Mark T. Greenberg Ph.D.

Bennett Chair of Prevention Research

Founding Director, Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center
College of Health and Human Development
PHE 814 863-0112
FAX 814 863-7963
Email: mxg47@psu.edu

Dear Colleague:
Thank you for your request for information concerning the research that we have
conducted on adolescents perceived attachment to peers and parents. First, we have
enclosed a copy of our article in the Journal of Youth and Adolescence in 1987 that
introduced the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment. We have also enclosed a
manual providing information on our factor analyses of the scales, information on
reliability of the scales, and a scoring key.
Since the study reported in the 1987 paper was carried out, we have revised the IPPA. In
her dissertation, Gay Armsden modified the IPPA so as to separately assess perceived
quality of attachment to mothers and fathers (instead of parents together). We have
enclosed a copy of this unpublished measure, The IPPA (Mother, Father, Peer Version),
and a page of scoring information. In her study of over 400 college students, Gay has
found that most of the same items fall on the same factors for mothers and father
separately that we found in the factor analysis of parents together on the IPPA. However,
there were enough differences in loadings that we judged it best to discourage the use of
subscales in the revised version of the IPPA until further research could be done.
Recommended scoring for this version thus involves total scores for Mother, Father, and
Peer, but no subscale scores. However, while scoring subscales is not advised, we have
included instructions for doing so, since many researchers have requested this
information.
If you have further questions, please feel free to call (814 863-0112) or e-mail Gay
Armsden at (g.armsden@gmail.com), or write. If you decide to use our measures in data
collection, please let us know. We would also appreciate a copy of papers that utilize the
measure(s).
Sincerely,

Mark T. Greenberg, Ph.D.

Professor

Gay Armsden, Ph.D.

Research Consultant

INVENTORY OF PARENT AND PEER ATTACHMENT (IPPA)

AUTHORS:
Gay Armsden, Ph.D.
Research Consultant
230 Ilihau St.
Kailua, HI 96734

Mark T. Greenberg, Ph.D.

Professor
Human Development
Penn State University
State College, PA 16802

Variables Measured:
Parent and Peer Attachment (original version)
Mother, Father, and Peer Attachment (revised version)
Instrument Description:
The IPPA was developed in order to assess adolescents perceptions of the positive and
negative affective/cognitive dimension of relationships with their parents and close
friends -- particularly how well these figures serve as sources of psychological security.
The theoretical framework is attachment theory, originally formulated by Bowlby and
recently expanded by others. Three broad dimensions are assessed: degree of mutual
trust; quality of communication; and extent of anger and alienation. The development
samples were 16 to 20 years of age; however the IPPA has been used successfully in
several studies with adolescents as young as 12. The instrument is a self-report
questionnaire with a five point likert-scale response format. The original version consists
of 28 parents and 25 peer items, yielding two attachment scores. The revised version
(Mother, Father, Peer Version) is comprised of 25 items in each of the mother, father, and
peer sections, yielding three attachment scores. The IPPA is scored by reverse-scoring
the negatively worded items and then summing the response values in each section.

RELIABILITY:
Three week test-retest reliabilities for a sample of 27 18- to 20-year-olds were .93 for
parent attachment and .86 for peer attachment.
For the revised version, internal reliabilities (Cronbachs alpha) are: Mother attachment,
.87; Father attachment, .89; Peer attachment, .92.

VALIDITY:
Among late adolescents, parental attachment scores are moderately to highly related to
Family and Social Self scores from the Tennessee Self Concept Scale and to most
subscales on the Family Environmental Scale (Armsden & Greenberg, 1987). Parent
attachment scores of 12- to 18-year-olds are also moderately correlated with scores on the
FACES, and with the degree of positive family coping (communication among family
members and relatives concerning problems) (Lewis, Woods, & Ellison, 1987). In a
sample of 10- to 16-year-old psychiatric patients, less secure parent attachment was
related to clinical diagnosis of depression, parent rating of the adolescents depressive
symptoms, and to patients self-reported level of depression (Armsden, McCauley,
Greenberg, Burke, & Mitchell, 1991). Attachment to parents has been found to
discriminate delinquents from non-delinquents among 12- to 17-year-olds (Redondo,
Martin, Fernandez, & Lopez, 1986). Late adolescents experiencing more secure mother
and father attachment report less conflict between their parents and experience less
loneliness (Armsden, 1986).
Peer attachment is positively related to social self concept as assessed by the Tennessee
Self Concept Scale and family expressiveness on the Family Environment Scale, and is
strongly negatively correlated with loneliness. Peer attachment is modestly correlated
with parent attachment as assessed by the IPPA as well as measures of general family
functioning and self concept as family member (Armsden & Greenberg, 1987; Armsden,
1986; Lewis et al., 1987).
Scores on the IPPA have also been found to be associated with a number of personality
variables. Among late adolescents, parent and peer attachment are correlated with
positiveness and stability of self-esteem, life-satisfaction, and affective status (depression,
anxiety, resentment/alienation, covert anger, and loneliness) (Armsden & Greenberg,
1987; Armsden, 1986). The relationship of attachment and affective status holds even
when degree of negative life-change is controlled (Armsden & Greenberg, 1987).
Quality of attachment to parents and to a lesser extent, peers, is associated with selfreported tendencies toward the use of more problem-solving coping strategies relative to
emotion-managing efforts in stressful situations (Armsden, 1986). Among early to
middle adolescents, parent attachment, and to a lesser extent, peer attachment, were
found to be associated with lesser hopelessness and less externally oriented locus of

3
control and with greater self-management (coping) skills (Armsden et al., 1987; Lewis et
al., 1987).
Scores on the IPPA were not found to be significantly related to socio-economic status
among a sample of 400 18- to 20-year-olds. In the same study, negligible but significant
positive correlations were obtained between attachment and parents education levels
(Armsden, 1986).
SUGGESTIONS IN USAGE:
(1) The revised version of the IPPA (Mother, Father, Peer version) separately assesses
mother and father attachment; the authors recommend its use over the original
version whenever possible.
REFERENCES:
Armsden, G. (1986). Attachment to parents and peers in late adolescence: Relationships
to affective status, self-esteem, and coping with loss, threat and challenges. (Doctoral
Dissertation, University of Washington, 1986). Dissertation Abstracts International,
47(4), October, 1986. Available from http://disexpress.umi.com/dxweb .
Armsden, G. C., and Greenberg, M. T. (1987). The Inventory of Parent and Peer
Attachment: Relationships to well-being in adolescence. Journal of Youth and
Adolescence, 16 (5), 427-454.
Armsden, G. C., McCauley, E., Greenberg, M.T.; Burke, P., and Mitchell, J. (1991).
Parent and peer attachment in early adolescence depression. Journal of Youth and
Adolescence, 18, 683-692.
Greenberg, M.T., Siegal, J., & Leitch, C. (1984). The nature and importance of
attachment relationships to parents and peers during adolescence. Journal of Youth and
Adolescence, 12(5), 373-386.
Lewis, F. M., Woods, N.F., Ellison, E. (1987). Family impact study, Unpublished
report, University of Washington, R01-NUO1000, Division of Nursing, Public Health
Service.
Redondo, L. M., Martin, A. L., Fernandez, J.S., & Lopez, J. M. (1986). An examination
of the relationship between family environment and juvenile delinquency. Unpublished
manuscript, University of Santiago, Chile.

4
SELECTED STUDIES USING THE IPPA
By Year of Publication
1991
Armsden, G.C., McCauley, E., Greenberg, M. T., Burke, P., & Mitchell, J. (1991). Parent and peer
attachment in early adolescence depression. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 18, 683-697.
Papini, D. R., Roggman, L. A., & Anderson, J. (1991). Early-adolescent perceptions of attachment to
mother and father: A test of emotional-distancing and buffering hypotheses. Journal of Early Adolescence,
11, 258-275.
Williams, S. & McGee, R. (1991). Adolescent self-perceptions of their strengths. Journal of Youth and
Adolescence, 20, 325-337.

1992
Cotterell, J. L. (1992). The relation of attachments and support to adolescent well-being and school
adjustment. Journal of Adolescent Research, 7, 28-42.
Capaldi, D. M. (1992). Co-occurrence of conduct problems and depressive symptoms in early adolescence
boys: II. A 2-year follow-up at Grade 8. Development and Psychopathology, 4, 125-144.
Papin, D.R. & Roggmen, L.A. (1992). Adolescent perceived attachment to parents in relation to
competence, depression, and anxiety: A longitudinal study. Journal of Early Adolescence, 12, 420-440.
Raja, S.N., McGee, R., & Stanton, W.R. (1992). Perceived attachments to parents and peers and
psychological well-being in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 21, 471-485.

1993
Blain, M.D., Thompson, J.M., & Whiffen, V.E. (1993). Attachment and perceived social support in late
adolescence: The interaction of working models of self and others. Journal of Adolescent Research, 8,
226-241.
Cavell, T. A., Jones, D. C., Runyen, R.D., et al. (1993). Perception of attachment and the adjustment of
adolescents with alcoholic fathers. Journal of Family Psychology, 7, 204-212.
Lyddon, W. J., Bradford, E., Nelson, J. P. (1993). Assessing adolescent and adult attachment: A review of
current self-report measures. Journal of Counseling and Development, 71, 390-395.

1994
Paterson, J. E., Field, J., Pryor, J. (1994). Adolescents perceptions of their attachment relationships with
their mothers, fathers, and friends. Journal of Youth of Adolescence, 23, 579-599.
Schultheiss, D. E. P., & Blustein, D. L. (1994). Role of adolescent-parent relationships in college student
development and adjustment. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 41, 248-255.
Schultheiss, D. E. P., & Blustein, D. L. (1994). Contributions of family relationship factors to the identity
formation process. Journal of Counseling and Development, 73, 159-166.

5
1995
Haigleer, V. F., Day, H. D., & Marh
hsall, D. D. (19
995). Parental aattachment andd gender-role iddentity. Sex
Roles,, 33, 203-220.
Kenny
y, M. E., Rice, K. G. (1995). Attachment to
o parents and aadjustment in laate adolescent college
studen
nts. The Counsseling Psycholo
ogist, 23, 433-4
456.
Paterson, J., Pryor, J.,
J Field, J. (199
95). Adolescen
nt attachment tto parents and friends in relattion to aspects
of selff-esteem. Journ
nal of Youth an
nd Adolescencee, 24, 365-376 .

1997
Cartney, K. (19
997). Adolesceent females seccurity with parrents predicts thhe quality of
Black,, K. A., & McC
peer reelations. Social Developmentt, 6, 91-110.
P
B., Linddberg, N., Herzzberg, D., & Ruudolph, K.D.
Burge, D., Hammen,, C., Davila, J.,, Daley, S.E., Paley,
(1997)). The relationsship between attachment
a
cognitions and psyychological adj
djustment in latte adolescent
women. Developmen
nt and Psychop
pathology, 9, 151-167 Cambrridge Universitty Press.
Dekov
vic, M., & Meeeus, W. (1997). Peer relation
ns in adolescencce: effects of pparenting and aadoelescents
self-co
oncept. Journall of Adolescence, 20, 163-176.
OKoo
on, J. (1997). Attachment
A
to parents and peeers in late adoolescence and th
their relationshhip with selfimage. Adolescence,, 32, 471-483.

1998
Mahraaj, S. I., Rodin,, G. B., Omslteed, M. P., & Daaneman, D. (19998). Eating diisturbances, diaabetes and the
family
y: An empiricall study. Journaal of Psychosom
matic Researchh, 44, 479-490..
Allen, J.P., Moore, C.,
C Kupermine,, G., & Bell, K.
K (1998). Attacchment and Addolescent Psychhosocial
Functiioning, Child Development,
D
October;
O
69(5)), 14061419.

1999
Capald
di, D. M., & Sttoolmiller, M. (1999). Co-occcurrence of connduct problem
ms and depressiive symptoms
in earlly adolescent boys:
b
III Predicction to young-adult developm
ment. Developm
ment and Psycchopathology,
11, 59
9-84.
Moon, M. J., Dekoviic, M., & Meeu
us, W. H. J. (19
999). Autonom
my, attachmentt and psychosoocial adjustmennt
during
g adolescence: a double-edged sword. Journ
nal of Adolesceence, 22, 771-7783.

2000
DiFilip
ppo, J.M., & Overholser,
O
J.C
C. (2000). Suiciidal ideation inn adolescent pssychiatric inpattients as
associated with deprression and attaachment relatio
onships. Journaal of Clinical C
Child Psycholoogy, 29(2), 155166.
Formo
oso. D. Gonzales, N. A., & Aiken,L.
A
S. (200
00) Family connflict and childdrens internaliizing and
extern
nalizing behavior: Protective factors.
f
Ameriican Journal off Community P
Psychology, 288, 175-199.
Laiblee, D. J., Carlo, G., & Raffaelli, M. (2000). The
T differentiall relations of paarent and peer attachment to
adolesscent adjustmen
nt. Journal of Youth
Y
and Ado
olescence, 29, 445-59.

6
Rhodees, J. E., Grossm
man, J. B., & Resch,
R
N. L. (2
2000). Agents of change: Patthways throughh which
mento
oring relationsh
hips influence adolescent
a
acaademic adjustm
ment. Child Deevelopment, 71, 1662-1671.
Rice, K.
K G., & Mirzaadeh, S. A. (20
000). Perfectio
onism, attachm
ment and adjusttment. Journal of Counseling
Psychology, 47, 238-250.
Vivon
na, J. M. (2000)). Parental attaachment styles of late adolesccents: Qualitiess of attachmennt relationships
and co
onsequences fo
or adjustment. Journal of Cou
unseling Psychhology, 47, 3166-329.
Wood
dward L.J., Ferg
gusson D.M., & Belsky J. (20
000) Timing off parental sepaaration and attaachment to
parentts in adolescencce: Results of a prospective study
s
from birtth to age 16. Joournal of Marrriage and the
Familyy, 62(1), 162-1
174.

2001
uer, H. M. (2001) Dyadic attacchments and co
ommunity connnectedness: Liinks with youthhs loneliness
Chipu
experiiences. Journal of Community
y Psychology, 29, 429-446.
Engelss, R. C. M. E., Finkenauer, C.,
C Meeus, W., & Dekovic, M
M. (2001). Pareental attachmennt and
adolesscents emotion
nal adjustment: The associations with sociaal skills and relaational compettence. Journal
of Cou
unseling Psych
hology, 48, 428
8-439.
McCaarthy, C. J., Mo
oller, N. P., & Fouladi, R.T. (2001).
(
Continu
nued attachmennt to parents: Itts relationship tto
affect regulation and
d perceived streess among college students. M
Measurement aand Evaluationn in Counselingg
and Development,
D
33
3, 198-213.
Pavlid
dis, K., & McC
Cauley, E. (2001). Autonomy
y and relatedness in family intteractions withh depressed
adolesscents. Journall of Abnormal Child Psychology, 29, 11-21 .
Simon
n, K. J., Paterniite, C. E. , & Shore, C (2001)). Quality of pparent/adolesceent attachment and aggressionn
in you
ung adolescentss. Journal of Eaarly Adolescen
nce, 21, 182-2003.
Wilkin
nson, R. B., & Walford, W. A.
A (2001). Attaachment and peersonality in thhe psychologicaal health of
adolesscents, Personaality and Indiviidual Differencces, 31, 473-4884.

2002
ms, E. K, & Chaase-Lansdale, P.
P L. (2002). Home sweet hom
me: Parental seeparations, resiidential moves,
Adam
and ad
djustment problems in low-in
ncome adolesceent girls. Deveelopmental Psyychology, 38, 7792-805.
McKin
nney, K. G. (20
002). Engagem
ment in commu
unity service am
mong college sstudents: Is it affected by
signifiicant attachmen
nt relationships? Journal of Adolescence,
A
2 5, 139-154.
Meeuss, W., Oosterw
wegel, A., & Vo
ollebergh, W. (2002).
(
Parentaal and peer attaachment and iddentity
develo
opment in adolescence. Journ
nal of Adolesceence, 25, 93-1006.
Milne, L. C., & Lanccaster, S. (2002
2) Predictors of depression inn female adolesscents. Adolesccence, 36, 207223.
Orzoleek-Kronner, C.. (2002). The effect
e
of attachm
ment theory inn the developm
ment of eating ddisorders: Can
sympttoms be proxim
mity-seeking?, Child & Adoleescent Social W
Work Journal, 119, 421-435.
Smetaana, J. G, Crean
n, H. F., & Dad
ddis, C. (2002)) Family processses and probleem behaviors iin middle-classs
Africaan American adolescents.
a
Jou
urnal of Researrch on Adolesccence. 12, 275--304

Sund, A. M., & Wichstrom, L. (2002). Insecure attachment as a risk factor for future depressive symptoms
in early adolescence. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 14781485.

2003
Beitel, M., & Cecero, J. J. (2003). Predicting psychological mindedness from personality style and
attachment security. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59, 163-172.
Coleman, P. K. (2003). Perceptions of parent-child attachment, social self-efficacy, and peer relationships
in middle childhood. Infant and Child Development, 12, 351-368.
Johnson, L. N., Ketring, S. A., Abshire, C. (2003) The revised inventory of parent attachment: Measuring
attachment in families. Contemporary Family Therapy, 25, 333-349.

2004
Buist, K. L., Dekovic, M. Meeus, W. H., & van Aken, M. A. G. (2004). Attachment in adolescence: A
social relations model analysis. Journal of Adolescent Research, 19, 826-850.
Essau, C. A. (2004). The Association between family factors and depressive disorders in adolescents.
Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 33(5), 365-372.
Rubin, K.H., Dwyer, K.M., Booth-LaForce, C. Kim, A.H., Burgess, K.B., & Rose-Krasnor, L. (2004).
Attachment, friendship, and psychosocial functioning in early adolescence. The Journal of Early
Adolescence, November 1, 24(4): 326 - 356.
Schwartz, J. P., & Buboltz, W. C. (2004). The Relationship between attachment to parents and
psychological separation in college students. Journal of College Student Development, 45, 566-577.
Smetana, J. G., Metzger, A., & Campione-Barr, N. (2004). African American Late Adolescents'
Relationships With Parents: Developmental Transitions and Longitudinal Patterns. Child Development, 75
932-947.
Vignoli, E., & Mallet, P. (2004). Validation of a brief measure of adolescents' parent attachment based on
Armsden and Greenberg's three-dimension model. European Review of Applied Psychology, 54(4), 251260.
Wilkinson, R. B., & Kraljevic, M. (2004). Adolescent Psychological Health and School Attitudes: The
Impact of Attachment Relationships. Proceedings of the Australian Psychological Societys Psychology of
Relationships Interest Group 4th Annual Conference, 150-155. Melbourne, Australia: The Australian
Psychological Society.

2005
Abela, J.R.Z., Hankin, B.L., Haigh, E.A.P., Adams, P., Vinokuroff, T., & Trayhern, L. (2005).
Interpersonal vulnerability to depressive episodes in high risk children: The role of insecure attachment and
reassurance seeking. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 34, 182-192.
Costa, N.M. & Weems, C.F. (2005). Maternal and child anxiety: Do attachment beliefs or children's
perceptions of maternal control mediate their association? Social Development, 14(4), 574.
Gullone, E., & Robinson, K. (2005). The Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment--Revised (IPPA-R) for
Children: A Psychometric Investigation. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 12, 67-79.

8
Nickerrson, A.B., & Nagle,
N
R.J. (20
005). Parent an
nd peer attachm
ment in late chilldhood and earrly adolescencee.
The Jo
ournal of Earlyy Adolescence, May 1, 25(2), 223 - 249.
Rhodees, J. E., Reddy
y, R., & Grossm
man, J. B. (200
05). The Protecctive Influence of Mentoring on Adolescentts'
Substaance Use: Direct and Indirectt Pathways, App
plied Developm
mental Sciencee, 9, 31-47.
Sternb
berg, K. J., Lam
mb, M. E., Guteerman, E., Abb
bott, C. B., & D
Dawud-Noursii, S. (2005). Addolescents'
percep
ptions of attach
hments to their mothers and fathers
f
in famillies with historries of domesticc violence: A
longitu
udinal perspecttive. Child Abu
use & Neglect, 29(8), 853-8669.

2006
Benso
on, M.J., McWeey, L.M., & Ro
oss, J.J. (2006)). Parental attacchment and peeer relations in adolescence: A
meta-aanalysis. Resea
arch in Human
n Development, 3(1), 33-43.
McElh
haney, K.B., Im
mmese, A., Sm
mith, F.D., & Alllen, J.P. (20066). Attachmentt organization aas a moderatorr
of the link between friendship
f
quallity and adolesccent delinquenncy. Attachmennt and Human D
Development,
h; 8(1), 3346.
March

2007
Allen, J.P., Porter, M.,
M & McFarlan
nd, C. (2007). The
T relation off attachment seecurity to adoleescents paternnal
and peeer relationship
ps, depression, and externalizzing behavior. C
Child Developpment, 78(4), 122221239.
Bynum
m, M. S. (2007
7). African American mother--daughter comm
munication aboout sex and dauughters' sexuall
behaviior: Does colleege racial comp
position make a difference?. C
Cultural Diverrsity & Ethnic M
Minority
Psycho
ology, 13, 151--160.
Coley, R. L., & Med
deiros, B. L. (20
007). Reciproccal Longitudinaal Relations Beetween Nonressident Father
Involv
vement and Ad
dolescent Delin
nquency. Child
d Developmentt, 78, 132-147.
Flight, J.I., & Forth, A.E. (2007). Instrumentally violent youthss: The roles of ppsychopathic ttraits, empathy,
and attachment. Crim
minal Justice and
a Behavior, 34(6),
3
739-751 .
Gomez, R., & McLaaren, S. (2007).. The inter-relaations of motheer and father atttachment, selff-esteem and
aggresssion during latte adolescence. Aggressive Behavior,
B
33(2)), 160-169.
Gomez, R., & McLaaren, S., (2007)). The inter-relaations of motheer and father aattachment, selff-esteem and
aggresssion during latte adolescence. Aggressive Behavior,
B
33, 1660-169.
Salzin
nger, S., Rosariio, M., Feldman
n, R.S., & Ng-Mak, D.S. (20 07). Adolescennt suicidal behhavior:
Associations with prreadolescent ph
hysical abuse and
a selected rissk and protectivve factors. Jouurnal of the
Ameriican Academy of
o Child and Adolescent Psycchiatry, 46(7), 859-866.
Ying, Y., Lee, P. A.,, & Tsai, J. L. (2007).
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Predicttors of depressiive symptoms in Chinese Am
merican collegee
studen
nts: Parent and peer attachmen
nt, college chaallenges and sennse of coherennce. American JJournal of
Orthop
psychiatry, 77,, 316-323.

2008
Scragg
g R, Reeder AII, Wong G, Glo
over M, Nosa V.
V (2008). Attaachment to parrents, parental ttobacco
smoking and smokin
ng among Yearr 10 students in
n the 2005 New
w Zealand natioonal survey. Auust N Z J Publiic
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9
Viana, A.G., & Rabian, B. (2008). Perceived attachment: Relations to anxiety sensitivity, worry, and GAD
symptoms, Behavior Research and Therapy, 46(6), 737-747.
Yates, T.M., Tracy, A.J., & Luthar, S.S. (2008). Nonsuicidal self-injury among privileged youths:
Longitudinal and cross-sectional approaches to developmental process. Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology 76(1), 5262.

2009
Smith, M., & Calam, R. (2009). Psychological factors linked to self-reported depression symptoms in late
adolescence. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 37, 7385.
Song H, Thompson RA, Ferrer E. (2009). Attachment and self-evaluation in Chinese adolescents: age and
gender differences. J Adolesc., 32(5), 1267-86. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.01.001.

2010
Bmaca-Colbert, M. Y., & Gayles, J. G. (2010). Variable-centered and person-centered approaches to
studying mexican-origin motherdaughter cultural orientation dissonance. Journal of Youth and
Adolescence, 39(11), 1274-1292. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10964-009-9447-3
Bauminger, N., Solomon, M., & Rogers, S.J. (2010). Predicting Friendship Quality in Autism Spectrum
Disorders and Typical Development. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, June; 40(6): 751
761.
Bauminger, N., Solomon, M., & Rogers, S. J. (2010). Externalizing and internalizing behaviors in ASD.
Autism Research, 3(3), 101-112. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.131
Branje, S. J. T., Hale, W. W., Frijns, T., & Meeus, W. H. J. (2010). Longitudinal associations between
perceived parent-child relationship quality and depressive symptoms in adolescence. Journal of Abnormal
Child Psychology, 38(6), 751-763. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10802-010-9401-6
Buist, K. L. (2010). Sibling relationship quality and adolescent delinquency: A latent growth curve
approach. Journal of Family Psychology, 24(4), 400-410. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0020351
Cate, R. C.Deficits in mentalization as a risk factor for the future development of eating disorders: A pilot
study. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, , 3379-3379.
Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/837458323?accountid=13158
De, l. R., Dillon, F. R., Rojas, P., Schwartz, S. J., & Duan, R. (2010). Latina motherdaughter dyads:
Relations between attachment and sexual behavior under the influence of alcohol or drugs. Archives of
Sexual Behavior, 39(6), 1305-1319. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10508-009-9498-2
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22

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23
**ORIGINAL VERSION**
INVENTORY OF PARENT AND PEER ATTACHMENT (IPPA)
(Parent and Peer Version)

SCORING INSTRUCTIONS

Calculation of Total Parent and Peer Attachment Scores

Separate Parent Attachment and Peer Attachment summary scores are obtained by
reverse-scoring items as listed below. It is necessary to also reverse score all Alienation
subscale items.

Subscale Scoring (see Table below)

The original IPPA has three Parent and Peer subscales. Subscale scores are computed by
summing the item responses. Responses to negatively worded items must be reversescored before calculations.

Parent Subscales

Directly-scored
Items

Trust
(10 items)

1 2 4 13 14 21 23 24

Communication
(10 items)

6 8 16 17 20 26 28

Alienation
(8 items)

9 11 12 18 19 22 25 27

Reverse-scored
Items
3 10
5 7 15
----

Peer Subscales
Trust
(10 items)

6 8 12 13 14 15 19 20 21

Communication
(8 items)

1 2 3 7 16 17 24 25

----

Alienation
(7 items)

4 9 10 11 18 22 23

----

24
INVENTORY OF PARENT AND PEER ATTACHMENT (IPPA):
(Parent and Peer Version)
ITEM-TOTAL CORRELATIONS*
PARENT ATTACHMENT SCALES
COMMUNICATION
Item Number
Item-total correlation
5
.53
6
.67
7
.59
8
.61
15
.63
16
.75
17
.80
20
.75
26
.77
28
.68

TRUST
Item Number
1
2
3
4
10
13
14
21
23
24

Item-total
.76
.69
.61
.75
.55
.73
.73
.72
.74
.64

ALIENATION
Item Number
9
11
12
18
19
22
25
27

Item-total Correlation
.59
.60
.59
.58
.57
.57
.74
.65

PEER ATTACHMENT SCALES

TRUST
Item Number
5
6
8
12
13
14
15
19
20
21
ALIENATION
Item Number
4
9
10
11
18
22

Item-total
.56
.60
.62
.70
.75
.68
.73
.71
.68
.75

COMMUNICATION
Item Number
Item-total
1
.57
2
.63
3
.59
7
.66
16
.57
17
.63
24
.72
25
.72

Item-total correlation
.45
.27
.51
.46
.40
.44

* Correlation between item scores and the total score (excluding that item)

25

INVENTORY OF PARENT AND PEER ATTACHMENT:

(MOTHER, FATHER AND PEER VERSION)
SCORING INSTRUCTIONS
Mother, Father, and Peer Attachment scores are calculated by
(1) reverse-scoring the items whose numbers are listed below and
(2) summing all 25 items for each scale.

Attachment Scale
Mother

3 6 8 9 10 11 14 17 18 23

Father

3 6 8 9 10 11 14 17 18 23

Peer

Authors:

Items to be reverse-scored

4 5 9 10 11 18 22 23

Mark T. Greenberg, Ph.D., and Gay C. Armsden, Ph.D.

Department of Psychology, University of Washington
Seattle, WA 98195-1525

26
INVENTORY OF PARENT AND PEER ATTACHMENT:
(MOTHER, FATHER, PEER VERSION)
How to Score the Revised Version in Order to
Use the Original IPPA Subscales

SUBSCALE

ITEM NUMBER ON REVISED VERSION

Direct-scored items

Reverse-scored items

Parent Trust

1 2 4 12 13 20 21 22

3 9

Parent Communication

5 7 15 16 19 24 25

6 14

Parent Alienation

8 10 11 17 18 23

Peer Trust

6 8 12 13 14 15 19 20 21

Peer Communication

1 2 3 7 16 17 24 25

Peer Alienation

4 9 10 11 18 22 23

*Some of these subscales are highly correlated on the original version of the instrument, making their independence questionable. Initial
investigation of the dimensional structure of the revised version suggests a similar structure, but some differences exist between Mother and Father
Attachment in item-content of the dimensions. Further investigation is warranted.

i
Almost
Never or
Never
True

Not
Very
Often
True

Sometimes
True

Often
True

8. Talking over my problems with my mother

makes me feel ashamed or foolish.

9. My mother expects too much from me.

10. I get upset easily around my mother.

11. I get upset a lot more than my

mother knows about.

12. When we discuss things, my mother

cares about my point of view.

13. My mother trusts my judgment.

14. My mother has her own problems,

so I dont bother her with mine.

15. My mother helps me to

understand myself better.

16. I tell my mother about my

problems and troubles.

17. I feel angry with my mother.

18. I dont get much attention from my mother.

19. My mother helps me to talk

about my difficulties.

20. My mother understands me.

INVENTORY OF PARENT AND PEER ATTACHMENT (IPPA)

Authors:
Gay Armsden, Ph.D. and Mark T. Greenberg, Ph.D. 1

This questionnaire asks about your relationships with important people in your life; your mother,
your father, and your close friends. Please read the directions to each part carefully.
Part I
Some of the following statements asks about your feelings about your mother or the person who has
acted as your mother. If you have more than one person acting as your mother (e.g. a natural mother
and a step-mother) answer the questions for the one you feel has most influenced you.
Please read each statement and circle the ONE number that tells how true the statement is for you
now.

Almost
Always or
Always
True

Almost
Never or
Never
True

Not
Very
Often
True

Sometimes
True

Often
True

1. My mother respects my feeling.

2. I feel my mother does a good

job as my mother.

3. I wish I had a different mother.

4. My mother accepts me as I am.

21. When I am angry about something,

my mother tries to be understanding.

5. I like to get my mothers point of

view on things Im concerned about.

22. I trust my mother.

6. I feel its no use letting my feelings

show around my mother.

23. My mother doesnt understand

what Im going through these days.

7. My mother can tell when Im

upset about something.

24. I can count on my mother when I need

to get something off my chest.

25. If my mother knows something is

bothering me, she asks me about it.

Address for Dr. Greenberg: Dept. of Human Development, Penn State University, State
College, PA 16802.

Almost
Always or
Always
True

ii
Part II
This part asks about your feelings bout your father, or the man who has acted as your father. If you
have more than one person acting as your father (e.g. natural and step-father) answer the question for
the one you feel has most influenced you.

1. My father respects my feelings.

Almost
Never or
Never
True

Not
Very
Often
True

Sometimes
True

Often
True

Almost
Always or
Always
True
5

Almost
Never or
Never
True

Not
Very
Often
True

Sometimes
True

Often
True

16. I tell my father about my problems and

troubles

17. I feel angry with my father

18. I dont get much attention from

my father.

Almost
Always or
Always
True

2. I feel my father does a good

job as my father.

3. I wish I had a different father.

19. My father helps me to talk about

my difficulties.

4. My father accepts me as I am.

20. My father understands me.

5. I like to get my fathers point of view

on things Im concerned about.

21. When I am angry about something, my

father tries to be understanding.

6. I feel its no use letting my

feelings show around my father.

22. I trust my father.

23. My father doesnt understand what

Im going through these days.

24. I can count on my father when I need

to get something off my chest.

25. If my father knows something is bothering

me, he asks me about it.

7. My father can tell when Im

upset about something.

8. Talking over my problems with my

father makes me feel ashamed or foolish.

9. My father expects too much from me.

10. I get upset easily around my father.

11. I get upset a lot more than my father

knows about.

12. When we discuss things, my father

cares about my point of view.

13. My father trusts my judgment.

14. My father has his own problems,

so I dont bother him with mine.

15. My father helps me to understand

myself better.

iii
Part III

Never or
Never
True

Very
Often
True

times
True

True

18. I feel angry with my friends.

19. I can count on my friends when I need

to get something off my chest.

20. I trust my friends.

21. My friends respect my feelings.

22. I get upset a lot more than my

friends know about.

23. It seems as if my friends are

irritated with me for no reason.

24. I can tell my friends about my

problems and troubles.

25. If my friends know something

is bothering me, they ask me about it.

This part asks about your feelings about your relationships with your close friends.
Please read each statement and circle the ONE number that tells how true the statement is for you now.

1. I like to get my friends point of view

on things Im concerned about.
2. My friends can tell when Im
upset about something.
3. When we discuss things, my friends
care about my point of view.

Almost
Never or
Never
True

Not
Very
Often
True

Sometimes
True

1
1

2
2

3
3

Often
True

4
4
4

Almost
Always or
Always
True

Always or
Always
True

5
5
5

4. Talking over my problems with friends

makes me feel ashamed or foolish.

5. I wish I had different friends.

6. My friends understand me.

7. My friends encourage me to talk about

my difficulties.

8. My friends accept me as I am.

9. I feel the need to be in touch with

my friends more often.

10. My friends dont understand what

Im going through these days.

11. I feel alone or apart when I am

with my friends.

12. My friends listen to what I have to say.

13. I feel my friends are good friends.

14. My friends are fairly easy to talk to.

15. When I am angry about something,

my friends try to be understanding.

16. My friends help me to understand

myself better.
17. My friends care about how I am feeling.

1
1

2
2

3
3

4
4

5
5

Almost

Not

Some-

Often

Almost