Literature Review

On
Controlling flow over Slender Bodies using passive
Controls:
The super maneuverability and high agility are very important performances for
modern ghter aircraft and tactical missiles. In order to implement these high
performances the aircraft often y at high angles of attack, even at a post stall
state.
One of the most curious, fascinating and infuriating ow problems to have been
encountered in recent years is the body side-force problem. It arises when slender
bodies, typical of missiles and the noses of modern ghter aircraft, are placed at
high angles of attack (typically > 30). Under these conditions, a side force is
generated, even if the body is axisymmetric or at zero sideslip. This phenomenon
was rst discovered by Allen and Perkins in the early 1950s; since then, a great
number of studies in this subject has been carried out and tremendous progress has
been made, and many review papers have been published. However there are still
some very important problems about the asymmetric vortex ow, which are both ill
understood due to the complexity and high non-linearity of the ow and less studied
due to the limitation of wind tunnel equipment.
Strakes as a Passive Control:
The strake is probably the simplest and the most favorable modication that has
been made up to the present time. Strakes on the forebody can force the ow to
separate at different positions from the usual separation points of the ow eld
around the slender nose. The asymmetric vortices in the leeward ow of a missile,
and so the induced side forces and/or yawing moments, can be minimized or even
eliminated by installing small strakes at the appropriate location on the forebody to
control the ow separation point.
Yuan, Chih-Chung(1986) conducted wind tunnel tests on a vertically launched
surface-to-air missile model to investigate the effects of forebody strakes on the
side forces and yawing moments induced by nose-generated asymmetric vortices at
high angles of attack. The effects of body conguration and a turbulent oweld on
the induced side forces and yawing moments were also examined. Test angles of
attack ranged from 00 to 900 at a Reynolds number of 1.15 x 105 based on the
model diameter, and at a Mach number of 0.11. Three forebody congurations, two
body congurations and two oweld conditions were investigated. The oweld
with a turbulence length scale on the order of the vortex scale was found to have no
signicant inuence on the induced side forces and yawing moments. The change of
body conguration had no strong effects on the side forces and yawing moments
either. The "4 STRAKES" forebody demonstrated dramatic results in the yawing
moment alleviation; the ranges of angle of attack in the induced side forces and
yawing moments were also decreased by this modication. The "8 STRAKES"
forebody gave no signicant improvement in the induced side force and yawing
moment reduction.
Nose Blowing:

Rajan Kumar, P. R. Viswanath and O. N. Ramesh (2008) conducted experiments at

low speeds to study the effectiveness of axial nose blowing against the oncoming
ow for side force control on two slender cones.Tests were made on the 8 and 12
deg. Cone models with (circular) jet ow over a Reynolds number range of 0.4x10 6
to 5.4x106. Jet-to-freestream velocity ratio was varied up to 2.0, and the blowing
diameter was varied as well. Force measurements were carried over the incidence
range of 0 to 45 deg, and limited surface pressure distributions were obtained on
the 12 deg cone model. The results explicitly show the effectiveness of nose
blowing for side force control over a wide range of Reynolds numbers, and minimum
side force was reached around a jet velocity ratio of 1.0. An important result is that
the side force reduction correlates with jet velocity ratio in the range of parameters
studied. Broad similarities in the trend of side force reduction with the nose blowing
and the nose bluntness suggest that the interaction of axial jet with freestream ow
results, possibly, in what we may call uid dynamic blunting.

Blunt Nose Body:

Vijaya Sirangu and T.Terry Ng have conducted experiments to study the ow over
slender body with a short nose and effects of nose geometry on ow and its control
using strake are investigated. Different nose geometries are individually connected
to a common cylindrical afterbody to result in three models with an overall lengthto-diameter ratio of 8.4. Wind tunnel experiments are conducted at a freestream
velocity of 18.5m/s and angles of attack ranging from -40 to 60 deg to investigate
both time-averaged and unsteady behaviors. The results are compared with those
from a previous study on models with two of the same nose geometries but overall
length-to-diameter ratio of 4. Additional to the commonly observed average vortex
asymmetry, an oscillation of the afterbody vortices is observed even at moderate
angles of attack. This oscillation is suppressed by just a slight pointing of the
nose.