Problems in Chapter 5 (Control Volume Analysis)

1. Incompressible, laminar water flow develops in a straight pipe having radius R as indicated in
Figure. At section (1), the velocity profile is uniform; the velocity is equal to a constant value U
and is parallel to the pipe axis everywhere. At section (2), the velocity profile is axisymmetric and
parabolic, with zero velocity at the pipe wall and a maximum value of umax at the centerline. How
are U and umax related? How are the average velocity at section (2), V2 and umax related?

Sol) Relevant principle: The Continuity Equation

dV +
t CV

CS V ndA

=0

(Steady flow)

Then, 2nd term must be evaluated over the entire CS

r
r
r
r

V
n
dA
V
n
dA
V
n
dA
V
CS
(1)
Side
( 2) ndA = 0

r
( V n at the side wall)

r
R
Then, UA1 + ( 2) V n dA = UA1 + 0 u 2 (2rdr ) = 0

R
R
r3
r
U (R 2 ) + 2 u max 0 [1 ( ) 2 ](rdr ) = U (R 2 ) + 2 u max 0 [r 2 ](rdr )
R
R

= U (R 2 ) + 2 u max [

1
R2
R4
] = U (R 2 ) + u max ( R 2 ) = 0

2
2 4R
2

umax = 2U

(Answer)

At section (2),

U : Uniform and thus must be equal to V2 , i.e. V2 =

umax
2

`(Answer)

2. Water flows through a horizontal, 180o pipe bend as illustrated in Figure. The flow cross-sectional
area is constant at a value of 0.1 ft2 through the bend. The flow velocity everywherein the bend is
axial and 50 ft/s. The absolute pressures at the entrance and exit of the bend are 30 psia and 24
psia, respectively. Calculate the horizontal (x and y) components of the anchoring force required to
hold the bend in place.

Sol) Relevant principle: The Linear Momentum Equation

Step. 1 Select a proper CV: Inside of the valve
Step. 2 Find all forces acting on the CV (Free-body diagram)
Then,

V
dV +

t CV

1.

x comp. :

r r
CS VV ndA =

r
F CV

(Steady flow)

r
V n
at the side wall

CS uV ndA = (1) u1V ndA + Side uV ndA + ( 2) u2 V ndA = FAx

No x component of fluid velocity at sections (1) and (2), ( u1 = u2 = 0 )

r
CS uV n dA = FAx = 0
2.

y comp. :
or

CS vV ndA = v1 (1) V ndA + v2 ( 2) V ndA = FAy + p1 A1 + p2 A2

(v1 )(m& 1 ) + (v2 )(m& 2 ) = FAy + p1 A1 + p2 A2

FAy = m& (v1 + v2 ) p1 A1 p2 A2

where m& = A1v1 = (1.94)(0.1)(50) = 9.70 slug/s
p1 = 30 psia , p2 = 24 psia , and A1 = A2 = 0.1 ft 2 (144 in 2 / ft 2 ) = 14.4 in 2

3. (Prob. 5.34) Water flows through a horizontal bend and discharges into the atmosphere as shown in
Figure. When the pressure gage reads 10 psi, the resultant x direction anchoring force, in the horizontal
plane required to hold the bend in place is shown on the figure. Determine the flowrate through the
bend and the y direction anchoring force, required to hold the bend in place. The flow is not
frictionless.
p1

Sol) Applying the linear momentum equation

(1)

1) x-component:
r

CS uV ndA = FAx + p1 A1 + p2 A2 cos 45

p2

where p1 = 10psi = 10 144 lb/ft = 1440 lb/ft ,

p2 = 0 (Open to the atmosphere)
2

Boundary conditions,
At section (1): u1 = V1 ,

v1 = 0 ,

At section (2): u 2 = V2 cos 45o ,

v2 = V2 sin 45o ,

Then,
u1 (V1 ) A1 + (u 2 ) (V2 ) A2 = FAx + p1 A1

(2)

r
V1 n = V1
r
V2 n = V2

(FAx: negative x direction)

V1 (V1 ) A1 + (V2 cos 45o ) (V2 ) A2 = V12 A1 (

From the continuity equation, Q = V1 A1 = V2 A2

A1
V1 ) cos 45o ) (V1 ) A1
A2

V2 = V1

A1
= 2V1
A2

Then,
2
2
2
V1 A1 2 cos 45o V1 A1 = [1 + 2 ](1.94)V1 (0.2) = 1440 + 1440[0.2]
Q = V1 A1 = (35.1)(0.2) = 7.01 ft 3 /s

2) y-component:
or

V1 = 35.1 ft/s

(Answer)

CS vV ndA = FAy + p2 A2 sin 45

p2 = 0

v1 (V1 ) A1 + (v2 ) (V2 ) = (V2 sin 45o ) (V2 ) = FAy + p2 A2 sin 45o
v1 = 0

FAy

Q2
1
7.012
= sin 45 V2 A2 = sin 45 ( ) =
) = 674 lb
(1.94)(
A2
0 .1
2
o

(Answer)

4. The pump shown in Figure adds 20 kW of power to the flowing water. The only loss is that which
occurs across the filter at the inlet of the pump. Determine the head loss for this filter.

out

in

Sol) Relevant principle: The Energy Equation

To determine the loss of a system with one-inlet and one-outlet,
pout Vout 2
p
V 2
+
+ zout = in + in + zin +hs - hL

2g
2g
where zin = zout (No elevation change),
pout = 0 ,

pin = 20 kPa,

Q
0.05 [m 3 /s]
=
= 6.37m/s
Ain (0.1) 2 [m 2 ]
4
Q
0.05 [m3/s]
=
=
= 25.5m/s
Aout (0.05) 2 [m 2 ]
4

Vin =

Vout

W&shaft
hs =

Finally,

net in

m& g

Loss hL =

pin

W&shaft
=

net in

20 103 W
= 0.8 m
(9.8 103 N/m 3 )(0.05 m 3 /s)

Vin 2
V 2
+ hs out
2g
2g

5. What is the maximum possible power output

of the hydroelectric turbine shown in Figure?

Sol) Relevant principle: The Energy Equation

For simplicity, lets use the mechanical energy equation
pout

Vout 2
p
V 2
+ gz out = in + in + gzin + wshaft loss

2
2
net in
( pout = pin = 0 : Open to atmosphere & Vin = 0 : Large container)

Then,
wshaft loss =
net in

Vout 2
(6) 2
g ( zin zout ) =
(9.8)(50) = 472.5 Nm/kg
2
2
[: Energy used in rotating the turbine (Power plant)]

The Maximum output = No energy loss (Loss = 0), then

W&shaft
wshaft =
net in

net in

m&

W&shaft
=

net in

Maximum Power = W&shaft

= (472.5) ( Q)

net in Max

where Q = AoutVout =

Finally,

W&shaft

(1) 2 (6) = 4.71 m3/s

= (472.5) (999)(4.71)

net in Max

= 2220000 W = 2.22 MW

(Answer)