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So,studentstendtoconfusebetweenthesetwocelldivision.Chilldown=D
Definition
Mitosis
A process of
asexual reproduction
in which the cell
divides in two
producing a
replica, with an e
qual number of chromosomes
in each resulting diploid cell.
Meiosis
A type of cellular reproduction in which the number of chromosomes are
reduced by
half
through the s
eparation of homologous chromosomes
, producing
two
haploid cells
.
Definition settled =D. Now onto the next step.
Mitosis in a NUTSHELL.
-
Stages of cell cycle can be broken down into five s
tages:
Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis
Prophase:
Definition:
t
he first stage of mitosis or meiosis in eukaryotic cell division, during which the
nuclear envelope breaks down and strands of chromatin form into chromosomes.
What is actually happening?
-
Chromosomes become
visible
when they
condense
into sister chromatids and
WhatisHappening?
Chromosomeslineupinc
enterorequatorofthecell
attachedto
kinetochorefibers
ofthespindle.
NextisAnaphase.
Anaphase
Definition:
stageofmeioticormitoticcelldivisioninwhichthechromosomesmoveawayfrom
oneanothertooppositepolesofthespindle.
WhatisHappening?
Kinetochorefibers
attachedtothecentromere
pullthesisterchromatidsapart.
Almostdonewithmitosis!Justafewmore!
Telophase
Definition:
finalphase
ofcelldivision,
betweenanaphaseandinterphase
,inwhichthe
chromatidsorchromosomesmovetooppositeends
ofthecelland
twonucleiare
formed.
WhatisactuallyHappening?
Nuclearmembraneformsateachendofthecellaroundthechromatidsandnucleolus
reform.
Chromosomesbecomeslesstightlycoiledandappearaschromatidsagain.
Cytokinesisbegins.
Foraclearerunderstanding,referpicturebelow,
Cytokinesis.
Definition:the
cytoplasmicdivision
ofacellatthe
endofmitosisormeiosis
,bringing
aboutthe
separationintotwodaughtercells
.
WhatisactuallyHappening?
Cytoplasmofthecellanditsorganellesseparate
into2newdaughtercells.
Inanimals,
agroovecalledthe
cleavagefurrowf
ormspinchingtheparentcellintwo.
In
plantcell
,a
cellplate
formsdownthemiddleofthecellwherethenewcellwalls
willbe.
ANDDDDwearedonewithmitosis!Nowonlyleftmeiosis!
Meiosis
.
(definitionupabove)
(someimportantpoints)
Reducesthenumberofchromosomesinnewcellstohalfthenumberintheoriginal
cell.
Newcellshaveasinglecopyofchromosomes(23total)butaren
otidenticaltoeach
otherortheoriginalparentcell
andusedfor
makinggametes(spermandeggs)
withthehaploidornnumber.
Inmeiosis,
celldividestwice
afterasingleDNAduplication.
MeiosisI
stagesare
ProphaseI,MetaphaseI,AnaphaseI,&TelophaseI.
MeiosisII
stagesare
ProphaseII,MetaphaseII,AnaphaseII,&TelophaseII.
MeiosisI
Prophase I
Definition:
Pairsofhomologouschromosomes
intertwine
andtheprocesscalled
crossingover
occursaschromatidsfromhomologouspairsofchromosomes
swap
geneticinformation.
-
cellthatundergoesMeiosisIisaprimaryspermatocyteoroocyte
.
What is actually Happening :
Chromosomescoiltightly
andare
visible
.
Nuclearmembrane&nucleolus
disintegrate
whilespindlefibresform.
Synapsis(joining)
ofhomologouschromosomesoccurs
makingtetrads.
Kinetochorefiber
formsoneachchromosome.
Crossingoveroccurs.
MetaphaseI
WhatisHappening?
tetrads
align
onthe
equatorialplate.
centromeresattached
themselvesto
thespindlefibres.
AnaphaseI
WhatisHappening?
homologouschromosomesortetrads
separate
whichresultinonehomologous
chromosome(consistsoftwochromatids)
movetooneendofthecell.
Theotherhomologouschromosomesmovestotheothersideofthecell.
Thisactionresultsin
23chromosomesmovetoonepole
,and
another23
chromosomesmovetoanotherpole.
Thec
hromosomenumberofthecellishalved
oncemeiosisIiscompleted.
Thisprocessiscalled
reductiondivision.
TelophaseI
WhatisHappening?
nucleusreorganizes,chromosomesbecomeschromatin
,and
cellmembrane
beginto
pinchinward
.
C
ytokinesisoccursimmediately
followingtelophaseI.
This
processoccursdifferentlyinplantandanimalcell
,likemitosis.
MeiosisII
Someimportantpoints:
occursthesamewayessentiallyinmitosis.
InmeiosisII,acellcontainsa
singlesetofchromosomes
thatstill
hasits
duplicatedsisterchromatidsattached.
MeiosisIIs
egregatesthesisterchromatids
intoseparatecells.
ProphaseII
WhatisHappening?
Chromatincondenses,eachc
hromosomecontainstwochromatids
thatisattached
bythecentromere.
The
23chromatidpair
,atotalof46chromosomesthen
movetotheequatorial
plate.
MetaphaseII
WhatisHappening?
The23chromatidpairgatheratthecenterofthecellreadyfor
separation
.
Thisprocessis
identicaltometaphaseinmitosis,
exceptthatthisis
occurringina
haploidvsadiploidcell.
AnaphaseII
WhatisHappening?
Thecentromeredivideandsisterchromosomesseparate,whichisreferredtoas
nonreplicatedchromosomes.
SpindlefibersmovechromosomestoeachpolewhichInall,23chromosomesmoveto
eachpole.
TelophaseII
WhatisHappening?
Chromosomesgatheratthepolesofthecellandbecomeindistinctandtheyforma
massofchromatin.
nuclearenvelopedevelops,nucleolireappear,andthecellundergocytokinesis.
ANDWEAREDONE!
Someimportantpoint=)
Eachcellcontain46chromatidsyieldstwocell,eachwith23chromosomesduring
meiosisII.
ThetwocellthatundergomeiosisIIresultedinfourcell,eachwith23chromosomes.
Eachofthefourcellisahaploidthatis,eachcellcontainasinglesetof
chromosomes.
The23chromosomesinthefourcellsarenotidenticalduetotheexchangeofgenetic
information(crossingover)thatoccuredinprophaseI.
Meiosisprovidesamechanismforproducingvariationinthechromosomes.
FINISH.