Impulse

Momentum
Impact

Impulse & Momentum

Analysis velocity of objects subjected to external
forces and impacts.

Principle of Linear Impulse & Momentum

Consider the curvilinear motion
of a particle of mass m.
The velocity v r is in a
tangential direction to the path.
The resultant force will be in the
direction of acceleration.

dv
F ma mv m dt

Principle of Impulse & Momentum

dv d ( mv ) dG
F m dt dt dt
The product of the mass m and
the velocity v is defined as the
linear momentum.

G mv

The resultant force acting on a

particle equals its rate of
change of linear momentum.

LINEAR MOMENTUM AND IMPULSE

Linear momentum: The vector mv is called the linear
momentum, denoted as G. This vector has the same
direction as v. The linear momentum vector has units of
(kgm)/s.
Linear impulse: The integral F dt is the linear impulse,
denoted I. It is a vector quantity measuring the effect of
a force during its time interval of action. I acts in the
same direction as F and has units of Ns.

Principle of Impulse & Momentum

dv d ( mv ) dG
F m dt dt dt
t2

Fdt

G1

Fdt

t2

G1 Fdt G2

t1

t1

Initial linear momentum + Linear impulse

= Final momentum
t2

Fdt mv
t1

mv1

Principle of Impulse & Momentum

The three components in x, y and z are
t2

F dt G
x

2x

G1 x mv 2 x mv 1 x

t1
t2

F dt G
y

2y

G1 y mv 2 y mv 1 y

t1
t2

F dt G
z

t1

2z

G1 z mv 2 z mv 1 z

Principle of Impulse & Momentum

Initial linear momentum + Linear impulse
= Final momentum

mv 1 x

t2

F dt mv
x

2x

t1

mv 1 y

t2

F dt mv
y

2y

t1

mv 1 z

t2

F dt mv
z

t1

2z

Principle of Impulse & Momentum

t2

Fdt

mv

mv1

t1

It states that the impulse applied to an object

during an interval of time is equal to the
change in the objects linear momentum.

Procedure for Analysis

Establish the x, y, z coordinate system.
Draw the particles free body diagram and establish

the direction of the particles initial and final

velocities, drawing the impulse and momentum
diagrams for the particle. Show the linear momentum
and force impulse vectors.

Procedure for Analysis

Resolve the force and velocity (or impulse and

momentum) vectors into their x, y, z components,

and apply the principle of linear impulse and
momentum using its scalar form.
Forces as functions of time must be integrated to

obtain impulses. If a force is constant, its impulse is

the product of the forces magnitude and time interval
over which it acts.

EXAMPLE 1
The 100-kg stone is originally at rest on the smooth
horizontally surface. If a towing force of 200 N,
acting at an angle of 45, is applied to the stone for
10 s, determine the final velocity and the normal
force which the surface exerts on the stone during
the time interval.

EXAMPLE 1
Free Body Diagram

Impulse

I Fc ( t2 t1 )

Velocity: horizontal and positive when pointing to the right

EXAMPLE 1

EXAMPLE 1

EXAMPLE 2
The 250-N crate is acted upon by a force having a
variable magnitude P = (100t) N. Determine the
crates velocity 2 s after P has been applied. The
initial velocity is v1 = 1 m/s down the plane, and the
coefficient of kinetic friction between the crate and
the plane is k = 0.3.

EXAMPLE 2
Free Body Diagram
Impulse
--- For varying force P:
integrating P = 100t over
the 2-s time interval.
---For constant forces
(Weight, normal force
and frictional force):

I Fc ( t2 t1 )

EXAMPLE 2

EXAMPLE 2

EXAMPLE 3
Given: A 40 g golf ball is hit over
a time interval of 3 ms by a
driver. The ball leaves with a
velocity of 35 m/s, at an angle
of 40. Neglect the balls
weight while it is struck.
Find: The average impulsive force exerted on the ball
and the momentum of the ball 1 s after it leaves
the club face.

EXAMPLE 3
Plan: 1) Draw the momentum and impulsive
diagrams of the ball as it is struck.
2) Apply the principle of impulse and
momentum to determine the average
impulsive force.
3) Use kinematic relations to determine the
velocity of the ball after 1 s. Then calculate
the linear momentum.

Solution:
1) The impulse and momentum diagrams can be
drawn:
W dt 0
mv1

+
mvO = 0

F dt

40

N dt 0

The impulse caused by the balls weight and the normal

force N can be neglected because their magnitudes are
very small as compared to the impulse of the club.
Since the initial velocity (vO) is zero, the impulse from
the driver must be in the direction of the final velocity
(v1).

2) The principle of impulse and momentum can be

applied along the direction of motion:

3) After impact, the ball acts as a projectile

undergoing free-flight motion. Using the constant

acceleration equations for projectile motion:

Conservation of Linear Momentum

Considering two particles interacting during a time
interval t, if the interaction forces are F
one
particle.

G1 Ft

Then it will be F

for the other particle.

G2 Ft

Conservation of Linear Momentum

Therefore the total change in linear momentum for
the system is

Ft ( Ft ) 0
G 0
or

G1 G2

This is known as the principle of conservation of linear

momentum.

Principle of Linear Impulse & Momentum

for a System of Particles
For the system of particles
shown, the internal forces fi
between particles always
occur in pairs with equal
magnitude and opposite
directions. Thus the internal
impulses sum to zero.

Principle of Linear Impulse & Momentum

for a System of Particles
The internal forces acting between
particles do not appear with this
summation, since by Newtons
third law they occur in equal but
opposite collinear pairs and
therefore cancel out.

F
i

mi a i mi vi

dvi
mi
dt

Principle of Linear Impulse & Momentum

for a System of Particles
The linear impulse and
momentum equation for this
system only includes the
impulse of external forces.

m v

i i1

t2

Fi dt mi vi 2
t1

EXAMPLE 4
Given:Two rail cars with masses of mA = 15 Mg and
mB = 12 Mg and velocities as shown.

Find: The speed of the cars after they meet and

connect. Also find the average impulsive
force between the cars if the coupling takes
place in 0.8 s.

Plan: Use conservation of linear momentum to find

the velocity of the two cars after connection
(all internal impulses cancel). Then use the
principle of impulse and momentum to find
the impulsive force by looking at only one car.

Solution:

Impact
Impact occurs when
two bodies collide
with each other
during a very short
period of time,
causing relatively
large (impulsive)
forces to be exerted
between the bodies.

Impact
The line of impact passes through the mass
centers of the particles.
Central impact: the
direction of motion of the
mass centers of the two
colliding particles is
along the line of impact.
Oblique impact: one or
both of the particles is
moving at an angle with
the line of impact.

Central Impact
Consider two smooth particles A and B with, the
initial momentum as shown
Provided ( v A ) 1 ( v B ) 1 , collision will
Eventually occur.

Central Impact
The particles are deformable or non-rigid during
the collision.
An equal but opposite deformation impulse Pdt
is exerted on each other.

Central Impact
At the instant of maximum deformation
Their relative motion is zero
Both particles move with a common velocity v.

Central Impact
Afterward a period of restitution occurs (the
particles will either return to their original shape
or remain permanently deformed).
The equal but opposite restitution impulse R dt
pushes the particle apart from one another.

Central Impact
Just after the separation the particles will have
the final momentum, where ( v B ) 2 ( v A ) 2

Central Impact
Conservation of linear momentum

mA(vA)1 mB (vB )1 mA(vA)2 mB (vB )2

With two unknown velocities

(vA)2

and

(vB )2

Central Impact
The coefficient of restitution.

(vB )2 (vA)2
e
(vA)1 (vB )1
(vB )2 (vA)2
Relative velocity just after impact

(vA)1 (vB )1
Relative velocity just before impact

Central Impact
Coefficient of restitution e has a value between 0and 1
depending on the material property of the particles

Procedure for Analysis-Central Impact

Find the final velocities just after central impact.
Given:
Coefficient of restitution,
Mass of each particle
Initial velocity of each particle just before impact
Equations:
The conservation of momentum: mv1 = mv2
coefficient of restitution relating the relative
velocities before and just after collision.

EXAMPLE 5
The bag A, having a mass of 6 kg is released from
rest at the position = 0. After falling to = 90, is
strikes an 18 kg box B. If the coefficient of
restitution between the bag and the box is e = 0.5,
determine the velocities of the bag and box just
after impact and the loss of energy during collision.

Solution

Coefficient of Restitution

Oblique Impact
Particles travel at an angle with the line of impact.
The equations for centric impact are still valid for oblique
impact. We need to work out

(vA )2 (vB )2 2 2 or (vAx )2 (vAy )2 (vBx )2 (vBy )2

Procedure for Analysis-Oblique Impact

Choose the line of impact as the x axis.
The impulsive forces of deformation and restitution
act only in the x direction.
Resolving the velocities into
components along x and y
axes.

(vAx )2 (vAy )2 (vBx )2 (vBy )2

Procedure for Analysis-Oblique Impact

Conservation of momentum along x axis.

(v ) (v )
x 1

Coefficient of restitution

(vBx)2 (vAx)2
e
(vAx)1 (vBx)1

x 2

Procedure for Analysis-Oblique Impact

Conservation of momentum along y axis (no
impulse on A and B)

mA(vAy )1 mA(vAy )2
mB (vBy )1 mB (vBy )2

EXAMPLE 6
Two smooth disks A and B, having mass of 1 kg
and 2 kg respectively, collide with the velocities
shown. If the coefficient of restitution for the disks
is e = 0.75, determine the x and y components of
the final velocity of each disk just after collision.

Solution
Resolving each of the initial velocities into x and y
components, we have

The four unknown velocity components after collision

are assumed to act in the positive directions.
Conservation of x Momentum

Coefficient of (x) Restitution. Both disks are assumed to

have components of velocity in the +x direction after
collision

Conservation of y Momentum