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Philosophy of Safety
THEME
1.
2.
What is Philosophy?
Philosophy of Safety
2.1 Need of Safety Philosophy
2.2 Nature and Subjects of Safety
Philosophy
3.
4.
5.
WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY?
if
,
S H
PHILOSOPHY OF SAFETY
SAFETY TERMINOLOGY
3.1 Accident:
An accident is defined in different ways
Dictionary meaning of accident is an
unexpected event or mishap. It is defined as an
event that is not expected, intended or
imagined. It refers the event not the result or
effect.
An accident is an unplanned event that
interrupts the completion of an activity and that
may (or may not) cause damage to person,
property or environment.
An accident is that occurrence in a
sequence of events, which produces unintended
injury, death or property damage. An accident
refers to the event, not to the result of the event.
Unintentional injury is the preferred term
for accidental injury in the public health
community. It refers to the result of an accident.
An accident is unintended, unplanned
event or its sequence caused by unsafe
condition(s) or/and unsafe act(s) and may result
in immediate or delayed undesirable effects.
An accident is an unplanned and
uncontrolled event in which the action or
reaction of an object, substance, person, or
radiation results in personal injury or the
probability thereof.
It is also defined as an unexpected,
unintended or unforeseen event that causes
injury, loss or damage
An accident is any unplanned, sudden
event, which causes or is liable to cause an
injury to man, materials (including plant) or
environment.
An accident is any occurrence that
interrupts or interferes with the orderly
progress of the activity which causes or likely to
5.
6.
7.
3.5 APELL:
It means Awareness and Preparedness for
Emergencies at Local Level. It is a co-operative
programme of the United Nations Environment
Programme (UNEP), Industry and Environment
Office prepared in June 1987, and was started in
late 1988.
APELLs main goals are to prevent
technological accidents (disasters) and, failing
this, to minimise their impacts. This is achieved
by assisting decision-makers and technical
personnel to increase community awareness of
hazardous installations and to prepare
coordinated response plans involving industry,
government and the local community, in case
unexpected events at these installations should
endanger life, property or the environment.
Thus APELL consists two parts (1)
Provision of information to the community,
which is called Community Awareness and (2)
Formulation of a plan to protect the public,
which is called Emergency Response. (On-site
and off-site Emergency plans are legally
suggested).
3.7 CASH:
This means Change Agents for Safety &
Health. This is a term used for occupational
Health and Safety program where different
agents like noise, dust, heat-stress, injures,
chemical exposures, PPE, light, ventilation etc
are considered as target for necessary change to
get desired improvement at the work place.
3.12 COSHH:
3.16 Disaster:
3.14 Danger:
1.
2.
3.22 Environment:
3.18 Ecology:
3.19 Emergency:
Emergency could be defined as any
situation, which presents a threat to safety of
person or/and property. It may require outside
help also.
As defined in clause 2(j) of Schedule 19 of
Chemical Works u/r 102 of the Gujarat
Factories Rules (GFR), emergency means a
situation leading to a circumstance or set of
circumstances in which there is a danger to the
life or health of persons or which could result in
big fire or explosion or pollution to the work
and outside environment, affecting the workers
or neighbourhood in a serious manner,
demanding immediate action.
It is also defined as, a dynamic incident in
which there is continuing potential for major
injury, ill health, damage to property, to the
process or to the environment.
1.
2.
3.
3.26 Error:
Errors are of different types, viz. human
error, design error; planning, production,
operation and maintenance error etc.
Human error can be defined as a humans
action, which differs from or is inconsistent with
prescribed or established behaviours or
procedures. It may be of two types: predictable
or random.
Predictable error occurs under similar
conditions and can be foreseen because it has
occurred more than once.
Random error is non-predictable and
unique in nature. For example, all of a sudden a
fly or insect enters in eye due to which a worker
may throw away a tool or lose his balance and
cause error. But if flies become common
phenomena i.e. predictable, the error becomes
predictable one and remedial measures are
required.
Human error takes place due to omission
(failure to perform a required function) or
commission (performing a function not
required), failure to recognise hazard, poor
response, poor timing, wrong decision, sudden
disturbance etc.
3.30 Foresee-ability:
A man may be held liable for actions that
result in injury or damage only when he was
able to foresee dangers and risks that could be
reasonably anticipated.
3.31 Forestry:
It includes afforestation, including social
forestry and energy plantation, deforestation,
ecology and management of forests, influence of
forest on the physical environment, protection
of forests, soil conservation and erosion of
forests, watershed / catchments management,
endangered and threatened plant species.
3.27 Evacuation:
3.34 Hazards:
Hazard means existing unsafe condition or
action or situation or event or their combination
which has potentiality to cause accident but
accident has not happened.
Hazard is an inherent property of a
substance, agent, a source of energy or situation
having the potential of causing undesirable
consequences.
Hazard means an intrinsic capacity
associated with an agent or process capable of
causing harm.
Hazard is defined as, any event with the
potential to cause harm, ill health, injury,
damage to property, plant, products or the
environment, production losses or increased
liabilities.
Hazard is a condition with the potential of
causing injury to personnel, damage to
equipment or structures, loss of material, or
lessening of the ability to perform a prescribed
function. When hazard is present, the possibility
exists of these adverse effects occurring.
The causes of accidents generally remain
latent for some time before an accident occurs.
These latent or potential causes are hazards.
Hazards
are
sometimes
referred
to
synonymously with accident causes, but there is
a clear distinction that a hazard can exist without
an accident whereas an accident cause without an
accident is an absurdity. Hazard recognition,
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3.39
11
1)
(i)
3.43 Incident:
An incident is any observable human
activity sufficiently complete in itself to permit
references and predictions to be made about the
persons performing the act viz. cleaning an
unguarded machine, failing to wear PPE, using
compressed air on body, raising pressure or
temperature unnecessarily.
It includes accident and a near miss.
Incident for accident is defined as, an
unplanned event or series of events that has or
could have, caused injury to people and / or
damage to assets and / or damage to the
environment and / or loss of reputation.
See Chapter 4 for details.
3.42 HSMD:
The Hazardous Substances Management
Division (HSMD) is the nodal point within the
Ministry for Management of Chemical
Emergencies and Hazardous substances. The
main objective of the Division is to promote safe
management and use of hazardous substances
including hazardous chemicals and hazardous
wastes, in order to avoid damage to health and
environment. The Division is also the nodal
point for the following three International
Conventions.
12
3.46 Injury:
3.48 Isolation:
3.49 ISRS:
It means International Safety Rating
System. Safety rating certificate is awarded by
DNV to the hazardous plants. The system
includes 20 safety elements, which are audited
and based on the audit, safety rating number is
awarded. The system provides scope for further
improvement in safety areas to get higher rating
number in the next audit.
13
3.51 Liability:
It means an obligation to rectify or
recompense any injury or damage for which the
liable person has been held responsible.
14
3.58 NHWIS:
3.56 Major Emergency:
3.57 Mistake:
In its broad meaning, it includes all aspects
of conservation of the flora, fauna, genetic
resources, water, soil and eco-system.
3.61 Negligence:
15
16
3.70 Oversight:
Oversight means overlooking of something,
error or supervision. When there are more
switches side by side and looking identical, an
operator may operate a wrong switch by
oversight. While counting many things, by
oversight, someone may make mistake. Thus
oversight denotes a state of mind by which error
or mistake is possible due to lack of
concentration or attention. Result of oversight is
mistake or error. Oversight leads to unsafe
action and that may result in accident.
In its second meaning oversight means
overseeing or supervision which is most
essential in safety work. Good oversight of a
supervisor gives good results. More oversight is
required on newly employed workers.
The words - error, mistake and oversight have thin difference, all leading to the causation
of hazard or accident and concern with the state
of mind or human behaviour.
3.73 Probability:
It means the likelihood, chance or
frequency that a considered (predetermined)
occurrence may take place.
Probability and severity (effect or
consequence) are two ingredients of a risk.
Probability includes possible frequency of
hazard occurrence or possible frequency of
effects due to any particular hazard.
3.71 Pollution:
3.75 Risks:
Risk is the combination of a probability of
occurrence and its severity of consequence.
Thus R=P x S.
Risk is the likelihood of a specific
undesired event occurring within a specified
period or under specified circumstances. It may
be either a frequency i.e. number of events per
unit time or a probability depending on
circumstances.
3.72 Practicable:
In legal terminology, following three terms
are used:
So far as is practicable- This means if
something is practicable it should be done. It is
not practicable to take precautions against any
hazard which is unknown. But once the hazard
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It is a judgement of significance or
acceptability of risk identified by risk analysis
and comparing against social, political or legal
criteria, e.g. comparison of measured or
calculated risk with the permissible safe limits
and judgement regarding safety (whether the
risk level is within or exceeding the safety limit)
gives risk assessment.
Though Hazard identification is a part of
Risk Assessment, term HIRA ie Hazard
Identification and Risk Assessment is also used
by some company.
Objective of risk assessment are:
1.
2.
3.
18
3.80 Safety:
In general terms, safety means freedom or
protection from harm, danger, hazard, risk,
accident, injury or damage. In an industrial
context, it means the minimization of contact
between human and hazard and is
predominantly concerned with the prevention
of physical harm (injury) to persons or/and
property. Its concept is explained in detail in
Chapter-1.
Industrial safety is that condition of
enterprise operations in which, by controlling
hazards and risks, accident free production is
achieved.
Safety is defined as a positive, organized
activity or program based on knowledge of the
reaction between man and his working
environment, which aids business enterprise by
minimizing death, losses caused by injuries,
health impairment, fires, explosion and other
occupational accidents.
Safety is opposite (antonym) of danger.
Freedom from hazards represents absolute
safety, but this is an ideal, which is seldom
realised. Safety is rather a matter of protection
from hazards.
Safety is a situation with acceptable risks.
Thus safety means to bring or keep the hazard
level, below permissible safe level. It includes
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3.88 Security:
3.89 Site:
As defined u/r 2(m) of the MSIHC Rules,
u/r 2(k) of the Chemical Accidents (EPPR)
Rules and u/r 68J(1)(g) of the GFR, it means any
location where hazardous chemicals are
manufactured or processed, stored, handled,
used, disposed of and includes the whole of an
area under the control of an occupier and
includes pier, jetty or similar structure whether
floating or not.
Schedule-7 for notification of site should be
referred under MSIHC Rules.
20
3.93 Uncertainty:
3.98 Wastes:
In its broad meaning, it includes collection,
treatment, disposal, reuse and recycling of
agricultural, animal, industrial, municipal and
domestic wastes; procedures, engineering, plant
operation and quality control methods applied
in such processes and other aspects of waste
management.
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E -
3.100
T -
Y -
PHILOSOPHY OF ACCIDENT
CAUSATION
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23
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
EXERCISE
1
2
3
Explain the Objectives of Philosophy of safety OR Explain the Nature and Subjects of safety
philosophy.
Is the term accident defined under the Factories Act? Give any two definitions of accident and
explain them with illustration.
Discuss the term with example:
1
Accident.
10
Mistake.
19 Safety audit.
2
APELL.
11
Near miss.
20 Major accident
3
CASH
12
Occupational health.
21 System safety.
4
Dangerous occurrence.
13
Oversight.
22 Risk Assessment
5
Environment.
14
Product liability.
23 EMP
6
Error.
15
Safety Management System.
24 Ecology
7
MAH installation.
16
In-place protection.
25 Noise pollution
8
Injury.
17
Safety premises.
26 ISRS
9
HSMD
18
NHWIS
27 Vulnerability Models
Distinguish with example:
1
Accident & Major accident.
8
Occupational Health & Hygiene.
2
Emergency & Disaster.
9
Onsite & Offsite emergency plan.
24
3
4
5
6
7
5
6
25