from the
base : leaves mostly pinnatifid or pinnately -parted, or the lowest bipinnatifld, with
short mucronate-cuspidate lobes ; the uppermost becoming small, subulate and
entire
slender-pedicellecl
G. Brandegei,
Gray.
From Wyoming
22.
and subsessile
to
pleas-
and racemiform
less long.
Brandegee.
Var. Lambornii, Gray.
Fl.
ii.
3.
149.
Synopt.
POLEMONIU M,
GREEK VALERIAN.
Tourn.
JACOB'S
LADDER.
Inflorescence racemiform, thyrsiform, or cymulose-paniculate
or white, rarely purplish, usually showy.
its
and
and
flowers blue
leaflets very
small
POLEMONIACE^E.
and crowded,
253
(POLEMONIUM FAMILY.)
so as seemingly to be verticillate
inflorescence capitate-congested
or spier form.
P. conferttim, Gray.
1.
viscid,
musky
scented
1 inch long
ovules about 3 in each cell.
Alpine regions from Colorado to California
to
and northward.
and
leafy,
* * Corolla campanulate-funnelform ;
its
simple
leaflets
and
entire,
and shorter
and pdose-appendaged at base:
*-
stocks
to
3-leaved
leaflets
root-
2.
viscid-puberufent
appendaged at
not
Nutt.
leaflets
base.
of the Platte,
Nuttall.
P. humile, Willd. More slender, and from somewhat creeping rootmore or less viscid-pubescent: leaflets 15 to 21, from round-oval to
3.
stocks,
oblong, 2
to
6 lines long
flowers rather
few
in the clusters
ampler lobes much longer than the short included tube : filaments pilose at
dilated base : ovules 2 to 4 and seeds 1 or 2 in each cell.
plish, its
the
Var.
pulchellum,
2 or 3 lines long,
Synopt. Fl. ii. 150.
Gray.
- Taller,
afoot or more high, from slender rootstocks or roots: leaves and
i-
leaf-
lets larger.
4.
P. CSeruleum,
and virgate,
flowers numerous in a naked and narrow thyran inch or less in diameter: stifle and stamens
From the Colorado mountains to California, and far
usually protruding.
northward very much less abundant in the N. Atlantic States.
:
P. foliosiSSimum, Gray.
Very viscid-pubescent throughout and strongscented: stem very leafj throughout: leaflets from lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate: flowers corymbose-C'/mvse, smaller: corolla commonly white or cream-color,
5.
sometimes
ing
HYDROPHYLLACE^E.
254
ORDEII
(WATERLEAF FAMILY.)
HYDRO PHYLLACE^E.
52.
(WATERLEAF FAMILY.)
2-cleft
Hydrophyllum. Stamens
and
fleshy placentae.
2.
site.
fruit.
t-
3.
Calyx destitute of appendages at the sinuses, usually much enlarged under the
Corolla campanulate the internal appendages minute or obsolete,
,
t-
more or
less.
alternate.
* * Styles
2.
4.
Nama.
Corolla funnelform or
somewhat salverform.
included
less
Low
herbs, with
1.
HYDBOPHYLLUM,
Tourn.
WATERLEAF.
leaves,
and
Our
species have fleshy horizontal rootstocks, the calyx naked at the sinuses, leaves pinnatifid or pinnate,
cymose
H. occidentals,
or two high
7 to 15 divisions; divisions oblong, 1 or 2 inches long, mostly incised or fewcleft, obtuse
cymes mostly dense or capitate calyx deeply parted, its divisinch long.
Proc.
ions lanceolate: corolla violet-purple, varying to white,
:
I/
petiole.
Gray.
Am. Acad.
Var.
x. 314.
Fendleri, Gray.
rather open
to Colorado.
Shady
:
cyme
from New Mexico
ravines,
HYDKOPHYLLACE^E.
(\VATERLEAF FAMILY.)
255
commonly
sometimes deep
violet,
2.
ELLISIA,
L.
Plants with tender somewhat hirsute herbage peduncles solitary or racecorolla whitish, mostly small in comparison with the stellate calyx.
:
mose
In ours the leaves are once pinnately parted, and the upper mostly alternate.
1. E. Nyctelea, L.
span to a foot high, at length very diffuse:
leaves on naked or barely margined petioles; the divisions 7 to 13, lanceolate,
acute, mostly
to 3-toothed or lobed
the leaves, or
site
peduncles solitary in the forks or oppoof the later ones racemose and secund
calyx-lobes
some
acuminate, longer than the capsule corolla rather shorter than the calyx.
Upper Arkansas, Colorado, to the Saskatchewan, and eastward across the
:
continent.
PHACELIA,
3.
Juss.
Corolla blue, purple, or white, never yellow, except the tube of certain
the tube with or without internal folds
calyx-lobes more or less
species
enlarging in fruit
1.
lobes
pair of ovules
of
the
to
* Leaves
all simple
and
entire, or
EUPHACELIA.
to 5-parted or
divided: capsule ovate, acute: seeds densely alveolate-punctate.
1. P.
circinata, Jacq. f. Hispid and the foliage strigose, and either
green or canescent, a span to 2 feet high leaves from lanceolate to ovate,
acute
the lower tapering into a petiole and commonly some of them with
:
leaflets
inflorescence hispid
bluish
filaments
corolla whitish or
On
* * Leaves pinnately
toothed or incised
toothed, lobed, or
New Mexico
compound, and
the
:
the dense
much
and
ex-
Cali-
lobes or divisions
salient ridge.
short-petioled with a
commonly subcordate
base, simply or mostly doubly crespikes crowded, at first thyrsoid corolla whitish
stamens and style long exserted.
Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 222. Dry
or bluish
soil,
HYDROPHYLLACL^E.
256
(WATERLEAF FAMILY.)
P. glandlllosa, Nntt.
3.
all hirsute,
twice,
obtuse corolla bluish, purplish, or white, with lobes shorter than the tube
stamens and style moderately or conspicuously exserted.
Gravelly soil,
Colorado to Arizona and Texas.
:
P. Popei,
Calyx more or
-*-
less setose-hispid.
&
Gray. Viscid-pubescent and hispid with spreading hairs, a span to a foot high leaves bipinnately parted or pinnatifid the
divisions pinnatifid, with 5 to 9 short, obtuse lobes calyx-lobes a little longer
4.
Torr.
mens
at length
its
exserted.
in Proc.
Am. Acad.
sta-
ii.
xix. 87.
to 12)
the
form of 10
vertical salient
EUTOCA.
lamellce.
P. sericea, Gray.
5.
lobes entire
ward.
2.
much
narrow-oblong numerous and often again few-cleft or pinnatifid divisions, silkycanescent or sometimes greenish
the lower petioled ; the uppermost simpler
;
and nearly
sessile
short spikes
crowded
in
a naked
spike-like th i/rsus
violet-blue or whitish:
calyx.
6.
P. Menziesii,
Torr.
elongated and
Exp. 252.
the corolla
Montana
herbs
to
4.
Low
(lie
lanceolate, entire
of
corolla
the length
longer than
little
NAMA,
L.
is
short-funnelform and hardly exceeding the calyx, the flowers are in the forks
of the stem, and the leaves are entire.
1. N. dichotomum,
Ruiz & Pav., var. angustifolium, Gray.
Erect, a span high, minutely pubescent, glandular stem repeatedly forked
and with a nearly sessile flower in each fork leaves narrow, linear or nearly
:
and
New
Mexico.
BOllRAGINACE^E.
ORDER
BORRAGIIV iCEJE.
53.
257
(BORAGE FAMILY.)
(BORAGE FAMILY.)
Chiefly rough-hairy horbs, with alterrmte entire leaves, and symmetrical flowers
inserted
on
A. Ovary undivided
1.
style.
Coltlenia.
Heliotropium. Calyx
plaited
by pointed tips.
surmounted usually by an entire or 2-lobed tip or appendage ovary 4-celled.
Fruit 2 or 4-lobed, separating into two 2-celled and 2-seeded carpels or more com:
ring,
monly
undivided style
* Nutlets obliquely attached by more or less of the ventral face or angle, or by the base or
prolongation of it, to
t3.
The more or
less elevated
style,
not stipitate.
Echinospermum.
dages.
4.
Omphalodes.
5.
Krynitzkia.
0.
Mertensia.
attachment.
obscurely stipitate on a
flat
Nutlets attached by a small or short scar just above the base to a barely or
sometimes strongly convex gynobase.
Orten smooth and glabrous, with blue or
rarely white flowers, mostly bractless.
entire.
* * Nutlets sessile
7.
and
to a plane
gynobase.
Myosotis. Corolla short-salverform or almost rotate its throat contracted by transverse crests ; the rounded lobes convolute in the bud. Nutlets small, smooth and
;
shining, thin-crustaceous.
8.
Racemes mainly
ebracteate.
Lithospermum.
Corolla salverform, funnelform, or sometimes approaching campanulate, either naked or with pubescent lines or intruded gibbosities or low transverse
crests at the throat.
Flowers
all
Nutlets ovoid, bony, either polished and white or dull and rough.
BORRAGINACE^.
258
9
Onosmodium.
(BORAGE FAMILY.)
Corolla tubular or oblong-funnelform, with open and wholly unapthe sinuses more or less in-
flexed.
Style filiform or capillary, very long: stigma exserted before the corolla opens.
Nutlets ovoid or globular, bony, smooth and polished, white. Flowers all subtended
leafy bracts.
by
COLDENIA,
1.
Low
L.
Wyoming
to
HELIOTROPIUM,
2.
Low
corolla
* Fruit
sti/le
herbs or undershrubs
is
large, white,
to
HELIOTROPE.
Tourn.
In ours the
long
late tuft
1.
and
filiform
of strong
bristles
bearded
tips
pencil-
flowers scattered.
H. COnvolvulaceum,
Gray.
Low
and hoary, much branched leaves lanceolate or sometimes nearly ovate and
sometimes linear, short-petioled flowers generally opposite the leaves and
:
terminal, short-peduncled
Sandy
the
plains,
* * Fruit 4-lobed : anthers free: stifle none; stigma umbrella-shaped, not surmounted by a cone: flowers in distinct unilateral scorp/oid spikes.
2. H. Curassavicum, L.
Wholly glabrous and glaucous, diffusely
spreading, a span to a foot high leaves succulent, oblanceolate, varying from
:
3.
ECHINOSPERMUM,
The
Lehm.
STICKSEED.
* Racemes panicled,
E. floribundum, Lehm.
to linear-lanceolate; the
BORRAGINACE^E.
259
(BORAGE FAMILY.)
margined
strict:
Watson.
subcorymbose
ciliatum,
* * Spikes
somewhat spatulate.
E. Redowskii, Lehm.
3.
branched
Less strict, at length diffuse, and the tuberBot. King Exp. 246.
sharp instead of blunt 01 roundish.
Arizona and Texas northward.
Var.
occidentale, Watson.
From
4.
i.
530.
From Nevada
OMPHALODES,
to
Texas and
Tourn.
Ours are dwarf cespitose alpine or mountain perennials with bright blue
forming the section Eritrichinm.
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 263.
flowers,
O. nana, Gray,
tufts, rising
ovate to lanceolate
more
Herder.
oides,
E.
Loc.
cit.
Gray.
Utah,
2.
cespitose, sericeons-canescent with oppressed pubescence: leaves spatulate-Jinear, 5 to 8 lines long, mostly crowded
on the tufted branches of the caudex the flowering stems 3 to 4-leaved :
cyme either dichotomous or simple racemiform, few-flowered nutlets shining,
;
Loc.
EchinOspermum ciliaMountains of
Ct/noglossum Howardi, Gray.
cit.
260
BORRAGINACE^E.
5.
KRYNITZKIA,
Synopt. Fl.
191.
ii.
(BORAGE FAMILY.)
Fisch.
&
Meyer.
flowers.
1.
TIDEA.
K. Californica, Gray. Slender, more or less hirsute: stems flowering from near the base flowers almost sessile, most or all the lower accompanied by leaves or bracts, at length scattered nutlets transversely rugose
and minutely scabrous or smooth ; the scar almost basal.
Loc. cit. 266.
1.
Slightly succulent:
nutlets
especially on the
stouter and appearing ,glochidiate
ming and Colorado to California.
under a
Bot. Calif,
lens.
i.
becoming
526.
Wyo-
Nutlets nevzr rugose, angulate or sulcate ventraily, with convex back neither
keeled nor angulate, attached from next the base to the middle or even to the
apex to the elevated gynobase : corolla small, its short tube not exceeding the
2.
calyx; throat either naked or with appendages not exserted: annuals, with
flowers scorpioid-spicate.
EUKRYNITZKIA.
* Calyx
2. K.
circuinscissa, Gray. Depressed-spreading, very much branched,
an inch to a span high, whitish-hispid throughout narrow linear leaves ( to
:
inch long) and very small flowers crowded, especially on the upper part of
the branches.
Loc. cit. 275. Eritrichium circumscissurn, Gray. Dry plains,
to California
* * Calyx
forming a
*-
diffusely
K. crassisepala,
oblanceolate
and
or fulvous bristles
dissimilar, 3
Gray.
its
leaves
linear-spatulate
so,
BORRAGINACE^E.
261
(BORAGE FAMILY.)
At
268.
cit.
Rocky Mountains
in Colorado, Patterson,
Hooker
Gray.
fr
5.
K. Fendleri,
rather rigid
upwards and attached almost to the apex to the narrowly subulate gynocit. 268.
Heretofore confounded with K. (Eritrichium) leiocarpa.
From the Saskatchewan to Colorado and New Mexico.
attenuate
Loc.
base.
Sepals narrow, neither thickened nor with prominent rib: nutlets very smooth,
-*-
Watsoni,
Utah, Watson.
tains,
3.
7.
K. Jamesii,
Gray.
woody
becoming
somewhat
fornia
and northward
to
Wyoming.
# * Fruit more
-i-
Tube of
lobes: a ring
8.
K. virgata,
two
foot or
\\ig\\,
or less pyramidal.
Gray.
its
Porter.
9.
little
Loc.
cit.
279.
K. glomerata,
stem strict, a
and dense nearly sessile
all canescent:
length in short
clusters,
leaves,
and
Gray.
New
262
BORRAGINACEJE.
(BORAGE FAMILY.)
*-
Tube of
and
cent,
11.
the lobes
of
length
ne ring inconspicuous,
its
and 2
or 3 times the
K. fulvocanescens,
Gray.
span or so high, cespitose leaves
linear-spatulate or oblanceolate, silky-strigose or even tomentose ; the lower
with bright white and soft hairs
the upper and the thyrsoid glomerate in:
and calyx with fulvous-yellow more hirsute hairs and some hispid
nutlets ovate, more or less papillose or tuberculate
-rugose on the
florescence
bristles:
back.
and
Loc.
cit.
280.
New Mexico
MERTENSIA,
6.
Mountains of Texas
to those of
LUNGWORT.
Roth.
# Filaments
corolla
- Tube
of the corolla twice or thrice
M.
oblongifolia, Don.
tlie
length
of
the limb
and of
the calyx.
somewhat
From
M.
2.
Tube of
Sibirica, Don.
Stems
tall, 1
to 5
and
limb.
and
feet high
pale
glaucescent,
glabrous and smooth or nearly so, very leafy : leaves ample, veiny ; cauline
leaves oblong- or lanceolate-ovate, hirsute-ciliate the upper with very acute or
;
racemes pauicled
(3 or 4 inches long):
commonly
short
ciliolate,
the length
tains of Colorado
lanceolate or linear
and
M.
lanceolata, DC.
paniculately branched
from
stems a span
spatulate-oblong to lanceolate-linear,
more
BOKRAGINACE.E.
which
corolla,
to
New
is
263
(BORAGE FAMILY.)
Mexico.
Am. Acad.
Proc.
to the middle.
x. 52.
M.
either
style included.
span or more high, either nearly glabrous or puleaves oblong, somewhat spatulate or lanceolate, rather obtuse ; the
cauline sessile (1 or 2 inches long): flowers in a close or at length loose
cluster
calyx-lobes equalling or rather shorter than the tube of the corolla
5.
bescent
alpina, Don.
High
MYOSOTIS,
7.
and Utah.
FORGET-ME-NOT.
L.
Low
and spreading pubescent herbs, with sessile stem leaves and small blue
In ours the calyx is beset with hairs, some of
them bristly and having minutely hooked tips.
1.
M. sylvatica, Hoffm. Hirsute-pubescent, either green or cinereous
flowers in bractless racemes.
pedicels shorter
alpine regions in
8.
LITHOSPERMUM,
Tourn.
CROMWELL.
Herbs with reddish roots, sessile leaves, and axillary or subaxillary or leafybracted flowers: stamens with very short filaments, and nutlets (in ours)
white, smooth and polished.
1. L.
pilosum, Nutt. Soft-hirsute and pubescent, pale or canescent:
stems numerous from a stout root, a foot high, mostly simple, very leafy
leaves linear and linear-lanceolate, mostly tapering from near the base to
:
flowers densely crowded in a leafy thyrsus corolla campanulate-funnelFrom British Columbia and Monform, almost 4 inch long, silky outside.
tana to Utah and California.
apex
corolla yellow,
reduced
to bracts, not
surpassing the
calyx.
2.
L. nmltiflomm, Torr.
foot or
two high
264
CONVOLVULACE^E.
(CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.)
- Corolla
bright and deep yellow or orange ;
<-
and
the tube
from |
to twice longer
ing: floral leaves orfoliaceous bracts large, much surpassing the calyx.
L. canescens, Lehra.
3.
More
or less canescent
when young
stem
hir-
sessile.
From Arizona and New Mexico to the Saskatchewan, Upper
"
Puccoon " of the Indians.
Canada, and Alabama.
4. L. hirtum, Lehm.
Hispid or hirsute and at length rough, a foot or two
nearly
high
From
---
4 times
5.
corolla
or teeth:
of
the
L. angUStifolium, Michx.
the earlier and conspicuous kind with corolla tube an inch or less in length ;
the later ones, and those of diffusely branching plants, with inconspicuous or
small and pale corolla, without crests in the throat, probably cleistogenous.
to Texas, Wisconsin,
ONOSMODIUM,
Michx.
A foot
or two high
less
ORDER
54.
CONVOLVULACEJE.
(CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.)
Chiefly twining or trailing herbs, with alternate leaves (or scales) and
regular 5-androus flowers; a calyx of 5 imbricated sepals; a 5- plaited
or 5-lobed corolla convolute or twisted in the bud ; a 2-celled ovary,
partition.
false
CONVOLVULACE^E.
Tribe
1.
2.
I.
Ipomoea.
3.
Tribe II.
4.
265
(CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.)
Cuscuta.
linear-fili-
distinct or
clavate.
Corolla
and of
all
linear-
green color.
IPO MCE A,
1.
L.
MORNING-GLORY.
Calyx not bracteate at base, but the outer sepals commonly larger limb
of corolla entire, or barely angulate or lobed.
1.
I. leptophylla, Torr. Very glabrous stems erect or ascending (2 to
:
ered
long
Wyoming
Texas and
to
Mexico.
CONVOLVULUS,
2.
Twining or
New
BINDWEED.
L.
Includes Calystegia.
* Stigmas from ovate or oval to oblong, vert/ flat : solitary flower involucellate by
a pair of persistent broad bracts, which are close to the calyx and enclose or
exceed
1.
it.
C. sepium, L.
petioled, deltoid-hastate
and triangular-sagittate
lantic States.
Var.
AmericamiS,
Sims.
bracts obtuse.
to rose-color
bracts
from
Synopt. Fl.
Mexico
215.
entire.
From New
the base
of
the
calyx.
2.
C. incanus, Vahl.
stems
1 to 3 feet
long, mainly procumbent leaves
polymorphous; some simply lanceolate- or linear-sagittate or hastate, obtuse
and mucronate, entire, and with the narrow elongated basal lobes entire or 2
silky pubescence
filiform,
CONVOLVULACE^E.
266
some pedate, having narrowly 2 to 3-cleft lateral lobes or divissome more coarsely 3 to 5 -parted, with lobes entire or coarsely sinuate-
to 3-toothed
ions
(CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.)
dentate
3.
EVOLVULUS,
L.
Low and small rather suffrutescent plants, with erect or diffuse or prostrnto
(never twining) stems, entire leaves, one to few-flowered peduncles, and sm: 11
purple or blue almost rotate corolla. Our species has both sides of the leaves,
stems, and calyx densely silky-villous.
E. argenteus, Pursh.
stout
4.
C US CUT A,
DODDER.
Tourn.
Flowers 5- (rarely 4-) merous calyx cleft or parted corolla globular-urnshaped, bell-shaped, or somewhat tubular stamens inserted in the throat of
the corolla above as many scale-like lacerate appendages: ovary globular,
:
stigmas
embryo thread-shaped,
* Capsule
indehiscent.
4- Calyx gamosepafous.
w-
a line long
Ovary and
cent corolla
Acute
tips
of
capped by
the marces-
C. decora, Choisy.
deep purple.
On
SOLANACE.E.
nosce
and Compositor.
267
(NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.)
its
southern
borders.
3.
line long,
Like the
C. inflexa, Engelm.
but only a
on shrubs
same
structure,
from Arkansas
to
Dakota and
eastward.
==
4.
C. Gronovii, Willd.
corolla-lobes
mostly shorter than the deeply campauulate tube scales copiously fringed
In wet shady places from the Rocky Mouncapsule globose, umbonate.
tains eastward, most abundant in the Atlantic States, and everywhere very
:
variable.
*-
5.
thin,
panicles.
many
styles
etc.,
from Colorado
to
Texas and
Nebraska.
# # Capsule more or
of
the corolla
styles capillary
and
lobes
C. umbellata, HBK.
of
capped by
the
remains
long,
ORDER
55.
etc.),
from
S.
SOLANACE^E.
(NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.)
corolla.
t~
Anthers longer than their filaments, either connivent or connate into a cone or cylinder
corolla rotate
1.
Solatium.
slit,
and sometimes
2.
*-
Anthers unconnected, mostly shorter than their filaments, destitute of terminal pores,
dehiscent longitudinally.
Chamaesaracha. Calyx herbaceous and closely investing the fruit or most of it, not
angled.
naked.
more or
less
SOLANACEJB.
268
3.
(NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.)
Berry juicy.
Pedicels
solitary.
* * Fruit a capsule. 1
4.
Nicotiana.
seeds.
The
fruit
usually loculicidal at
S O L A N U M,
1.
Tourn.
NIGHTSHADE,
and
also
etc.
i. e.
septicidal
stamens
all alike,
and
anthers blunt.
H1.
S.
Jamesii,
Torr.
span or so in height:
leaflets 5 to 9,
varying
- Annuals,
simple-leaved, never prickly,
of
the
stem sometimes
rough.
2. S. triflorum, Nutt.
Green, slightly hairy or nearly glabrous, low
leaves oblong, deeply pinnatijid, Avith wide rounded
and much spreading
sinuses
the lobes 7 to 9, lanceolate, entire, or sometimes 1 or 2-toothed
:
peduncles lateral,
cultivated ground.
3.
S nigrum,
parts pubescent
L.
acute or acuminate flowers in small peduncymes: calyx much shorter than the corolla, which
berries usually black when ripe, only as large as peas.
white or bluish
Found everywhere,
especially in
damp
many
varieties.
the close-fitting and horridly prickly calyx and even adhering to it: stamens and especially the style much declined: anthers tapering
upwards, dissimilar ; the lowest one much longer and larger, and with an
* * Fruit enclosed by
1 The
genus Datura, containing several introduced species within our range, may be
recognized by its prismatic 5-toothed calyx, funnelform corolla, and prickly mostly 4-celled
4-valved capsule.
They are rank weeds, with ovate leaves, and large and showy flowers
on short peduncles in the forks of the branching stem. Known as " Jamestown Weed " or
" Thorn
Apple."
p. 270, foot-note.
SOLANACE^.
beak:
incurved
leaves
to
269
(NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.)
3-pinnatifid
armed with
annuals,
straight
prickles.
hairs,
S.
5.
On
rostratum, Dunal.
On
the plains
CHAM-EJSABACHA,
2.
Depressed plants
petioles, filiform
margined
Gray.
naked
almost globose.
1. C. Coronopus, Gray.
Green, almost glabrous, or beset with some
leaves lanceolate or
short and roughish hairs, diffusely very much branched
linear with cuueate-attenuate base, varying from nearly entire to laciuiate:
piunatifid
peduncles elongated
2-forked at tip
Withania
corolla yellowish
(?) Coronopus,
3.
Torr.
From
PHYSALIS,
S.
L.
GROUND CHERRY.
1. P. lobata, Torr.
Low and small, diffusely branched: leaves oblongspatulate or obovate, from repand to sinuate-pinnatifid, the base cuneately
tapering into a margined petiole corolla violet, the centre with a 5 to
:
On
6-rayed
the plains, from Colorado to Arizona and Texas.
* * Notgranulose-scurf//: leaves never pinnatifid : corolla mostly rotately spreading from a somewhat campanulate throat or base, greenish white or yellow.
-
so,
the pubescence if
stem
and
neither
branches
conspicuously angular.
P. angulata, L.
2.
long
fruiting calyx at first ovate- pyramidal and 10-angled, the 5 principal angles
From
sharply keeled, at full maturity nearly replete and globose-ovate.
SOLANACE^E.
270
-
-t-
(NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.)
and veins corolla about % inch in diameter when expanded, dull yellow ivith a
purplish brown eye: anthers violet: pedicels 3 to 5 lines long: fruiting calyx
From California to Colorado and Texas, thence
mostly pubescent and viscid.
:
eastward to
corolla
from f
to
saliently
inch in diameter, dull
From Colorado
P. Pendleri, Gray.
Pruinose-puberulent
minute and partly simple, partly branched or stellular, sometimes a little glandular stems a span to a foot high from a deep tuberous stock, much branched :
:
leaves small,
base,
diameter.
Proc.
Am.
Acad. x.
65.
S.
Colorado and
New
Mexico.
to
4.
From Nebraska
NICOTIAN A,
Tourn.
to
TOBACCO.
Heavy-scented
leaves,
and glabrous,
to
entire
is
green
prickles.
D. discolor, Bernh., probably from Mexico, is low and more or less cinereous-pubescent
last, but the white corolla is tinged with purple and perhaps smaller, and
;
its
SCROPHULARIACE^E.
271
(FIGWOKT FAMILY.)
N. attenuata,
1.
oblong
corolla dull white or greenish, slender salverform, not enlarged at the throat ; the tube 1 to 1 inches long ; the obscurely 5-lobed limb 4 to 6
lines in diameter: filaments equally inserted low down on the tube.
In dry
lanceolate or linear
ends, mostly sessile: flowers few: corolla white, tubular-funnelform and openmouthed ; the tube barely an inch long ; the 5-lobed limb 1 1 inches or more in diameter: filaments unequally inserted in the
their
most
prized tobacco-plant.
ORDER
56.
SCROPHITLARIACE^E.
(FiGWORT FAMILY.)
'less
Style single
I.
Leaves prevailingly opposite, at least the lower: upper lips or lobes of the corolla exANTIRRHINIDE^K.
ternal in the bud.
lower
side,
lip often
with 2-celled anthers capsule opening by irregular perforations or chinks inflorescence simple and racemose.
Liinaria. Corolla with a spur at base and a prominent palate nearly closing the throat.
:
4,
1.
fruit a 2-celled
irregular corolla
entire
or 2-lobed.
stigma
# * Corolla
more or
less bilabiate
capsule dehiscent
gibbous or saccate on the upper or posterior side of the tube : ovules and seeds
few or solitary in the cells calyx deeply 5-cJeft flowers solitary or umbelliform-verti-
t- Corolla
cillate.
2.
Corolla deeply bilabiate its upper lip 2-cleft, with lobes more or less erect ;
lower larger and 3-lobed its lateral lobes pendulous-spreading; middle one conduplicate into a keel-shaped sac which encloses the 4 declined stamens and style. Ante-
Collinsia.
apex.
t- t-
calyx
3.
Scrophularia.
4.
--
Calyx funnelform.
Chionophila.
bilabiate limb
5.
Sterile
272
scuopHULARiACEJi;.
(FIGWORT FAMILY.)
Sterile filament
and confluent.
anther-cells divaricate
* * * Corolla from bilabiate to almost regular, not saccate or otherwise produced at base
antheriferous stamens 2 or 4, with no rudiments of the fifth: capsule dehiscent,
many-seeded
f-
inflorescence simple
corolla
more or
less bilabiate
stamens
4.
Miimilus.
Corolla with either elongated or short tube; upper lip 2-lobed, and the
lower 3-lobed a pair of palatine r'dges running down the lower side of the throat.
6.
-i-
antheriferous stamens
2.
Gratiola. Corolla with cylindraceous tube and lips of nearly equal length the upper
entire or lobed the lower 3-cleft
The posterior pair of stamens antheriferous the
;
- iCalyx
and
sterile
8.
Limosella.
Calyx campanulate.
stamens
nearly equal
4,
no
filament
Anthers
one-celled by confluence.
II.
* Corolla
Leaves various
little if
stamens
2,
lower
at all bilabiate
exserted
10.
the lobes
all plane,
none
the bud.
hypogynous
parasitic.
Synthyris.
Veronica.
(sometimes
Corolla (in ours) rotate with very short or hardly any tube its lobes 4
Anther-cells more or less confluent. Capsule
5), one usually smaller.
;
most of them
drying.
11.
emarginate, rarely 2-cleft the lower 3-cleft, external in the bud stamens 4 and didynamous, or rarely 2, ascending under the upper lip anther-cells distinct some of
:
them
i-
Anther-cells unequal or dissimilar the outer one affixed by its middle the other pendulous from its upper end, mostly smaller, sometimes sterile or deficient: leaves alternate
;
Calyx tubular, laterally flattened, more or less cleft anteriorly or posCorolla tubular, more or less laterally compressed, especially the
elongated and conduplicate or carinate-concave and entire upper lip lower lip short
and small, 3-toothed, 3-carinate or somewhat saccate below the teeth the tube usually
Castilleia.
teriorly, or both.
Orthocarpus.
Stamens
4, all
Calyx tubular-campanulate,
and posteriorly
and the divisions 2-cleft or parted. Corolla mostly with slender tube upper lip
one.
longer and usually much narrower than the inflated 1 to 3-saccate lower
mens 4 the smaller anther-cell sometimes wanting.
;
little
Sta-
14.
Cordylanthus.
division monophyllous.
apex.
Style hooked at
tip.
SCROPHULARIACE^E.
all
273
4 stamens.
Corolla
Calyx various, cleft anteriorly and sometimes posteriorly.
with cyliudraceous tube and narrow throat, strongly bilabiate upper lip compressed
laterally, fornicate or conduplicate ; lower erect at base, 2-cristate above, 3-lobed ;
Pedicularis.
15.
16.
Corolla with
cylindraceous tube galeate upper lip ovate, obtuse, compressed, entire at apex, but
with a minute tooth on each side below it lower lip shorter, with 3 spreading lobes.
;
Leaves opposite.
LIN ARIA,
1.
TOAD-FLAX.
Tourn.
leaves entire
flowers in a naked
L. Canadensis, Dumont.
inches high
leaves
flat,
2.
COLLINSIA,
soil.
Nutt.
solitary or umbelliform-verticillate
C. parviflora, Dougl. About a span high, at length diffuse or spreading: leaves oblong or lanceolate; the upper narrowed at base and entire; the
1.
SCROPHTJLARIA,
3.
FIGWORT.
Tourn.
Usually tall and homely herbs with opposite leaves and loose cymes of
small flowers in a narrow terminal thyrsus.
1
S. nodosa, L. Nearly glabrous, 2 or 3 feet high thyrsus elongated
and open leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, with a rounded or subcordate
;
base, sharply
Var.
Marilandica, Gray.
Taller,
rudiment of
sometimes 5
fifth
stamen orbicular.
feet
high
leaves larger
4.
PENTSTEMON,
Mitchell.
BEARD-TONGUE.
Usually with simple stems or branched from the base the leaves opposite,
from thyrsiform to almost simply racemose,
:
18
SCBOPHULARIACE.E.
274
(FIGWORT FAMILY.)
and
1.
low and
From
P. Menziesii, Hook.
1.
leaves com-
monly
to
to pink-purple, an inch or more long, tubular-funnelform and moderately bilabiate sterile filament short and slender, hairy at apex or nearly naked.
On
:
* # Anthers glabrous
but not to the
glabrous
(rarely villous)
apex :
and
Wyoming
;
to California
and northward.
from
towards
the base
usually glaucescent
hairs.
and
New Mexico
W.
to
Texas.
Var. trichander, Gray, is like a low form of var. Torreyi, except that the
Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 94. S. W.
anthers are beset with long woolly hairs.
Colorado, Brandegee.
3.
p. Eatoni, Gray.
foot or
two high
leaves
from lanceolate to
ovate
viii.
395.
From
the
to Ne-
* # * Anthers with
from
&
P. Fremonti,
f unnelform,
to
Torr.
Gray.
little
Synopt. Fl.
ii.
262.
SCROPHTJLARIACE.E.
P. strictUS, Benth.
5.
cous
Glabrous, or minutely pruinose, more or less glauradical leaves from oval to spatulate ;
275
(FIGWORT FAMILY.)
floral
of the elongated narrow and loose thyrsus : sepals ovate or oval, obtuse : corolla
about an inch long; the throat strongly ampliate: anthers either thickly or
sparsely comose with very long flexuous hairs sterile filament naked or with
:
Mountains of
hairs.
W. Wyoming
to S.
W.
Utah.
P. glaber, Pursh.
6.
two high
foot or
late
corolla
to
From Nebraska
sparsely hirsute.
west to Oregon and California.
Var.
cyananthus,
Gray.
nate or narrow
Am.
Proc.
to the
tall
Usually
the cauline
thyrsus dense sepals much acumianthers and sterile filament from hirsute to nearly glabrous.
Acad.
Wahsatch
in
Wyoming and
P. cyananthus, Hook.
vi. 60.
Colorado
Utah.
to apex and confluent, glabrous, explanate
herbs or rarely suffrutescent at base.
+- Glabrous throughout even to pedicels and calyx : leaves all entire, from linear
to ovate, glaucous or pale: stems simple and erect: thyrsus virgate or con-
an inch
long.
P. secundiflorus, Benth.
and racemiform
strict
nearly twice the length of the calyx: sterile filament glabrous or minutely
Mountains of Colorado.
bearded at the dilated tip.
P. Hallii, Gray.
8.
linear
and linear-spatulate
M.
4-*.
Tube of
corolla gradually
throat
and
rigid, leafy
and moderately
leaves coriaceous
naked above
sepals ovate
and
radical
and
oblong
P. acuminatus, Dougl.
9.
stout
ing,
to
SCROPHULARIACE^E.
276
to violet
sterile filament
(FIGWORT FAMILY.)
From
tip.
the Sas-
acuminate
-i-
to
corolla ample, purplish ; its tube little if any longer than the sepals, abruptly
dilated into the campanulate or broadly funnelform throat.
11.
P. Jamesii, Benth.
linear-lanceolate
Pruinose-puberulent
leaves
narrowly or
all
cyathiform-campanulate
sterile filament moderately bearded.
throat, a little hairy within
Prairies, S.
Colorado to New Mexico and W. Texas.
:
12.
P. cristatUS, Nutt.
leaves from
linear-lanceolate to narrowly oblong corolla more funnelform, being less abruptly dilated ; its lower lip long-villous within sterile filament more exserted,
:
From Dakota
inordinately yellow-bearded.
Nevada and
S. Colorado.
-t-
-i-
campanulate-ventricose above
+-
to
to lanceolate,
= Corolla hardly at
mostly many-flowered.
all bilabiate,
funnelform,
icith
widely spreading
lobes,
P. albidus,
Nutt.
Viscid-pubescent,
10 inches high
to
leaves
thyrsus strict,
leafy below, of approximate few to several-flowered clusters : sepals densely viscidcorolla with shorter tube, the rather ample limb
pubescent, 3 or 4 lines long
On the plains from Dakota to Colorado and Texas.
about as broad.
:
= =
pubescent within.
form inflorescence
SCEOPHULAKIACE2E.
277
(FIGWORT FAMILY.)
Mountains of Colorado
ously bearded within.
to Oregon and through the Sierra Nevada.
ward
P. Watsoni, Gray.
16.
inflo-
rescence and calyx puberulent, but not viscid, a foot or more high
cauliue
leaves oblong-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, entire or
:
denticulate
narrowly
Up almost
Moun-
P. humilis,
17.
high
Nutt.
leaves glaucescent,
lent
up
sometimes denticulate
oblong:
corolla
19.
glaucous
the broad lower lip sparsely villousMountains of Wyoming, Utah, and far northward.
Var. Stenosepalus, Gray. Sometimes over a foot high thyrsus comcorolla dull
paratively small and glomerate
sepals attenuate-lanceolate
whitish or purplish.
Mountains of Colorado and Utah.
tube, gibbous
bearded within.
**
*-*
to obovate, entire
to the
P. Harbourii, Gray.
stems low-cespitose
^ inch wide.
corolla little
sepals villous and somewhat viscid
lower lip bearded
bilabiate, with rather broad cylindraceous throat and tube
within.
Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 71.
High alpine region of the Colorado
short-pedicelled flowers
Mountains.
SCKOPHULAKIACE^E.
278
(FIGWORT FAMILY.)
= = Leaves
P. pumilus, 'Nutt.
21.
stems an inch or two high, erect or ascending, very leafy leaves lanceolate
or the lower spatulate
corolla with regularly fuunelform throat, glabrous
:
more abundantly
at the tip.
upturned
corolla tubular-funnelform,
folds sparsely villous within : sterile filament strongly and densely bearded.
Mountains of Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah.
H-f
-w
-t-t-
to
many-
fiowered.
23.
P. laricifolius, Hook.
Arn.
leaves very slender, when dry filisimple from an underground woody base
form, much crowded in subradical tufts and scattered on the filiform flower:
ing stems: short peduncles alternate: flowers few, loosely racemose: corolla
tubular-funnelform, half-inch long; the small limb obscurely bilabiate: sterile
Wyoming and
Oregon.
subulate
2.
there dehiscent by
middle
the base
In ours
glabrous.
* Corolla blue
to
1^ inches long:
25.
P. Kingii, Watson.
Hardly glaucous
from
the top, erect or ascending: leaves oblanceolate or lanceolate-linear, mostly narrowed to the base
thyrsus strict, 1 to 5
Uiuta and
inches long: corolla f inch long, purple.
Synopt. Fl. ii. 272.
the depressed woodi/ base, leafy to
even broader
to
stems
rarely pruinose-puberulent
3 feet high: leaves from narrowly to ovate- lanceolate
:
sometimes reddish
corolla from
the
1 to l
expanded limb
SCEOPHULA1UACE.E.
Bot. Calif,
flowers large.
From
567.
ii.
279
(FIGWORT FAMILY.)
to California.
Var.
ambigUUS,
Gray.
slender, with lanceolate and linear leaves all narrowed at base, pale and glaucescent, and the corolla violet-blue, an inch or less long : sepals remarkably
ii. 272.
P,
and westward.
Synopt. Fl.
small.
satch Mountains
* * Corolla
heterophyllus,
Watson.
lanceolate to linear
an inch
long.
two high from a woody base, glathyrsus, or puberulent leaves from spatulate-
P. Bridges!!, Gray.
brous up to the virgate secund
27.
foot or
peduncles,
L*
lips of the
S. California.
CHIONOPHILA,
5.
Benth.
A high alpine dwarf perennial, with entire leaves mostly in a radical tuft
and a dense spike of cream-colored flowers.
1. C. James!!, Benth.
Glabrous or nearly so leaves thickish, spatulate
or lanceolate, tapering into a scarious sheathing base ; those on the scape-like
flowering stems one or two pairs, or occasionally alternate, linear spike few
corolla over a half-inch long, dull
to many-flowered, mostly secund, bracteate
:
cream-color.
Gray
in
Am.
Colorado mountains.
6.
MIMITLUS,
MONKEY-FLOWER.
L.
* Viscid
t-
Leaves
sessile or
M. nanus,
1.
or glandular-pubescent.
Hook.
from
leaves
cluded or partly exserted tube stigma peltate-funnelform : capsules with taperRanging chiefly west of our limit, but
ing apex rather exceeding the calyx.
:
jf
tuse
from a third
Ari-
I/
SCROPHUlrARIACE^E.
280
-i-
-t-
M.
3.
About a span
floribundus, Dougl.
lowest axils, the lateral branches diffusely spreading : leaves ovate and the
lower subcordate, an inch long or less ; the upper shorter than the somewhat
tlie
racemose pedicels
truncate in fruit
M. moschatUS,
Dougl.
More
and
villous
| inch lon<:
Columbia.
ish
* # Neither
+- Corolla rose-red
M. Lewisii,
pubescence
i- -t-
largest.
M. Jamesii,
&
roundish
and
Torr.
often reniform,
Michigan.
cauline and floral smaller, closely sessile, not rarely connate-clasping ; all usually
acutely dentate or denticulate; lower sometimes lyrately laciniate: inflorescence chiefly racemose or terminal: corolla deep yellow, commonly dark-dotted
within,
copper-color, sometimes
a half-inch or less long
span or so high
stem
to 4-flowered
some
westward.
SCEOPHULARIACE^E.
GR ATI OLA,
7.
281
(FIGWOKT FAMILY.)
HEDGE HYSSOP.
L.
growing
G. Virginiana,
L.
glabrous, oblong-lanceolate, acute, from entire to denticucorolla 4 or 5 lines long, with yellowish
late-serrate, mostly narrow at base
tube barely twice the length of the calyx ; lobes nearly white, the two upper
leaves
commoulv
emarginate.
8.
LI MO SELL A,
L.
MUDWORT.
Small, glabrous plants, with fibrous roots and a cluster of entire fleshy
leaves at the nodes of the stolons, and short scape-like naked pedicels from
the axils, bearing a small and white or purplish flower.
short, in
Bay
to S. Colorado,
and westward
9.
From Hudson's
to the Sierras.
SYNTHYRIS,
Benth.
Leaves largely radical and petioled those of the simple stem or scape and
flowers small, purplish or flesh-color, in a simple spike
the bracts alternate
;
or raceme.
* Leaves
1.
S. pinnatifida, Watson.
leaves
whitish.
parted
Bot.
S. alpina, Gray.
span or only an inch or two high, early glabrate
except the very lanuginous inflorescence : radical leaves oval or subcordate, an
inch or so
base of scape naked : bracts and lanceolate
long on a longer petiole
2.
Am.
Mountains.
282
SCROPHTJLARIACE^E.
S.
3.
plantaginea, Benth.
foot or less high, rather stout : tomentuloseradical leaves oblong, rarely cordate, usually obtuse
at base, 2 to 4 inches long : scape
very leafy-bracteate : spike 3 to 5 inches long
bracts and ovate sepals glabrate and villous-ciliate : corolla
purplish its upper
lip little exceeding the calyx, twice the length of the 2 to 3-lobed lower one.
New
*- -t-
4.
rubra, Benth.
S.
disk.
more
stout,
or less pubescent, and the spike tomentose, 2 to 5 inches long radical leaves
ovate or obscurely cordate, 1 to 3 inches long ; the cauline similar, but small
:
and
sessile:
sepals oblong.
N. Utah westward
into
VERONICA,
L.
SPEEDWELL.
BROOKLINE.
* Perennials,
t-
V. Anagallis,
L.
somewhat clasping
base,
and
V. Americana,
Schwcin.
Glabrous
tapering gradually
to the
pedicels more
-i-
blue.
V.
brate: leaves
gla-
Mountains, Sierra Nevada, and White Mountains, and also far northward.
5. V. serpyllifolia, L.
Glabrous or puberulent stems creeping or
"branching at base, with flowering summit ascending 3 to 9 inches high leaves
:
oval or roundish, entire or crenulate, half-inch or less long ; the lower short-petioled ;
the upper sessile and passing into bracts of the leafy spiciform raceme : corolla
SCROPHULAEIACE2E.
# * *
Low
283
(F1GWORT FAMILY.)
:
and
obcor-
V. peregrina,
6.
L.
lar
Glabrous, or above minutely pubescent or glandua span or two high leaves thickish lowest
the others sessile, from oblong to
oval, dentate
erect,
liuear-spatulate
slightly obcordate.
GERARDIA,
11.
L.
Erect and branching herbs ; with mainly opposite leaves, the uppermost
reduced to bracts of the racemose or paniculate showy flowers. Our species
belong to the section with purple or rose-colored flowers and linear or filiform
cauliue leaves, the herbage blackening in drying.
Stems and tranches strict: leaves rather erect,
1. G. aspera, Dougl.
and
strongly hispidulous-scabrous, all filiform-linear: pedicels mostly equalling
sometimes moderately exceeding the calyx, erect: calyx-lobes deltoid-subulate or
anthers
triangular-lanceolate from a broad base, about half the length of tlie tube :
On the plains within the eastern limit
obscurely if at all rnucronulate at base.
of our range,
G. tenuifolia,
2.
lately
very short
anthers woolly,
and
cuspidate-
mucronate at base.
Var.
macrophylla,
and almost 2
larger corolla
"YV. Louisiana.
:
12.
Benth.
pedicels ascending
CAST ILL El A,
From
Mutis.
to 2 inches long
calyx-teeth usually
Colorado to
W. Iowa and
PAINTED-CUP.
Herbs with alternate entire or laciniate leaves, passing above into usually
more incised and mostly colored conspicuous bracts of a terminal spike the
:
# Annuals
but the
with virgate stems, mostly tall and slender : leaves and bracts all linearand entire ; the latter or at least the upper ivith red linear tips.
lanceolate
C.
hirsute
minor,
yellow; galea (upper lip) very much longer than the small lip, much shorter
In wet
than the tube.
Bot. Calif, i. 573.
C. qffinis, var. minor, Gray.
Mexico.
SCROPHULARIACE^E.
284
# * Perennials.
*-
Calyx deeper
bracts
cleft before
3-parted calyx over an inch long, mostly red or crimson, sometimes pale
the anterior fissure very much deeper than the posterior the long upper lip
acutely 4-toothed corolla 1 or 2 inches long; its narrow falcate galea much
:
Wyoming and
In the mountains of
exserted
westward.
or less dilated
and
whitish).
*-*.
the tube
of the corolla ;
C. parviflora, Bong.
apex or
to
corolla
C. miniata, Dougl.
4.
an inch or
lip not
foot or
less long
protuberant.
strict,
an
inch long
the
acutely 2-cleft
galea exserted, linear, longer than the tube ; veri/ short
:
calyx-lobes
lanceolate,
==
the tube
C. pallida, Kunth.
5.
the corolla
and
the lip.
/weak cobwebby
below glabrous
of
of
bracts oval or obovate, partly white or yellowish, equalcalyx cleft to or below the middle and again more or less
or ovate-lanceolate
lip, its
base
glabrous
tains,
and
Var.
far northward.
2 to 6 inches
bracts comparatively broad, mostly incised or cleft, the tips and flowers
Bot. Calif.
whitish lip about half the length of the rather broad galea.
high
SCIIOPHULARIACE2E.
loc. cit.
High
285
(FIGWORT FAMILY.)
Nevada.
Var. Haydeni, Gray. More slender, 3 to 5 inches high linear leaves
sometimes with one or two slender-subulate lobes bracts merely ciliate-pubesceut, laciniately 3 to 5-cleft into linear lobes, bright crimson
lip not half the
:
Synopt. Fl.
ii.
297.
M-
-4-n.
6.
tose:
C. Integra, Gray.
stem rather
tomen-
stout,
to 3 inches long,
to 3 lines
its
to
-t-
Bot.
Mex. Bound.
cleft
119.
-t-
Calyx deeper
with galea much shorter than its tube and lip comparatively long : bracts and
calijx if colored at all. yellowish: leaves or their divisions narrowly linear,
rather rigid.
++ Lip of corolla half the length of the short galea, more or less trisacculate and
little if at all callous below the narrow lobes: flowers yellowish or greenish
white: clefts of the calyx moderately unequal: leaves mostly 3 to 5-clefl and
sometimes again 2 to 3-cleft : bracts similar, not even their tips
the divisions
colored.
7.
C. SGSSiliflora, Pursh.
pubescent
leaves 2 or
more inches
spike
more
upper only 3
dilated
lobes of
base.
On
New
Mexico.
the prairies
C. breviflora, Gray.
to 5-parted,
an inch long
lobes.
Am.
** *+ Lip of corolla
very short, globular-saccate
ovate lobes.
and
callous,
short
9. C.
foot high, with numerous slender stems, cinereflava, Watson.
ous-puberuleut, at least above, and the elongated spike more pubescent leaves
entire or the upper with one or two lobes
bracts 3-cleft and with dilated base ;
:
the upper and calyx yellowish: corolla hardly an inch long; narrow galea
little shorter than the tube.
Bot. King Exped. 230.
Mountains of Wyo-
ORTHOCARPUS,
Nutt.
286
SCROPHULARIACE^E.
the calyx-lobes
much
(FIGWORT FAMILY.)
* Corolla with
and
deeply 2
cleft,
Am. Jour.
a half-inch long.
N. W. Wyoming to E. Oregon.
Sci.
lip
2-cleft at
apex
n. xxxiv. 339.
Bracts strikingly different from the leaves, much dilated, entire or the lower 3
b-lobed, the summit of the middle lobe purple : corolla yellow.
to
2. O. linearifolius, Beuth.
Strict, branching at summit, sparsely hirsute or hispid, especially the margins of the 3 to 5-lobed bracts : calyx half the
length of the corolla, its lobes with a pair of elongated subulate teeth corolla
| inch long, narrow
galea with small unciuate tip a little surpassing tbe lip.
:
(rarely 5-)
cleft.
O. luteUS,
Nutt.
:
loosely
corolla bright yellow, half-inch long, 3 or 4 times longer than the calyx ; minute
In the Wahsatch Mountains of Utah and northward.
tip of galea inftexed.
CORDYLANTHUS,
14.
Nutt.
* Calyx diphyllous:
corolla 2-lipped at
sub-
sessile.
1. C. ramOSUS, Nutt.
span or two high, diffusely much branched,
cinereous-puberulent leaves filiform, all but the lower usually 3 to 7-parted
flowers few in the small terminal heads or upper axils corolla dull yellow,
:
Oregon.
Dry
regions from
Wyoming
to
W. Nevada
and
SCROPHULARIACEJE.
* Calyx monophyllous
wanting : flowers
of a clasping bract or leaf.
the axil
ear-filiform divisions
summit
Bot.
leaves
King Exped.
233.
S.
W.
PEDICUIiAKIS,
15.
strictly sessile in
C. Kingii, Watson.
2.
pubescent or vilkms
287
(FIGWORT FAMILY.)
Tourn.
cleft or dissected,
LOUSEWORT.
mainly alternate
flowers in
* GaJea produced
tooth
crimson-purple.
P. Grcenlandica, Retz.
Glabrous spike 1 to 6 inches long calyxbeak of the galea half-inch or more long, twice the length of the
rest of the corolla, decurved on the accumbent lower lip.
Wet ground, from
New Mexico to British Columbia and Hudson's Bay.
1
teeth short
* * Galea of
2.
A foot
P. racemosa, Dougl.
leaves lanceolate, undivided, minutely and doubly crenuing, leafy to the top
late, 2 to 4 inches long: flowers short-pedicelled, in a short leafy raceme or
:
* * * * Galea falcate, arcuate, or with the apex more or less incurved, or antenone: stems
riorly curvilinear; the beak very short and thick or commonly
simple, leafy.
- Not
alpine
leaves pinnatifid
spike short
and dense :
cucullate
summit of
the
galea incurved.
high
P. Canadensis, L.
SCROPHULAKIACE^E.
2j>8
(FIGWOilT FAMILY.)
tip of
From
tate.
Not
-t-
tip.
P. crenulata, Benth.
and dense
corolla whitish or purplish, f inch long, like that of the last, but
the teeth at the apex of galea less conspicuous.
In the Colorado Moun:
tains.
-M-
*-
Leaves
all
pinnately parted
ate-serrate or pinnatijid:
and
the lower divided, ample ; divisions lacininaked: galea almost straight, cucullate at
spike
summit.
P. bracteosa, Benth.
Glabrous, or the dense cylindraceous and
bracts
usually pedunculate spike somewhat pilose stem 1 to 3 feet high
ovate, acuminate, shorter than the flowers : cali/x-lobes equalling the tube: corolla
less than an inch
long, pale yellow ; galea much longer and larger than the lip.
6.
From
P. procera, Gray.
late,
Am.
*-
H-
Moun-
P. SCOpulorum, Gray.
16.
RHINANTHUS,
feet.
L.
YELLOW-RATTLE.
Herbs, with erect stem, opposite leaves, and mostly yellow subsessile flowers
in the axils, the upper ones crowded and secund in a leafy-bracted spike.
R. Crista-galli,
cent above
L.
dry calyx.
About a
leaves from
half-inch long, only the tip exserted transverse appendages of the galea transversely ovate, as broad or broader than long seeds conspicuously winged.
Alpine region of the Rocky Mountains southward to New Mexico and far
;
northward.
OROBANCHACE^E.
ORDER
OBOBANCHACEJE.
57.
289
(BROOM-RAPE FAMILY.)
(BROOM-RAPE FAMILY.)
in place of leaves.
with didynamous stamens, solitary in the axils of bracts or scales, sometimes on scapiform peduncles, sometimes collected in a terminal spike.
1.
APHYLLON,
CANCER-ROOT.
Mitchell.
calyx
5-cleft
corolla
somewhat
bila-
flowers.
* Peduncles or scapes long and slender from the axils of fleshy loose scales, not
bracteolate : corolla with elongated somewhat curved tube, and widely spreading
somewhat equally 5-lobed hmb, only obscurely bilabiate.
1. A. uniflomm, Gray.
Scaly stem short and nearly subterranean,
calyx-lobes mostly much longer than the tube,
bearing few scapes a span high
corolla violet-tinged, the flower an inch long
the
subulate, usually attenuate
:
lobes obovate
and
aud westward
rafher large.
across the continent.
Damp
woods
2. A. fasciculatum, Gray.
More pubescent and glandular stem often
emergent and mostly as long as the numerous fascicled peduncles, not rarely
:
shorter
much
On
Wyoming, Parry.
* * Caulescent, and
grasses.
2-bracteolate
pedicels or calyx
1 to
A. multiflorum,
W. Texas
S. Colorado.
4.
A. Ludovicianum, Gray.
quently
compound
calyx
upper
Rather less pubescent spikes more freand somewhat unequally 5-cleft : corolla
sometimes almost entire: anthers (before dehis-
less
lip
deeply
19
Walp.
From
the Sas-
VERBENACE^E.
290
ORDER
58.
(VERVAIN FAMILY.)
UENTIBULARIACEJE. (BLADDERWORT
FAMILY.)
Herbs, growing in water or wet soil, with scapes or scapiforra pedunsimple and one to few-flowered, calcarate corolla always and
cles
calyx
usually bilabiate, a single pair of stamens, conflueutly one-celled anthers
contiguous under the broad stigma.
UTRICULARIA,
1.
L.
BLADDERWORT.
Calyx 2-parted or deeply 2-lobed lobes mostly entire, nearly equal upper
filaments
lip of strongly bilabiate and more qr less personate corolla erect
Ours are
thick, strongly arcuate-incurved, the base and apex contiguous.
aquatic, with the dissected leaves, branches, and even roots, bearing little
bladders, which are furnished with a valvular lid, and commonly tipped with
a few bristles at orifice, and yellow flowers. The scapes are leafless, emersed
from submersed or floating leafy stems, which are free swimming and mostly
:
U. VUlgaris,
L.
I -to
From Newfoundspur conical, porrect toward the slightly 3 -lobed lower lip.
land to the Saskatchewan and Texas, and westward across the continent.
2. U. minor, L.
Leaves scattered on the filiform stems, repeatedly dichoto.
* # Pedicels
3.
U. gibba,
L.
Branches
to 8-floivered: corolla
:
erect in fruit.
delicate, root-like:
rounded
thick and conical, shorter than the lower lip and approximate to
subalpine pond in Colorado, Greene. Also in the Atlantic States.
ORDER
59.
VERBENACE^E.
it.
spur
In a
(VERVAIN FAMILY.)
2.
Verbena. Calyx
Limb
VEKBENACE^E.
VERBENA,
I.
hybrids.
the flowers.
Tall, 3 to 6 feet high: pubescence short, sparse
L.
leaves oblong-lauceolate
serrate, petioled, some of the lower
sute or scabrous:
inciselij
many spontaneous
V. hastata,
1.
so, in
VERVAIN.
Tourn.
291
(VERVAIN FAMILY.)
and
hir-
V.
2.
softer
ish,
Stricta, Vent.
and denser:
Erect, rather
stout,
foot or
sessile,
sharp!//
vert/
and
densely
to
to
Texas
and Ohio.
-t-
3.
H- Bracts rigid
V. bracteosa,
and somewhat
Michx.
cumbent, hirsute
the
V. bipinnatifida,
Nutt.
span to a foot high, hispid-hirsute, rootleaves 1 ^ to 4 inches long, bipinnatefi/ parted,
ing from subterranean branches
or ^-parted into more or less bipinnatifld divisions : bracts setaceous-attenuate,
mostly surpassing the calyx : limb of the bluish-purple or lilac corolla 4 or 5 lines
4.
broad
lobes obcordate
retrorseli/
scabrous or
hispidulous.
of Colorado.
5.
V. Aubletia,
L.
margined
and
toothed, often
more
deeply 3-cleft
2.
LIP PI A,
L.
In ours the flowers are capitate or in short dense spikes, subtended and
imbricated by broad bracts the peduncles chiefly axillary.
;
LABIATE.
292
(MINT FAMILY.)
1. L. Clineifolia, Steud.
Diffusely branched, procumbent (not creeping),
minutely canesceut throughout leaves rigid, cuneate-liuear, sessile, incisely
2 to 6-toothed above the middle: peduncles mostl;/ shorter than the leaves: bracts
:
rigid,
On
L. lanceolata, Michx.
2.
ing, minutely
(?).
and lauceolate-spatulate
ORDER
60.
LABIATJE.
(MINT FAMILY.)
more
deeply 4-lobed ovary, which forms in fruit 4 seed-like nutlets, surrounding the base of the single style.
Upper lip of the corolla 2-lobed or
entire
corolla.
I.
Stamens
Teucrium.
4,
Corolla deeply cleft between the two small lobes of the upper
lip,
calyx
which
are united one on each side with the lateral lobes of the declined lower lip
middle
lobe much larger. Stamens exserted from the cleft: anthers confidently one-celled.
;
Tribe II.
upper
anthers 2-celled
flat-
lip
* Corolla about equally 4-lobed, small and short, hardly irregular, but the upper lobe
broader than the others and emarginate stamens erect, straight and distant flowers
:
2.
3.
entire.
* * Corolla more or less evidently bilabiate the upper lip erect, entire or emarginate, or
2-cleft in No. 5
the lower spreading and 3-cleft.
;
i-
Stamens
curved
4,
calyx
sparser.
4.
Pycnanthemum.
more or
lower one.
5.
less united.
Stamens
Monardella. Calyx
2-cleft
upper
exserted
little
lip.
verticillastrate.
tabular,
LABIATE.
293
(MINT FAMILY.)
Stamens ascending or arcuate, often more or less converging and sometimes ascending parallel under the erect upper lip of the corolla anther-cells oblique or divaricate :
calyx 12 to 15-nerved.
t- *-
6.
Calamintlia.
7.
Hedeoma.
none or
sterile.
Tribe III.
ends of a linear or filiform connective, or the lower cell wanting or deformed, or the
two cells confluent into one linear cell corolla bilabiate.
MONABDE^G,
:
Salvia. Calyx bilabiate. Corolla with upper lip erect, straight or falcate, usually
concave: the lower spreading, its middle lobe often emarginate. Connective commonly linear or filiform, transverse and articulated on the short filament.
8.
9.
Monarda.
Tribe IV.
Stamens
the anterior
or lip
10.
both pairs
4,
fertile
commonly
NEPETE/K.
larger or longer.
Lopbanthus. Stamens
divergent or distant, exserted the upper pair usually dethe lower or shorter pair ascending the anther-cells parallel or nearly so.
Corolla with tube not exceeding the oblique, 5-toothed calyx
upper lip nearly erect,
clined
Dracocepbalum.
cells divaricate
Stamens 4, ascending and parallel the anterior (lower or outer) pair longer
and with anthers mostly 1-celled by abortion those of the posterior pair 2-celled
but with the. small lateral lobes more connected with the galeate
corolla bilabiate
Tribe V.
upper
lip
lower
a single lobe
lip therefore of
calyx bilabiate
its
lips
entire.
SCUTELLARINE^E.
12.
Scutellaria.
Anthers
Tribe VI.
upper
ciliate-pilose.
Stamens 4
lip of
parallel
2-celled or confluently
13.
somewhat 1-celled.
anthers
Physostegia.
STACHYDE^:.
Filaments villous.
Flowers simply
Stacbys.
upper lip erect, more or less concave, entire or emarginate lower spreading,
Stamens more or less deflexed to the sides of the throat or contorted after
anthesis filaments naked anthers approximate in pairs.
throat
3-lobed.
LABIATE.
294
(MINT FAMILY.)
TEUCRIUM,
1.
L.
GERMANDER.
Herbs: less aromatic than most genera, with leaves variously cut and
flowers spicate or solitary and axillary.
* Leaves undivided: flowers
ately 5-lobed
in
two lower
upper ovate.
Loosely pubescent, branched, a foot or two
T. OCCidentale, Gray.
1.
leaves
1 or 2 inches
long, ovate-oblong to broadly lanceolate, sharply
corolla 4 or 5 lines long, purple, rose or cream-color calyx villous
with viscid hairs.
Synopt. Fl. ii. 349. T. Canadense of the Western
high
serrate
Reports.
Nebraska
to
California.
equal lobes.
T. laciniatum, Torr.
2.
a span or so high
Ann. Lye. N. Y.
lobe
ME NTH A,
2.
Tourn.
ii.
Plains of Colo-
231.
MINT.
M.
from oblong-ovate
to oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate, acute, generally tapering into the petiole inflorescence consisting of distant sessile verticillastrate
glomerules in the axils of the leaves, the uppermost axils flowerless : calyx
:
hairy
tinent, chiefly
scent, as of
Monarda.
Same
range.
3.
LYCOPUS,
Tourn.
GYPSY-WORT.
Mint-like, but bitter and only slightly aromatic ; with sharply toothed or
lobed leaves, and small white or whitish flowers in their axils, in sessile capitate-verticillastrate glomerules, the uppermost axils flowerless.
of
the
stem: calyx-
teeth mostly 4.
L. VirginicUS, L.
1.
range.
stem obtusely
common
LABIAT^E.
295
(MINT FAMILY.)
short
and Labrador.
coarsely punctate outer bracts conspicuous, very acute calyx-teeth attenuatesubulate sterile stamens clavate-tipped rudiments.
Var. Americanus, Gray. Leaves dull, often minutely puberulent both
:
Bot. Calif,
i.
592.
From
the Saskatchewan to
more or
less creeping
calyx-teeth 5, cuspidate,
rigid,
3. L. Sinuatus, Ell.
Stem erect, 1 to 3 feet high, acutely 4-angled, glabrous, roughish or minutely pubescent: leaves oblong or lanceolate, 1| or 2
inches long, acuminate, irregularly incised or laciniate-pinnatifid, or some of
the upper merely sinuate or iucisely toothed, tapering at base mostly into a
PYCNANTHEMUM,
4.
Michx.
P. lanceolatum, Pursh.
inflorescence
villous-canescent
6.
MONARDELLA,
Benth.
Flowers in terminal and solitary verticillastrate heads, subtended or involucrate by broad often membranaceous and colored bracts: corolla from
whitish or flesh-color to rose-purple.
L M. odoratissima,
tulose, or
Benth.
(whitish or purple)
calyx-teeth hirsute.
Odor
Sierra
Madre Range
of Pennyroyal.
in Colorado,
LABIAT^E.
296
6.
(MINT FAMILY.)
CALAMINTHA,
CALAMINT.
Tourn., Moench.
Our
and
1. C. Clinopodium, Benth.
Herbaceous, hirsute leaves ovate, obtuse,
almost entire, petioled heads globular, many-flowered teeth of the narrow
tubular calyx and bracts very hirsute, nearly equalling the light purple narrow
corolla.
Indigenous from the Rocky Mountains to the Great Lakes, but in:
"
troduced eastward.
Basil."
HE DEO MA,
7.
AMERICAN PENNYROYAL.
Pers.
Our species belong to the section with pedicellate flowers cymulose in the
axils of the leaves, the uppermost of which are often bract-like throat of the
:
H. hispida,
1.
Mostly low:
Pursh.
margins somewhat
H. Drummondi,
2.
Benth.
two high, copiously branched leaves from oblong to linear, obtuse, subsessile or
narrowed into a very short petiole subulate bracts not longer than the pedicels
calyx hirsute or hispid, in age more or less curved, not plainly bilabiate ;
:
Prom Texas
to
Arizona and
8.
little
SALVIA,
is
L.
naked
SAGE.
the anterior portion of the con-
lower longer
and much
upper
lip
above.
S. lanceolata, Willd.
Cinereous-puberulent
S. Pitcheri, Torr.
denser inflorescence
From Colorado
to
LABIATE.
297
(MINT FAMILY.)
inflorescence vir-
prolonged:
Nebraska
Plains,
MONABDA,
9.
tall
to
HORSE-MINT.
L.
the inner
plish,
mostly hirsute-ciliate
or purplish-dotted, an inch or
polymorphous
Var.
more
long.
species.
media,
Gray.
Synopt. Fl.
374.
ii.
lilac,
Alleghany
glandular, and
its
upper lip hairy outside or more bearded at the tip leaves paler, soft pubescent beneath throat of the calyx mostly filled with dense beard.
Extending to the Saskatchewan, British Columbia, and Arizona.
:
Heads commonly
* *
in the axils
purple-tinged :
ing
of
all the
upper pairs of
leaves, or interrupted-
spicate, follose-bracteate
serrate or denticulate.
M. punctata,
2.
L.
Stem commonly
2 feet high
floral leaves
and
bracts
to Florida
3.
M.
feet
high
and
New
York.
Citriodora, Cerv.
tate.
M.
aristata, Nutt.
Arizona.
10.
Benth.
Mostly tall and coarse herbs with serrate petioled leaves, the lower usually
subcordate and the upper ovate, and small flowers in dense and sessile verticilfloral leaves
lastrate glomerules, which are crowded into a terminal spike
:
298
LABIATE.
(MINT FAMILY.)
calyx-teeth
more
or less
colored.
L. anisatUS, Benth.
feet high
and westward
to the
mountains.
L. urticifolius, Benth. Like the last, but leaves green both sides,
mostly crenate and more or less cordate, sweet-aromatic calyx-teeth lanceoWestern slopes of
late, subulate-acuminate : corolla light violet or purplish.
2.
11.
DEACOCEPHALUM,
DRAGON-HEAD.
Tourn.
D. parviflorum,
Nutt. Rather stout, 6 to 20 inches high, someleaves lanceolate or oblong, petioled, incisely dentate, or the
lower pinnatifid-incised ; the lower floral similar flowers numerous in sessile
1.
what pubescent
glomerules crowded in a thick terminal leafy-bracted head or short spike inbracts pectinate-laciniate and the teeth aristate
corolla
terrupted at base
:
12.
SCUTELLARIA,
L.
SKULLCAP.
* Flowers small
and sometimes
S. lateriflora, L.
From Oregon
New Mexico
to
and
* # Flowers
of
some occasionally
Plains of
1 to
PLANTAGINACE.E.
13.
PHYSOSTEGIA,
FALSE DRAGON-HEAD.
Benth.
callose-denticulate or serrate
may
299
(PLANTAIN FAMILY.)
be turned).
often variegated.
P. parviflora, Nutt.
1.
Stems rather
spikes short,
two high
to
4 inches
STACHYS,
14.
WOUNDWORT.
Tourn.
rescence.
is
by a broad or subcordate
base, sometimes
ORDER
PLANTAOHVACE.E.
61.
(PLANTAIN FAMILY.)
1.
PLANTAGO,
PLANTAIN.
Tourn.
RIBWORT.
* Stamens 4
corolla
the fruit.
<-
Leaves 3
1.
spike
1
to
P. major, L. Leaves
commonly dense, obtuse
The introduced
P. lanceolate/., L.,
PLANTAGINACE^.
300
more or
(PLANTAIN FAMILY.)
less carinate
Introduced to the
northward.
"
east,
Common
P. eriopoda,
Plantain."
Torr.
3.
Leaves
-i-
1 to
P. Patagonica, Jacq.
Silky-Ianate or glabrate
leaves acute or
exserted
gnaphalioides, Gray,
is
the
Gray, has sparse and loose pubescence, green and soon glabrate
and short bracts.
Var. aristata, Gray, is loosely villous and glabrate leaves green bracts
Var.
nuda,
rigid leaves,
* # Stamens 2
kind of beak
P. pusilla, Nutt.
scape
ovate,
NYCTAGINACE^E.
DIVISION
301
(FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY.)
APETAL^E.
III.
ORDER
62.
NYCTAGINACEjE.
(FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY.)
Herbs, with mostly opposite and entire leaves, sterns tumid at the
joint, a delicate tubular or funnel-form calyx which is colored like a
corolla, its persistent
and indurated into a sort of nut-like pericarp ; the stems few, slender
and hypogynous ; the embryo coiled around outside the mealy albumen.
* Involucre
perianth tubular to funnelcalyx-like, 3 to 5-cleft or -parted, 1 to 12-flowered
form or campanulate.
1.
Mirabilis. Involucre 5-lobed, not changed in fruit. Fruit not angled nor winged, and
scarcely or not at all ribbed. Stamens usually 5.
:
Oxybaphus.
2.
reticulated.
Allionia.
on the back, surrounded by a
3.
usually
rigid
inflexed.
Stamens
3.
Abronia.
4.
1.
MIRABILIS,
Fruit wing-angled.
FOUR-O'CLOCK.
L.
Stigma
paniculate
# Involucre usually
M.
1.
G-ftoivered
ovate-lanceolate, often
Mex. Bound.
173.
From Colorado
to the llio
S. California.
M. OXybaphoides,
NYCTAGINACE^.
302
(FOUB-O'CLOCK FAMILY.)
OXYBAPHUS,
2.
Vahl.
Calyx with a very short tube and a bell-shaped (rose or purple) deciduous
limb, plaited in the bud.
Herbs, with very
Style filiform stigma capitate.
large and thick perennial roots, and mostly clustered small flowers. Ours all
:
have pubescent
and involucres 3
fruit
to 5-flowered.
O. nyctagineus, Sweet.
174.
leaves
S.
much
One
O. hirsutus, Sweet.
2.
vil-
pubescent-tomentose fruit
W. Texas.
:
hirsute.
Colorado and
peduncles
southward
to
W. Texas and
3.
Mexico.
ALLIONIA,
L.
leaves ovate: lobes of the involucre concave: periFrom S. Colorado to Texas, and westward to
4.
ABRONIA,
Juss.
Tube of the perianth elongated, and the limb of 5 (or 4) obcordate or emarStamens unequal, adnate to the tube. Fruit coriaceous
ginate segments.
or indurated, 1 to 5-winged, mostly reticulately veined, enclosing a smooth
Often prostrate, and usually more or less viscid-pubescent,
cylindrical akene.
with thick opposite unequal leaves, and elongated axillary and terminal peduncles
* Wings
1.
and showy.
and
ascending
peduncles elongated
New
Mexico.
ILLECEBRACS^S.
* # Wings membranous,
303
A. micrantha,
is
of
S.
Colorado to
ORDER
An order related
ILI^ECEBRACE^E.
63.
to both CaryopTiyllacece
latter.
fruit:
1.
PARONYCHIA,
WHITLOW-WORT.
Tourn.
* Flowers
P. pulvinata, Gray.
1.
terminal, solitary
and
Stamens
5.
sessile.
Matted-cespitose from a
woody
root,
forming
stipules
the apex.
Alpine.
2. P. sessiliflora, Nutt.
Very densely cespitose from a woody root, much
branched and crowded, branches very dense stipules 2-cIe/l : leaves imbricated,
:
tose,
in
P. Jamesii, Torr. & Gray. Very minutely scabrous-pubescent, cespimuch branched from the base stipules ovate-lanceolate, acuminate or
:
setose
nodes
leaves longer, linear-subulate, obtuse, about the length of the intercymes few-flowered, with a central subsessile flower in each division :
Fl.
i.
170.
Colorado.
AMARANTACE^E.
304
ORDER
AUIARANTACEJG. (AMARANTH
64.
Herbs with
(AMARANTH FAMILY.)
FAMILY.)
which are
flowers unisexual
or polygamous,
leaves alternate.
all witli
a calyx of 3 or 5 (sometimes
fewer) sepals.
2.
Acnida. Flowers
dioecious.
* * Anthers 1-celled
3.
4.
fertile flowers.
flowers perfect
leaves opposite.
Cladothrix.
1.
AMARANTHS,
Tourn.
Stigmas 2 or
AMARANTH.
3, linear
and
sessile.
Utricle
leaves thin
and
strongly veined, decurrent upon the slender petiole and apiculate with a short
setaceous mucro flowers green or purplish, in axillary or spiked clusters or
Staminate flowers usually mingled with the more numerous pistilspikelets.
:
late ones.
* Sepals
t-
flowers monoecious.
stems usually
sepals 5
1
A. retrofleXUS, L. Roughish and more or less pubescent : dull green,
leaves large, ovate to rhombic-ovate: flowers green, in thick erect or scarcely
From
spreading crowded spikes : bracts lanceolate, attenuate to a rigid awn.
Mexico to British America.
.
A. Wrightii, Watson.
small
Mexico.
-i-
steins
low or
shorter than the rugose utricle: seed small, a third of a line broad.
Watson,
Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 274. Throughout the United States as an introduced
AMARANTACE^E.
(AMARANTH FAMILY.)
305
A. blitoides, Watson. Like the last, but prostrate or decumbent : spikebracts ovate-oblong, shortly acuminate,
usually contracted
nearly equal :
Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 273. From
utricle not rugose : seed nearly a line broad.
4.
lets
Known
Mexico
* * Sepals (5) of the fertile flowers more or less dilated above and spreading,
distinct or united at base : flowers sometimes dioecious : perianth deciduous
with the fruit.
Colorado,
New
ACNIDA,
2.
Flowers 2 to 3-bracted.
L.
WATER-HEMP.
tipped sepals, longer than the bracts, and as many stamens with oblong anthe cells of the latter united only at the middle. Pistillate flowers
thers
with lanceolate awl-pointed bracts longer than the ovary
stigmas 2 to 5,
;
CLADOTHRIX,
Nutt.
4.
FRCEIiICHIA,
Momch.
Flowers 3-bracted. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft at the summit, below 2 to 5crested lengthwise, or tubercled and indurated in fruit, enclosing the indehiscent thin utricle.
Tube of filaments bearing 5 oblong anthers and as many
strap-shaped appendages.
P. Floridana, Moq.
:
CHENOPODIACE^.
306
ORDER
(GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.)
CHEIVOPODIACE^E.
65.
(GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.)
fruit.
ix. 82.
Kochia.
1.
Cycloloma.
2.
Testa
fruit.
Chenopodium.
3.
mens
1,
5,
Perianth usually 5-cleft or -parted, nearly covering the fruit. StaAnnuals, mostly mealy or glandular, with clustered or solitary
or none.
Monolepis.
4.
Sepal
Stamen
bract-like.
1,
Low
Fruit naked.
1.
annuals
flowers
axils.
tillate
pisfree,
vertical.
* Bracts compressed
cle
Fruiting bracts with margins often dilated and sides often muricate.
Atriplex.
5.
from
Grayia
6.
Radi-
inferior to superior.
:
testa
membranous.
Radicle
Flowers dioecious.
7.
8.
cle inferior.
3.
Low and
Flowers dioecious.
shrubby, white-toinentose.
sepals 1 to 3, hyaline,
marcescent
pericarp adhe-
Corispermum. Fruit
spicate. Low annual.
9.
4.
5.
Flowers
10.
Flower-clusters
Salicornia.
spongy. Branches opposite.
Embryo
decussately
opposite.
Perianth
saccate,
becoming
lated.
11.
Sarcobatus.
shrub,
12.
Stiseda.
woody
the
the staminate in aments, without perianth
with saccate perianth. Fruit, transversely winged. Saline
Flowers unisexual
somewhat spinescent
Flowers perfect,
at base.
axillary.
Saline herbs, or
CHENOPODIACE.E.
KOCHIA,
1.
307
(GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.)
Roth.
K. Americana, Watson.
Branching
flowers
Proc.
to N.
CYCLOLOMA,
2.
authors.
W. Wyoming
WINGED PIGWEED.
Moquin.
Calyx with concave lobes strongly keeled, enclosing the depressed fruit.
Stamens 5. Styles 3.
More or less arachnoid-pubescent; whole
1. C. platyphyllum, Moq.
CHE NO PODIUM,
GOOSEFOOT.
L.
PIGWEED.
Many
Moquin.
1.
Not pubescent
* Pericarp
1.
closely persistent:
C. Olidum,
No. 1)
Watson.
fruit-
more or
leaves
less
sinuate-dentate
(except
in
Farinose,
somewhat mealy
Proc.
heavy -scented
entire
Am. Acad.
ix. 96.
New Mexico
and
C.
hybridum,
L.
C. album, L., a species introduced everywhere, is mealy and pale, sometimes green, with
leaves varying from rhombic-ovate to lanceolate, all or only the lower more or less angulate-
toothed.
It is usually
known
as
"Pigweed
"
or
" Lamb's
Quarters."
CHENOPODIACE^E.
308
(GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.)
introduced in the
Eastern States.
the seed
seed smaller.
4. C. Premontii, Watson.
leaves
Erect, slender, more or less mealy
flowers often small,
broadly triangular-hastate, truncate or cuneate at base
white-mealy, scattered in small clusters upon the slender open-panicled branchlets,
:
Bot.
King Exped.
287.
New Mexico
and
New
5.
Mexico.
C. leptophyllum, Nutt.
From
lets.
flowers in small dense clusters in dense or interrupted spikethe Sierras to Dakota and New Mexico ; also along the Atlantic
sea-coast.
Var.
Watson.
Nearly glabrous, loosely branched
Proc.
panicled, the clusters feiv-flowered and scattered on the branchlets.
Acad. ix. 95. Sandhills of the Platte.
SUbglabmm,
Var.
oblongifolium, Watson.
Loc.
Colorado and
cit.
More
2.
6.
and
Am.
C.
New
cornutum,
Benth.
&
Hook.
leaves thin,
Diffusely branched
flowers minute and
:
branches
calyx resinous-dotted.
From
S. E. Cali-
Glabrous : calyx becoming more or less fleshy in fruit and often colored :
seed subglobose, mostly vertical: flowers in crowded clusters, axillary or in
3.
spikes.
7.
C.
L.
rubrum,
Stout, erect,
branching
leaves triangular-hastate to
branchlets : sepals
flower-clusters densely spicate upon the leafy
Blitum
rather fleshy stamens 1 or 2, or 5 in the terminal flowers.
maritimum, Nutt. B. polymorphum, C. A. Meyer. B. rubrum, Reich. From
New Mexico northward, westward to California, and eastward.
late
and entire
2 to
5,
leaves ovate to
CHENOPODIACE^.
Blitum capitatum, L.
48.
309
(GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.)
Calif,
ii.
ritory
Elite."
MONOLEPIS,
4.
The
Flowers polygamous.
single sepal
Schrad.
becoming dry
in fruit.
Styles 2.
Low
Pericarp membranous, persistent upon the vertical flattened seed.
saline annuals, glabrous or somewhat mealy, with small alternate petioled
fleshy leaves.
1.
M. chenopodioides,
Moq.
leaves lanceo-
ATBIPLEX,
5.
The
Tourn.
becoming enlarged and enclosing the fruit. Styles 2. Pericarp thin and
membranous.
Herbs or shrubs, mealy or scurfy
leaves rarely opposite :
:
leaves
triangular-hastate,
large
A. patllla,
Dark green
L.
clusters axillary
subspicata, Watson.
lanceolate -hastate,
* * Annuals,
to
inch long.
mealy or scurfy
not succulent,
- Bracts
2.
ovate, entire
A. Endolepis, Watson.
male flowers
fleshy crest
in short terminal
and
bracts pubescent.
Proc. Am. Acad. ix.
head-waters of the Yellowstone.
sile:
sessile,
entire
310
CHENOPODIACE^E.
*-
3.
axillary
Loc.
cit.
112.
Wyoming
the
truncate
summit
entire or
(Dr. Gray).
A. Wolfii, Watson.
*----
Loc.
5.
Low
bracts pedicelled
suberose.
4.
*-
A. saccaria, Watson.
densely scurfy
(GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.)
cit.
Central Colorado
Wolf).
A. Powellii, Watson.
entire or subdenticulate
leaves lanceolate,
terminal entire lobe, the margin below it gash-toothed, the sides doubly or
Loc. cit. S. W. Colorado and Arizona.
triply tooth-crested.
*-
and
the foliaceous
tate, the
lower opposite.
A. argentea,
E. California.
and
Mexico
to S. California.
8.
A. Nuttallii, Watson.
appressed-scurfy.
the sides muricate.
leaves
oblong-spatulate to narrowly oblanceolate, entire bracts ovate, strongly conLoc. cit. 116.
A. canescens,
vex, united, the sides more or less crested.
:
Nutt.
Obione canescens,
Moq.
From
katchewan.
H- H- Bracts with free dilated entire margins, thick
muricate.
and
scurfy,
and
9. A. COnfertifolia, Watson.
Diffusely-branched, somewhat spinescent
leaves ovate to obovate, cuneate at base, entire flower clusters small, axillary
bracts cuneate-orbicular, united at base.
Loc. cit. 119. Obione confertifolia,
Torr.
*- -i-
10.
From
S.
Idaho and
Wyoming
to
southward.
A. canescens, James.
linear, entire
ing a thick and indurated body, shortly pedicellate and with a narrow bifid
Watson, loc.
apex, the broad wings somewhat decurrent upon the pedicel.
From N. Nevada to Colorado, New Mexico, and S. California.
cit. 120.
CHENOPODIACE.E.
GRAYIA,
6.
Hook.
&
Arn.
311
(GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.)
orifice at the
leaves
Slightly scurfy or mealy undershrubs
flowers small, in axillary clusters or terminal spikes.
veined.
apex, net-
alternate, entire
1.
G. polygaloides, Hook. & Arn. Erect, 1 to 3 feet high, the branches
leaves glabrous or at first with the young branches somefrequently spinescent:
what mealy, oblanceolate or spatulnte to obovate : staminate flowers in axillary
to
G. Brandegei,
E. California.
S.
Gray.
3-winged
Proc.
Am.
style
short,
included.
Gray.
petioles,
1.
sessile,
SUCKLEYA,
7.
An
leaves linear-
and flowers
in axillary clusters.
S. petiolaris, Gray.
8.
EUROTIA,
Adamson.
1. E. lanata, Moq.
White-tomentose throughout: leaves linear to narrowly lanceolate, with revolute margins calyx-lobes hairy fruiting bracts
lanceolate, nearly covered by four dense spreading tufts of long silvery-white
:
9.
CORISPERMUM,
Ant. Jussieu.
BUG-SEED.
Stamens
to
1.
C. hyssopifolium, L. Somewhat
when young leaves linear, cuspidate
floccose- or villous-pubescent, at
least
CHENOPODIACE^E.
312
1O.
(GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.)
SALICOBNIA,
GLASSWORT.
Tourn.
SAMPHIRE.
Calyx a fleshy rhomboidal sac with an anterior opening, adherent by a narrow line to the rhachis. Stamens 1 or 2, exserted in flower. Styles 2 or 3,
short.
S.
1.
spikes cylindrical.
herbacea,
coast.
SARCOBATUS,
11.
GREASEWOOD.
Nees.
Flowers monoecious or dioecious, without bracts. Stamens 2 to 5, irreguPerianth adhelarly arranged under a stipitate peltate scale anthers fleshy.
;
branched shrub
leaves linear.
SU-EIDA,
SEA ELITE.
Forskal.
* Herbaceous annuals.
S. diffusa, Watson. Erect, diffusely branching leaves subterete ; the
floral ones similar but shorter, usually rather distant on the branchlets clusters
1
2 to 4-flowered
Proc.
Am. Acad.
calyx
cleft to
ix. 88.
ovate, rather
bracts.
ix. 90.
* * Woody-based
perennials.
Torreyana, Watson.
S.
3.
From
N. Colorado to Nevada,
S. California,
and Mexico.
POLYGONACE.E.
ORDER
(BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.)
POL.YGONACE^E. (BUCKWHEAT
66.
313
FAMILY.)
stipules in the
perfect,
1 -celled
stamens 9
all
usually petatoid
fruit
an akene.
Eriogonum.
1.
Akene mostly
serted.
Oxytheca.
2.
awned
lobes.
Akene
Bracts ternate.
lenticular.
Annuals.
4.
5.
Polygonnm.
3.
gular akene.
Styles 2 or 3
Stigmas
3,
tufted.
Sepals 4 to
:
6,
stigmas capitate.
1.
EBIOGO3STUM,
Michx.
Perianth 6-parted, colored,
radical or alter-
Herbaceous or
enclosing the akene.
nate or verticillate leaves.
1
E. alatum,
Torr.
nearly glabrous except on the margin and midrib leaves alternate, long, oblanceolate involucres pedunculate, solitary, with 5 erect teeth flowers a line
:
* * Akenes
not winged.
-- Flowers
glabrous.
2. E.
umbellatum, Torr. Tomentose leaves glabrate above or glalobes becoming
brous, oblanceolate or spatnlate : involucres deeply lobed
reflexed umbel simple, of 2 to 10 naked rays, on naked (rarely l-bracted) peduncles.
From Colorado to Oregon and California.
:
POLYGONACE^E.
314
(BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.)
4.
Colorado to
- Flowers not
glabrous.
w-
From
Territory.
Leafy
E. salsuginosum, Hook.
fleshy, di- or
From
S.
W.
Colorado
to
++
=
5.
-M.
Naked
so.
Rather slender, herbaceous, with branching cauwhite-tomentose leaves and bracts oblong-oblanceolate,
E. Jamesii, Benth.
whitish* silky.
Colorado,
New
oblanceolate
very silky.
7.
E.
involucres solitary on
yellow, pubescent.
also bracteate
to
Wash-
==
9.
E. acaule,
leaves crowded,
oblong
villous.
Nutt.
E. lachnogynum,
Torr.
W.
S.
Colorado to S. Idaho.
Cespitose
angled, with 5
pedunculate in diffuse repeatedly di- or trichotomous
rounded
panicles
erect
:
teeth,
ovary glabrous.
* Leaves
-*-
11.
E. annTlum,
Stems simple,
tomentose.
leafy,
Nutt.
naked above.
:
oblong, attenuate to a short petiole, mostly flat inflorescence cymose involuflowers white sepals very unequal, the outer
cres densely white-tomentose
:
oblong-obovate.
POLYGON ACEJE.
-
(BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.)
315
M-
*-+
Glabrous
E. cernuum,
involucres turbinate-campanulate.
Leaves broadly
outer sepals oblong or broader above, refuse.
13.
Nutt.
Colorado to
Oregon.
E. reniforme,
Low and
Torr.
slender
orbicular, densely
California.
E. Thomasii,
15.
Torr.
leaves
small
* * Leaves
H-
E. inflatum,
16.
Leaves
all
not tomentose.
radical or nearly
so.
Torr.
:
S.
W. Colorado
to Arizona,
Nevada,
small, obovate,
somewhat
Collected by Dr.
H-
villous
Gambel
in
Leaves developed at
involucres glabrous
Colorado or
the
New
Mexico.
E. divaricatuin,
19.
Nutt.
nutely glandular
3.
W. Wyoming
to S.
W.
Colorado.
the inner
scabrous above.
20. E. ovalifolium, Nutt.
Low, densely tomentose and cespitose, with
a short closely branched caudex leaves round or rarely oblong bracts very
small involucres in a single close head
flowers rose-colored, white, or yellow outer sepals oblong, becoming orbicular, the inner spatulate, often
:
retuse.
From
316
POLYGONACE.E.
* * Sepals
<-
similar
and
(BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.)
so.
21.
short-branched
tomentose through-
Colorado.
glabrous.
22. E.
23.
chrysocephalum,
E. multiceps,
Nees.
white-tomentose throughout
- Involucres
mostly
solitary, in
teeth
Ne-
a repeatedly
cyme.
24.
E. microthecum,
Nutt.
Low
and
below, more
much-branched, leafy
diffusely
rather
slender,
woody and
white-tomentose
less
leaves
usually narrow, revolute, becoming glabrate above involucres often pedunculate : inner sepals emargiuate.
From Nebraska to New Mexico, the Sierra
:
&
More common
inflorescence.
E. COrymbOSUm, Benth.
tomentose
leaves broader
and
Stouter
less revolute
Nutt.
base,
brate above
-i-
-i-
*-
flowers yellow.
Involucre sessile
and
Idaho and
solitary
upon
Wyoming
the
few
New
to
strict
Mexico.
E. racemosum,
Nutt.
New
Mexico.
2.
OXYTHECA,
Nutt.
less,
POLYGONACEJS.
sile
317
1 or 2 inches
high leaves linear-oblanceolate, hirsute bracts uninvolucres in the forks on slender pedicels, the rest more nearly sesFrom Wyoming to Nevada.
flowers light rose-color.
usually
equal
(BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.)
OXYRIA,
3.
MOUNTAIN SORREL.
Hill.
The two
Flowers perfect.
fruit.
Stamens 6.
sheaths
O. digyna, Campdera.
glabrous
RUM EX, L.
4.
DOCK.
SORREL.
naked sheaths
flowers
callosity on the
DOCKS.
acid.
R. V6I1OSUS,
1.
and
Pursh.
Stems
erect,
afoot high
or less,
from running
leafy,
only the lowest acute or somewhat cordate at base : panicle nearly sessile, short,
dense in fruit : valves entire, cordate-orbicular with a deep sinus, 9 to 12 lines in
to British
Columbia
R. OCCidentalis, Watson.
2.
Tall
and
high
slender often elongated petiole, oflen a foot long or more : panicle narrow, elon: valves
broadly cordate, with a very shallow sinus, 3 lines
in diameter, often denticulate near the base.
Proc. Amer. Acad. xii. 253.
R.
not of
longifolius of authors,
DC.
to
* * Valves
of them grain-bearing.
R. salicifolius, Weinman.
Slender, often low, 1 to 5 feet high, usually branching and decumbent at base, glabrous: leaves narrowly or linearlanceolate, or the lowest oblong, 3 to 6 inches long, attenuate into a short peti3.
ole,
not undulate,
branches
callosities.
POLYGON ACE^E.
318
(BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.)
4. R. maritimus, L.
Simple or diffusely branched, the low stems erect
or procumbent, minutely pubescent : leaves linear lanceolate,
usually truncate or
cordate at base, 1 to 4 inches long,
mostly on short petioles, somewhat wavymargined: flowers in numerous dense verticils along the slender branches valves
ovate-lanceolate, with 2 or 3 long-awned teeth on each side, all
:
From
grain-bearing.
the Sierra
Nevada eastward
2.
R. paucifolillS,
Nutt.
stems erect
Roots thickened
valves not
grain-bearing
and
slender, glabrous. 1
lanceolate, or the lowest broader, attenuate to a slender petiole, not very acid
flowers reddish, in loose fascicles ; pedicels filiform,
jointed at base valves
:
enlarged in
to the Sierra
POLYGONUM,
From
Territory.
KNOTWEED.
L.
Flowers perfect.
Annual or perennial leafy herbs, rarely woody at base
sheaths naked, ciliate, or foliaceous-margined flowers small, in
axillary, spicate, or racemose fascicles.
:
1.
akene: stamens 3
* Flowers
to 8, the three
akene
AVICULARIA.
triangular.
in the axils
:
sepals herbaceous or
colored only on the margin.
H- Branches leafy to the summit: sheaths short and mostly scarious, at length
of
lacerate. 2
P. erectUEQ, L. Rather
1 R.
Acetosella, L., is the common "Sorrel" of fields and gardens, spread everywhere
from Europe. It can be distinguished from R. pauciflonis by its slender running roots, more
hastate and very acid leaves with the lobes often toothed at base, pedicels very short and
jointed at the top, and the valves not enlarged nor exceeding the small akene.
2 P.
aviculare, L., may be known by its prostrate or spreading habit, sessile lanceolate or
Introoblong leaves, dull broadly ovate akene which is minutely granular under a lens.
duced from Europe and growing everywhere about yards and roadsides. Variously called
"
"
"
or
Door-weed."
Knot-grass,"
Goose-grass,"
POLYGONACE^J.
t-
-t-
319
(BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.)
more or
less
open spikes,
3.
high,
loose,
to 4 feet
often branching only above, glabrous, the whole plant yellowish : sheaths
becoming lacerate to the base : leaves lanceolate to linear flowers and
:
continent.
4.
P. tenue, Michx.
to
and
somewhat glaucous, sometimes slightly scabrous at the nodes : sheaths with a close
somewhat herbaceous base, sparingly scarious and lacerate above: leaves linear to
lanceolate, usually
and
usually dis-
tant,
Mountains
The
Rocky
With broader
leaves
flowers.
Var.
and
minute flowers
fruit.
sepals
margin
Flowers fascicled, in usually dense spikes, with small scarious bracts: leaves
2.
not jointed on the petiole : sheaths cylindrical and truncate, scarious, entire,
naked or ciliate-fringed or margined : perianth colored, 5-parted, oppressed to
lenticular or triangular
the
akene:
stamens 4
to
8;
filaments filiform.
PERSICARIA.
* Sheaths and
6.
P.
Pennsylvanicum,
branches above
and
L.
Stem
to
style 2-cleft,
7.
Ell.
Stem 3 to 6 feet high, nearly glabrous, the pedunoften minutely rough with scattered sessile glands leaves rough on
P. incarnatum,
cles, etc.
States.
8.
and
P. lapathifolium,
Ait., var.
incanum,
Koch.
and white-downy
beneath
POLYGONACE.E.
320
(BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.)
9.
P.
nodOSUm,
Pers.
blunt.
Rare.
to
Colorado and
included.
2,
New Mexico
to
to
inch long,
5 stamens
and
In shallow water or
the continent.
the
leaves thinner
sometimes foliaceously
margined.
12.
growing usually
Proc.
Am. Acad.
viii.
294.
From
California and
it is
probably indigenous.
Glabrous alpine or subalpine herbs, ivith thick creeping rootstocks and simple
stems: flowers in dense spike-like racemes: leaves not jointed on the petiole:
3.
P. Bistorta,
L.
Stems a
foot or
two high
ones on long petioles, oblong-lanceolate to linear, acute at each end, the cauline much reduced, mostly obtuse at base and sessile upon the sheath, the
margin often
cels, in
slightly revolute
and
usually long-pedunculate
stamens
321
akene smooth and shining.
Throughout the northern
meadows and on stream-banks in the mountains.
The leaves vary much, from cordate and oblong {var. oblong ifolium, Meisn.)
to very narrow and attenuate at base (var. linearifolium, Watson).
A similar species, but mostly dwarf and more
15. P. viviparum, L.
and
styles exserted
hemisphere
frequent in
to 3 inches
Same range
as the last.
roots, mostly twining or climbing, and with cordate or
flowers in loose panicles or racemes or in terminal or axillary
clusters : perianth green with colored margins, ^-parted, enlarging or keeled in
1
TINARIA.
stiles or stigmas 3.
fruit: stamens mostly 8
4.
sagittate leaves
dumetorum,
P.
From
ORDER
67.
EL^EAGNACE^E.
scales,
or colored within,
1.
EL-ffilAGNUS,
L.
cellate.
1 P.
Convolvulus, L., is low twirrng or procumbent and minutely scabrous, leaves halberd-cordate acuminate, flowers few in axillary fascicles or small interrupted racemes on
Introduced from Europe, very common
very short pedicels, outer sepals sharply keeled.
aud found
in
21
LOKANTHACEJ5.
322
eras,
deflexed, silvery withont, pale yellow within, fragrant, the tube broadly
limb funnelform
oval, the
Utah
to the
SHEPHERDIA,
2.
as
From
fruit globose-ovoid,
to
BUFFALO-BERET.
Nutt.
tubular perianth; limb 4-cleft, erect, the throat closed by the lobes of the disk.
Flowers small
Fruit berry-like, with a smooth shining compressed seed.
(the staminate larger), shortly pedicellate.
1.
8.
arg6n tea,
Somewhat spiny
Nutt.
leaves
shrub, 5 to 18 feet high
cuneate at base fruit a smooth ovoid
:
and green aboi:e, silvery downy as well as scurfy with rusty scales
From the Columbia River eastward
fruit yellowish-red, insipid.
across the continent, and in the mountains southward to New Mexico.
nearly naked
beneath
ORDER
68.
tORANTHACEJE.
nate scales
as
many
fruit
ous, greenish.
1.
Phoradendron.
pores or
2.
slits
pistillate 2-toothed.
spinulose.
Berry compressed,
PHORADENDRON,
1.
slit
pollen
fleshy.
Nutt.
MISTLETOE.
Parasitic on branches
axils of opposite
spikes single or in pairs in the
leaves, the lowest joint sterile, the others bearing solitary or several flowers on
each side. Flowering in February or March, and maturing its fruit the next
winter.
P. juniperinum, Engelm.
inches high
SANTALACE.E.
6 to 8-flowered joint
PL
On
323
:
Fendl. 58.
ABCEUTHOBIUM,
2.
Bieb.
summer
or
berries suddenly
eral yards.
and forcibly
* Staminate flowers
paniculate.
A. Americanum,
1.
much
much
On
smaller.
From Wyoming
contorta.
leaf-bearing.
Bather
and a
branches spreading,
scattered or in 3 to 7 -flow:
to
A. divaricatum, Engelm.
line in
Pinus
mens mostly
2.
to
Nutt.
A. robustum, Engelm.
denser, the
S.
Stouter
On Pinus
edulis
flat
ORDER
69.
SAtfTALACEJE.
1.
COMANDRA,
Nutt.
BASTARD TOAD-FLAX.
flowers
324
EUPHORBIACE^E.
(SPURGE FAMILY.)
1. C.
umbellata, Nutt. Stems leafy, 6 to 15 inches high leaves oblong :
umbels few-flowered, corymbosely clustered at the summit of the stem flowers
on slender pedicels, the white oblong erect or slightly spreading lobes about
:
equalling the green tube, which is continued conspicuously above the ovary
In the Sierra Nevada of California
fruit globular, 2 or 3 lines in diameter.
northward to Washington Territory and eastward across the continent.
:
C. pallida, A. DC. Differing from the last in its narrower more glauand acuter leaves, which are linear to narrow]tj lanceolate, (or those upon the
main stem oblong), all acute or somewhat cuspidate fruit ovoid, larger (3 to 4
2.
cous
Colorado to
Oregon.
ORDER
EUPHORBIACE^E.
70.
(SPURGE FAMILY.)
Herbs
(ours), with milky acrid juice, monoecious or dioecious commonly apetalous and often naked flowers, a free and usually 3-celled
ovary with (in ours) one pendulous ovule in each cell, and maturing into
a 3-celled
Stamens
one to many.
the ovary.
# Staminate and
pistillate flowers
2.
Tragia.
below.
Stamens
5 to 15 in 1 to 3 whorls.
*- -i-
3.
Croton.
in the bud.
* # Flowers
4.
Styles bifid.
Stamens incurved
all
Euphorbia.
of a single stamen.
1.
TRAGIA,
Plumier.
Filaments short
anther-cells united.
Pis-
2.
Calyx valvate
ARGYTHAMNIA,
P.Browne.
Petals
disk.
EUPHORBIACE^E.
325
(SPURGE FAMILY.)
A. humilis,
sparingly pubescent
CROTON,
3.
S.
Colorado
L.
Herbs or shrubs,
Seeds smooth and shining, carunculate.
leaves alternate, entire or
scurfy or stellately hairy or sometimes glandular
mostly obsolete.
repand.
1.
C. Texensis,
Miill.
short
ovary stellate-tomentose
S. Colorado and southward.
:
4.
1
;
stellate pubes-
EUPHORBIA,
dichotomously 2-parted.
L.
A.
Glands of
Leaves
and
of the branches
E. pctaloidea, Engelm.
2. E.
flagelliformis, Engelm. Distinguished from the last by the
smaller involucre bearing very small and almost naked glands, often less than
EUPHORBIACE^.
326
(SPUKGE FAMILY.)
four in number; the more numerous stamens (often 25) with much smaller
anthers ; and by the smaller, more angular and more pointed, grayish
seeds.
Brandegee, Fl. S. W. Colorado, 243. S. W. Colorado to the Rio
Grande.
entire.
3.
leaves,
Leaves
->-
margins
stipules triangular-lanceolate
lobes elongated
campanulate, hairy,
hirsute
involucre
base
stipules
subulate,
turbinate, slightly
often
laciniate
at base
involucres
lobes
terminal, solitary,
larly punctate.
5. E. revoluta,
Engelm. Glabrous: stem erect, filiform, naked below,
much branched above the middle leaves narrowly linear, revolute on the
:
oblong,
sharply 4-angled,
sparingly
and
irregularly
Colorado and
rugose.
southward.
s-
-i-
E. Stictospora, Engelm.
Bot.
187.
Abundant
in
New
into S. Colorado.
E. serpyllifolia,
7.
obovate-oblong,
Mex. Bound.
narrowed at
Pers.
the
and
often pitted.
From
Cali-
fornia and the Columbia River to the Saskatchewan, Iowa, and Texas.
E. glyptosperma, Eugelm.
8.
leaves
unequal at base (semicordate), sharply serruglands of the very small involucre with narrow crenulate appendages
E. maculata,
L.
From
Illinois
Prostrate and puberulent or hairy: leaves oblongupwards, usually with a brown-red spot in
the centre:
EUPHORBIACE.E.
(SPURGE FAMILY.)
327
2.
stems
seeds
tuberculate.
Upper Missouri.
Uppermost or floral leaves with conspicuous white petal-like margins, whorled
or opposite, the others scattered, equal at base, entire and sessile : involucres
5-lobed, collected in an umbel-like inflorescence.
3.
E. marginata,
11.
Stem
Pursh.
B.
4.
E. dentata, Michx. Erect or ascending, hairy : leaves ovate, lanceoor linear, petioled, coarsely toothed, upper ones often paler at the base :
involucres almost sessile, with 5 oblong dentate lobes, and one or more short12.
late,
stalked glands
degee)
5.
and eastward to
Involucres in
Illinois
S.
Colorado
Bran'
and Pennsylvania.
inflorescence,
E. Obtusata,
Pursh.
smooth, obtuse upper ones cordate at base floral ones ovate, dilated
umbel once or twice divided into 3 rays, then into 2 involucre with naked
late,
lobes
and small
2-clef t to
S.
stipitate
the middle
glands
pod
warts
14.
and
and
styles distinct
obtusely serrate
Erect
;
the ovary,
spreading or
From
the
Upper
CEKATOPHYLLACE^E.
328
ORDER
71.
(HOKNWORT FAMILY.)
CAL^ITRICHACEjE.
(WATER-STARWORTS.)
CALLITBICHE,
1.
L.
C. autumnalis, L.
caducous
From
ORDER
California northward,
72.
jERATOPHYL.t<ACEj!E.
(HOKNWORT FAMILY.)
Aquatic herbs, with whorled finely dissected leaves, and minute axillary and sessile monoecious flowers without floral envelopes, but with an
8 to 12-cleft involucre in place of a caly the fertile a simple 1 -celled
ovary.
1.
CEEATOPHYLLUM,
L.
Fruit an ache-
divisions.
in
ORDER
73.
UBTICACE^E.
ovary
the calyx and opposite them, or sometimes fewer,.
329
URTICACEJB.
SUBORDER
ULMLACE^E.
I.
(ELM FAMILY.)
Ulmus.
Ovary 2-ovuled.
Fruit a samara.
Anthers
extrorse.
Flowers polygamous.
Celtis.
2.
SUBORDER
Ovary 1-ovuled.
URTICE^E.
II.
Flowers monoecious or
dioecious.
Fruit a drupe.
Anthers
introrse.
(NETTLE FAMILY.)
in
the bud.
becoming an akene.
alternate leaves.
* Calyx in the
3.
fertile flowers of 2 to 5
Urtica. Sepals
4 in both sterile
and
Akene
straight
and
erect, enclosed
Leaves opposite.
Laportea. Sepals 5 in the sterile flowers, 4 in the fertile, or apparently only 2, the
two exterior being minute. Akene very oblique and' bent down, nearly naked. Stigma
long and awl-shaped. Leaves alternate.
by the 2 inner and larger sepals.
4.
fertile flowers.
Stigma capitate-tufted.
* * Calyx of the fertile flowers tubular or cup-shaped, enclosing the akene. Plant wholly
destitute of stinging bristles.
Flowers polygamous, in involucrate-bracted clusters.
5. Parietaria.
Stigma tufted.
Leaves alternate*
SUBORDER
(HEMP FAMILY.)
Flowers dioecious
ters or catkins.
CANlVABINEjE.
III.
Stigmas
embracing the ovary.
l-celled, 1-ovuled, becoming a glandular akene.
lobed leaves and a fibrous inner bark.
of one sepal,
6.
Humulus.
Anthers
erect.
2,
fertile in clus-
Fertile calyx
Ovary
Herbs with opposite
elongated.
fruit.
Leaves 3 to 5-lobed.
1.
ULMUS,
L.
ELM.
U. Americana,
not corky
nearly so
sharp points
330
URTICACEJE.
2.
CELT IS,
Tourn.
HACKBEERY.
or in pairs, peduncled, appearing with the leaves; the lower usually staminate
only, in little fascicles or racemose along the base of the branches of the
season.
1.
C. oceidentalis, L.
only towards the apex, scabrous but mostly glabrous above, usually softpubescent beneath, at least when young fruit reddish or yellowish, becoming
dark purple.
From Colorado to Wisconsin and eastward.
small or mid:
3.
an elm.
URTICA,
NETTLE.
Tourn.
Stamens
U.
serrate,
panicled.
2.
U.
spikes slender
and
loosely
bristles
leaves thin,
Proc.
Amer. Acad.
x. 348.
Abundant
in the
4.
LAPORTEA,
Gaudichaud.
and axillary
WOOD-NETTLE.
ser-
stipules.
and
stinging,
serrate,
California.
King Exped.
CUPUL1FER.E.
1.
veined,
States,
stipule
2-cleft.
single,
PARIETARIA,
The
Tourn.
PELLITORY.
staminate, pistillate,
lucrate-bracted cymose axillary clusters.
3-ribbed leaves and no stipules.
P. Pennsylvanica, Muhl.
in the
same
invo-
minutely downy
dots
5.
1.
331
(OAK FAMILY.)
continent.
HUMULUS,
6.
HOP.
L.
Akene
Twining rough
leaves.
1.
H. Lupulus,
L.
etc.,
bitterness
British
ORDER
74.
CUPULIFER^E.
New Mexico
to
(OAK FAMILY.)
Tribe
1
2.
I.
sistent.
Tribe II.
adnate to a bract
stamens included
anthers 1-celled.
Fertile
bud
Tribe III.
Sterile flowers
filaments exserted
with a
Quercus.
bony
anthers 2-celled.
Fei'tile flowers
terete.
including 3 to 20 stamens
one or few enclosed in a cupule
:
QUERCINE^E.
nut.
filaments short
or catkin, two under each fertile bract, each with one or more
CORYLE^E.
bractlets, which form a foliaceous involucre to the nut.
Corylus. Bract of staminate flower furnished with a pair of bractlets inside. Invoflowers in a scaly
3.
less
CUPULIFER^E.
332
1.
(OAK FAMILY.)
BE TULA,
Tourn.
BIKCH.
Twigs and
leaves often
spicy-aromatic.
1.
B. OCCidentaliS, Hook.
Becoming 10
20 feet
or
high,
colored bark (at length light brown) ; branches more or less resinous-dotted
at the extremities: haves thin, broadly ovate, acute, truncate or rounded or
somewhat cuneate at base, with short glandular-tipped serratures and often obsomewhat resinous above, smooth or slightly appressed-villous
scurely lobed,
beneath
:
wings of the nutlet as
From California to Washington Territory and
body or broader.
the Saskatchewan, and in the Kocky Mountains to New Mexico. Sometimes
"
Black Birch."
called
:
broad as
2.
the
B. glandulosa, Michx.
more or
low bush, 4
to
less resinous-glandular
2.
ALNUS,
and bractlets 4 or
ALDER.
Tourn.
1.
A.
a conspicuous
thin wing.
viridis, DC.
New
England.
Flowers developed in
2.
the foregoing
formed
CUPULIFEILE.
margined.
Bot. Calif,
westward to the
81.
Ranges eastward with the
Nevada and Oregon.
ii.
S. Sierra
3.
333
(OAK FAMILY.)"
COB-YLUS,
Tourn.
HAZEL-NUT.
C. rostrata, Ait. Shrub 2 to 5 feet high: leaves ovate or ovatesomewhat heart-shaped, pointed involucre of united bracts, much
prolonged above the ovoid nut into a narrow tubular beak, densely bristly.
From.Colorado to Washington Territory, thence northward and eastward to
1.
oblong,
the Alleghanies.
4.
QUERCUS,
OAK.
L.
clustered.
Our two
in the fall.
"
species are
Q. macrocarpa, Michx.
so as usually to
in or entirely
form
Q. undulata,
downy below
Acad.
iii.
# Leaves
An
382, 392.
and
shorter.
calyx-
From W. Texas
Lobes of the
Gunnisoni, Engelm.
leaf
narrow and
entire.
Q.
Var.
Jamesii, Engelm.
334
SALICINE.E.
* * Leaves
slender
more
smaller, paler,
ward) more or
and
(WILLOW FAMILY.)
less persistent
longer.
calyx-lobes broader
group.
Var. Wrightii, Engelm. Leaves small (an inch long or less), sinuateThe Q. Emory of Fl. Colorado,
dentate, the teeth very rigid and pungent.
:
ORDER
SALICINE^. (WILLOW
75.
FAMILY.)
silky
1.
down.
Buds with a
Populus.
disks none.
Stamens
few.
Stigmas
Buds
scaly.
Tourn.
Stamens
Stigmas elongated.
SALIX,
single scale.
Bracts lacerate.
numerous.
1.
alternate, undivided.
Bracts entire.
Salix.
short.
2.
Leaves
S.
BEBB, Esq.)
Aments on
capsules mature
lands.
* Stamens 3
1.
S.
to
capsules glabrous
amygdaloides,
Anders.
leaves
shrubs
and small
trees
of
the low-
somewhat
and
remotely
drical, 2 to 3 inches long, subflexuose, the flowers
loose in
subverticillately arranged on the slender rhachis ; fertile becoming very
scales in male aments ovate, villous with crisp hairs, in
fruit, 3 to 4 inches long
:
New York
SALICINEvE.
335
(WILLOW FAMILY.)
closely glandular-serrate
tip
hairy at base, in the female ament almost glabrous stamens 5 or more capsules tapering from an ovate base
Banks of
style short
stigmas bifid.
:
mucro-
linear, remotely
nate-dentate.
3. S. longifolia, Muhl.
Leaves varying from linear to lanceolate, long
acuminate, tapering at base, sessile or nearly so, 2 to 4 inches long, 1 to 6 lines
(usually 2 to 3 lines) wide, margin remotely denticulate with projecting teeth
aments linear-cylindrical,
stipules very early deciduous
scales villous, dentate,
often clustered at the extremity of the branchlets
or sometimes entire
subdeciduous
or glabrous
continent to Oregon and California.
:
4.
tip
COrdata, Muhl.
S.
stamens 2
filaments glabrous.
* Capsules glabrous.
Leaves linear- or
more or
acuminate,
those
oblong-lanceolate,
less silky
when young)
long by
stipules
minute
in fruit
late,
Var.
Mackenziana,
base, subentire
slender,
medium
style
stigmas
Hook.
Leaves obovate-lanceolate, narrowed at
aments shortly peduncled pedicels long and
stipules small
much exceeding
long pedicelled
silky hairs.
Northern States clear across the continent and northward to the Arctic
The var. vestita, growing on the banks of the Missouri and Yellow-
coast.
"
"
Ward, known as Diamond Willow from the peculiar
wood- growth at the base of the atrophied twigs, is said to afford
very durable timber. It is altogether incredible, however, that any form of
stone Rivers, L. F.
arrest of
S. Nov36-Anglise, Anders.
Leaves obovate-oblong or
and glabrous
both sides,
oval,
young drying
aments
somewhat
black, adult
short, oval-oblong,
336
( WILLOW
SALTCINE^E.
at first
wrapped
apex
or reddish, short-pedicelled
Var.
FAMILY.)
style
scales obovate-roundish,
capsules conic-rostrate glabrous, green
medium
Small shrub
1 to 3 feet
high, divaricately
inch wide, short petioled, membranaceous :
prominently nerved aments leafy-bracted, l inches long.
Var. pseudo-COrdata, Anders.
By no means a tall shrub, branches
pseudo-myrsinites.
branched
leaves
inches long,
Rocky Mountains
except the yellowish midrib, paler or often intensely glaucous beneath, remotely
inch long buds large, roundish stipules evanescent :
undulate-serrate; petioles
aments
sessile,
all
ovate-conical,
capsules
style
to 8 feet high, with
upright branches. One-year-old twigs often covered with a beautiful glaucous
bloom, which is easily rubbed off; not present on vigorous young shoots.
medium
bifid.
Shrub 6
Engelmann.
flowers and
stipules large,
thick,
densely
flowered, sessile ; males closely so ; females with a few broad bracts at base,
when in flower about an inch long, lengthening in fruit to 1^ or 2 inches scales
oval, obtuse, clothed wtih long yellowish-white silky hairs: capsules ovateconical, glabrous, sessile or nearly so style elongated
stigmas erect, bifid
:
or entire.
Marshy
Golden,
Greene; Georgetown, Patterson; Empire City, Engelmann. Also collected in
fragmentary specimens, mostly old fruiting aments, by Hall and many other
stem
A densely cespitose
to 2 inches in diameter.
The
shrub, 8 to 12
broad, irregularly-toothed
leaves (especially when rigid and glaucous beneath) bear a remarkable resemblance to those of S. discolor ; a resemblance heightened by the conspicuous
Allied to the
stipules on vigorous shoots but the aments are very different.
foregoing and more nearly representing the European S. daphnoides, S. irro;
it
were of S.
* * Capsules tomentose
acutifolia.
(rarely glabrate in 12
and
13).
8.
to
inches wide,
SALICINEJ3.
337
(WILLOW FAMILY.)
downy but very soon glabrate and dull green above, glaucous and rufous
pubescent beneath or often when young clothed with a lustrous silky tomentum ; margin entire or irregularly subserrate ; stipules small, denticulate,
fugaceous aments oblong, densely flowered, appearing before the leaves, the
males closely sessile, an inch long, the females on distinct peduncles, rarely
:
with leafy bracts, in fruit 2 inches long or more : scales blackish, obovate, very
silky : capsules white-tomentose, 3 to 4 lines long, tapering into a long beak,
the slender pedicels about equalling the scales: styles obsolete; stigmas long,
6,500 feet.
S. rostrata, Richardson.
9.
1
The geographical
first,
becoming
rigid, serrate or
downy or smooth
above, glaucous, reticulate-veined and tomentose beneath ; stipules usually small and deciduous : aments bracteate, appearing with the leaves ; male sessile, rather short, densely flowered ; female becoming
nearly entire,
very loose in fruit: capsules tomentose, tapering from near the base into a very
long slender beak; pedicels thread-like, conspicuously exceeding the pale, rosy:
lobes of the stigma
style scarcely any
Does not spread from the root, forming a clump,
New England
MACROCARPA, Nutt.
S.
to
Van-
(S.
aments
late, revolute:
hills
of the
Rocky Mountains
Shrub 2 to
Colorado, Hall.
rare.
5 feet high
shining red.
22
338
SALICINE^E.
12.
S. glauca,
L., var.
(WILLOW FAMILY.)
villosa, Anders.
when mature sometimes very large, 2 to 3 inches long scales oblongobovate, rather acute, brownish capsules lanceolate-acuminate, tomeutose, at
length subglabrate pedicels equalling the nectary style produced, entire or
fertile
stigmas entire or
A diffuse shrub, 3 to
deeply bifid
bifid.
mountains.
S. desertorum, Richards. Leaves elliptical-oblanceolate, rigid, more
or less whitish-tomentose beneath, the yellow midrib prominent aments very
foot-hills of the
13.
villous
densely flowered
style short
stigmas
bifid.
Wolfli.
ament
in length.
This
is
Toward the
much larger,
more woolly
Far
capsule
style elongated, slender, entire
stigmas bifid, divaricate.
above the timber line in little patches among the rocks, frequently blooming
:
close to snow-banks.
zontal branches sending up short few leaved twigs, which, with the conspicuous aments, rise only 2 to 3 inches above the surface. Colorado, California,
and northward in other forms to the limit of vegetation.
M- *+
Styles none
short, about the length of the large, obtuse buds : aments on short villous
peduncles opposite the last of 2 or 3 leaves on the branch, elongate-cylindrical,
SALICINE.E.
339
(WILLOW FAMILY.)
over which
it
spreads,
Leaves obovate or
S. reticulata, L.
16.
Old
Also in Canada
to 10 feet in diameter.
to 1 inch long,
elliptic,
rounded at base or mostly subattenuate into a long and slender petiole, quite
entire, glabrous, green above, glaucous beneath, strongly reticulated, stipules
none aments | to 1 inch long on slender peduncles at the ends of the short
:
"
POPULUS,
2.
POPLAR.
Tourn.
COTTON WOOD.
ASPEN.
:
scales cut into 3 to 4 deep linear divisions, fringed with long hairs.
California eastward across the continent, and northward to the Arctic
"
Mountains as far south as New Mexico.
Ocean in the
margins
From
ing Asp."
2.
Rocky
The petiole
P. angulata,
The
Quak-
is
branches
acutely angular or winged: leaves broadly deltoid or heart-ovate, smooth, crenateserrate, or with obtuse cartilaginous teeth.
Extending from the Atlantic
" Cot-
Platte.
tonwood."
3.
P. balsamifera,
L., var.
candicans, Gray.
less heart-shaped,
tall tree
and
branches
reticulate-
New
England.
Com-
"
Branches
terete,
glabrous:
Watson. From
and Washington Territory.
var. angustifolia,
New
leaves
ovate-
P. balsamifera,
Mexico and Colorado to California
340
ORCHIDACE^E.
SUBCLASS
(ORCHIS FAMILY.)
MONOCOTYLEDOSTOUS
NOUS PLANTS.
II.
cotyledon.
and sheathing
OR
ENDOGE-
threes.
ORDER
76.
ORCHID ACE^E.
(ORCHIS FAMILY.)
of the flower,
style or thick
fleshy stigma; the anther 2-celled, each cell containing one or more
masses of pollen, pollinia. Stigma a broad glutinous surface (except
in Cypripedium)
Perennials,
insects.
Tribe I. Anther one, terminal and resting like a lid upon the column, deciduous
pollen-masses '4, smooth and waxy: leafless, except perhaps a single radical leaf:
flowers pedicellate.
1.
2.
Calypso.
3.
one, connate with the column and persistent upon its face just above
the stigma; pollen-masses 2, of coarse grains united by an elastic web, each mass
attached at base by a stalk to a viscid gland stems mostly leafy and flowers spicate
:
or racemose.
4.
Habenaria.
Lip
flat,
spurred.
Glands
exposed.
Tribe
III.
more or
Anther one, erect and sessile or nearly so upon the top of the column and
and declinate upon the back of the stigma, persistent; pollen-
less covering
masses 2 or
5.
Perianth oblique upon the ovary, the sepals and petals connivent lip
oblong, embracing the column, with 2 callosities at base. Flowers 1 to 3-ranked in a
twisted spike. Stems leafy below.
Spirant lies.
OKCHIDACE^E.
6.
Goodyera. Like
7.
last,
but
all radical,
Perianth spreading.
leaves in the middle.
lastera.
sile
8.
the
Leaves
the column.
341
(ORCHIS FAMILY.)
without
callosities
and
from
free
white-reticulated.
Epipactis.
Tribe IV.
Perfect anthers
9.
Cypripedium.
or a few
showy
flowers.
CALYPSO,
1.
Salisb.
Petals and sepals ascending, similar and nearly equal lip with two shcrt
spurs below the apex. Column petaloid, oval and concave. Lower pair of
low herb, in bogs, with showy flowers,
pollen-masses smaller, compressed.
a scaly-sheathed stem, and a single radical broad thin leaf.
;
1.
C. borealis,
Stem 3
Salisb.
membrana-
ceous brownish green sheaths, and a linear acuminate bract at the summit
the radical leaf broadly ovate or slightly cordate: flower drooping: sepals
and petals light rose-color lip usually longer, brownish-pink mottled with pur:
the edge margined at the apex and bifid or entire, about equalling the
From Colorado to
tooth-like spurs and with a tuft of yellow hairs at base.
ple,
2.
CORALLORHIZA,
Haller.
CORAL-ROOT.
Petals and sepals ascending, similar and nearly equal, but the lateral sepals
oblique at base and either decurrent in a short spur adnate to the side of the
Column narrowly marovary, or forming a projecting gibbosity above it.
Without green herbage, the
gined, broader at base, somewhat incurved.
solitary scape with 2 to 4 membranaceous sheaths, and bearing a simple
of brownish, yellowish, or purple flowers pedicels reflexed in fruit.
raceme
* Spur present :
lip 3-lobed
C. multiflora, Nutt.
sepals
and
petals 3-nerved
sepals
ORCHIDACE^E.
342
# * Spur
lip entire
(ORCHIS FAMILY.)
and
and
C. Striata, Lindl.
flowers often 6 or 7
above the base and bearing the prominent laminae upon the arch.
C. Macrcei,
Gray, Manual, 510. From Washington Territory and Oregon eastward to
the Great Lakes.
3.
APLECTRUM,
Torr.
PUTTY-ROOT.
Lip 3-ridged. Column nearly straight, not broader at base. Scape lateral
from a thick globose solid bulb upon a slender horizontal rootstock, the bulb
bearing at summit a large petioled plaited leaf. Flowers rather large, soon
deflexed.
1.
A. hiemale,
Torr.
the radical
and eastward
4.
HABENARIA,
to the
Willd.
Sepals and petals nearly alike, convergent or the lower sepals spreading.
Lip without ridges or callosities. Column very short. Anther-cells parallel
Stems from fleshy-fibrous or tuberous roots flowers
or divergent at base.
greenish or white, not showy in our species.
:
* Stems
slender,
bracteate,
1. H. Unalaschensis, Watson.
Spike of flowers elongated and rather
open: leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear: bracts ovate, not exceeding the
ovary sepals, petals, and lip about a line long, the narrow or somewhat cla:
H. fcetida, Watson,
vate spur scarcely or sometimes nearly twice longer.
Bot. King Exped. 341. In the Wahsatch, Uinta, and Teton Mountains, and
along the Pacific coast to Unalaska.
2.
H. hyperborea,
3.
H.
Stem
leafy.
dilatata, Gray.
Like the
last,
commonly
base, its
R. Br.
linear leaves
approximate, large and strap-shaped, vertical, nearly as long as the pollenFrom Colorado northward and
mass and its short flat stalk together.
eastward.
ORCHID ACE^E.
343
(ORCHIS FAMILY.)
H. Obtusata,
4.
5.
SPIRANTHES,
LADIES' TRESSES
Richard.
a stout terete
oblique, terminating in
S.
1.
stipe.
Romanzoffiana, Cham.
high
GOO DYER A,
6.
RATTLESNAKE PLANTAIN.
R. Br.
root
Scapes few-bracteate leaves thickish, rosulate at the base, petioled
stock creeping, with fibrous fleshy rootlets.
1. G. Menziesii, Lindl.
Scape and inflorescence pubescent: leaves
smooth, ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, reticulated with light greenish
:
markings spike many-flowered, rather dense, secund perianth white, puberucolumn short and straight gland and bifid beak very narrow and elonFrom Colorado northward, thence eastward along the northern
gated.
:
lent
border to
W. New York
7.
LISTER A,
and naked.
Stems from
R. Br.
lip free,
fibrous
TWAYBLADE.
Column
free
raceme.
1.
L. COnvallarioides,
Nutt.
Stem
naked excepting one or two sheaths at base and the pair of orbicular or ovate
leaves just below the raceme
inflorescence pubescent : sepals and petals linear;
lip oblontj-ovate and cuneate, with a small tooth on each side near the base.
From the Sierra Nevada eastward across the continent.
2. Ii. cordata, R. Br.
Leaves smaller, triangular-ovate and somewhat cor:
sepals ovate
Up
linear.
8.
EPIPACTIS,
Haller.
Sepals and petals nearly equal: lip narrowly constricted in the middle.
Column short, erect.
Stem from creeping rootstocks flowers few and pedicelled, with conspicuous bracts divergent, and the ovaries at right angles to
:
the stem.
1. E.
gigantea, Dougl. One to four feet high, nearly smooth leaves
from ovate below to narrowly lanceolate above, somewhat scabrous on the
:
344
IRIDACE^:.
(IRIS FAMILY.)
CYPRIPEDITJM,
9.
LADY'S SLIPPER.
L.
Lateral sepals often united into one under the lip sac-like
lip with the incurved margin auricled near the base.
Leaves large and many-nerved,
In ours the stem is 1 to 3-flowered, the lip is
plaited, sheathing at the base.
:
slipper-shaped and much inflated, and the sepals and linear wavy-twisted petals
are brownish, pointed, and longer than the lip.
C. parviflorum,
1.
from
Salisb.
sterile
stamen triangular
pointed.
leaves oval,
C. pubesceus, Willd.
ORDER
IR1DACEJE.
77.
(!RIS FAMILY.)
many
seeds.
solitary.
apex.
1.
Iris.
erect.
Rootstocks creeping.
Seeds
flattened.
2.
Sisyrinchium.
anthers.
Segments
similar, spreading.
Filaments connate.
1.
IRIS,
Roots
fibrous.
FLOWER-DE-LUCE.
Tourn.
FLAG.
Perianth tube prolonged above the ovary. Stamens beneath the arching,
Base of the style connate with the perianth
tube the divisions stigmatic at the thin apex, above which is a broad 2-parted
petal-like branches of the style.
;
in
a forked corymb.
1.
I.
Missouriensis, Nutt
Stems rather
slender,
naked or with
or
2 leaves,
to 2 feet high, usually 2-flowered : leaves mostly shorter than the
stem bracts dilated and scarious : flowers pale blue sepals and petals 2 or
3 inches long, with narrow claws
/. Tolseeds obovate, acute at base.
:
LILIACE^E.
2.
345
(LILY FAMILY.)
SISYRINCHIUM,
L.
BLUE-EYED GRASS.
pedicel.
1. S. anceps, L.
Scape broadly winged, and the outer leaf of the very
S. Bermudiana, var.
unequal spathe longer than the flowers.
anceps, of
Gray's Manual. In the Atlantic States, but extending westward to the
Same range
Manual.
ORDER
78.
having
six
1.
HYPOXYS,
L.
STAR-GRASS.
outside.
herbaceous
little
Seeds globular.
Stemless small herbs, with grassy and hairy linear leaves and slender fewflowered scapes, from a solid bulb.
1. H.
juncea, Smith. Sparingly hairy: scapes 1 to 3, filiform, 1 or
2-flowered, 4 to 9 inches long : bracts bristle-like, shorter than the villous
pedicels the three exterior divisions of the perianth greenish and hairy without seeds black, minutely fitted.
Colorado (Brandegee).
:
ORDER
79.
ULIACE^E.
(LILY FAMILY.)
xiv. 213.
Flowers with scarious bracts, a persistent perianth with segments one to several-nerved,
perigynous stamens with introrse anthers, and an undivided and mostly persistent
style.
Bracts (usually
2)
sessile
upon a short
perianth
346
LILIACEJB.
1.
Allinm.
2.
Nothoscordum.
(LILY FAMILY.)
Flowers deep rose-color to white. Base of the style enclosed between the
lobes of the capsule and jointed upon the. short axis. Filaments usually dilated at
base. Leaves one to several
Taste and odor strongly alliaceous.
- t-
Bracts several, not spathaceous, distinct capsule not lobed peiianth funnel-form
scape from a membranous- or fibrous-coated corm.
:
Brodiaaa*
3.
Stamens
Flowers blue.
6, in
filaments.
Capsule
ovate to oblong.
Androstephlum.
4.
to
subglobose-triquetrous.
*-
*-
t-
Acaulescent
bracts elongated linear capsule triangular-obovate perianth salverflowers on subterranean pedicels, from a short rootstock.
:
Leucocrinum.
6.
at the
summit
*
Inflorescence racemose or paniculate.
Flowers racemose on a naked scape from a tunicated bulb : fruit an ovate or oblong
**
capsule.
6.
Camassia.
ing.
Flowers blue (or white), slightly gibbous segments 8 to 7-nerved spreadBase of the style persistent Raceme open. Leaves linear, flat.
;
- *-
7.
Style slender,
deciduous.
8.
--<-
Flowers racemose-paniculate upon a stout leafy or leafy bracteate stem from a stout
caudex or thick rootstock anthers sagittate fruit a berry or capsule leaves numerous and crowded, linear, thick and more or less rigid, spinescent at apex.
:
9.
Yucca.
vate.
II.
Perianth campannlate, white or whitish, segments distinct. Filaments claand persistent Usually with stout woody caudex.
Style stout
fruit a
many-seeded capsule
seeds horizontal or
ascending.
4-*
10
Bulb scaly
stem simple,
strict, leafy
style long.
anthers versatila
Lilian*.
spotted.
11.
4+
12.
Erythronium.
13.
Lloydia.
Stem
Alpine.
Outer perianth-segments smaller, somewhat sepal-like the inner broad and usually
bearded stigmas sessile.
Calochortus. Stem usually branched, from a coated corm. Anthers basifixed.
*-
14.
anthers basifixed.
each side of the grooved nectary. Styles usually distinct above. Stem lax, 2-leaved.
Perianth small, spreading, white with purplish veins and base. Style undivided.
t-
LILIACE^E.
* * Stems from
347
(LILY FAMILY.)
fruit
seeds
pendulous.
15.
Streptopus.
sagittate, cuspidate,
Prosartes.
16.
greenish.
veinlets.
Like the
III.
last,
but perianth persistent with nerved segments, styles distinct, and capsule septicidal (loculicidal in Xerophyllum).
Veratrum. Stem
stems leafy
leaves
17.
tall
pubescent.
18.
stem very
leafy
Tofieldia.
20.
seeds
numerous
stem leafy
leaves equitant
Styles short
Seeds appeudaged.
* * * * Flowers perfect, on naked pedicels, in a simple dense raceme: styles reflexed:
seeds few stem very leafy leaves very narrow, rigid and rough-edged.
:
Xerophyllum.
21.
1.
ALLIUM,
segments 5 to 7-nerved.
L.
Seeds
ONIOW.
Bulbs
cespitose,
* Leaves
A. SchCBnoprasum,
terete, hollow.
L.
tains of
2.
A. cernuum,
leaves
to 4 lines
wide
stamens and
or channelled.
Roth.
style exserted
feet high,
zome
spathe 1-valved
umbel
from a
erect,
stout rhi-
few-flowered ;
348
LILTACE^E.
Bulbs mostly
2.
(LILY FAMILY.)
to
solitary, globose
leaves narrowly
* Bulb-coats more
4. A. Canadense, Kalm.
Bulb-coats somewhat fibrous : scape a foot or
more high : umbel mostly bulbiferous flowers on slender pedicels (6 to 10 lines
long), white or pinkish; segments narrowly lanceolate, obtusish, equalling or some:
to the
5.
coated
the last: bulbs densely and coarsely fibrousumbel rarely or never bulbiferous flowers
and lax in fruit, ovate to narrowly lanceolate,
:
v.
486.
A. Nuttallii, Watson.
6.
(4 to 6 inches high)
perianth-segments
rather rigid in fruit.
Proc.
Am. Acad.
southward.
i-
ft,
Fraser.
pedicels usually
New
Watson.
A. reticulatum,
7.
A. mutabile, var.
xiv. 227.
some of
reticulate
the outer
membranous coats
From
in most species
2-valved.
i-
Ovary
Bulbs small,
A. Brandegei, Watson.
scapes low.
zontally oblong
leaves
the reticulation
:
2,
color; segments lanceolate, with acuminate recurved tips, rigid in fruit, a third
From S. W. Cololonger than the stamens, the inner ones undulate-serrulate.
)-
Ovary conspicuously
ming
11.
to the Saskatchewan.
A. bisceptrum, Watson.
LTLIACE^E.
slightly exceeding the
Bot.
base.
349
(LILY FAMILY.)
King Exped.
12.
close
Wahsatch Mountains
the
3.
tion
A. Tolmiei,
13.
the
and
membranous coats mostly without reticulafalcate, thick : scape stout, much com-
and
Baker.
2.
Like Allium.
Bulb
1
353, in part.
NOTHOSCORDUM,
Capsule oblong-obovate
cells
From
the
Kunth.
several-ovuled.
Bracts
2.
tunicated.
N. striatum,
line or
Bulb
Kunth.
leaves a
scape a foot high or often much less flowers few, on slenAllium striatum, Jacq. From New Mexico
capsule 2 lines long.
two broad
der pedicels
to
v.
to Virginia
3.
and Florida.
BRODI^A,
Smith.
the upper on the inner segments, on a short free filament which forms below
a prominent wing within the tube.
Bot. Calif, ii. 154. Milla grandifiora,
4.
W. Wyoming and
the
ANDKOSTEPHIUM,
Wahsatch
to
Oregon
Torr.
Perianth
lobes.
350
LILIACE.E.
(LILY FAMILY.)
1. A. violaceum, Torr.
Scape 2 to 6 inches high: flowers 8 to 12 lines
long or more, usually exceeding the stout pedicels tube nearly as long as the
limb; crown scarcely shorter than the limb, the lobes exceeding the anthers.
Bot. Mex. Bound. 218. W. Kansas to Texas.
;
5.
Stamens
LEUCOCRINUM,
Nutt.
Blooming
in early spring,
the pure white and very fragrant flowers appearing just above the ground.
1. L.
montanum, Nutt. Leaves several, rather thick: flowers 4 to
the very slender tube an inch or two long
From Colorado
in each cell.
6.
Stamens
to N. California.
CAMASSIA,
CAMASS.
Lindl.
6,
8,
Style
From
little
POLYGONATUM,
7.
Ovules
cells
to 2-seeded.
leaves sessile
Dietr.
SOLOMON'S SEAL.
Tourn.
Mexico
to
Stamens
2 in each
sessile,
S.
in
Stems simple,
:
New
leafy,
amplexicaulis,
and
Desf.
filaments subulate.
oblong or lanceolate
* Flowers
1.
cell.
pedicels
Virginia.
SMILACINA,
8.
the
collected
Nutt.
More
stamens exserted
or less pubescent
berry reddish.
stem
to 3 feet
high
# * Flowers
in
stamens included :
berry
blue-black.
2.
S. Stellata, Desf
Glabrous or pubescent
and
closely
less
and
LILIACE.E.
folded: raceme about an inch
Labrador.
puberulent
Am.
Proc.
sessile,
usually flat
YUCCA,
9.
to
Oregon and
and
Usually referred to S.
Columbia.
long,
Rootstock slender
S. sessilifolia, Nutt.
3.
351
(LILY FAMILY.)
somewhat
7 lines).
Watson in
California and British
spreading,
stellata.
SPANISH BAYONET.
L.
baccate, pendulous
ruminated albumen.
1.
Y. baccata,
Torr.
to 3 feet long
Texas
to S. California
thin, smooth,
albumen.
2.
stiff
ceme
Y. angUStifoliaj
Pursh.
1
or tinged with
brown
L ILIUM,
10.
Stems
veiued
fruit
6-sided.
1.
leafy, simple
flowers large
LILY.
L.
and showy,
L. Philadelphicum,
L.
or scattered, net-
and
erect.
scales:
PRITILLARIA,
11.
Stems
to
L.
much
smaller than
in Lilium.
1
P. atropurpurea,
above
Wyoming
Nutt.
to 6-flowered
scales
styles dis-
stem 8 to
somewhat
From
352
LILIACEJE.
(LILY FAMILY.)
F. pudica, Spreng.
stem 3
to
to the Sierra
ERYTHRONIUM,
12.
DOG'S-TOOTH VIOLET.
L.
Stem bearing near Ihe base a pair of closely approximate flat dilated netveined leaves flowers showy, solitary or few in a naked raceme.
1. E.
grandiflorum, Pursh. Leaves not mottled, opposite flowers
:
more or
less
orange base,
or 2 inches
13.
LLOYD I A,
Salisb.
flowers erect;
14.
CALOCHORTUS,
Pursh.
In ours the flowers are open-cam panuwith densely hairy glands, and the capsule narrowly oblong
with thick obtusely angled lobes.
1. C. Nuttallii, Torr & Gray.
Stem slender, bulbiferous at base, with
a single narrow canline leaf (sometimes 2 or 3), umbellately 1 to 5-flowered
verse veinlets
late,
white or
lilac,
base,
Rep.
2.
and a broad
banded and
Wyoming
transverse gland: petals light lilac, yellowish green Lelow the middle,
lined with purple.
Bot. King Exped. v. 348. Mountains from
to
New
Mexico.
15.
STREPTOPUS,
Michx.
with forking and divergent branches, ovate and taperpointed rounded-clasping membranaceous leaves, and small flowers on slender
peduncles, which are abruptly bent or contorted near the middle.
Stems rather
stout,
LILIACE^E.
353
(LILY FAMILY.)
1. S. amplexifolius, DC.
Stem 2 to 3 feet high leaves very smooth,
anthers tapering to a slender point
stigma entire,
glaucous underneath
Across the continent in northern latitudes and ranging south to
truncate.
:
New
Mexico.
16.
PROSARTES,
D.Don.
Low
Exped.
v. 344.
VERATRUM,
17.
FALSE HELLEBORE.
Tourn.
The pubescent
bracts.
brous,
V. Californieum,
1.
Stem
Duraiid.
lanceolate,
branches of
to N. California
and Oregon.
ZYGADENUS,
18.
Michx.
Stem from a coated bulb crowning a short rhizome, with narrowly linear
otherwise as Veratrum.
obscurely nerved leaves mostly near the base
ours the gland covers more or less of the base of the perianth-segments.
:
In
1.
lines broad
raceme often few-flowered : bracts ovate-lanceolate, usually purperianth adnate at base; segments broad, greenish, the inner abruptly
plish
contracted to a broad claw
gland obcordate.
From New
Z. glaucus, Nutt.
from
the
Manual, 525.
3.
ovary
From Colorado
lines
perianth-segments triangular-ovate to elliptical, obtuse or rarely acutish, all abruptly contracted to a short glandular claw gland extending slightly above
the claw with a well-defined irregular margin: seeds 1 to 2 lines long.
;
Proc.
Am.
Columbia.
Acad.
xiv. 279.
Known
as
"
From
Wahsatch
the
Death-Camass
"
23
or
"
to California
Hogs' Potato."
and British
SMILACE^E.
854
(SMILAX FAMILY.)
Z. paniculatUS, Watson.
4.
Very
similar
usually stout
leaves 3 to
From
344.
Wahsatch Mountains
the
19.
to California
CHAM^LIRIUM,
Willd.
DEVIL'S-BIT,
the staminate.
Stem
C. Carolinianum, Willd.
1.
C. luteum,
spatulate-oblanceolate, 2 to 6 inches long, the cauline narrower.
Gray, Manual, 527. Coming into our eastern limit in W. Nebraska and
extending eastward.
20.
TOFIELDIA,
FALSE ASPHODEL.
Huds.
Mostly tufted, with fibrous roots, and simple stems leafy only at base, bearing small flowers in a close raceme leaves linear, grass-like. Ours has stem
:
T. glutinosa,
fascicled.
to 1 J feet
Glutinous-pubescent: stem slender,
high raceme short pedicels bearing the scarcely lobed involucre near the
flower: capsule shortly beaked: seeds minute, with brownish testa, and a
1.
Willd.
contorted
tail at
each end.
From Wyoming
to
also
21.
XEROPHYLLUM,
base, bearing a
Michx.
flowers,
thickly beset with needle-shaped leaves, the upper ones reduced to bristle-like
bracts those from the root very many in a dense tuft.
;
1.
X. Douglasii, Watson.
Stem
inches long: flower-segments 2^ lines long, exceeding the stamens: capsule cordate-ovate, 6-valved, the abruptly acute cells
Proc. Am. Acad. xiv. 284. X. tenax of the
separating and then dehiscing.
Hayden
Reports.
ORDER
to
80.
SMILACE^.
(SMILAX FAMILY.)
ovary with 3
cells
COMMELYNACE^E.
SMIL AX,
1.
(SPIDERWORT FAMILY.)
S. rotundifolia, L.
355
GREEN BRIER.
Tourn.
flowers in umbels.
branchlets
a bloom.
ORDER
COUHTIELYNACC^E.
81.
(SPIDERWORT FAMILY.)
branching leafy stems, and chiefly perfect and 6-androus, often irregular
ilowers, with the perianth free from the 2 to 3-celled ovary, and having
a distinct calyx and corolla, of 3 persistent sepals and as
many ephe-
Pod 3
to several-seeded.
li
2.
Flowers irregular.
Commelyna.
Three stamens
fertile
and three
sterile
and smaller :
laments naked.
Flowers regular.
Tradescantia.
1.
Stamens
COMMELYNA,
all fertile
Dill.
filaments bearded.
DAY-FLOWER.
and afterwards.
C. Virginica, L. Stems slender,
pedicels before
1.
the base
erect, or reclined
2.
TRADESCANTIA,
L.
E.Colo-
SPIDERWORT.
T. Virginica,
L.
356
JUNCACE^E.
ORDER
(RUSH FAMILY.)
JUNCACE^E.
82.
(RUSH FAMILY.)
1.
Laizula.
2.
Juncus. Pod
1-celled, 3-seeded.
3-celled, or 1-celled
axis,
many-seeded.
1.
DC.
WOOD-RUSH.
and
flat
usually
LUZULA,
flowers.
* Pedicels
\-flowered, in
loose
compound cyme.
L. spadicea, DC.
much exceeding
Ranging
Var.
melanocarpa,
viflora, var.
Var.
more or
ii.
Meyer.
L. par-
subcongesta, Watson.
less fascicled at the
Bot. Calif.
202.
# * Flowers
spicate
a cymose umbel.
anth pale or
anthers
small, equalling the filaments seed dark, with a white conical appendage someThe type, together with the following varietimes half as long as the seed.
:
ties,
the capsule:
seed larger, the appendage
bracts
short:
spikes
dense, short,
and
JUNCACE.E.
dark-brown.
357
(RUSH FAMILY.)
etc.,
but
common
in the
Atlantic States.
4. L. spicata, Desv.
Leaves carinate and folded : flowers in a solitary
and compound dense nodding spike : seed not appendaged.
An alpine species
in the mountains of Colorado, and in similar situations northward and east-
ward.
JUNG US,
2.
RUSH.
L.
BOG-RUSH.
Generally in wet
sepals.
soil
or
water, with pithy or hollow simple stems, and panicled or clustered small
greenish or brownish flowers.
* Scape naked,
the basal sheath also leafless, or rarely bearing terete leaves simi-
TRUE
ours.
t-
flowers in
sessile
stamens 6 in
JUNCI.
less
compound : sheaths
leafless.
Ranging across
2. J. filiformis, L.
Very slender : panicle almost simple : sepals exceedFrom Colorado to
ing the broadly ovate obtuse short-pointed greenish capsule,
the Saskatchewan and eastward across the continent.
- Flowers
few ; panicle scarcely ever compound: sheaths often leaf-bearing:
seeds caudate : low and alpine.
3. J. Drummondii, E. Meyer.
Stems 1 to
feet high, terete and filiform sheaths bristle-pointed: spathe more or less exceeding the simple 1 to
t-
3-flowered panicle
capsule ovate-oblong, triangular, refuse
Mountains of Colorado to California and northward.
:
4.
much
seeds
ovate.
J.
5.
Parryi, Engelm.
Stems 4
or leafy
leaves flat, or
semi-terete
and
channelled, never
GRASSY-
LEAVED JUNCI.
*Alpine: seeds caudate: leai^es flstulous : flowers in small heads.
J. triglumis, L. Leaves roundish, channelled and 2 to 3-tubular
sheaths auricled at top : head equalling the membrabelow, flattened upward
6.
elliptical, acute.
castaneus, Sm.
Stem
J.
7.
base
heads somewhat
leafy
in pairs sessile
358
JUNCACE^:.
(RUSH FAMILY.)
-1- Flowers
solitary, panided.
Stems slender, simple, tufted, leafy below.
Engelm. Leaves slightly channelled at base : panicle
J.
8.
Vaseyi,
light-
Loc.
cit.
450.
-*
leafy.
everywhere.
-*--
elliptical,
to the
Saskatchewan and
Washington Territory.
* * * Stem leafy : leaves
Leaves
12.
J. alpinus,
terete or slightly
compressed.
*-
Vill., var.
insignis,
Fries.
6.
Stem
9 to 18 inches high:
From
13.
J.
stout, 1 to 3 feet
14.
J.
Canadensis,
Seeds caudate
-M-
J.
Gay.
stamens
Tufted stems
3.
Wisconsin to
-i-
somewhat
New
Yellowstone Park
England.
acutely edged.
15.
J.
MertensianilS, Meyer.
heads
solitary,
root-
From Colorado
TYPHACE^E.
359
(CAT-TAIL FAMILY.)
compound
panicle
capsule
oblong, acute.
Var.
montanus, Engelm.
Trans.
usually many-flowered.
to
Lower and
St.
leaves
Louis Acad.
ii.
481.
ORDER
TYPHACE^.
83.
Marsh or aquatic
(CAT-TAIL FAMILY.)
Typha. Flowers in a long very dense cylindrical spike terminating the stem.
Sparganium. Flowers in separate dense spherical leafy-bracted heads, which
scattered along the
summit
TYPHA,
1.
are
of the stem.
CAT-TAIL FLAG.
Tourn.
Upper part
hairs
1.
T. latifolia, L.
2.
Leaves
flat:
spike approximate.
SPARGANIUM,
Tourn.
BUR-REED.
interposed
1.
S. eurycarpum, Engelm. Stems stout, 2 to 4 feet high fruit manyangled when ripe, with a broad and depressed summit abruptly tipped in the
centre.
From Nevada northward and eastward across the continent.
:
* * Erect or rarely
heads:
of numerous
with
2. S. simplex, Hudson.
Erect, 9 to 15 inches high, slender: inflorescence simple, the lower heads supra-axillary, sessile or peduncled fruit more
or less contracted in the middle.
Across the continent. Exceedingly vari:
360
LEMNACE.E.
(DUCKWEED FAMILY.)
Loc.
cit.
# # # Usually floating, with very slender stems and delicate always flat and
narrow leaves : inflorescence simple, offew small heads : scales oval or obovate,
denticulate : nuts oval, with a very short stipe and short point.
minimum,
S.
sessile,
ORDER
84.
L,EUINACEjE.
(DUCKWEED FAMILY.)
fruit
utricle,
1.
2.
1.
LEMNA,
Linn.
DUCKWEED.
DUCK'S-MEAT.
Flowers marginal, bracteate, diandrous. Anther-cells bilocellate by a transverse partition, dehiscing transversely. Seeds 1 to 6.
Rootlet destitute of
vascular tissue.
1.
into
2.
SPEIRODELA,
Schleiden.
clustered, usually 3 to
and
Lemna
NAIADACE^E.
ORDER
ALJSUIACEjE.
85.
861
(PONDWEED FAMILY.)
(WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.)
in fruit.
radical,
petiolate,
Alisma.
2.
Sag! tt aria.
mem-
branously winged.
A L IS MA,
1.
L.
WATER-PLANTAIN.
Americanum,
whorl
in fruit.
nent
also
From
SAGITTABIA,
2.
L.
conti-
ARROW-HEAD.
S. variabilis, Engelm.
1.
Rootstock tuberiferous
scape
to 2 feet
beak
nent
at the
;
ORDER
86.
NAIADACE^E. (PONDWEED
FAMILY.)
leafy
stipulate,
without perianth
362
NAIADACE^E.
Immersed aquatics with
1.
Zanichellia.
2.
Potamogeton.
(PONDWEED FAMILY.)
flat
leaves
ovaries
4, distinct.
NAIADES.
spike.
becoming more or
alternate.
* * Marsh plants with terete bladeless leaves : flowers perfect, spicate or racemose, with
herbaceous 6-lobed perianth : carpels more or less united, separating at maturity.
JUNCAGINEjB.
Ovaries 3 to 6, united until maturity. Leaves radical. Flowers bracta spike-like raceme terminating a jointless scape.
Scheuchzeria. Ovaries 3, nearly distinct, at length divergent Flowers bracteate in
& loose raceme upon a leafy stem.
Triglochin.
3.
less, in
4.
ZANICHELLIA,
1.
Micheli.
HORNED PONDWEED.
Flowers sessile or nearly so. Male flowers of a single naked stamen. Fertile
flowers usually in the same axils. Fruit an obliquely oblong beaked nutlet.
Very slender and branching, with very narrow and filiform leaves, not
sheathing and with small stipules.
1.
Z. palustris, L. Stems 2 inches to 2 feet long or more, leafy leaves
to 3 inches long fruit somewhat incurved, often more or less toothed on the
:
back.
and Atlantic
States.
POTAMOGETOK",
2.
PONDWEED.
Tourn.
The
four stamens opposite the perianth segments. Fruit somewhat comSlender, jointed
pressed, ovate, drupe-like, with a crustaceous nutlet within.
and branching, in fresh or brackish water, with linear or dilated leaves, and
scarious stipules
1
spikes enclosed in the bud, at length long-exserted.
the thinner
form from
submerged ones;
a dilated
stipules free:
spikes cylindrical,
Submerged
1.
P. natans, L.
Stem
merged.
*-
2.
*-
Submerged
P. rufeseens, Schrad.
Mature
NAIADACE.E.
63
(PONDWEED FAMILY.)
a very broad short petiole; submerged leaves as large as the floating ones,
or nearly so, narrowly oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acute
spikes rather slender,
:
and common
In
streams or ponds.
P. lonchites, Tuckerman.
leaves thickish,
1 1
to
lower
base, the
sessile
Usually in streams.
States.
4.
floating leaves
fruit
Am.
Jour.
loc. cit.
Sci.
also in California
5.
225.
and Oregon.
P. gramineus,
L.
to the Atlantic
States
floating leaves
more commonly
narrowed at base
submerged and uniform, thin and dilated (lanceolate to oval), numerous, mostly sessile : spikes dense, on stout peduncles.
lucens, L. Stem stout, branching leaves usually large (2 to 6 inches
* * Leaves
6.
P.
all
long), oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate, abruptly acute or acuminate, often undulate-serrate, narrowed at base to a short petiole or subsessile; stipules large:
From New Mexico
peduncles often elongated fruit acute, slightly keeled.
:
to California
7.
P. perfoliatUS,
L.
leaves
inches long, obtuse or acute, clasping at base ; stipules small : spikes somewhat compound, on mostly short peduncles fruit obtusely keeled, beaked by the short slender style.
broadly cordate
to cordate-lanceolate,
$ to
Var.
(?)
lanceolatUS, Bobbins.
Leaves longer
(2 to 4 inches or more),
all
P. pusillus,
L.
Stem
filiform
leaves
fruit
sessile.
spikes capi-
364
NAIADACE^E.
(PONDWEED FAMILY.)
Var. vulgaris, Fries. Leaves 3-nerved, often obtuse, revolute and hence
From the Uintas to the N. Atlantic States and Canada.
subulate.
Stipules united with the sheathing base of the leaf: spikes interrupted.
P. pectinatUS, L.
From
the
Rocky Mountains
10. P. marinus, L.
Resembling narrow-leaved forms of the last, low
and very leafy : peduncles much elongated : fruit much smaller (a line long) and
thinner, round obovate, not keeled upon the rounded back, tipped with the broad
sessile stigma.
Var.
(?)
OCCidentalis, Eobbins.
Often
Stem
rather
and
less leafy:
King Exped.
stout,
339.
often
peduncles
Colorado,
branched
and
leaves numerous, distichous, the close sheaths nearly covering the stem,
linear-lanceolate, 2 to 3 inches
ciliate-serrulate
From Oregon
3.
Stamens 3 or
TBIGLOCHIN,
6
anthers nearly
T. maritimum,
L.
fruit
obiong-
to the Yellowstone,
L.
and common
in the
ARROW-GRASS.
sessile.
taller
Bot.
Bather
stout,
a span to 2 or 3
feet high
leaves
shorter than the scape, a line or two broad : raceme usually crowded, 4 to 12
inches long flowers a line broad : fruit obtuse at base, b-carpelled, 1-J- to 2| lines
:
long,
2.
to
4.
SCHEUCHZERIA,
L.
anthers on slender exserted filaments. Ovary of 3 nearly disbecoming divergent coriaceous sub-globose pods stigmas flat
Herb with a creeping jointed scariously sheathed rootstock.
and sessile.
1.
S. palustris, L. Stems a span high or less leaves exceeding them,
raceme 4 to 6-flowered, with sheathing bracts, the upper
pitted at the tip
From the Rocky Mountains eastward across the continent; also
ones small.
Stamens 6
tinct carpels,
in California
CYPERACE^E.
ORDER
CYPERACE^E.
87.
365
(SEDGE FAMILY.)
(SEDGE FAMILY.)
closed sheaths,
* Flowers
all
perfect
tate or umbellate
- Spikelets
more or
Cyperus.
when
present
Stamens
inflorescence involu-
CYPERE^E.
or clustered.
leaves
crate.
1.
Stem
Spikelets spicate
1 to 3.
SCIRPE^E.
2.
Barbed
sistent.
mostly
akene or wanting.
Stamens
3.
4.
5.
Eleocharis.
3.
Like the
lOriophorum.
in fruit.
last,
Spikelets few.
6.
Fimbristylis.
Stamens 3.
umbel Stem leafy at
Stamens 1 to 3.
style persistent.
wholly deciduous.
* * Flowers monoecious
Bristles none.
;
base.
Base of the
Style usually
is
terminal
(in ours):
7.
Kobresia.
spikelet.
Stem
Carex.
1.
C Y P E B, U S,
GALINGALB.
L.
upon the
inflorescence subtended
rhachis.
Akene
lenticu-
With mostly
triangular and
by the nearly radical leaves
:
involucre, usually irregularly umbellate with unequal rays, the spikelets in spikes solitary or clustered
upon the rays, the central spike or cluster always sessile, and the whole often
contracted into a single more or less dense head. Ours all belong to EUCYPERUS, in which the style is 3-cleft and akene triangular, the spikelets manyflowered, with carinate scales, and with the rhachis naked or nearly so.
CYPERACE^E.
366
# Stamen
spikes short
and
in
(SEDGE FAMILY.)
to
3-leaved involucre.
C. aristatus, Rottb.
to 5 ovate
heads
* * Stamens 3
spikes loosely or
Said to be sweet-scented in
somewhat remotely 6
and
a few peduncled heads or
dense clusters : scales convex on the back, many-nerved, a little longer than the
sharply triangular akene : perennials, with hard clustered corms or bulb-like
:
greenish, several
crowded
of
the stems.
Stem rough on
C. Schweinitzii, Torr.
leaves linear:
umbel simple, 4
to
to \2-Jlowered, flatfish
scales awl-pointed
also
northwestward.
3.
spikes numerous
looser
2.
SCIKPUS,
bristles 3 to 6,
L.
BULRUSH
or CLUB-RUSH.
barbed or
ciliate, or wanting.
Style 2 to 3-cleft.
or less triangular, obovoid.
Tufted plants, with
Hypogynous
Akene lenticular or more
creeping rootstocks, the stem sheathed or leafy at base, and the spikelets in
an apparently lateral cluster, or compound umbel-like panicle, or solitary.
* Bristles when present rigid, not elongated and contorted or exserted after flowerinq, barbed downwards or smooth.
1.
bristles 6,
pointed scale, resembling the lowest proper scale of the spike
Mountains of Colosmooth, longer than the abruptly short-pointed akene.
also from the mountains of New England and
rado (Hall and Harbour]
:
N. Carolina northwestward.
H-
Spikes clustered (rarely only one), appearing lateral from the one-leaved
to be
continuation of
it.
1 to 3
elongated : spikes 1 to 6, capitate, usually long
overtopped by the pointed involucral leaf scales ovate, sparingly ciliate, 2-cleft
at the apex and awl-pointed from oetween the acute lobes anthers tipped with
common
CYPERACEJS.
3.
S.
367
(SEDGE FAMILY.)
Olneyi, Gray.
6 to 12, closely capitate, overtopped by the short involucral leaf: scales orbicusmooth, raucronate-pointed : anthers with a vert/ short and blunt minutely
lar,
bearded
PI.
tip.
Lindh. 30.
terete, very tall and stout, naked : sheaths at the base bearing a short
imperfect leaf or none : spikes rusty or chestnut-brown, numerous and
clustered in a one-sided compound umbel-like panicle, the principal rays of which
-M-
Stem
and
mostly surpass the involucral leaf: scales with a salitnt midrib extending into
a mucronate
point.
ponds throughout the Atlantic States, and extending westward to the mountains.
Bot. Calif,
broadly obovate, terminating abruptly in a rather short beak.
ii. 218.
From Texas and Colorado to British Columbia and the Pacific
coast.
Known as " Tule."
*---
panicled
and flat
M.
clusters,
many-Jlowered,
leaves: stems
Spikes large
tall,
terete
involucre
triangular, leafy.
2-cleft
recurved
angled on the
linear, the
leaves
flat,
broadly
much exceeding
the
our range at
its
Borders of lakes
and extending into
northeastern border.
of
very slender
and
S. sylvaticus, L.
often
more or
Spikes lead-colored, 3
bluntish: bristles 6
back, short-pointed
less tortuous
to
and naked
below.
style 3-cleft.
CYPERACE.E.
(SEDGE FAMILY.)
Boeck.
Var.
digynus,
stamens
and
2,
bristles 4.
New England.
S. atrovirens, Muhl. Very similar to the last panicle more contracted, the smaller spikelets crowded in denser and larger clusters: scales
rarely collected in
8.
narrower and narrowlt/ acuminate: bristles scarcely barbed below the middle:
3-cleft: akene oblong-obovate, more acuminate, slightly angled on the back.
In wet meadows and bogs from Colorado to California and Oregon, and
sti/le
eastward to
New
England.
# #
Bristles
capillary, naked,
entangled,
3.
ERIOPHOBUM,
COTTON-GRASS.
L.
3-cleft.
1.
rootstocks.
leaves slender,
above.
and
larger,
also in
Oregon.
4.
HEMICARPHA,
Nees.
brown-sheathed at base, with 1 or 2 very short filiform leaves principal involucral bract continuous with the stem, the others much smaller or none
:
From
ELEOCHARIS,
R. Brown.
California to
New
States.
SPIKE-RUSH.
CYPERACE.E.
369
(SEDGE FAMILY.)
flattened tuberculate base persistent and mostly jointed upon the summit of
the turgid-triangular or lenticular akeue.
Stems tufted, from matted or
creeping rootstocks, terete or angular, the base covered with closely appressed
sheaths
the scales
t-
and akene
style 3-cleft
Tubercle contracted at
its
triangular.
Stems with
E. acicularis, R.
t.
Br.
fibrous roots
to 8 inches high
On sandy
and
or
stream-
muddy
E. pauciflora, Watson.
2.
Colorado and
* * Spike
terete,
man '/-flowered :
the
3.
Wyoming
akene :
E. palustris, R.
and akene
its
junction with
lenticular.
Br.
From
also in California.
somewhat contracted at
tubercle
st'/le 2-cleft
Bot.
to 4 feet
terete, striate,
high
about equalling the akene: akene obovate, turgid, smooth ; tubercle broad-deltoid,
acutish or acute, rarely acuminate.
Throughout the continent, and in most
parts of the Old World.
E. olivacea,
4.
Torr.
to 6 inches
to 3 lines long
scales obtuse, rather loosely
bristles 6 or 8, longer than the akene :
imbricated, purple with a green midrib
akene and tubercle as in the last.
Colorado, Montana, and Oregon ; also on
high
E. COmpressa,
Sulliv.
Stem flat,
striate, 1 to 2 feet
high
spike ovate-
pointed.
6.
FIMBRISTYLIS,
Vahl.
akene
1.
is 2-cleft
and the
lenticular.
F. spadicea, Vahl.
Stems
to 2
24
feet high,
CYPERACE^.
370
(SEDGE FAMILY.)
ing cylindrical stamens 2 or 3 akenv very minutely striate and obscurely reticulated.
Colorado to Indian Territory and Texas ; also along the Atlantic
:
coast.
7.
KOBRESIA,
Willd.
Lowest glume enclosing an ovary with a long trifid style ; the next one, or
rarely the next two, enclosing 3 stamens ; often a rudimentary glume or awn
Perenterminating the rhachis occasionally but one glume to a spikelet.
nial herbs with filiform leaves, radical or sheathing the stems at base.
;
1.
K. scirpina,
angled
Stems
Willd.
Elyna
L.
SEDGE.
and brown, in a
South Park,
spicata, Schrad.
Harbour).
CAREX,
8.
long.
same spike
same culm
monoecious),
Pistillate flower
forming in
more or
fruit
scale.
Perennial
grass-like herbs with 3-ranked leaves, mostly triangular culms, and spikes in the
axils or exserted from the sheaths of leaf-like or scale-like bracts.
Theoretically each flower is entirely destitute of floral envelopes, and borne on a branch
which springs from the axil of a scarious bract (the scale of the following
descriptions), the enclosing perigynium of the fertile flowers answering to one
The teim fruit as applied to the perigynium and
(or two) connate bractlet.
In the subgenus Vignea of the present elaboraits contents is a misnomer.
tion the spikelets or spiculae of authors are called spikes, which they truly are,
and they are conglomerated into heads. The genus is an exceedingly critical
one and
its
T.
Key.
Spike one, terminal, strictly simple, staminate at the top, or in dioecious plants
all staminate or all pistillate.
(5
&
46)
Stigmas three.
elliptic,
Perigynia several,
Scales leaf-like
beaked
continuous with the staminate portion.
2,
10
16
11
46
CYPERACE.E.
371
(SEDGE FAMILY.)
15
14
....
17
Scabrous or hairy.
Perigynia 1 to 4, scabrous above
Perigynia several to many, hairy
4
5
Stigmas two
II.
52, 53
Spikes
all
50 var. nigra.
Head tawny
or brown,
Subtended by 1 or 2 long leafy bracts
Naked or nearly so.
80
70
78,
79
58, 59
Perigynium rough-angled
Perigynium smooth
60, 61, 62
Head green
Spikes simply aggregated, the individual ones readily recognized.
Spikes nearly linear, light colored
58
71
Perigynium wing-margined,
Broadly ovate or oval
84,87
Lanceolate
82, 83, 85
Perigynium wingless,
Nerved, beak longer than the body
Nerved, beak short
64
57
Nerveless.
62
76
III.
Some or
all
all
approxi-
65, 64 (sometimes).
Culm flat
Culm broadly 3-angled
Culm nearly terete
63
64
57
to 3-flowered, scattered
Spikes 5 to many-flowered
Spikes
so.
all
54
55
distinct
....
66
.59
Stigmas two.
Spikes very dark.
Scales long and sharp
Scales ordinary
Spikes tawny or whitish.
Perigynium lanceolate.
Thin and scale-like
49
50, 51
81,82,83
372
CYPERACE^E.
(SEDGE FAMILY.)
85
72, 73, 74
86, 87
75, 76, 77
22
nodding
25
23, 24
Intermediate spikes of the silvery or tawny interrupted head staminate, stigmas two.
Perigynium short and broad, dark-colored
68
67, 69
72
Stigmas two.
40
45 var. juncella.
so.
all leaf-like,
41
42
35, 45 var. 2
47, 50
43, 44, 45
20
Stigmas three.
Perigynium
hairy.
sessile.
Scales ciliate
8,
7,
plant delicate
oblong or cylindrical.
12
32
so.
13
30
pendulous or nodding.
body of perigynium spikes greenish-white
Body of perigynium as long or longer than beak.
Pistillate spikes
Beak
29
27
48
26
More or
less
ascending
Conspicuously squarrose
Spikes
34
36, 37
38, 39
all erect,
Beak
short, bifid
31
CYPERACE^E.
373
(SEDGE FAMILY.)
18
29
Spikes cylindrical.
Perigynium beakless
19
21
Lanceolate, flattened
....
>.
28
33
32 var.
.36,37
38, 39
Conspicuously squarrose
SUBGENUS I. Eucarex. Staminate flowers forming one or more terminal linear or club-shaped spikes which are often pistillate at base or apex,
or occasionally having a few pistillate flowers intermixed. Pistillate flowers
usually in distinct and normally simple mostly peduncled spikes which are
seldom aggregated into heads. Cross-section of the perigynium circular or
members
Spike single (in our species), androgynous, male at the top, the rhachis conspicuously jointed: perigynium lanceolate or spindle-shaped, longer than the
1.
scale, deflexed at
Low and
* Perigynium
maturity
DEFLEXOCARP^E.
PAUCIFLOR^E, Tuckm.
may
be expected northward.
little
longer
2. C. Pyrenaica, Wahl.
Culm 2 to 8 inches high, slender: spike dense,
oblong, brown or purple, the fertile flowers erect until full maturity leaves
narrow, mostly involute- filiform, .shorter than the culms: staminate flowers fe^v,
:
occupying $ or
of
ward.
the spike
High mountains
(Eu.)
broad
C. nigricans, C. A. Meyer.
:
grows.
common
species.
(Asia.)
CYPERACE.E.
374
(SEDGE FAMILY.)
Spikes one or more : staminate spike always single, usually distinct, sessile
or nearly so, sometimes androgynous with all the pistillate flowers borne at its
base : pistillate spikes, if any, small and globular, mostly sessile, moi'e or less
approximate : bracts short or none, sheathless : perigynium ovate or globular,
2.
the leaves
all radical.
* Spike
No. 5
is
dioecious.
FILIFOLIA, Tuckm.
one, androgynous.
C. filifolia, Nutt.
4.
Cespitose:
thin,
Dry
plains
and northward.
Var. valida, Olney.
Culm very
a foot high,
stout,
much longer than the long-pointed broader leaves : spike longer, often subtended by
C. filifolia, var., Boott in Gray's
a hispid bract: perigynium more glabrous.
Rocky Mountain Plants, 77. Colorado.
5. C. SCirpoidea, Michx.
Creeping: culms in flower short, elongating
(6 to 16 inches high) in fruit and exceeding the broad and flat leaves, more or
on the angles at least above, the basal sheaths not splitting into
less scabrous
fibres
spike ferruginous, linear or club-shaped, | to 2 inches long, occasion1 or 2 accessory spikes at base
perigynium ovate or obovate, hairy,
nerved, about the length (or a little longer) of the ciliate more or less obtuse
ally with
lightly
scale: scales
skioldiana,
westward.
Hornem.
(Asia, Norway.)
* * Spikes two
<-
Culms
upright, as long or longer than the leaves: spikes closely flowered, mostly
aggregated at the top of the culm.
C. Pennsylvanica, Lam.
4 to 10 inches high
lower sometimes subtended by a short and subulate brown bract: perigynium globose or roundish-obovoid, abruptly contracted into a short or often
less, the
C. leucorum, Willd.,
is
brown or rarely
Dry sandy
ivhitish
plains
about Denver (E. L. Greene], Ute Pass, Col. (T. C. Porter); Fort Pierre,
CYPERACE^E.
variable species;
purple, sometimes whitish, the pistillate varying
an inch long to very small and almost abortive.
form with
spikes usually
in size
375
(SEDGE FAMILY.)
brown or dark
from
rigid leaves, a single whitish pistillate spike with large perigynia and borne
at the base of the staminate spike, has considerable resemblance to forms of
C. filifolia.
C.
Emmonsii, Dew.
:
culms mam/, very slender,
staminate spike very small, 1 to 4 lines
long, often nearly concealed by the pistillate spikes, which are 2 to 5, small, 3 to
9-flowered, green, the lower usually short-bracted, very closely aggregated at the
7.
Densely cespitose
soft leaves:
scat-
on a zigzag rhachis, ovoid, the flattened mostly cut toothed beak either longer
or shorter than the body.
C. Rossii, Boott.
Frequent from New Mexico
(Fendler, 889) to the
The
Columbia.
and
and
inches long
and conspicuous : pistillate spike usually crowded among the bases of the leaves,
sometimes one or more of them exserted and clustered with the staminate
spike
perigynium globose-elliptic, more or less flattened, produced into a
Indian Territory and common
flattened toothed beak as long as the body.
tinct
eastward.
Var. brevirostris, Boott. Beak much shorter and minutely toothed, the
perigynium rounder or somewhat 3-sided.
Mogollon Mountains, New Mexico,
and near Golden City, Colorado (E. L. Greene) also in California and British
America.
;
3.
usually on
STACHYS, Carey.
A peculiar section, including one Caucasian and five American species which fall into
two well-marked groups. The section is connected with the Montana? through the Bracteatv, and with the Old World Depauperatce, and through that group with the Laxijlorce, by
1
C.
GeyerL
CYPERACE^J.
376
* Culms
all
(SEDGE FAMILY.)
pistillate flowers
Bailey.
C. Geyeri, Boott.
10.
Stoloniferous
flat
to 1 inch long
portion of the spike usually appearing distinct,
pistillate
flowers 1 or 2, large, erect with the rhachis perigynium triangular-obovoid,
:
3 lines long, the conspicuous angles obtuse, one-nerved on the two inner sides,
very smooth, with a very short entire erose and hyaline beak scales thin and
Mountains of
brown, acute, 2 to 4 times the length of the perigynium.
:
numerous prolonged
stiff terete
* # Culms
perigynium small,
for
11.
gled
BRACTOIDE^:, Bailey.
bracts.
C. Backii,
Cespitose: culms 1 to 7 inches high, sharply anstaminate portion of the spike about 3-flowered
aggregated, more or less spreading perigynium glo-
Boott.
pistillate flowers 2 to 4,
smooth or very
Dry and rocky
Colorado
Hall and
Staminate and
peduncled:
pistillate spikes
more or
less
elongated
and peduncled,
less
loosely alter-
gynium 3-ang/ed
nerveless,
more or
* Sheaths membranaceous or hyaline, either not prolonged into a bract or the bract
more or less 3-angled, hairy in our
very short and not foliaceous : perigynium
DIGITATE, Fries.
species and the beak straight.
C. RICHARDSONI, R. Br., connecting this section with
2, is distinguished
from C. Pennsylvania, which it strongly resembles, by its peduncled spikes
and dark purple leafless sheaths. It occurs in the Eastern States, British
America, and California, and may be expected in Montana.
12. C. COncinna, R- Br.
Stoloniferous: culms slender, 2 to 6 inches
an awn-like
proximate or aggregated: sheaths very short, each usually bearing
bract of its own length : perigynium ovate, strigose-hairy, with a short erose beak,
scale.
longer than the obtuse hyaline-margined
CYPERACE^E.
377
(SEDGE FAMILY.)
A delicate and
pretty
species.
* # Sheathless:
TRI-
QUETR^E.
C. pubescens, Muhl.
leaves flat and soft
13.
feet
high
Whole plant
soft
and
to 2
rather tightly
flowered, i to f inch long, scattered near the top of the culm, the lowest shortly
peduncled and subtended by a leafy sheathless bract from I to 3 inches long;
perigynium ovate, boldly triquetrous, very hairy, contracted into a slender nearly
half as long as the body : scale broad below, white and thin on the
margins, abruptly contracted into a rough awn ivhich equals or exceeds the periMissouri River below Fort Pierre (Hayden).
gynium.
species of doubtful
entire beak over
affinity,
Spike one (in our species), small, the pistillate flowers few : perigynium
smooth (sometimes minutely dentate on the angles), firm or horny, mostly shining or glossy, lightly nerved or nerveless, bearing a short beak: scales obtuse
5.
stigmas
3.
unknown
LAMPROCHL^EN^E, Drejer. Small plants, with creeping
Our species all fall under the group Rupestres, Tuckm.
stocks.
)
C. rupestris,
14.
All.
Cespitose
and somewhat
stoloniferous
15
is
root-
culms ob-
tusely angled, erect, 1 to 4 inches high, usually a little longer than the longpointed and mostly channelled leaves ; spike linear or clavate ( to 1 inch long) :
Wm.
brown
leafless
pistillate 7 to 9
beak hyaline, minutely and obliquely toothed, about the length or a little
shorter than the obtuse and hyaline-margined scale.
Twin Lakes (John
Wolfe) and Berthoud Pass (Vasey), Colorado; also in British America.
Known only from immature specimens. Its stiff and bristle-like leaves and
culms are its best known characters.
C. obtusata,
16.
ish rootstocks:
leaves
Lilj.
culms 2 to
Very extensively creeping by long and slender browninches high, longer than the flat and long-pointed
spike at maturity ovate or narrowly ovoid, half-inch or less long, the pistilperigynium at first pa'e, brownish at the top, when mature
lute flowers 4 to 10
spreading and becoming brown or dark brown-purple, glossy, very horny in texture,
turgid-ovate, stipitate, contracted into a stout obliquely cut and conspicuously whitehyaline beak, longer and broader than the membranaceous, acute, and often de
ciduous scale : achenium short and broadly triangular.
C. spicata, Schk
C. affinis, R. Br.
C. obesa, All., var. monostachya, Bceckeler.
Colorado, to Montana, westward and northward.
(Eu.)
South Park,
CYPERACE.E.
378
Spikes 2 or more
6.
(1 in
No.
(SEDGE FAMILY.)
17),
more or
less
pedunded : staminate
spike one
(except in No. 24, and in young specimens of No. 23), slightly inflated, very
and stoutly beaked or sometimes beakless, conspicuously nerved (except
shortly
BRACHYRHYNCH^E.
in No. 22).
* Spike
staminate
one,
above:
perifjynium
beakless.
POLYTRICHOIDE^E,
Tuckm.
C. polytrichoides, Muhl.
17.
Cespitose-:
affinity,
interme-
capillary,
usually longer than the very narrow leaves staminate flowers very few perigynia 2 to 8, alternate and appressed, green, triangular below, flattened towards the top, blunt or emarginate at the apex, much longer than the ovate
:
acute scale
stigmas rarely
Low
2.
* * Staminate
tawny acute
scale.
PALLES-
CENTES, Fries.
C. Torreyi, Tuckm.
18.
Culms 8
:
pistillate spikes
to
3, roundish,
approximate,
culm,
sheathless.
also in British
America;
C. grisea, Wahl. Culms
Greene)
19.
and flat
(3 lines
rare.
3 to
the
6,
culm: perigynium
S. Utah
rough-awned.
(Dr. E. Palmer) and southeastward; Nebraska (Hayden). This species bears
little general resemblance to the preceding.
tate with shining glands, beakless or very nearly so: scale
* * * Staminate
spike
:
pistillate spikes scattered, all
bracts shorter than the culm (longer in
usually long-pedunded
No.
No.
PANICE^E, Tuckm.
20).
scales colored
The apex
CYPERACE.E.
379
(SEDGE FAMILY.)
bent point, longer than the nearly obtuse or shortly cuspidate scale.
and northward ; also in British America. Distinguished
Indian Ter-
from
ritory
its east-
C. panicea and C. Meadii (the latter of which may occur within our
limits), by its more slender spikes, which are loosely flowered at the base, and
ern
allies,
perigyuium.
Kunth.
flat,
base: perigynium broadly and shortly obovate, nerveless, minutely pointed, squarIndian Territory ( Geo. D.
somewhat longer than the rather obtuse scale.
rose,
C. triceps, Michx.
23.
Cespitose:
soft,
to 3,
narrow, flat
short
and
slightlij
C. hirsuta, Willd.
C. Mnithii, T. C. Porter.
Indian Territory
Geo. D.
and southward.
Butler)
C. virescens, Muhl.
much
Butler).
7.
Staminate spike mostly solitary and peduncled (sometimes sessile in No. 26),
the
many, more or
perfgi/nium thin
weak or nodding
and membrana-
distinct or long
on filiform,
minutely toothed straight beak, smooth and shining (in No. 23 usually hairy on
the angles and not lucid), mostly light-colored, somewhat inflated. Scales
thin, white,
tawny, or brown.
* Terminal
HYMENOCHL^N^E,
Drejer.
Mostly slender
species.
spike usually pistillate above : pistillate spikes narrow, long-cylindricompactly flowered, the lower on long-exserted or nodding peduncles :
cal, rather
CYPERACE^E.
380
(SEDGE FAMILY.)
GRACIL-
# # Terminal spike
and
slender
all
staminate
long-exserted
and nodding,
loosely
narrow and
not inflated.
DEBILES, Carey.
C. arctata, Boott. Slender, 1 to 2 feet high culm leaves short (2 to
4 inches) and broad; radical leaves mostly short and spreading, all smooth:
26.
1 to 3 inches
long and a line wide, all nodding at
maturity, very loosely flowered towards the base : perigynium small, somewhat 3-angled, prominently about 2 or 3-nerved, pointed, rather longer than
* # # Terminal spike
all
Jlowered, long-exserted
and nodding,
the lower
perigijnium
small, ovate or ovate-oblong, contracted into a nearlt/ entire beak of about half its
or longer than the white or tawny hyaline scale.
High
length, about the length
mountains from Colorado westward and northward. A delicate species, variable in size and in the length and shape of the pistillate scales.
(Eu.)
28. C. frigida, All.
Stoloniferous : culm slender, 1 to 1^ feet high, much
longer than the short
conspicuously
setaceous
and
and
club-shaped
and
lower more or
upper
more or
less cylindrical
and
often sessile
obscurely neri'ed, hair-/ on the angles, tapering and 2-toothed, longer than the
Cottonwood Lake, Utah (Sereno \YatO*)\ also in
acute dark-brown scale.
(Eu.)
(See Addendum.)
C. longirostris, Torr., var. minor, Boott.
Oregon.
nearly erect : perigi/nium large, 2-nerved, green and shining, produced into a
slender white-tipped toothed beak of half or more its length : scale white, acute
Colorado (Hall $* Haror cuspidate, about the length of the perigynium.
The species, differing in its much greater size, longer and at length
long-pendulous spikes, and very long-beaked perigymum, occurs near the
bour).
boundary
in British
America.
CYPERACE^E.
8.
381
(SEDGE FAMILY.)
Staminate spikes one or more : pistillate spikes two to several, stout, erect,
mostly shortly peduncled, somewhat squarrose or comose in appearance : peri-
gynium
straight-beaked,
Our
species falls
gynium ovate
C. lanuginosa,
Michx.
Muhl.
C. pellita,
Throughout,
in
places.
aematorhyncha, W.
Var.
from the
distinct
Boott,
is
C. cematorhyncha,
last variety.
The
Montana.
It is distinguished
by
its filiform
and involute
9.
:
pistillate spikes 2 to 4, short, oblong or globunearly so, erect, compactly /lowered, in our species approximate
the culm and subtended by long and leafy bracts: perigynium
lar, sessile or
at the top
of'
SPIROSTA-
CHY^E, Drejer.
31.
C. flava, L.
Rather slender
Culm
species.
bracts
much
leaf-like,
very
perigynium shining,
shortly sheathed staminate spike short, mostly sessile
Meadows
yellowish, reflexed at maturity, twice the length of the scale.
:
and wet
ward.
places,
W. M.
(Eu.)
10.
erect or
spreading
Utah
Watson, L. F.
Ward
) ;
to British America.
332
CYPERACE.E.
Var.
Deweyi,
broad
Bailey.
(SEDGE FAMILY.)
pistillate
spikes
to
last,
the leaves
inch or
limits.
Sterile and fertile spikes one to several or many: fertile spikes
and compactly flowered: perigynium much inflated (cross -sect ion
11.
or
of
the
mostly large
nearly twice
smooth, conspicuously nerved (or nearly nerveless in No. 35), tapering into a
toothed beak as long as the body or longer.
PHYSOCARP^E, Drejer. Mostly
large and stout species, to be regarded as the most developed of the genus.
No. 35 is the least developed of the section, and in some forms it appears
to ally itself with other
* Staminate spike
sections.
short
solitary, stalked: pistillate spikes sessile or nearly so,
and
thick, at maturity green or greenish-tawni/, usually turning dark-colored in dryinto a longing: perigynium large, very turgid at the base, gradually lengthened
conical slenderly toothed beak which much exceeds the scale.
LUPULIN^E,
Tuckm.
Tall and leafy (2 to 3 feet high) fertile spikes
several to many-flowered, heavy, turgid-oblong or cylindrical, approximate or the lower remote and on more or less exserted stalks, becoming nearly
C. lupulina, Muhl.
33.
2 to
4,
sheathing
perigynium upright.
and
leaf-like,
the lower
places.
sessile,
similar range as the last, but has not yet been found within our limits.
also occurs in British America.
It
and
spikes commonly more than one : pistillate spikes usually long
T
o. 35 and occasionally in No. 38)
perigynium
densely cylindrical (short in
smooth and shining, long-beaked, at maturity yellow or straw-colored, or occaVESICAKI^S, Tuckm.
sionally partly reddish purple.
# * Staminate
t-
pistillate
C. hystricina, Muhl.
34.
and drooping
or
beaks long.
spikes 2 to 4, narrow (f to 2 inches long and |- inch and less wide), nodcling or the upper one nearly erect or spreading, decidedly comose in appearance perigynium 15-nerved, not prominently inflated, prolonged into a very
high
slender and setaceously toothed beak, the lobes of which are spreading scales
C. Cooleyi and C. Thurberi, Dew.
awn-like, shorter than the perigynium.
:
Wet
from
der,
by
its
smaller,
spikes,
and by
its
smaller
CYPERACE^.
383
(SEDGE FAMILY.)
once distinguished by
It is at
its
Carey.
- H- Staminate spike
one, rarely
:
purplish
two
beaks short
more or
less
Stoloniferons
culm 4 to 12 inches high, sharply
35. C. saxatilis, L.
angled, about the length of, or a little longer than, the narrow and sharppointed leaves pistillate spikes one to three, the upper sessile or nearly so,
the lower mostly more or less peduncled, all dark purple or at maturity becom:
entire beak, mostly longer than the more or less obtuse membranaceous scale.
C. pulla, Goodeu.
C. vesicaria, var. alpigena, Fries.
Rocky mountains
of British America and northward, and no doubt on our higher mountains.
(Eu.)
Var.
Grahami,
Hook.
&
Arn.
perigynium
-t
*-
High mountains
of
(Eu.)
w-
Perigynium conspicuously
C. vesicaria, L. Stoloniferons culms stout, 1 to 2^ feet high, scabrous, shorter than the upper leaves: leaves flat, 2 to 3 lines broad: pistillate
spikes 2 to 4, thick (4 to 8 lines in diameter), the upper sessile, the lower on weak
36.
*-*
less
nerved
the spikes
comose in appearance.
38.
C. lltriculata, Boott.
Somewhat
(1
to
3 feet high), acutely angled above, very thick and spongy at the base: leaves
broad (2 to 6 lines), carinate at the base, much exceeding the culm, conspicuously nodulose-reticulated : pistillate spikes 2 to 6, more or less remote, the upper
sessile,
long, long-cylindri-
384
CYPERACE^E.
(SEDGE FAMILY.)
loosely flowered at the base), often staminate at the top: perigynium ellipsoid
or globose-ovoid, usually gradually tapering into a short beak, broader and com-
Var. MINOR, Sartmonly longer than the very acute or rough-awned scale.
well, is a form smaller in all its parts, with spikes an inch or so long.
Common in swamps from Colorado and Utah northward. Too near the
next.
C. ampullacea, Good.
39.
Culm
leaves
and inconspicuously nodulose below, gradually tapering into very long points:
spikes fewer, narrower and shorter, more approximate, the lower seldom much exserted : perigynium subglobose or globose-elliptic, in typical forms shortly and
finely
northward.
(Eu.)
Staminote spikes one or more, long: pistillate spikes one to several, brown,
purple, or greenish, commonly approximate, sessile or peduncled, oblong or linear,
mostly elongated: perigynium not inflated, biconvex, minutely beaked or beak-
12.
# Perigynium
strongly nerved.
C. Jamesii, Torr.
Stoloniferous
shaped
sometimes purplish.
Var. Nebraskensis, Bailey. Culm stouter, smooth or nearly so, about
the length of the leaves pistillate spikes mostly short, narrowly cylindrical
or terete
perigynium squarrose or spreading, usually rusty brown, a little
:
C. Nebraskensis,
Dew.
the
culm.
41. C. laciniata, Boott.
Culm very sharply angled, 2 to 3 feet high, rough
on the angles, at least above leaves very long pistillate spikes 3 to 6, dark
brown, 1 to 3 inches long, cylindrical and closely flowered, remote, the upper
sessile, the lower nodding or spreading on exserted peduncles and loosely
:
perigtjnium oval or elliptic, sometimes nearly circular, contracted into a short, toothed beak, usually toothed on the angles above (the teeth
:
the length
of
the
narrow pale-
CYPERACE^E.
385
(SEDGE FAMILY.)
ambiguous specimen).
bract
is
much
often very
The
prolonged.
C. aquatilis, Wahl.
42.
Stoloniferous
high, smooth, leafy : leaves flat, pale, scarcely longer than the culm : pistillate
spikes 2 to 4, erect, thick and compactly flowered throughout or more commonly
inclining to club-shaped with a gradually attenuated base, the upper sessile, the
lower more or less peduncled and often long-exserted perigynium broadly
:
and
margined acutish
Wyoming
uted.
its
scale.
spikes.
Var.
(Eu.)
sphagnophila, Anders.
C. borealis, Lange.
also in British
C.
America.
Wolfe)
(Eu.)
It
may
be
dis-
tinguished from C. aquatilis by its smaller size, narrower spikes the terminal
one of which is pistillate at the top, and the nerved perigynium.
Low
or tall
and
*-
*-
w-
tall (2 feet or
more high)
and narrow,
often
by the conspicuous
spike or two often subtended by a narrow bract barely as long as the culm
perigynium oval or ovate, green or light-colored, nerveless or nearly so, the point
entire or slightly emarginate, little broader and longer or shorter than the purple:
C. Virginiana, Smith.
margined ascending acute or acutish scale.
C. angustata, Boott.
C. xerocarpa, S. H. Wright.
Muhl., etc.
C. acuta,
Colorado
(Brandeqee, Vasey).
its
25
CYPEKACE^E.
386
w- ++
Culms 3
to
C. Vlllgaris,
45.
(SEDGE FAMILY.)
culms mostly stout, sharply angled, smooth except near the top, longer than
the narrow leaves staminate spikes 1 to 3, usually 2 pistillate spikes 2 to 4,
usually about an inch long, stout, densely flowered (or the lower rarely loosely
flowered at the base), erect, sessile or the lower shortly peduncled, green and
black in appearance, with a bract nearly or quite as long as the culm bracts
:
usually bearing minute purple auricles at the top of the sheath perigynium
appressed, oval, ovate or round-ovate, finely striate towards the base, bright
green above the middle, the distinct beak entire or emarginate, longer and
:
Twin Lakes,
broader than the obtuse, black, green-nerved appressed scale.
Colorado ( John Wolfe : these specimens were named C. turfosa, Fries, in the
Preliminary Report of Wheeler's Survey, but they lack the yellowish-purple
spikes and rough-angled perigynia of that Scandinavian plant).
elliptic
(Eu.)
spikes.
Var.
Boott.
hyperborea,
Culms and
staminate
faintly nerved towards the base, shorter or rarely a little longer than the acute
C. limula, Fries.
or acutish dark purple scale.
C. hyperborea, Drejer.
C. Bigelovii,
Torr.
C.
Washingtoniana, Dew.
C.
rigida,
var.
Bigelovii,
Tuckm.
cled,
perigynium obovate or nearty
circular, nerveless, shortly beaked, pale below, usually more or less purple
C. rigida, Gooden.
above, commonly shorter than the very dark, acute scale.
dark purple
13.
colored,
commonly aggregated
With
the
last.
(Eu.)
pistillate
to
(often only
CYPERACE^E.
the base
387
(SEDGE FAMILY.)
MELANOSTACHY^E, Tuckm.
stigmas 2 or 3.
* Terminal spike
all
and
STYLOS^E.
usual.lt/ 3.
C.
46.
Stoloniferous
stout, obtusely
sometimes entirely
solitary!), the
more or
and about the width of the very obtuse, brown, whiteC. arcnerved, hyaline-margined, sometimes minutely apiculate and ci/iate scale.
C. Hallii, Olney.
South Park, Colorado, and northward in the
tica, Dew.
mountains rare. Named for Capt. Parry, the Arctic explorer. The monostachyous specimens resemble No. 5, from which they are readily distinguished
:
C. Raynoldsii, Dew.
47.
Stoloniferous
culms 13 inches to 3
feet high,
sharply angled, longer than the flat, glaucous leaves : staminate spike sessile,
about half an inch long: pistillate spikes 3 to 6, short and thick (4 lines wide),
not commonly more than twice as long as broad (and usually less), sessile or short
peduncled, aggregated, or the lowest an inch or two remote and exserted lower
bract about the length of the culm, bearing conspicuous purple auricles: perigy:
nium
narrowed
longer
Utah
into
a nearly
Wyoming.
pistillate
3.
C. Magellanica, Lam.
LIMOS^S, Tuckm.
Loosely tufted: culms
and drooping:
to 2 feet high,
smooth, about the length of or shorter than the leaves pistillate spikes 2 to 4,
rather loosely llowered, on peduncles of about their own length, sometimes
with a few stamiuate flowers at their base or apex, the' lowest with a bract
which exceeds the culm
perigynium nearly orbicular, granular, whitish,
:
entire at the orifice, few-nerved, about half as long as the long-pointed brownC. irrigua, Smith. Uinta Mountains, Utah.
(Ku.)
purple scale.
C.
angled,'
Buxbaumii,
Wahl.
the perigynia.
Stoloniferous
firm,
CYPERACE^E.
388
spikes 2 to
5, erect, sessile,
more or
(SEDGE FAMILY.)
less
The lower
and at length
fibril-
(Eu.)
50.
ered,
C. atrata, L.
clavate
or
Cespitose
to
thick,
oblong,
all
inches
more or
less
scale.
Varies
much
the
spikes are sometimes more or less erect at maturity, the upper spike is rarely
all staminate, and the upper scales are often acuminate but never awned.
aggregated
into
short
(Eu.)
Resembling the drooping or open forms of the spe-
cies,
C. ovata, Rudge.
Colorado, Utah,
conspicuous light and dark appearance.
and southward.
Var. erecta, W. Boott. Like the last, but the spikes erect, short, sessile or
nearly so,
and
narrow.
probably
in our region.
perigynium ovate or
elliptic,
notched beak, green or fuscous, commonly a little longer than the ovate, black,
C. Vahlii, Schk.
High mountains, South Park, Colonearly obtuse scale.
A delicate
its
of
species, distinguished from erect forms
slender naked culm, and small, nearly globular
Vignea.
SUBGENUS
II.
at the base or
apex of the
pistillate spikes.
Pistillate
flowers in short,
The spikes,
and achenium lenticular.
plano-convex in outline. Styles two
and especially the terminal one, usually have contracted bases when the staminate flowers are borne below, and empty scales at the top when the staminate
flowers are borne above.
CYPERACE^E.
14.
iv
389
(SEDGE FAMILY.)
holly staminate
and
pistillate spikes
or in the Are-
ACROARRHEN.E, Anderss.
# Spike one and simple : plants very
C. nardina,
52.
NARDIN^E, Tuckm.
small.
Fries.
elliptic, obscurely
nerved, abruptly very short beaked, erect, ivhen mature usually about the length
of
the
scale,
Upper Marais Pass ( W. M. Canby), and
Resembles the tristigmatous No. 14, with which it should
high northward.
perhaps be associated.
(Eu.)
C. gynocrates, Wormsk.
in British
America.
and
(Eu.)
Spikes few-flowered,
C. tenella, Schk.
C. disperma,
scale.
55.
Dew.
C. rosea, Schk.,
C. gracilis, Carey.
Swamps
retroflexa, Torr.
var.
throughout.
Tufted: culms slender,
smooth, longer than the narrow leaves: spikes 3 to 8-ftowered, mostly approximate, the lower distinct but not remote, stellate in appearance when mature : perisessile, ovate-lanceolate, smooth throughout, finely nerved and spongythickened at the base on the inner side, gradually tapering into a toothed beak, at
maturity widely spreading or refiexed, a little longer than the very acute scale.
gynium
C. retroflexa, Muhl.
Dry banks and copses, Indian Territory and southward.
The species which probably occurs within our limits is distinguished by its
more scattered spikes, shorter scales, and scabrous upper angles of the peri-
From
gynium.
their small
+- --
56.
and
its
allies,
its
by
stellate spikes.
Spikes several
to
C. Cephalophora, Muhl.
Cespitose
culms rather
stout, rough,
rather
longer than the narrow leaves spikes 3 to 6, small, very densely aggregated,
the head subtended by a setaceous, rarely leafif bract : perigynium broadly ovate,
:
rather abruptly short-beaked, obscurely nerved on the outer side, rough above,
Indian Territory and southmostly longer than the acute or cuspidate scale.
westward.
57.
C. Muhlenbergii, Schk.
Culm
stiff, 1
CYPERACEJE.
390
(SEDGE FAMILY.)
spikes 6 to 10, aggregated into an oblong more or less interrupted heavy head, each
one subtended by a short setaceous bract : perigynium large, broadly ovate or orbicular-ovate, very conspicuously nerved, about the length of the rough-awned scale.
Sterile soil
"on
58.
last
by
its
broad and
# * # Spikes tawny
C. muricata,
59.
(Eu.)
feet high)
spikes 5 to
into a rather loose continuous oval or
:
row perigynium, and rounder, smaller head. Much like C. Hoodii, Boott,
which is distinguished by its stiff er culm, much heavier, more compact, and
browner heads, which are made up of more numerous-flowered, more chaffy,
and much longer more or less pointed spikes, and more upright perigynia
which are mostly concealed beneath the scales. That species occurs in California and Oregon.
Var. gracilis, Boott. Slender head more interrupted than in the species, almost linear, more fuscous, each spike subtended by a pointed or awned
:
bract
perigynium
C. Hookeriana,
n~
60.
erect, shorter
With
Dew.
-t-
C. fOBtida,
Perigynium smooth or
All.
Creeping: culm
slightly scabrous.
scabrous, longer than the long-pointed leaves : spikes very densely aggregated into
a globose or ovoid brown head: perigynium lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, toothed
at the apex, about the length
of
the acute or
Wyoming.
mucronate brown
scale.
Mountains,
(Eu.)
nerved
broadly ovate, conical above, purple towards the top, faintly many
on one side at least, narrowed into a short and stout entire beak, not covered by the
stipitate,
Rocky Mountains
of British America.
Immature
speci-
CYPEKACE^J.
391
(SEDGE FAMILY.)
C. Parry]
to be referred here.
The
specimens are peculiar for their upright habit, large and dark heads, and very
broad, inflated perigynia.
C. Stenophylla, Wahl.
62.
Stoloniferous
culms
stiff,
than the
to
6 inches high
leaves: spikes 3 to 6, short (2 to 4 lines long), nearly globose, loosely conglomerated into a small subglobose or shortly oblong head, each spike subtended by a
its
own
length
nerved, gradually contracted into a short, blunt, entire beak, tightly enclosing the
Dry hills
achenium, at maturity longer than the hyaline, brown, acutish scale.
New
and mountains,
Iowa.
(Eu.)
Montana.
# # # * Spikes yellow or tawny when mature (in No. 63 often green], aggregated
into more or less compound heads or panicles : perigynium many-nerved, stipiVULtate, tapering from a spongy base into a more or less conspicuous beak.
PINE, Kunth.
H-
Beak
body of
the perigynium.
C. COnjuncta, Boott. Culms flat, about the length of the broad and
lax leaves spikes 6 to many, loosely disposed into a long and interrupted
head, the lower branches of which are sometimes compound perigynium ovate,
rough on the angles above, the base cordate on the outer side and conspicuously white-thickened, broader and a little longer than the acute scale.
C. vulpina, Carey, etc., not L. Fort Pierre, Dakota (Dewey) rare. Readily
63.
distinguished by
its flat
-*-
-i-
culm.
Beak
C. Stipata, Muhl.
64.
or
oblong or pyramidal head (1 to 3 inches long), which is somewhat branching
occasionally nearly simple at the base : perigynium lanceolate, finely nerved, the
rough beak about twice the length of the rounded base, the whole about twice (or a
Pastures and wet places throughout.
little more) as long as the scale.
65.
leafy
length
scale.
is
to
and usually
long
of the body, the whole three or four times the length of the inconspicuous
Indian Territory and southward.
conspicuous species with much
or rarely
392
CYPERACE.E.
scarcely
longer
or
(SEDGE FAMILY.)
shorter
scale.
MULTIFLOR^:,
Kunth.
66. C. VUlpinoidea, Michx. Culms stiff,
sharply angled, often scabrous,
about the length of the narrow leaves spikes 8 to 20, forming an
interrupted
brown or greenish-tawny head an inch or two long and composed of 6 to 10
:
crowded
acters.
Var. platycarpa, Gay. Culms mostly rather longer than the leaves;
lower sheaths transversely striate opposite the leaves spikes more scattered,
forming a very narrow head, the upper aggregated, the lower distinct and
:
truncate top
******
the intermedi-
ate or terminal spikes all staminate, or the plant entirely dioecious: spikes
aggregated in more or less chaffy heads, straw-colored or brown. (The student
may
seek here No. 72, which has the intermediate spikes staminate, but
awned
its
few, erect,
or conspicuously acute.
C. siccata, Dew.
ones or sometimes the lower ones all staminate, loosely aggregated into an oblong or
perigynium green, nerved, the
cylindrical head (which is f to 2 inches long)
:
margins slightly incurved, ovate below, contracted into a rough and slightly toothed
beak which is longer than the bodi/, the whole longer than the hyaline-margined
acute scale.
Dry
places,
the lower
spikes all masculine resemble those species of the next section with a single
terminal spike which is prolonged and staminate at the base.
68. C. marcida, Boott.
Culm erect, 1 to 2 feet high, sharply angled,
scabrous, longer than the narrow leaves: spikes 4 to 15, ferruginous or dark
brown, the lower usually somewhat compound, staminate at the apex or nearly dioecious, spreading
and imbricated
into
an oblong-conical
little
Sandy
three lowest sometimes distinct) into a cylindrical or oblong thick and heavy
CYPERACE^E.
393
(SEDGE FAMILY.)
(1 to 3 inches long and 3 to 9 lines wide) which is sometimes subtended by a bract of its own length: perigynium tawny, ovate, prominently mrved, scarcely winy -margined, rough above, shortly beaked (the orifice
nearly entire), bearing a conspicuous fissure on the outer side, commonly
brown scale.
Dry places, Utah, Colorado, and northlonger than the acute
ward. (Eu.)
70. C. Gayana, Desv.
Creeping: culms slender (1 to 2 feet high), longer
head
as wide as long (sometimes wider), gibbous below, rough on the top, squarely
contracted into a very short nearly entire beak, obscurely nerved below, brown and
acute chaffy scale.
Colorado and southshining at maturity, shorter than the
ward.
f- *-
is
in
Mature perigyuia
of this
Var.
brunnea,
Olney.
short-awned.
head
lower bract
15.
* Spikes
when mature,
distinct, mostly
small
perigynium
not wing-margined nor conspicuously broadened, mostly nearly flat on the inner
surface.
ELONGATE, Tuckm.
- Perigynium nearly
72.
C. bromoides, Schk.
Cespitose
slender,
to 2
long, the
middle ones
usualli/ staminate, or
much
attenuated
perigynium linear-lanceolate, contracted below, strongly nerved, erect,
into a long rough beak which has a fissure on its outer side, the whole longer than
CYPERACE^:.
394
(SEDGE FAMILY.)
all
very thin in texture, spongy at the base, nerveless or very nearly so, nearly
erect, prolonged into a long and rough toothed beak, little longer than the very acute
or awned white scale.
Moist copses throughout.
late,
and Oregon.
74. C. elongata, L.
Cespitose: culms very slender, 1^ to 2^ feet high,
sharply and roughly angled, about the length of the numerous rough-edged leaves :
spikes 8 to 12, oblong, loosely 8 to 30-flowered, somewhat spreading, loosely apinto an interrupted head, tawny or brown, longer than the almost
proximated
obsolete bracts
in texture, strongly
many-nerred
on both sides, spreading, mostly excurved when mature, narrowed into a nearly
smooth rather obtuse point, longer than the obtuse or obtusish broad and white"
Uinta Mountains, shore of a small subalpine lake near the
margined scale.
t-
so, not
closely fiowered
Culms
and rounded
spikes.
C. canescens, L.
slender,
granular, mostly obscurely nerved, abruptly and minutely beaked, rather longer
C. curta, Gooden.
Colorado and northward ; not
than the acutish scale.
common.
(Eu.)
(Eu.)
dubia,
Bailey.
little
angled perigynium.
CYPERACE^E.
C. lagopina, Wahl.
76.
395
(SEDGE FAMILY.)
Cespitose:
culms 4
10 inches high,
to
erect,
usually colored above, thick in texture, nerved, tapering towards the base, often
curved, rather abruptly short-beaked, the beak with a closed fissure on the outer
side, longer than the ovate, broad, brown, hyaline-margined acute scale.
Mountains, Utah
Uinta
*----
and
(Eu.)
# # Spikes tawny
Spikes
aggregated into
OVALES, Kunth.
a more or
less
dense head.
head which
long as the body, nerved, narrowly winged, about the length of the acutish scale or a
C. Bonplandii, var. minor, Olney.
little longer and about as wide.
Mountains
in California,
Forms
may
of this species appear to unite it with the next, but in general they
be distinguished by the narrowly winged perigynium.
is
to 1 inch in diameter)
bract usually inconspicuous, sometimes as long as the head, narrow perigynium varying from
broad-ovate at base to long-lanceolate, greenish, conspicuously winged (half its width
:
or
CYPERACE^E.
396
(SEDGE FAMILY.)
On
and
grassy mountain-
species.
Var.
Haydeniana, W.
and dark :
perigijnium tawny
Low
Boott.
(4 to 8 inches high)
bracts cuspidate.
Colorado
Vasey)
W. M.
Canby.)
H
fined.
w-
Perigynium
thin
and
and
81.
Culm
C. lagopodioides, Schk.
stout
and
spike 7 to 15 or
more, mostly large, compactly flowered, mostly obovoid, not pointed, disposed in a
loose and heavy long greenish or straw-colored head : bracts filiform or none
the leaves dilated:
perigynium
erect, lanceolate,
New
probably northward.
82.
C. cristata, Schw.
its
perigijnium smaller, spreading at right angles or even rejlexed, giving a characterC. lagopodioides, var. cristata, Carey.
istic cristate appearance to the spikes.
Laramie
hills,
E.
Wyoming
is
perigynium with the points loosely conspicuous, and the spikes looser flowered.
C. mirabilis, Dew. C. lagopodioides, var. mirabilis, Olney. Nebraska (Deweij),
and probably common along our eastern borders. Transition to C. straminea,
from which it is distinguished by its lax culms and leaves, aggregated and
rounded spikes which are green or greenish, and much narrower and thinner
perigynia.
83. C. SCOparia, Schk.
Culms rather
narrow and long-pointed leaves : spikes 4 to
stiff,
**
H-H.
C. lagopodioides, var.
84. C. leporina, L.
Cespitose culms erect, 6 to 16 inches high, scabrous
above, mostly longer than the leaves
spikes 3 to 6, erect, ovoid, all contiguous
into an oblong dark brown head : lower bracts often green and as long as the
:
all scale-like
GRAMINEJE.
397
(GRASS FAMILY.)
winged, nerved, rough on the margins, contracted into a beak scarcely as long as
the body, the whole not longer than the thin-margined scale.
northward.
85.
(Eu.)
C. Liddoni, Boott.
Culm
erect or nearly so
spikes 3 to
6,
obovoid or
oblong, pointed, erect, chaffy at the base, conspicuously fulvous in color, contiguous,
or loosely aggregated into an oblong head (about an inch long) perigynium large
:
and
the
Mostly at high altitudes, South Park, Colorado (John Wolfe), and Montana
(F. L. Scribner)
C. adusta, Boott,
top, weak and nodding
86.
var.
minor,
Boott.
maturity, erect
Culm
when young
leaves narrow,
very long-pointed : spikes all silvery brown, long-attenuated at the base, the lower
rather remote: perigynium thin and papery, ovate-lanceolate, nearly nerveless.
the
C. pratensis, Drejer.
at
also in British
America.
87.
C. Straminea, Schk.
Culms
erect, 1 to
stiff,
much
longer than the erect long-pointed stem-leaves : spikes 3 to 8, all distinct, ovoid or
globose, tawny or straw-colored, mostly approximate at the top of the culm
:
is
much
ivider
and
C. festucacea, Schk.
America.
Var. tenera, Boott.
more tawny.
C. tenera,
ORDER
88.
GRAMIrYEJE.
spikes
(GRASS FAMILY.)
Grasses, with usually hollow stems (culms} closed at the joints, alternate 2-ranked leaves, their sheaths split or open on the side opposite
the hypogynous flowers imbricated with 2-ranked glumes
the blade
;
Ovary
stigmas hairy or plumose.
Styles 2 or 2-parted
Roots fibrous.
1-ovuled, forming a seed-like grain in fruit.
Sheaths of the leaves more or less extended above the base of the
versatile.
1 -celled,
GE AMINES.
398
SERIES
(GRASS FAMILY.)
Spikelets articulated with the pedicel below the glumes, and consisting of one
terminal flower, and usually an inferior one which is male or sterile.
PANI-
I.
fertile
CACE.E.
Tribe
I.
PANICE^E.
* Branches of the simple panicle spike-like, or variously branched, not produced beyond
the spikelets.
1.
Spikelets in one or two rows along one side of the solitary, subdigitate, or
scattered flattened spikes. Glumes 3 (rarely 2), the two outer ones membranous,
Paspalum.
same
2.
texture.
Beckmannia.
compound branches
3.
boat-shape, compressed and inflated, empty : the flowering glume lanceolate, acute
or acuminate, of thinner texture.
Panicum. Spikelets spicate or paniculate. Glumes 3 (rarely 2), the two outer ones
of them smaller (often very small) than the other fertile glume with
palets usually coriaceous in texture and obtuse or obtusish.
4. Setaria.
Spikelets in a cylindrical spike, or sometimes an interrupted panicle several
its
bristles
below the articulation of the spikelets, which are persistent after the
fall of
the spikelets. Glumes 3 (rarely 2), the two outer ones empty and membranous, as is
the flowering glume, with its palets, indurated and
also the lower flowering one
:
striate.
Cenchrus.
* * * Spikes one to
many on
common
6.
Spikelets one-flowered, much flattened, sessile along one side of the long
triangular rhachis, or in racemose spikes. Outer glumes strongly compressed, with a
rigid keel, unequal, awnless flowering glume membranaceous, compressed, carinate
Spartina.
Tribe II.
its
glume, 2-keeled.
articulated in fascicles
7.
generally
Hilaria.
Tribe III.
8.
Spikelets arranged along the rhachis of the spike or the branches of the
Flowering glume hyaline,
panicle generally in twos, or the terminal one in threes.
ANDROPOGONE^E.
smaller than the empty ones, often bearded.
Aiiclropogon. Inflorescence in simple or paniculate spikes. Spikelets in pairs in
fertile,
sterile.
9.
Chrysopogon.
Inflorescence loosely paniculate. Fertile spikelets one-flowered, sessterile spikelets at the end of the slender branches of
1 to
3 pairs of spikelets
nal three.
SERIES
II.
the
Spikelets usually not articulated with the pedicel below the glumes
rhachis continuous above the persistent lower glumes, and disarticulating with the
flowers or persisting
GR AMINES.
399
(GRASS FAMILY).
two inferior imperfect ones, or of from two to many flowers, the upper ones or some
of them imperfect. The rhachis sometimes produced beyond the upper flower as a
POACE^E.
stipe-like pedicel or as an imperfect flower.
Tribe IV.
glumes
PHALARIDE^E.
10.
Phalaris.
11.
Hierochloa.
bristles.
the
Alopecurus.
Outer glumes
united below by the opposite margins and enclosing the stamens and styles.
Tribe V.
* Spikelets paniculate
13.
Aristida.
pedicels.
14.
Resembling Stipa, but the flowering glume shorter and broader, often
awn usually short, slender and very deciduous.
Muhlenbergia. Spikelets small, articulated above the glumes. Outer glumes variable in size, from minute to nearly as large as the flowering glume, sometimes bristle-
Oryzopsis.
16.
* * Spikelets in a dense spike-like cylindrical panicle : rhachis produced beyond the flower
in a bristle, or naked flowering glumes awnless, or produced in 1 to 3 straight bristles.
:
17.
Phleum.
the apex
* * * Spikelets small, loosely spicate or variously paniculate rhachis not produced beyond
the flower: glumes awnless and beardless.
:
IS.
Sporobolus.
shorter, 1 to 3-nerved
No
Outer glumes nearly equal or the lower rather longer, 1-nerved, awnless
flowering glume shorter and wider, hyaline, 3 to 5-nerved, awnless, or sometimes
Agrostis.
400
GKAMINE^E.
with dorsal
awn
20.
Cinna*
Stamens
or wanting.
(GRASS FAMILY.)
3.
much
Outer glumes
flattened, in an open spreading panicle.
strongly keeled, hispid on the keel, the upper somewhat longer
flowering glume
stalked above the outer glumes and about the same length, 3-nerved, short-awned on
the back near the apex : palet nearly as long as its glume, one-nerved. Stamen one.
Spikelets
21.
Ammophila.
22.
*-
Tribe VI.
23.
Descliampsia.
2-toothed.
24.
Trisetum.
Rhachis usually
Spikelets 2 to 5-flowered, in a dense or open panicle.
hairy and produced into a bristle at the base of the upper flower. Outer glumes
unequal, keeled, with scarious margins flowering glumes of similar texture, keeled,
:
2-toothed at apex, the teeth sometimes prolonged into bristle-like points, the middle
nerve furnished with an awn attached above the middle, which is usually twisted at
the base and bent in the middle palet hyaline, narrow, 2-nerved, 2-toothed.
:
25.
A vena.
in a loose panicle.
lanceolate, scarious
awn below
26.
:
palet as in last.
Spikelets 3 to many-flowered, in a panicle or simple raceme. Rhachis
7
in a stipe or imperfect flower.
Outer glumes
hair} and produced beyond the flowers
narrow, keeled, usually as long as the spikelet : flowering glumes convex on the back,
the apex
Danthoma.
7 to 9-nerved, with two terminal teeth or lobes, and with a flattish twisted and bent
awn between the teeth : palet broad, 2-keeled, obtuse or 2-pointed.
Tribe VII.
*
27.
28.
One
fertile
Spikelets one-flowered, solitary at each joint of the slender triand partly immersed in an excavation ; the
angular rhachis of the paniculate spikes,
the longer equalling
spikes alternate and distant. Outer glumes acuminate, unequal,
the flowering glume, which is linear-acuminate and thickish at the keel
Bouteloua. Spikes numerous in a racemose panicle spikelets densely crowded, each
and 1 to
consisting of one perfect flower, and a stalked pedicel bearing empty glumes
3 stiff awns. Outer glumes unequal, acute, keeled flowering glume broader, usually
thicker, with 3 to 5 lobes, teeth, or awns.
Scliedonnardns.
* *
29.
Two
to
many
fertile flowers in
each spikelet.
Male plant.
Spikelets dio?cious, or rarely monoecious, heteromorphous.
at the summit of the culm, 5 or 6
Spikelets 2 to 8-flowered in 2 or 3 short spikes
Outer glumes unequal, 1-nerved, the lower one
closely approximated in each spike.
as the flower above it, the upper shorter flowering glumes and palets of
half as
BucWoe.
long
Female
the latter 2-nerved.
equal length, membranaceous, the former 3-ncrved,
which are mostly
Spikelets closely approximated in short capitate spikes,
plant.
GEAMINE^E.
401
(GRASS FAMILY.)
near the ground and partly enclosed in the bract-like sheaths of the upper leaves, oneflowered, all the upper glumes indurated and cohering at their bases with the thick-
ened rhachis, the lower glume of the lowest spikelet lanceolate with an herbaceous tip,
or 2 to 3-cleft, thickened and adnate to the upper glume, the lower glumes of the other
spikelets free,
much
smaller,
3-nerved, tricuspidate.
Tribe VIII.
rhachis
Triodia.
2-keeled.
31.
Dlplacline.
short point or awn between the lobes palet thin, prominently 2-nerved.
Panicle simple and scanty, partly included in the leaf-sheath. Spikelets
remotely 2 to 5-flowered. Outer glumes much shorter than the flowers, 1-nerved
:
32.
Triplasis.
flowering glumes 2-lobed or 2-cleft, 3-nerved, strongly fringed on the nerves, the midnerve extended into an awn between the lobes palet shorter, 2-keeled, long ciliate on
:
the keels.
33.
Flowers rather distant, silky, villous at the base and with a conspicuous silky-bearded rhachis, all perfect but the lowest flower of the spikelet, which is
male and glabrous. Outer glumes narrow, unequal, glabrous, keeled
flowering
palets much shorter, 2-keeled, pubescent on the
glumes slender, awl-pointed
Phragmites.
keels.
* * * Spikelets capitate
34.
Munroa.
flowering glumes larger, rather rigid, 3-nerved, entire or 2-toothed, the central nerve
excurrent in a mucro or short awn.
Spikelets 3 to 5-flowered, compressed, numerous in a dense spike-like cyOuter glumes unequal, keeled, lanceolate, about as
lindrical or interrupted panicle.
long as the spikelet : flowering glumes similar, rarely mucronate, the upper one usually
35.
Koeleria.
36.
Eatonia.
merous
37.
Catabrosa.
38.
Eragrostis.
and
spreading or narrow and clustered panicle. Outer glumes unequal and rather shorter
than the flowering ones, keeled, 1-nerved flowering glumes obtuse or acute, unawned,
:
and the
lateral nerves
26
sometimes very
faint.
GRAMINE^E.
402
*****
39.
(GRASS FAMILY.)
other, the
upper
to 5-nerved, the
upper sometimes 7 to 9-nerved, the lateral nerves vanishing within the scarious margin: flowering glumes thicker, rounded or flattish on the back, 5 to 9-nerved, the
or
awn
******
Flowering glumes 5 to many-nerved, the upper one empty, style short, stigmas
plumose leaves generally narrow, without transverse veins.
:
40.
Spikelets dioecious, many-flowered, compressed, crowded in a dense spicate or capitate or rather open panicle.
Outer glumes herbaceous, narrow, keeled
flowering glumes rigidly membranaceous or subcoriaceous, keeled keels of the palet
Distielilis.
narrowly winged.
41.
Poa.
Spikelets
and spreading
42.
Spikelets 2 to 5-flowered, rather terete, in a narrow or loose paniOuter glumes nearly equalling the rather remote flowers, keeled, 3 to 5-nerved:
flowering glumes rounded on the back or obscurely keeled, faintly or strongly nerved
Grapliephorum.
cle.
Glyceria.
Outer
panicle, the rhachis smooth and readily disarticulating between the flowers.
glumes unequal, 1 to 3-nerved flowering glumes obtuse, more or less denticulate at
:
the apex, rounded (never keeled) on the back, 5 to 9-nerved, the nerves separate and
all vanishing before reaching the apex.
44.
Festuca.
45.
mostly
Tribe IX.
2-cleft apex.
Agropyrum.
notched rhachis.
keeled, tapering to a point or awned flowering glumes similar, rounded on the back,
3 to 7-nerved, pointed or awned from the apex the two prominent nerves of the
:
many
ciliate.
Hordeum.
the lateral ones short-stalked and imperfect or abortive. Outer glumes side
by side, two to each spikelet or 6 at each joint, slender and awn-pointed or bristleform flowering glume herbaceous, shorter, oblong or lanceolate, rounded on the back,
not keeled, 5-nerved, acute or long-awned.
sessile,
48.
Elymus.
GKAMINE^E.
1.
403
(GKASS FAMILY.)
PASPALUM,
L.
Ours are perennials, with very obtuse orbicular spikelets and a narrow wingless rhachis.
long), slender
very
common
eastward.
BECKMANNIA,
2.
Host.
coarse perennial aquatic, with flat scabrous leaves and glabrous sheaths.
B. erucaeformis, Host. Stems stout, 1 to 4 feet high: leaves 4 to 8
inches long ligules elongated panicle 4 to 12 inches long, erect, strict, secund,
1.
the short crowded branchlets densely flowered from the base spikelets nearly
Widely distributed
orbicular, the upper rudimentary floret minute, stipitate.
:
PANICUM,
3.
L.
PANIC GRASS.
Panicle sometimes with the inflorescence crowded upon one side of a narrow
Grasses of various habits, from low and almost prostrate to stout
rhachis.
and several
feet high.
* Spikelets disposed
and spreading
in diffuse
*-
1
panicles, scattered, awnless.
Spikelets pointed.
P. capillare, L.
on long pedicels
sterile
P. Virgatum,
L.
Taller
long, fiat
single palet;
glume
About Denver, and common in the Eastern
States.
3.
P.
amarum,
Ell.
Like the
contracted panicle.
Atlantic coast.
1
last,
coriaceous, the
in
sandy
soil
along the
peclicelled,
GRAMINE.E.
404
(GKASS FAMILY.)
H- +- Spikelets obtuse.
P. scoparium, Lam.
simple, with slender hairy branches; spikeletsfew, large, tumid, obovate, usually
hairy
upper glume 9-nerved, twice or three times the length of the lower one :
P. pauciflorum,
flowering glume with a transverse fold or furrow near the base.
:
Ell. ? of Gray's
Manual.
P. dichotomum, L. Stem
decumbent and variously branched
5.
lower one.
* *
Spikelets crowded
variable.
in 3 or
4.
SET ARIA,
Beauv.
leafy:
U. S. 13. S. caudata, R.
Mexico, and Texas.
5.
&
S.
CENCHRUS,
W.
S.
BUR
L.
GRASS.
New
HEDGEHOG GRASS.
C. tribuloides, L.
flat:
P. Crus-rjaUi, L.
rivers.
very widely introduced, possibly indigenous somewhere on the contitwo to five feet high, leaves lanceolate and rough on the
margins, panicle mostly dense and pyramidal, often tinged with purple, outer glumes rough
upon the nerves and abruptly pointed, glume of sterile flower awl-pointed or short-awned,
but mostly with a rough awn an inch long or more.
Known as BARN-YARD GRASS.
2 The
following species, all of which have bristles in clusters and roughened or barbed
GRAMINE^E.
6.
SPABTINA,
405
(GRASS FAMILY.)
CORD
Schreber.
or
MARSH
GRASS.
Perennials, with simple and rigid reed-like stems, from extensively creeping
scaly rootstocks, very smooth sheaths, and long tough leaves.
1. S. CynoSUroideS, Willd.
Stems 2 to 6 feet high: leaves 2 to 4 feet
long, tapering to a long slender involute point : spikes 5 to 20, scattered and
spreading, at least at maturity, the pedicels and common axis strongly hispid on
the borders of lakes and rivers, especially common in the Atlantic States.
2. S. gracilis, Trin.
Stems more slender, I to 3 feet high, exceeding the
spreading distichous rough and rigid leaves : spikes 4 to 10, mostly sessile, closely
oppressed to the nearly smooth rhachis : outer glumes very unequal, the lower
acuminate, the upper acute, they and the flowering glume ciliate and hispid
Steud, Gram. 214. In saline soils from Oregon to Texas,
upon the keel.
also in Florida.
7.
HILARIA,
HBK.
sessile as to require
some care
in
their separation.
1. H. Jamesii, Benth.
Stems 1 to l feet high, hairy at the nodes:
leaves glaucous, rigid, scabrous, mostly convolute, the upper ones short and
pungent; sheaths scabrous, hairy at the throat; ligule laciniate: spike 2 to 3
Ann. Lye. N. Y.
Colorado and Nevada.
Jamesii, Torr.
S.
8.
i.
148.
AJSTDROPOGON,
L.
to
BEARD GRASS.
stout pedicel of the awnless staminate spikelet short and rather sparse : awn
of fertile flower long and bent.
In dry sterile soil from Colorado to Texas,
A. SCOpariuS, Michx.
branches
common
eastward.
GRAMINE^E.
406
(GRASS FAMILY.)
CHRYSOPOGON,
9.
and shining
C. nutans, Benth.
INDIAN GRASS.
Trin.
WOOD
GRASS.
Stem 3
sterile spikelets
hairy pedicel.
Sorghum nutans, Gray.
the Atlantic States.
10.
Ours
is
PHALARIS,
common
in
CANARY GRASS.
L.
flat leaves,
11.
HIEROCHLOA,
Perennials with
flat leaves,
HOLY GRASS.
Gmelin.
VANILLA GRASS.
like odor.
H.
leaves
at the tip.
12.
L.
FOXTAIL GRASS.
Perennials, with the flower clusters contracted into a cylindrical and soft
leaf
1 It is
probable that P. Canariensis, L., is sparingly naturalized within our range, the
seed being a favorite food of cage-birds. It may be known by its very dense spike-like
panicle and wing-keeled outer glumes.
GR AMINES.
407
(GRASS FAMILY.)
A. aristulatUS, Michx.
13.
ARISTIDA,
L.
TRIPLE-AWNED GRASS.
*
1.
Awns
A. basiramea, Eugelm.
much branched
at the base,
upper leaf sheaths: leaves flat, becoming involute towards the apex, sparsely
hairy on the margins below: panicle 1| to 3 inches long, erect, rather lax, its
base sheathed by the upper leaf
glumes linear, unequal, 1 -nerved, with a
short bristle-like point: flowering glume nearly terete, spotted with black,
with a short, acute hairy callus middle awn about 6 lines long, the lateral
:
brous above
Gram.
134.
awns
to
From Colorado
New Mexico
A.
longiseta,
Steud.
and Texas.
A. Oligantha, Michx.
raceme
leaves short
14.
STIPA,
L.
Illinois,
Vir-
FEATHER GRASS.
Perennials, with narrow involute leaves and a loose panicle of early, deciduous florets. Some of the species are called " Bunch Grass." The flower has
base, the
its
callus.
#
1.
S.
Awn for
a part of
Mongolica,
awn
6 lines in length.
its
length distinctly
Turcz.
:
the bent
408
GRAMINE,E.
(GRASS FAMILY.)
Bound,
ined.
Gram. Mex.
Extending into S. W. Colorado from New Mexico and Texas.
# * Awn not plumose, often strongly pubescent.
-t-
3.
S.
Panicle
Bichardsonii, Link.
loose, open.
Stem
glumes pointless, nearly equal, about equalling the pubescent flowering glume
S.
COmata,
Trin.
& Rupr.
Stems
to
4 feet high,
stout,
mostly scabrous
leaves roughened, the radical 4 r i the length of the stem: panicle included
at base by the upper sheath, 8 to 12 inches long ; callus pointed: outer
glumes
nearly equal, with a long subulate point: flowering glume pubescent with coarse
hairs awn 4 to 6 inches long, scabrous especially above, shining, variously
curled and twisted.
From the Upper
Watson, Bot. King Exped. 380.
:
Missouri to California,
New
*-
5.
-i
S. spartea, Trin.
Stems
(wheu mature)
late-pointed, greenish, longer than the palets which are linear and pubescent
below.
From Colorado to the Upper Missouri, thence eastward to Illinois
and Michigan.
6. S. viridula, Trin.
awn
above.
to
15.
ORYZOPSIS,
Michx.
MOUNTAIN RICE.
Spikelets
1. O. micrantlia, Thurber.
Leaves linear-setaceous, involute branches
of the panicle in pairs, many-flowered ; spikelets shining, florets smooth, a little
shorter than the linear acutish glumes awn about thrice longer than the glumes :
anthers naked at apex.
Steud. Glum. 122. Colorado and southward.
:
2.
O. cuspidata, Benth.
Stems 1 to 2 feet high, rather rigid and someinvolute, elongated (2 to 18 inches): panicle
rostrate: flowering glumes rigid, densely covered with lonq white silk// hairs: the
stout nearly straight awn mostly longer : palet rigid
anthers bearded at apex.
:
From
GRAMINE.E.
MUHLENBERGIA,
16.
The
grain
is
i-
high
DROP-SEED GRASS.
Schreb.
M. Mexicana,
1.
409
(GRASS FAMILY.)
sharp-pointed, unequal, the upper about the length of the very acute
Wyoming and eastward, where it is very common.
flowering glume.
less,
t-
M. Wrightii,
2.
Vasey
the tip.
iued.
sheaths
length of the flowering glume, mucronate pointed ; upper glume longer, l-nerved
and short-awned : flowering glume l-nerved, tipped bj a stout rough awn about
M.
3.
often bronzed or blackish, very narrow, the erect rays mostly solitary : lower
little the shorter, more or less acute ; the upper half the length of
glume a
the
short
awns
often thickly
ish
awn 4
to 9 lines
teeth,
flowering
spots, terminated by
a slender rough-
long.
California.
4.
M.
sylvatica, Torr.
&
Stems a
Exped.
v. 378.
M. comata,
or lobed below, the lower rays 2 or 3 together, the upper solitary, all very
densely many-flowered : outer glumes narrow, very acute, the lower a little the
longer, serrulate
on the keel
floret with
an
purplish awn.
Vaseya comata, Thurb.
and California.
to
From Nebraska
to Colorado, Nevada,
410
GRAMINE^E.
M. pungens,
6.
(GRASS FAMILY.)
and
rigid, terminated
Nebraska.
M.
7.
gracillima, Torr.
Cespitose, glabrous
high
leaites
than the palets flowering glume glabrous, 3-nerved, minutely bifid, witli a straight
awn of equal length: callus naked.
Whipple, Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 155. Colorado
and southward.
:
M.
8.
Texana, Thurb. Stems geniculalefy decumbent, branching: panicle
few-flowered, rays solitary or in pairs, naked below, at last widely spreading
outer glumes shorter than the floret, 1 -nerved, setaceously mucronate: flowering
:
glume and palet pilose, the former terminated by an awn thrice its length and
callus conspicuous, glabrous.
Gram.
equalled or exceeded by the latter
:
Mex. Bound,
9.
M.
ined.
From
debilis, Trin.
Stems 3
lent
to 18 inches high, ascending from a genicunodes: leaves mostly flat, acuminate, puberu-
few mostly
dark purple
sheath
floret
little
eastward.
17.
PHLETJM,
CAT'S-TAIL GRASS.
L.
TIMOTHY.
1
Perennials, with spikes very dense and harsh.
1
P. alpinum, L. Culms 1 to 2 feet high sheaths of the upper leaves
very loose or inflated, the lower ones close ligule short spike ovoid or oblong, rarely more than an inch long, usually purplish outer glumes strongly
In alpine
fringed on the back, bearing an awn about their own length.
:
18.
S P O R O B O L TJ S,
Stems wiry or
rigid.
DROP-SEED GRASS.
R. Rr.
RUSH GRASS.
'*
Timothy
"
awn
shorter than
itself.
much
distin-
is ciliate
with
stiff hairs
and pro-
GRAMINEJB.
* Seed adherent
S.
1.
the latter
411
(GRASS FAMILY.)
VILFA.
pericarp : panicle spiked or contracted.
Torr. Root perennial: stems and leaves very narrow,
to the
CUSpidatUS,
very acute
and northward
2.
depauperatus,
long, often
Torr.
much branched:
equal: flowering glume and palet nearly equal, the former obscurely 3-nerved,
often with a minute mucro.
Vilfa depauperata, Torr.
Varying greatly with
the locality. From W. Texas and Mexico to the Saskatchewan, Oregon, and
California.
3. S. Wolfii, Vasey.
Stems erect, 1 to 1% inches high, very slender, branched
at the base: leaves mostly radical, short, strongly nerved: spikes simple, fewfiowered, terminal and lateral, the lateral ones partly enclosed in the loose
S. tricholepis, Torr.
4.
Stems
9 to 18 inches high,
tufted: leaves glabrous: branches of the oblong rather dense panicle alternate;
pedicels longer than the spikelets outer glumes nearly equal, acutish, % shorter
than the nearly equal pilose flowering glume and palet: flowering glume
Colorado and southward.
3-uerved.
Vilfa tricholepis, Torr.
:
*-
5. S. cryptandrus,
and
branched below leaves fiat, acuminate, scabrous especially above sheaths
strongly bearded at throat : panicle narrowly pyramidal, more or less enclosed
by the upper sheath, 4 to 8 inches long, its rays mostly in pairs, fiower-bearwg
:
to
the base
:
spikelets lead-colored, short-pedicelled
From Texas and
Vilfa cryptandra, Trin.
Oregon, and eastward to New England.
acute.
and
New Mexico
to Colorado
-*-
7.
S.
ramulosus, Kunth.
panicle very
HBK.
and California.
New
412
8.
GRAMINE^E.
(GRASS FAMILY.)
S. asperifolius, Thurb. Stems 6 to 15 inches long, branched, deat base and forming broad matted tufts
leaves flat, scabrous, espe-
cumbent
Bot. Calif,
minutely scabrous.
269.
ii.
N.
Vilfa asperifolia,
& M.
From
AGROSTIS,
19.
BENT GRASS.
Linn.
tufts.
Ours
A. alba,
* Palet present.
Stems varying from a few inches to 2
decumbent
L.
at base
leaves
flat, short,
very thin, 3 or 5-nerved, rarely with a short awn paid ^ to ^ the length of the
Includes A. vulgaris, With. Found in all cultivated regions.
flowering glume.
:
vulgaris differs from A. alba principally in the ligule of the former being
short and truncate and that of tbe latter elongated and acute, hence they are
A.
"
name
The form
of A. alba.
vulgaris
is
Red-top."
A. exarata,
Trin.
Stem
erect, 1 or 2 feet
naked for some distance below the panicle leaves mostly erect and flat,
the radical 2 to 4 and those of the stem 6 inches long or more, roughish or very
rough ; ligule obtuse, more or less decurrent panicle erect, rather narrow, dense
to very dense and crowded, pale greenish, rarely tinged with purple
flowering
glume J to \ shorter than the outer glume, 4 to 5-nerved, and marked on the
back by a longitudinal furrow, sometimes awned above the middle palet usu:
attt/
Common
3.
distinct
A. perennans, Tuckm.
leaves flat:
and
panicle at length diffusely spreading, pale green ; the brandies short, divided
In Montana and Wyoming, and very
flower-bearing from or below the middle.
" Thin Grass."
very slender,
:
to 2 feet high
branches flower-bearing at
and
and near
"
throughout the whole continent. Called Hair Grass
-i_ H_
Spikelets awned.
"
leaves short
divergent, purplish,
Common
the apex.
or " Fly-away Grass."
GR AMINES.
413
(GRASS FAMILY.)
20.
CINNA,
WOOD REED
L.
GRASS.
A
7
fours or
fives
flat
ligules.
1.
C. arundinacea,
L., var.
pendula,
Gray.
leaves rough on both sides and margins panicle 8 to 12 inches long, drooping at apex, the capillary rays clustered, distant,
flexuose, very unequal, the longer flower-bearing above the middle, very sca-
brous.
Montana
to the
AMMOPHILA,
21.
Host.
Stems
A. longifolia, Benth.
branches
gated, involute above and tapering into a long thread-like point
of the pyramidal panicle smooth
the copious hairs more than half the
length of the naked flowering glume and palet.
Calamagrostis longifolia,
:
Hook.
DEYEUXIA,
22.
REED BENT
Clarion.
Illinois.
GRASS.
Perennials with running rootstocks and mostly tall erect and rigid stems.
This genus includes all the species of Calamagrostis in the section Deyeuxia.
* Panicle loose and open.
1.
D. Canadensis, Beauv.
Sterns
tall, erect,
minutely scabrous
much
flat,
From New
2. D.
Langsdorffii,
guished by
its
Trin.
last,
but distin-
its
stouter
and
usually
exserted awn.
* * Panicle narrow,
3.
D. Lapponica,
as long
stem leaves
414
GRAMINE^i.
(GRASS FAMILY.)
dense
oblong, acute, rough upon the keel and minutely scabrous all over Jlowering
glume bearing the straight awn at or below the middle and slightly exceeding it ;
:
From
involute
when young,
spike-like, 3
or 4 inches long,
rays mostly in
fives,
and
Calama-
and west-
ward.
DESCHAMPSIA,
23.
HAIR GRASS.
Beauv.
The
flowering
glume
Stem
flexuosa, Beauv.
length
leaves fiat
and
pyramidal or oblong awn straight, barely equalAira ccespitosa, L. Across the continent and northward to
ling the glume.
Alaska. Very variable, especially the mountain forms. The dwarf mountain plant, 6 or 8 inches high, with a tuft of short setaceous leaves, is var.
linear:
arctica.
IX danthonioides, Munro.
2 feet high
leaves very
linear-lanceolate
awn
Stem
the florets.
slender,
inserted just below the middle, about 3 times its length, light
From Texas
to
outer glumes
to Colorado, California,
and Oregon.
brown,
GR AMINES.
D.
4.
Stem
latifolia, Hook.
415
(GRASS FAMILY.)
to 2 feet high
glume with silky hairs % as long or more ; au'n stout, attached just above the
middle, somewhat divergent, exceeding the flowering glume bnt included by
Aira latifolia, Hook. In the Northern Rocky Mountains,
the outer ones.
TRISETUM,
24.
Pers.
it.
spike-like panicle,
T. SUbspicatum, Beanv.
1.
smooth or downy
leaves
flat
and northward
Stem and
Same
New
England.
Man.
641.
range.
A VENA,
25.
The
OAT.
L.
grain
is
the soon bent or divergent awn inserted just below the tapering very
Colorado (Hall Sf Harbour), and
sharply cuspidate 2-cleft tip of the palet.
in the mountains of New York and New England.
at base
26.
DA NTH ON I A,
WILD OAT
DC.
GRASS.
Ours are perennials, with narrow leaves, hairy sheaths, and a small simple
panicle or raceme.
Stems sometimes decumbent at base,
1. D. Californica, Boland.
to 3 feet high
leaves, especially the lower, convolute and setaceously
:
pointed, with sheaths bearded at the throat panicle mostly a simple raceme
outer glumes mostly purplish with scarious margins, pointed, the upper 5 to
7-nerved flowering glume broad, its teeth about half its own length, with mar-
from
of somewhat hairy
awn about
equalling the
less, from
dense tujls
ing hairs, arising in small clusters from white minute papillae : spikelet solitary
Bot. Calif ii. 294. Both forms occur in the
and terminal (rarely 2 or 3).
to California
and Oregon.
GRAMINE.E.
416
(GRASS FAMILY.)
flowering glumes ivith very long teeth, and villous with long silky
hairs all over or only below and on the margins.
Gray, Man. 640. Colorado to
California also eastward in the Atlantic States.
27.
SCHEDONNARDTJS,
Steud.
Low and branching, often procumbent, chiefly annuals, with narrow leaves
and slender spikes.
1. S. Texanus, Steud.
Stems 4 to 2 feet high, leafy below, naked and
curved above
panicle of 3 to 10 recurved secund distant spikes, 3-angled
and rough outer glumes suddenly narrowing to awn-like points flowering
:
BOUTELOUA,
28.
Very slender
a
line broad,
GRAMA
Lag.
paniculatus, Nutt.
GRASS.
178.
Spikes two or more, linear or oblong, more or less falcate, the usually very
numerous spikelets pectinately crowded on one side of the rhachis: terminal
empty glume usually 3-awned.
1.
1.
B. hirsuta, Lag.
linear, papillose
hairy or glabrous
spikes
upper glume hispid with strong bristles from dark warty glands : flowering
glume pubescent, 3-cleft sterile glume and its pedicel glabrous, the 3 awns
Colorado to Mexico, and eastlonger than the glumes and fertile flower.
:
ward
2.
to
Texas and
Illinois.
B. oligOStachya,
narrow
Torr.
spikes
B. polystachya,
Torr.
Stems 3
to 15 inches long
leaves scabrous
flowering
glumes
Pacif. R. Rep.
tween the awns.
Mexico, and Texas.
v. 366.
From
S.
Colorado to S. California,
4. B. eriopoda, Torr.
Spikes more loose and slender : flowering and sterile
S. Colorado (Brandegee)
glumes l-awned, bearded at base: peduncle villous.
to New Mexico and W. Texas.
417
(GRASS FAMILY.)
Spikes numerous, usually short, straight, not pectinate, in a long and virgate
one-sided spike or raceme : terminal empty glume rudimentary.
2.
5.
Stems
B. racemosa, Lag.
tufted,
to 3 feet high
leaves narrow
spikes
From
BITCH LOB,
29.
Engelm.
BUFFALO GRASS.
Engelmaun.
1. B. dactyloides, Engelm.
Flowering stems of the male plant 4 to
6 inches long, glabrous or slightly hairy leaves 2 to 4 inches long spikelets
stems of the female
alternate in 2 rows, uppermost abortive, bristle-form
:
plant
much
Acad. i. 432.
New Mexico.
l
to 2 inches high.
Trans. St. Louis
the elevated plains from British America to Texas and
One of the many " Buffalo Grasses/' but probably one of the
On
TRIODIA,
30.
Stems tufted:
at the throat
plains.
R. Br.
panicle
sheaths bearded
often
racemose,
purplish.
long-ciliate
156.
on the margin
From Texas
and
back.
to Arizona,
From W. Texas
to
S. Colorado,
3.
T. acuminata, Benth.
with but a single node, which bears a very short leaf radical leaves an inch
or two long; those of the stem shorter: panicle dense, ovoid, 1 to 2 inches
:
long, with a
its
GRAMINEJE.
418
base.
Tricuspis acuminata,
into S. Colorado.
(GRASS FAMILY.)
From Texas
Munro.
DIPLACHNE,
31.
flat
to Arizona,
and extending
SLENDER GRASS.
Beauv.
Stems.
1. IX fascicularis, Beauv.
Smooth leaves longer than the stems, the
Upper sheathing the base of the crowded panicle-like raceme, which is composed of many strict spikes: spikelets short-pedicelled, 7 to 11 -flowered:
flowering glume hairy-margined towards the base, with two small lateral teeth
:
New England
32.
TRIPLASIS,
623.
From
SVND GRASS.
Beauv.
numerous bearded
Man.
joints,
shaped leaves.
33.
Colorado (Hall
fy
Harbour]
coast.
PHRAGMITES,
REED.
Trin.
Tall and stout perennials, with numerous broad leaves and a large terminal
panicle, the silky hairs of the rhachis becoming very conspicuous as the seed
ripens.
P.
1.
ding
where
COmmunis,
distance.
M UN BO A,
34.
Creeping annuals, very
Torr.
branches.
1.
M. SQUarrOSa, Torr.
Leaves
to 2 inches long,
35.
flat, 1
to 2 lines wide,
spikelets mostly 3
glumes alBot. Whipple, 158. On the plains.
:
KCELERIA,
Pers.
Tufted grasses, with simple upright stems the sheaths often downy."
Panicle narrowly spiked, interrupted or lobed at
1. K. cristata, Pers.
the base spikelets 2 to 4-flowered
flowering glume acute or mucronate
:
leaves
flat,
eastward to Pennsylvania.
ciliate.
From
GRAMINE.E.
EATONIA,
36.
419
(GRASS FAMILY.)
Raf.
Perennial, slender grasses, with simple and tufted stems, and often sparsely
downy sheaths, flat lower leaves, and small greenish (or purplish) spikelets.
Panicle dense and contracted, somewhat inter1. E. obtusata, Gray.
spikelets crowded on the short erect branches upper
Manual, 626.
glume rouuded-obovate, truncate-obtuse, rough on the back.
Across the continent, occurring most abundantly in the southern part of our
range.
CATABROSA,
37.
Beauv.
and deciduous.
C. aquatica, Beauv.
at base
Stems 4 inches to 2 feet high, rather stout, asleaves 2 to 6 inches long, 2 to 4 lines wide, scabrous on the margin
flowers light-brown glumes
panicle uniform, branchlets numerous, divided
1.
cending
purplish.
ERAGROSTIS,
38.
Beauv.
Stems often branching leaves linear, frequently involute, and the ligule or
throat of the sheath bearded with long villous hairs. 1
1. E. Purshii, Schrad.
Sparingly branched at the decumbent base, then
leaves narrow, flat and soft
erect, ^ to 2 feet high
panicle elongated, the
:
mostly
much
ME LIC A,
39.
L.
From Nevada,
MELIC GRASS.
leaves
glume apparently many-nerved below (at least when dry), with a broad
ous margin above.
Scribner, Proc. Philad. Acad., 1885, p. 40.
# Stems
M.
scari-
Scribner.
Porteri,
ered spikelets.
1
M.
may be
recognized by
spikelets,
its large,
which become
its diffusely
its
It
is
ant odor.
E. pilosa, Beauv.,
be distinguished by
is
its
GRAMINE.E.
420
M.
of Brandegee's
Mexico, and Texas.
stricta
New
(GRASS FAMILY.)
W.
Fl. S.
From Colorado
Colorado.
at base.
- Second
glume decidedly shorter than the
M.
to Arizona,
third.
Scribner.
from M. bulbosa, Geyer, in its usually taller and more slender stems, more
open and nodding panicle, more slender and flexuose pedicels, shorter empty
glumes, and broader flowering glumes which taper abruptly to a rounded
and usually two-lobed summit. In the mountains, from Colorado and Utah
to Montana and Idaho.
-i
M.
3.
-i
the third.
Scribner.
Californica,
florets, the
4. M. bulbosa, Geyer.
Stems singly or densely tufted, usually about
2 feet high, simple sheaths and upper surface of the leaves scabrous panicle erect, the branches oppressed, few-flowered ; spikelets 5 to 6 lines long, with
:
to
to
DISTICHLIS,
40.
SPIKE GRASS.
Raf.
Perennials with widely creeping rootstocks and short stems clothed to the
pistillate spikelets
top with crowded sheaths leaves rigid, mostly involute
much more rigid than the staminate.
:
D. maritima,
below
ward
to California.
41.
POA,
L.
the
MEADOW
panicle loose
Bot. Calif, ii.
west-
GRASS.
flat
and
soft.
1.
1.
P. Californica, Munro.
its
somewhat
rigid
GRAMINE,.
7-flowered
421
(GRASS FAMILY.)
broadly scarious irregularly erose apex, the lower half of the middle and marginal
P. andina, Nutt., not of Trin. From California
nerves usually silky-pubescent.
to Wyoming, Colorado, and southward.
P. tenuifolia, Nutt.
Stems very
midnerve /lowering glume narrowly lanceolate, often erose at the apex, puberuFrom Colorado to California
lent or with a few scattered hairs near the base.
and Oregon. One of the most valuable of the " Bunch Grasses."
:
2.
3.
weak
P. annua,
Stems
L.
I -sided
H-
wavy
panicle often
Everywhere
in cul-
+-
4.
Mexico,
W.
P.
almost
Texas,
Low
panicle dense
;
in sterile soil.
Known
as "
Wire Grass."
Leaves broadly
P. alpina, L.
M.
linear, short
flat-
i-
much
northeast,
on
etc.
5.
New
and flat,
tufts.
Extremely
variable,
some
of the
numerous forms
In the
in the
mountains of
New
England.
More strict and rigid, roughish, especially the panicle
7. P. csesia, Smith.
stems 6 to 20 inches high leaves short, soon involute ligule short : branches
:
eastward.
Var. strictior, Gray, is 6 to 12 inches high, with a contracted grayishSame range as the type.
purple panicle of smaller flowers.
GR AMINES.
422
(GRASS FAMILY.)
panicles, the
or threes.
P. pratensis, L.
smooth
pasture and
meadow
grasses.
Known
variously as
P. flexuosa, Muhl.,
stout, tufted
third
so on the keel
and margins.
King Exped.
* * * Perennials
Bot.
Includes P. flexu-
in pairs.
11.
P. Eatoni, Watson.
(an inch long or less) branches ; spikelets 4 to G-flowered, purplish outer glumes
acutish flowering glume very villous on back and margins, obtuse and keeled.
Bot. King Exped. 386. In the Wahsatch Mountains, Utah, Nevada, and
:
S.
W. Wyoming.
12.
sheaths
are the
3 inches
nerves.
42.
GRAPHEPHORUM,
Desv.
flat
leaves, their
feet
spike-
GEAMINEJE.
lets
ovate,
to
much
^-flowered,
423
(GRASS FAMILY.)
shorter than the pedicels
outer glumes
acute, half shorter than the spikelet: flowering glume keeled, 3-nerved
(lateral nerves prominent), scabrous-pubescent, erose-dent'tculate at apex, mucro1 -nerved,
adjacent regions.
G. melicoides, Beauv.
2.
above
leaves
little
Colorado.
43.
G L Y C E R I A,
MANNA
R. Br.
GRASS.
stigmas
1 -nerved
flowering glume oblong-linear, minutely pubescent at base, with
Includes G. airoides, Thurb.
broadly scarious apex.
Atropis distans, Griseb.
Poa airoides, Nutt. From New Mexico to Nebraska and westward to the
:
This species
is
been referred to so
its
is
quite perplexing.
many genera
that
synonymy
stigmas with
2. G. nervata, Trin.
Stems 2 to 4 feet high leaves variable, sometimes 12 to 15 inches long, usually roughish above, as are the closed sheaths:
:
panicle 4
to
8 inches long,
diffusely spreading
its
and pendulous
tinent.
3.
G. aquatica, Smith.
Stems
stout,
erect, 3
to 5 feet high
leaves
much branched,
the
In wet
5 to 9-flowered, usually purplish flowering glume 1-nerved, entire.
grounds, from Colorado to California and Oregon, thence eastward across the
"
continent.
Called Reed Meadow-Grass."
:
GRAM1NE.E.
424
(GRASS FAMILY.)
Stems
1 to 3
feet high from a creeping root
on the margins; sheaths split : panicle 6 to
8 indies long, loose, its capillary branches in threes below, in pairs above,
spikelets 2 to 2 lines long, 4 to 6-flowflower-bearing from near the middle
O. pauciflora,
4.
Presl.
ered
more
FES TUG A,
44.
FESCUE GRASS.
L.
* Annuals or
P. tenella,
1.
leaves
Willd.
to 3 inches long
of
its
awn, which
is
and
Across
the continent.
2.
P. microstachys,
Nutt.
smooth to
filiform
to 5 inches long,
to 5-flowered, on short thickened
strongly pubescent
panicle
pedicels,
* * Perennials:
From
more or
less
open
panicles.
3-
P. OVina,
Stems 6 inches
L.
flat
to
ligule 2-lobed
and
leaves
all seta-
more or
8-flowered
leaves some-
High
alpine
Var. brevifolia, Watson. Stems 4 to 8 inches high leaves all setaceous and sheaths glabrous; uppermost leaves often very short and the
sheaths rather loose panicle racemose and nearly simple, 1 to 2 inches long;
and twice the length of the awn.
spikelets 1 to 4-flowered, the florets terete
:
Bot.
4.
high,
GRAMINE^E.
425
(GRASS FAMILY.)
*
cent,- ligule a dilate fringe : panicle 3 to 6 inches long, the lower rays distant in
pairs ; spikelet 4 to 6-flowered flowering glume 5-nerved, rough, with a narrow
scarious margin, pointed, or with an awn a line long or less.
F. Thurberi, Vasey.
:
B BOM US,
45.
BROME GRASS.
L.
Coarse grasses, with large spikelets at length drooping, on pedicels thickOur indigenous species are perennials.
B. Kalmii,
and
lower glume 3
Gray, var.
Porteri.
to
Stem 12
to
awn
1| lines long
Territory.
an
or
46.
AGROPYRUM,
Beauv.
Perennials, with nearly lanceolate glumes, and 2-ranked spikes ; thus differing from Triticum (Wheat), although formerly included under that genus.
A. repens,
rootstocks
from smooth
leaves
flat
or convolute
to scabrous or pubescent
spikeIt is
GRAMINEJE.
426
(GRASS FAMILY.)
forms yielding numerous but confusing varieties. Across the continent, and
known by a great variety of names, such as " Couch," " Quack," and " Quitch
"
Grass,"
* *
"
Blue-joint,"
No
Bunch
running rootstock
Grass,"
"
etc.
Lagoon Grass,"
the outer
glumes long-
awned.
A. Caninum,
2.
Reich.
Stems
below
leaves
flat or loosely convolute, pubescent above and like the sheatlis smooth below : spike
more or less nodding, at least not strict ; spikelets 3 to 6-flowered outer glumes
:
From
eastward to
New
England.
Extremely
A. Scribneri,
prostrate,
1 to
A. violaceum,
4.
Beauv.
Stems slender, 1
and sheaths
to 2 feet high,
and with
the
flowering glume strongly 5-nerved and rough above, with an awn from half to
Triticum violaceum, Hornem.
Rocky Mountains and Sierra
fully as long.
Nevada
also
mountains of
New York
A. StrigOSUm, Beauv.
5.
tall,
glaucous throughout
stem-leaves
the
upper surface,
below and with the sheaths smooth or pubescent : spike 2 to 6 inches long, very
outer glumes strongly 3 to 5-nerved, someslender ; spikelets 3 to 6-flowered
what acute : flowering glume 5-nerved near the apex and bearing a longer strong
3,
T. cegilopoides, Turcz.
Triticum strigosum, Less.
rough divergent awn.
the mountains of Colorado, Montana, and westward.
47.
HOKDEUM,
L.
In
BARLEY.
less
prominent
bristle-form glumes.
H. nodosum,
leaves
flat
inspikelets merely awn-pointed: glumes all setaceous: perfect floret 8 lines long
H. pratense, Huds. H. pusillum, Nutt. From California
cluding the awn.
GRAMINE.E.
and Oregon eastward
427
(GRASS FAMILY.)
coast.
2. H. jubatum, L.
Stems 1 to 2 feet high, usually smooth throughout,
the margins of the leaves sometimes scabrous spike very pale green or strawcolor, shining, sometimes purplish, 2 to 4 inches long, broader, the very slender
rhachis readily separating; lateral floret short-awned : glumes very long and
:
capillary : perfect floret 3 lines long, with an awn 2 inches long, longer than the
Common westward and northward, extending eastglumes and spreading.
ward through the Northern States. Known as " Squirrel-tail Grass."
ELYMUS,
48.
* Outer glumes
LYME
L.
subulate-setaceous, shorter
GRASS.
WILD RYE.
merely cuspidate.
1.
E. Condensatus,
Stems
Presl.
ample
mostly flat leaves, smooth except on the margins: spike 5 to 15 inches long,
dense or interrupted, simple or frequently made up of fascicled short fewflowered branches
spikelets 3 to G-flowered
From
or
than
2.
E. Sibiricus,
Stems 2
L.
longer
itself.
to 3 feet high
California and
3.
Oregon
to
E. Canadensis,
Lake Superior.
ding above
Like the
L.
last,
leaves
spikes stouter, somewhat loose and more nodouter glumes subulate, 3 or perhaps 4-nerved, tapering into an awn
awn.
* * * Outer glumes
equally 2-cleft
or 3-awned.
veri/
long,
2-toothed,
4. E. Sitanion, Schult.
Stems densely tufted, J to 2 feet high: leaves
and sheaths from smooth and glaucous to roughly hirsute leaves setaceously
pungent at apex, the upper one an inch or two long, its sheath often loose and
;
3 lines long,
to
its
central
From Minnesota
equalling those of the glumes.
continent.
Exceedingly variable, so much
"
"
apt to discover at least a new variety in almost every
awn
is
428
GNETACE^J.
CLASS
II.
GYMNOSPEKM^:.
dioecious.
ORDER
89.
GNETACE^E.
pore or chink at the apex j fertile flowers of an erect sessile ovule terminated by an exserted style-like process, included within a perianth which
EPHEDRA,
1.
Inflorescence axillary
in fruit.
Tourn.
column.
gated tips
bracts opposite
and
evidently connate
shortly pedunculate, ovate, of 4 to 6 pairs of bracts fertile aments pedunProc. Am. Acad. xiv. 298. E. antisyphilitica of Bot. King Exped.
culate.
and other reports. From California and Nevada to Utah and the llio
:
Grande.
2. E. trifurca, Torr.
Erect, with spinosely tipped ternate branches and
conspicuous persistent sheathing acuminate scales becoming white and shreddy:
bracts in threes
numerous whorls of
Mexico, and Arizona.
of
ORDER
90.
CONIFERS.
(PiNE FAMILY.)
Resinous and mostly evergreen trees or shrubs, with awl- or needleshaped or scale-like mostly rigid leaves, and monoecious or rarely dioecious flowers ; male flowers reduced to stamens only, which are indefinite
in number upon a central axis ; fertile aments of few or many scales,
becoming in fruit a dry cone or berry-like ; ovules two or more, at or on
the base of each scale.
CONIFERJE.
429
(PINE FAMILY.)
* Scales of the fertile aments few, decussately opposite, becoming drupe-like in fruit with
bony seeds leaves opposite or in threes, usually scale-like flowers dioecious : leafbuds not scaly.
:
1.
Juniper us.
Seeds
scales.
* * Scales of the
cone in fruit
fertile
:
linear to needle-shaped
first year,
mostly
H2.
Abies.
Leaves
from the
3.
membranous
leaves solitary,
Cones
sessile,
deciduous
axis.
Pseudotsuga*
entire.
scales persistent
H-
4.
-H-
Picea.
Leaves
sessile,
Seeds without
resin-vesicles.
- +-
Cones maturing the second year, their bracts becoming corky and thickened : leaves
5, their base surrounded by a sheath of scarious bud-scales usually
in bundles of 2 to
serrulate.
6.
Pinus.
Resin-ducts inconstant in
1.
number and
variously placed.
JUNIPERUS,
JUNIPER.
L.
The
lets
small solitary aments axillary, or terminal upon short lateral branchin staminate flowers the anther-cells are 4 to 8 under each shield-shaped
scale
cotyledons mostly
Low
2.
bark.
* Aments axillary:
leaves
and
pungent, channelled
ternate, free
CEDRUS.
1.
J.
COmmunis,
more or
rigid,
L.
With spreading
long
from
* * Aments terminal:
and
scale-like,
closely
and subulate.
glandular-pitted, occasionally more distant, free
Ours belong to the group with bluish-black pulpy berries.
*-
leaves fringed on
J. OCCidentalis, Hook.
SABINA.
the edges.
shrub or small
tree,
430
CONIFERS.
(PINE FAMILY.)
California.
H
-t
so,
and
opposite.
J.
Sabina,
L.. var.
Pursh.
procumbens,
Coast to the Yellowstone River, the Great Lakes, and eastward to Maine and
Hudson's Bay.
4. J. Virginiana, L.
The largest of our Junipers, sometimes becoming a
tree 60 to 90 feet high, commonly of pyramidal form, sometimes with rounded
spreading top, with shreddy bark and red and aromatic heartwood branch:
from Arizona
to Utah, California,
excepted.
2.
ABIES,
Link.
FIR.
Trees of pyramidal form and rapid growth, but with brittle and easily decaying wood leaves on the horizontal branchlets appearing 2-rauked by a twist
:
near the base, in ours bearing stomata on both sides, with two longitudinal
resin-ducts.
1.
A. COnCOlor, Lindl.
of 2 to 4 feet
A large tree
green, with
epidermis of the lower surface : cones oblong-cylindrical, 3 to 5 inches long and 1 to If inches in diameter, pale green or sometimes dull purplish; scales 12 to 15 lines wide, nearly twice icider than high.
the
two resin-ducts
close to the
Has been mostly called A. grandis, which is much taller and has a more
northwestern range. A. amabilis (?) Watson, Bot. King Exped. Pinus conFrom Arizona and S. Colorado to Utah and California. Known
color, Eng.
as " White Fir" on account of
A. SUbalpina, Eng.
and
thin, smooth,
PSEUDOTSUGA,
3.
to
Carr.
Oregon.
DOUGLAS SPRUCE.
very
spreading
CONIFERS.
431
(PINE FAMILY.)
only on the lower surface, close to the epidermis of which are the two lateral
resin-ducts.
1.
P. Douglash, Carr.
large tree, 150 to over 300 feet high, 6 to
leaves flat,
15 feet in diameter, with very thick brown deeply fissured bark
linear, 8 to 12 lines or more long: cones 2 to 4 inches long, subcylindrical
:
and spreading or reflexed, giving a fringed appearance to the cones seeds triangular, on the upper side convex and redAbies Douglasti,
dish brown, on the lower flat and white, 3 lines long.
Lindl. Throughout the Rocky Mountains and those of California, reaching
bracts
more or
less exsert
:
its
PICE A,
4.
Link.
SPRUCE.
leaves spirally arTall pyramidal trees, with white soft tough timber
ranged around the branchlets, or somewhat 2-ranked.
tall pyramidal tree, 60 to 100 feet high,
1. P. Engelmanni, Eng.
with horizontal branches bark thin, scaly, reddish or purplish-brown ; branc/ilets
pubescent: leaves 6 to 15 lines long: fertile aments 9 to 10 lines long, dark pur:
ple:
sive forests.
Of
and
P. pungens, Eng.
branches
bark
thick, smooth,
strictly
conical
growth,
with
spreading
gra>/, in
and
brown
ziesii,
The form
refuse.
which
name Picea
latter
in the
Sitchensis, Carr.
5.
Commonly
P I N U S,
called
" Balsam."
PINE.
Tourn., Link.
Trees, usually not so large as in the preceding genera, nor often of such
pyramidal habit, with wood of the greatest value primary leaves (only on
seedlings and young shoots) flat, subulate and serrulate the secondary in bundles, needle-shaped, terete, semiterete, or triangular, depending on the number
:
in
a bundle.
Scales
1.
or point
loose
slightli/
:
STROBUS.
and deciduous : cones subterminal.
and the cones subsessile.
westward.
CONIFERS.
432
(PINE FAMILY.)
alpine peaks in Montana, extending from the mountainous regions of California to British Columbia.
2.
The woody
blunt-pointed).
* Resin-ducts
and
loose decidu-
ous sheaths.
near
P. edulis, Eng.
it,
: seeds brown,
From S. Colorado and southward.
wingless, edible.
" Pinon " or " Nut
Pine " of the Indians. Westward it is replaced by
or prickles
The
& Frem.
P. Balfouriana, Jeffrey.
P. monophylla, Torr.
3.
A medium-sized
tree,
high and sometimes 5 feet in diameter, of regular pyramidal growth: bark redinches long, rigid, curved,
brown, deeply fissured: leaves in Jives, 1 to l
crowded and oppressed to the stem : cones pendulous from the slender branchlets,
;
tips of scales thick, with short
seeds pale, mottled, and winged.
West of our range.
Var. aristata, Eng. Tree 50 to 100 feet high cones ovate, with thinner
scales, and with shorter recurved or slender awn-like prickles : seeds smaller and
Bot. Calif, ii. 125. P. aristata, Eng. From Colorado through
wings shorter.
subcylindrical,
deciduous prickles
to California.
* * Resin-ducts within
and with
leaves serrulate
persistent
leaves in threes, 5 to
1 1
inches long
cones oval, 3 to 5
inches long, l to 2 inches thick, of a rich brown color, sessile or nearly so, often
3 to 5 together; tip of scales with a stout straight or incurved prickle : seeds dark
brown, 4 lines long; wings 10
to
The
most magnificent and widely spread Western pine. Known as the " Yellow
Pine." The following form is found throughout the Rocky Mountains.
Var. SCOpulorum, Eng. A smaller tree (80 to 100 feet high) leaves 3
:
6 inches long, often in pairs cones smaller, 2 or 3 inches long, grayish brown,
with stout prickles: seeds 2 to 3 lines long.
Bot. Calif, ii. 126. Most of the
to
tip
1 to l
black,
grooved,
CONIFERS.
Var.
Murrayana,
and 4 to 6
Much
taller
feet
brown bark :
Eng.
433
(PINE FAMILY.)
rarely lateral,
ill
less
oblique-
light grayish:
cones very
Bot. Calif,
ii.
126.
434
ISOET^E.
(QU1LLWOKT FAMlLiT.)
SERIES
PTERIDOPHYTA
Ji.
(VASCULAR CRYPTOGAMS), or
is,
having no
seeds.
sta-
distinct axis
CLASS
I.
is
produced.
LYCOPODINE.E.
leaves
leaves or bracts.
SUBCLASS
I.
HETEROSPOKE.E.
ligules.
ORDER
91.
ISOET^E.
(QUILLWORT FAMILY.)
Mostly aquatic plants, with a short solid conn-like stem (trunk) and
have
elongated grass-like leaves, the bases of which are expanded and
thin stipule-like infolded margins (the velum),, which enclose large
simple ovoid thin-walled sporangia; the outer ones containing large
with
spherical trivittate macrospores; those of the inner leaves filled
SELAGINELL^E.
ISOETES,
1.
Louis Acad.
in Trans. St.
QUILLWORT.
For an elaboration
mann
L.
435
iv.
358.
Our
of the
all
lar leaves
1. I.
lacustris, L. Leaves stout, rather rigid, acute but scarcely tapering
dark or olive-green, 10 to 25 in number, 2 to 6 inches long, with no stomata:
sporangium orbicular to broadly elliptical, not spotted, with a rather narrow
1
velum; macrospores 0.50 to 0.80 mm. in diameter, marked all over with distinct
or somewhat confluent crests; microspores smooth, 0.035 to 0.046 mm. in the longer
diameter.
England.
Var. paupercula, Eng.
New
spores smaller; macrospores 0.50 to 0.66 mm. in diameter; miTrans. St. Louis
crospores somewhat granulated, 0026 to 0.036 mm. long.
Acad. iv. 377. Grand Lake, Middle Park, Colorado (Engelmann), and near
3 inches):
Braunii, Engelm.
Leaves
soft
and
I.
Bolanderi, Engelm.
Jine point, 5 to 25 in
number, 2
sporangium broadly oblong, mostly without spots, with a narrow velum; macrospores 0.30 to 0.40 mm. thick, marked with minute low tubercles or warts ; micro-
Am. Nat.
spores 0.026 to 0.031 mm. long, generally spinulose, rarely smooth.
214.
In ponds and shallow lakes in the Rocky Mountains, Sierra Nevada
viii.
of California,
and Cascades.
ORDER
92.
Moss-like plants with slender branching steins and small leaves arsome
ranged in 4 or several ranks
sporangia minute, subglobose
others (smaller and more
containing usually 4 globose macrospores
:
abundant)
filled
SELAGINELLA,
many
Beauvois.
all alike
The millimeter
is
line.
arranged in
RHIZOCARPE^E.
436
(PEPPERWORT FAMILY.)
1. S. rupestris, Spring.
Stems prostrate or ascending, rather rigid,
2 to 12 inches long, vaguely or subpinnately branching: leaves glaucescent,
closely imbricated and appressed, lanceolate, scarcely a line long, convex and
SUBCLASS
ISOSPOEE^E.
II.
Leaves without
ORDER
93.
L.YCOPODIACEJE. (CLUB-MOSS
FAMILY.)
steins,
ligules.
and
many rows
(in ours)
with
LYCOPODIUM,
1.
CLUB-MOSS.
L., Spring.
GROUND-PINE.
L. annotinum, L.
leaves.
to 4 feet long;
leaves in
the ascending branches similar, dichotomous, 4 to 6 inches high
several ranks, equal, spreading, rigid, lanceolate, pointed, serrulate, 2 to
1.
4 lines long
to
From
Colorado
CLASS
II.
FILICI1OE.
horizontal
is
Prothallus monoecious.
ORDER
94.
RHIZOCARPE^E.
(PEPPERWORT FAMILY.)
the fruits
spores of two kinds
(conceptacles) borne on peduncles (in fact petioles), or sessile beneath
the stem.
cinately developed, simple or quadrifid
OPHIOGLOSSACE.E.
.1.
2.
437
(ADDERS-TONGUE FAMILY.)
Marsilia. Conceptacles somewhat crustaceous, several-celled, containing both macrospores and microspores, solitary and peduncled. Leaves peltately quadrifoliolate,
with elongated petioles.
Conceptacles very soft and thin-walled, one-celled, containing either macrosporangia with solitary macrospores or microsporangia with numerous microspores,
in pairs beneath the pinnately branched stems.
Leaves minute, imbricated, and
Azolla.
MAKSILIA,
1.
L.
growing
in the
mud
floating, or
some-
times terrestrial.
M.
1.
vestita, Hook.
entire, 2 to 7 lines
from the
free
hairy
when young.
(Coulter).
Grev.
petiole
Park
&
2.
AZOLLA,
Lam.
Small moss-like floating plants, the pinnately branched stems covered with
minute imbricated leaves and emitting rootlets on the under side: the
paired Conceptacles either both containing macrospores, or one of each kind
smaller Conceptacles acorn-shaped, containing a single macrospore ; larger
Conceptacles globose, and having a basal placenta which produces many pedi;
much branched:
leaves with ovate lobes, inferior lobe reddish, superior one green with a reddish border
masses of
macrospores with a minutely granulate surface
:
microspores glochidiate.
Floating on quiet waters, from Oregon to Arizona
and eastward to the Atlantic.
ORDER
OPHIOGLOSSACE^E.
95.
(ADDER'S-TONGUE
FAMILY.)
Leafy plants
vernation
the leaves
by groups
prothallus
1.
BOTBYCHIUM,
Swartz.
GRAPE-FERN.
MOONWORT.
438
FILICES.
* Base of
the stalk
which encloses
more or
*-
(TRUE FERNS.)
bud closed on
the
of
the
B. Lunaria, L.
1.
all sides
sterile division
never hairy.
Plant 4 to 10 inches high, very fleshy
sterile division
northward.
B. lanceolatum, Angstr.
2.
division high
sterile
up on
From Colorado
(Brandegee) to
- Sterile division
placed low down on
B. Simplex,
3.
3 lines long,
the plant.
Hitchcock.
to triangular-ovate
an inch or
B. ternatum,
4.
high
sterile division
Swartz.
long-petioled
deltoid, ternate and variously decompound; ultimate segments from roundishreniform and subentire to ovate-lanceolate and doubly incised fertile division
2 to 4-pinnate.
Throughout North America. Exceedingly variable, with
:
many
# # Base of
membranaceous, the
cells
of
the
sterile division
epidermis flexuous.
B. Virginianum,
nate.
From
ORDER
96.
FILICES.
(TRUE FERNS.)
ring),
trichomes)
FILICES.
439
(TRUE FERNS.)
Tribe
I.
Sori round or oblong, placed on the veins or at the ends of the veins, without
Stalk articulated to the rootstock. Veins free or reticulated.
POLYPODIES.
indusium.
1.
Character of the
Polypodium.
Tribe II.
more or
tribe.
divisions,
2.
less elongated,
Notholaena.
Sori but little elongated, often of very few sporangia, placed below the
margin of the lobes of the frond.
Tribe III. Sori close to the margin of the frond or its divisions, sometimes extending
down the veins, covered (at least when young) by an involucre opening inward and
either consisting of the margin or
3.
4.
produced from
PTERIDE^E.
it.
Choilanth.es.
Sterile
and
fertile
much
fronds
alike
and smooth
5.
6.
Sori extending
smooth
unlike,
colored.
7.
Adiantum.
Sporangia borne at the ends of the veins, on the under side of the reMidvein of the pinnules mostly eccentric or dissipated
Tribe IV.
Sori
more or
Stalk dark-colored,
less elongated,
Aspleniura.
of
it.
is
Veins
commonly on both
sides
free.
Tribe V.
lets,
9.
Sori round or roundish, on the back or sometimes at the tip of the fertile veinnaked or with an indusium. Stalk not articulated to the rootstock.
ASPIDIE/E.
Phegopterig.
back of the
fruiting veinlets
indu-
sium none.
10.
Aspidium*
orbicular or round-reniform.
indusium
11.
Cystopteris*
12.
Woodsia* Indusium
small fronds.
1.
POLYPODIUM,
L.
it,
POLYPODY.
440
FILTCES.
(TRUE FERNS.)
segments, the lowest ones rarely diminished veins branched into 3 or 4 veinlets, the lowest ones on the upper side of the vein bearing at their thickened
ends the subglobose sori midway between the midrib and the margin of the
:
From
segments.
westward.
the
NOTHOL-SINA,
2.
to
the Atlantic
also
R. Brown.
In ours the fronds are 3 to 5-pinnate, and covered beneath with a white or
yellow powder, the primary and secondary pinnas distinctly stalked, and the
ultimate pinnules very small, oval or 2 to 3-lobed.
1
N. Fendleri,
4 to 5-pinnate
alternate
and Texas.
Frond 2
Kunze.
rhachis and
all its
From
Colorado to Arizona
our
but
and
and
3.
CHEILANTHES,
LIP-FERN.
Swartz.
Small ferns, with 2 to 4-piunate fronds, and the under surface either smooth
or variously covered with hair, wool, scales, or waxy powder. Ours belong to
the section in which the involucres are continuous around the greater part of
the margin of the very minute and bead-like ultimate segments, and the
lower surface of the fronds tomentose or scaly.
* Fronds
C. lanuginosa, Nutt.
1.
Fronds 2
to
4 inches
to British
to
Wisconsin and
Illinois.
Grows
in dense
tufts
2.
9 inches long, oblong-lanceolate, above woolly -pubescent, beneath matte d-tomenline long, rounded obotose and partly scaly, tripinnate ; ultimate segments
to
vate
Colorado and
Q. Fendleri, Hook.
Rootstock slender;
its
scales loose
and nerve-
to Arizona
and Texas.
In crevices of rocks.
FILICES.
PELL .32 A,
4.
441
(TRUE FERNS.)
CLIFF-BRAKE.
Link.
Allied to Cheilanthes, from which it differs chiefly iu the continuous invoand smooth fronds (without tomentum or scales),
lucre
* Fronds herbaceous
involucre broad
and
till
slender,
creeping,
nearly naked:
fronds very
Crevices of
etc.
limestone rocks.
* * Fronds
subcoriaceous or coriaceous;
veins
rather obscure;
involucre
con-
spicuous.
t-
3.
P. atropurpurea,
Fe'e.
Frond
fronds
1 to
2-pinnate.
pinnules
rocks.
P. Wrightiana, Hook.
Fronds
or mucronate.
especially in canons.
5.
CRYPTOGKAMME,
R. Brown.
ROCK-BRAKE.
Fronds rather small, and smooth, 2 to 4-pinnate, the fertile ones taller than
stalks stramineous and tufted on a short rootstock.
1. C. acrostichoides, R. Br.
Fronds 2 to 4 inches long, chartaceous,
the sterile
and Lake
dense patches
rocks.
among
FILICES.
442
(TRUE FERNS.)
PTERIS,
6.
is cord-like,
BRACKEN.
L.
decompound divisions.
1. P. aquilina, L.
Frond often very large, subcoriaceous, broadly triangular, primary divisions stalked ; pinnae mostly pinnately lobed with several
to many rather short obtuse lobes, and with a sometimes very long subentire
Common
apex.
7.
MAIDENHAIR.
L.
commonly highly
polished.
1
terminal pinnule, 9 to 1 8 inches long, often pendent, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 2 to 3-pinnate at base ; pinnules wedge-obovate or rhomboid, ^ to 1 inch long,
deeply and irregularly incised, smooth; involucres lunulate or transversely
to the
From
oblong.
Utah, Arizona, Texas, and eastward to VirIn moist rocky places, especially about springs and along
S. California to
A. pedatum,
branches recurved,
8.
among
rocks.
ASPLENIUM,
SPLEENWORT.
L.
* Indusium
i-
to the
straight or nearly so, attached
double.
Fronds once pinnate, the pinnae, numerous and sometimes toothed but
divided, somewhat rigid: rhachis dark and often polished.
1.
pinnate
to 6 inches long,
from an
not again
narrowly linear,
obtusely cuneate
from the
and northward
A. ebeneum,
Ait.
Fronds 9
to
sessile,
or incised:
and eastward
to
Canada and
Florida.
FILICES.
443
(TRUE FERNS.)
3.
closely parallel
and
New
and forking
Mexico.
sori elongated,
to 3 to a segment.
Colorado
In crevices of rocks.
down
of
and continued a
it.
lacerate-ciliate.
Common
almost everywhere.
PHEGOPTERIS,
9.
Fee.
Sori on the back of the veins below their attenuated apices. Differs from
in having no iudusium.
In our species the fronds are trian-
Aspidium only
P. Dryopteris, Fee.
pinna of
vision.
From the mountains of Colorado to Oregon, eastward through the
Northern United States, and far northward. Open rocky woods.
2. P. calcarea, Fee.
Fronds minutely glandular and somewhat rigid, 4 to
8 inches wide and long lateral divisions ascending ; all triangular and pinnate,
;
10.
ASPIDIUM,
The round
stalk, or
SHIELD FERN.
Swartz.
FERN.
WOOD
A. Filix-mas,
Swartz.
Fronds
so.
sometimes
slightly chaffy beneath, the upper confluent sori near the midvein, commonly
only on the lower half of each segment : stalks very chaffy with large scales.
:
In Colo-
444
FILICES.
Var.
incisum,
Mett.
(TRUE FERNS.)
Differs
in the rhachis
with scanty
chaff; the pinnules or segments rather distant, lanceolate, tapering to a subacute point, and incised on the margin with serrated lobules.
Eaton, Ferns
N.
Am.
i.
312.
* * Indusium
the sorus
2.
orbicular
pinnae,
A. Lonchitis,
1
Swartz.
to 3 inches), linear-lanceolate
;
pinnae broadly lanceolate, falcate,
sharply spinulose-serrate, the lower ones symmetrically triangular and shorter,
In the Wahsatch Mountains, Utah, Monthe upper ones strongly auricled.
(stalks only
and eastward
CYSTOPTEBIS,
11.
Bernhardi.
Tufted ferns, with slender and delicate twice or thrice pinnate fronds, and
cut-toothed lobes.
1. C. fragilis, Bernh.
Fronds 6 to 12 inches long, broadly lanceolate,
usually bipinnate pinnae oblong-ovate, pointed ; pinnules ovate or oblong,
Throughout North America. Usually in crevvariously toothed or incised.
;
ices of
12.
WOOD SI A,
R. Brown.
Small tufted ferns growing on exposed rocks. Ours have the stalks not
and the fronds glandular-pubescent or smooth, not chaffy.
1.
SCOpulina, Eaton. Fronds 4 to 8 inches long, puberulent beneath
with minute jointed hairs and stalked glands, oblong-ovate, pinnate with deeply
articulated,
W.
and crenulate
indusia deeply
cleft
into
W.
2.
taller
sterile
last.
Eaton.
Oregana,
than the
EQUISETACE^E.
CLASS
445
(HORSETAIL FAMILY.)
III.
EQUISETISME.
The branches,
arising
from
ORDER
EQUISETACE.E.
97.
(HORSETAIL FAMILY.)
1.
EQUISETUM,
L.
SCOURING RUSH.
HORSETAIL.
Stems simple or branched, the joints having closed ends leaves of the
spores round, furnished
fruiting cone 5 to 7-angled, and sporangia hood-like
with two slender filaments attached by the middle and clavate at the free
:
ends
common eastward
Sterile and finally also fertile stems producing simple straight 3-angled branches : sheaths of the stem with ovate-lanceolate short
teeth, those of the branches 3-toothed: stems more slender and branches shorter
than in the
* # Stems
-i-
Stems
last.
tall
and
stout (l
to
to
4Q-grooved:
sheaths appressed.
3.
E. Isevigatum, Braun.
numerous branches
minute tubercles
From
Colorado to Oregon,
446
4.
EQUISETACE^E.
E. robustum, Brauu.
(HORSETAIL FAMILY.)
Stems 3
E. hiemale,
Stems
l
to 4 feet high the ridges roughened by two
of tubercles: sheaths elongated, with a black girdle
above the base and a black limb, of about 20 (17 to 26) narrowly linear teeth,
5.
more or
less distinct
L.
lines
and
In
The
"
Scouring Rush," or
'
i-
6.
-i-
Stems slender,
E. variegatum,
usually simple
from a branched
Creek, Colorado
and northward.
7.
in tufts, 5 to
Schleicher.
to
Coulter),
10
looser.
Utah, and
E. SCirpoides, Michx.
10 grooved, sheaths
in
tuft, filiform,
3 to 6
inches high,Jle,xuous and curving, mostltj 6-grooved, with acute ridges: sheaths
Utah and Wyoming ;
3-toothed, the bristle-pointed teeth more persistent.
also in the
INDEX.
Abies
429, 430
448
Calamintha
INDEX.
INDEX.
False Red-top
449
450
Liliacese
INDEX.
INDEX.
Polygonatum
451
452
Tarweed
INDEX.
191
ADDENDUM.
On page
28
a.
C. misandra,
R. Br.
leaves
many,
narrow,
C. misandra
is
the
name
Robert Brown.
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